A Scientific & Intellectual A Scientific & Intellectual RevolutionRevolution

Foundation in the RenaissanceFoundation in the Renaissance

Search for truth in science; scientific Search for truth in science; scientific progressprogress

Renaissance artists contributed by Renaissance artists contributed by close attention to detail; focus on close attention to detail; focus on perspective and proportionsperspective and proportions

Printing press helped spread ideasPrinting press helped spread ideas

Foundation cont.Foundation cont.

Built upon writings of Greeks & Built upon writings of Greeks & Romans (Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Romans (Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Ptolemy)Ptolemy)

Developed the scientific method of Developed the scientific method of observation and experimentationobservation and experimentation

Challenged medieval superstitionChallenged medieval superstition Uncovered much knowledge of the Uncovered much knowledge of the

physical world (new technology – physical world (new technology – telescope, microscope)telescope, microscope)

AchievementsAchievements

PtolemyPtolemy – – Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory Earth is center of universe, planets Earth is center of universe, planets

revolve aroundrevolve around CopernicusCopernicus - Polish astronomer - Polish astronomer

The sun is the center of the solar system The sun is the center of the solar system ((heliocentricheliocentric))

The earth revolves around the sun (axis)The earth revolves around the sun (axis) Disproved Ptolemy’s theoryDisproved Ptolemy’s theory

Achievements cont.Achievements cont.

KeplerKepler – German astronomer & – German astronomer & mathematicianmathematician Laws of planetary motionLaws of planetary motion However, planets follow an However, planets follow an ellipticalelliptical, not , not

circular orbit in revolving around the suncircular orbit in revolving around the sun

Achievements cont.Achievements cont.

GalileoGalileo – Italian astronomer and – Italian astronomer and physicistphysicist Greatly improved the Greatly improved the telescopetelescope Further Further confirmed Copernican confirmed Copernican theorytheory Also found mountains, several moons Also found mountains, several moons

around Jupiter, sunspots, etc.around Jupiter, sunspots, etc. Found himself increasingly under Found himself increasingly under

suspicion by the Catholic Churchsuspicion by the Catholic Church First thermometerFirst thermometer

AchievementsAchievements

NewtonNewton – English mathematician, – English mathematician, astronomer, physicistastronomer, physicist Calculated the Calculated the law of motion and gravitylaw of motion and gravity Invented mathematical analysis called Invented mathematical analysis called

calculuscalculus Discovered laws of light and colorDiscovered laws of light and color

Achievements contAchievements cont

Boyle Boyle – English chemist– English chemist Discovered the law of Discovered the law of gases gases that is that is

fundamental to fundamental to modern chemistrymodern chemistry LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek – Dutch naturalist – Dutch naturalist

Perfected the Perfected the microscopemicroscope MicroorganismsMicroorganisms Studied the previously invisible world of Studied the previously invisible world of

bacteria, protozoa, animal and plant bacteria, protozoa, animal and plant cellscells

Achievements cont.Achievements cont.

VesaliusVesalius – Flemish physician – Flemish physician Dissections of the human bodyDissections of the human body Founded the science of Founded the science of anatomyanatomy

Harvey Harvey – English physician– English physician Demonstrated that Demonstrated that blood circulates blood circulates

through the bodythrough the body Heart pumps bloodHeart pumps blood Furthered the study of medicineFurthered the study of medicine

Achievements, cont.Achievements, cont.

Sir Francis Sir Francis BaconBacon Developed scientific methodDeveloped scientific method Use of Use of reasonreason in research in research

Louis Louis PasteurPasteur Use of heat to kill organismsUse of heat to kill organisms Pasteurization of milkPasteurization of milk

Edward JennerEdward Jenner Smallpox vaccineSmallpox vaccine

AchievementsAchievements

AchievementsAchievements

Gregor Gregor MendelMendel Founder of science of Founder of science of geneticsgenetics Recognized inheritance of certain traitsRecognized inheritance of certain traits

Carl Carl LinnaeusLinnaeus System of classifying living things into System of classifying living things into

groupsgroups

Achievements (women) cont.Achievements (women) cont.

Margaret Cavendish Margaret Cavendish – scientist; – scientist; humans have no power over naturehumans have no power over nature

Maria Winkelmann Maria Winkelmann – discovered a – discovered a cometcomet

No women invited to the academies No women invited to the academies (Royal Society of England, French (Royal Society of England, French Academy of Science)Academy of Science)

Little changed about roles of womenLittle changed about roles of women

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Intellectual movement based in the Intellectual movement based in the scientific revolutionscientific revolution

Focus on Focus on reason reason Could apply the scientific method to Could apply the scientific method to

understanding of all lifeunderstanding of all life Began to apply reason to governmentsBegan to apply reason to governments Following natural law would lead to Following natural law would lead to

progressprogress

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Intellectuals known by this name but Intellectuals known by this name but not all were Frenchnot all were French

Literary people, professors, Literary people, professors, journalists, economists, political journalists, economists, political scientists, social reformersscientists, social reformers

Came from all classesCame from all classes An international movementAn international movement Rational criticism could be applied to Rational criticism could be applied to

everythingeverything

Contributions cont.Contributions cont.

