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I J CENTRAL INTELLJGENCE AGENCY

WlbHlNOTON a5. P. C.

l4EWWiDuH FCiRt The Director of Cent- Sntelligence

8 U B m : 8IWCEOIC MlSSXfJ! BULLETIN: "Past Ibtperience b Organizbg and Conilucting Gpeclsl Training lkerclees for Officer Personnel of a Technical- Repair Base In the Period of Ita Formation"

1. bcloeed i s a verbatim translation of M article vhlch appeared in a &viet W n l e t r y 04 Defeme publication called

2. In the iritcreete of protecting our eource, th la material should be hnndred on a netd-to-knov baai0 within your office. ' Request8 for extra copies o f $hie report or for utilization of any part of thie document i n any othes form ehould be eddressed to the orlghatlng office. L

Richard Belms Deputy Director (Plane)

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Original: The Director of Central Intelligence

cc: The Director of Intelligence and Research,Department of State

The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency

The Director for Intelligence,The Joint Staff

The Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence,Department of the Army

The Director. a Naval IntelligenceDepartment of the Navy

The Assistant Chief of Staff, IntelligenceU. S. Air Force

The Director, National Security Agency

Director, Division of IntelligenceAtomic Energy Commission

National Indications Center

Chairman, Gpided Missiles and .AstronauticsIntelligence Committee

The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence

Deputy Director for Irtelligence

Assistant Director fbr Nationai Estimates

Assistant Director for Current Intelligence

Assistant Director for Research and Reports

Assistant birector for Scientific Intelligence

Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center

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COUNTRY : USSR

SUBJECT : STRATEGIC MISSILE BULLETIN: "Past Experiencein Organizing and Conducting Special TrainingExercises for Officer Personnel of a Techni-cal-Repair Base in the Period of its Forma-tioa"

DATE OF INFO : September 1961

APPRAISAL OFCONTENT : Docum—tary

SOURCE : Reliable source (B).

Following is a verbatim translation of an articletitled "Past gxperience in Organizing and Conducting SpecialTraining Exercises for Officer Personnel of a Technical-Repair Base in the Period of its Formation", which appearedin the 1961 Second Issue of a TOP SECRET Soviet publicationtitled Information Bulletin of the Missile Troops(Informatsionnyy Byulleten Raketnykh Nby2k). The 1961Second Issue was sent to press on 19 September 1961.

Past Experience in Organizing and. Conducting Special

Training Exercises for Officer Personnel of a Technical-

Repair Base in the Period of its Formation

The comparatively long duration of the formationperiod (in certain cases not less than a year) m4kes the

; task of working out the most efficient methods of organiz-ing and conducting special training for technical-repair

i base (remontno-tekhnicheskaya baza -- RTB) officer

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' personnel extremely urgent. This problem acquires,specially important significance for RTBs destined towork with the missiles (izdeliye) that are undergoing

i flight tests at the present. timel because in this instance\ neither the troop units nor even the training centers havehad at their disposal for any length of time the necessary

' documentation on the equipment or the technological andground equipment.

At the same time, practical experience shows that itis just the foriAtion period which is most favorable forthe preliminary theoretical training of officers of assemblyteams (brigada) before they master at first hand the materielaspect of the missile and technological equLipment. "TheProgram of Special Training for an RTB, Motor TransportType" (Book Two) has been very helpful in this respect,particularly for RTBs formed in 1960. Together with thenecessary 4-se*ructions on method, the subject matter ofdpecial training was precisely defined in the programunder these sections: equipment; combat service; physicalfundamentals and coubat characteristics of nuclear weapons;and the fundamentals of electrical engineering and radioengineering.

Let us examine the feasibility of conducting exerciseswith RTB officers in the formation period on the subjectof each of the above sections.

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If a unit does not have the documentation from theMinistry of Medium Machine Building on the operationof equipment and if it has not yet received practicewarheads and technological equipment, there un-doubtedly is no possibility of making a specificstudy, much less a qualitative study, of themajority of training problems in the "Equipment."section. At the same time, ., however, this situationin no way means that the exercises on this sectionshould be eliminated.

There are the following possible ways of fulfillingthe training plan under the section, "Equipment":

1. The use of drawings and technical descriptionsof missiles that are in service, for mastering suchsubjects as subject 3 . , "The Electrical System ofInternal Preheating"; subject 4, "The