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal – sought to keep science and – sought to keep science and religion together; not mutually exclusivereligion together; not mutually exclusive

But trend to secularization (seeing the But trend to secularization (seeing the world as material not spiritual)world as material not spiritual)

Scientific Method Scientific Method – a reasonable way to – a reasonable way to understand nature; proceduresunderstand nature; procedures

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon – father of the scientific – father of the scientific method; inductive principles – from method; inductive principles – from specifics to general conclusionsspecifics to general conclusions

ContributionsContributions

DescartesDescartes – – Discourse on MethodDiscourse on Method Idea of “doubt”Idea of “doubt” Supported only those things that reason Supported only those things that reason

said were true; rejects assumptionssaid were true; rejects assumptions ““I think, therefore I am”I think, therefore I am” Rationalism Rationalism – use the mind or reason to – use the mind or reason to

understand the worldunderstand the world Developed Developed analytical geometryanalytical geometry

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

John Locke John Locke – – every person is born a every person is born a tabula rasatabula rasa (blank slate); (blank slate); knowledge from environment, not knowledge from environment, not heredityheredity

Two Treatises of GovernmentTwo Treatises of Government People possess People possess natural rights natural rights of life, liberty & of life, liberty &

propertyproperty Governments exist by the Governments exist by the consent consent of the governed of the governed

(i.e. the PEOPLE put them there)(i.e. the PEOPLE put them there) Governments are to Governments are to protect these rightsprotect these rights The people The people may replace a government may replace a government that fails to that fails to

protect these rightsprotect these rights Basis for the Declaration of Independence & Bill of Basis for the Declaration of Independence & Bill of

RightsRights

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Montesquieu – Montesquieu – The Spirit of the LawsThe Spirit of the Laws Tried to find the natural laws that Tried to find the natural laws that

governed the social and political governed the social and political relationships of humansrelationships of humans

Found 3 types of governmentFound 3 types of government Republic – suitable for small statesRepublic – suitable for small states Despotism – appropriate for large statesDespotism – appropriate for large states Monarchy – appropriate for moderate Monarchy – appropriate for moderate

statesstates

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Separation of Powers into 3 BranchesSeparation of Powers into 3 Branches – – WHY?WHY? Legislative?Legislative? Executive?Executive? Judicial?Judicial?

Checks and balances Checks and balances – each branch limited – each branch limited and controlled the others (examples?)and controlled the others (examples?)

Basis for the U.S. ConstitutionBasis for the U.S. Constitution

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

VoltaireVoltaire - writer, - writer, CandideCandide RationalistRationalist; Criticized Church but favored ; Criticized Church but favored

religious tolerance (deist); religious tolerance (deist); free speech;free speech; hated prejudice and superstitionhated prejudice and superstition

Deism Deism – god was the creator but the – god was the creator but the universe then ran according to natural universe then ran according to natural laws and forceslaws and forces

Denis Diderot Denis Diderot – strongly criticized – strongly criticized Christianity (“fanatical and unreasonable”; Christianity (“fanatical and unreasonable”; wrote a vast wrote a vast EncyclopediaEncyclopedia of science, arts, of science, arts, etc.etc.

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Rousseau Rousseau (later Enlightenment) (later Enlightenment) The Social ContractThe Social Contract - - Society agreed to Society agreed to

be governed; individuals must abide be governed; individuals must abide by the majority (popular sovereignty)by the majority (popular sovereignty)

Direct democracyDirect democracy EmileEmile – focused on importance of – focused on importance of

educationeducation – should foster, rather than – should foster, rather than restrict children’s natural instincts.restrict children’s natural instincts.

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Cesar Beccaria, Cesar Beccaria, On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments

Focused on justice system:Focused on justice system: Criticized torture, cruelty, Criticized torture, cruelty, capital capital

punishmentpunishment Criticized irregular and slow trialsCriticized irregular and slow trials Where do we see these things Where do we see these things

addressed in our country today?addressed in our country today?

Other contributionsOther contributions

Adam Smith – Adam Smith – The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations Natural law should apply to the economyNatural law should apply to the economy People should pursue their People should pursue their own economic own economic

self-interestsself-interests Government should protect society, Government should protect society,

defend its citizens, keep up public worksdefend its citizens, keep up public works State should leave the economy alone - State should leave the economy alone -

laissez fairelaissez faire (hands off) (hands off) Foundation of Foundation of capitalismcapitalism

Women in the EnlightenmentWomen in the Enlightenment

Mary Wollstonecraft - Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the A Vindication of the Rights of WomenRights of Women

Feminism (Feminism (women’s rights)women’s rights) Criticized men who said governments have Criticized men who said governments have

too much power over people – same as too much power over people – same as men having too much power over womenmen having too much power over women

Enlightenment is based on reason; if Enlightenment is based on reason; if women have reason, they should have the women have reason, they should have the same rights as mensame rights as men

SalonsSalons – elegant rooms where – elegant rooms where philosophers men, discussed, socializedphilosophers men, discussed, socialized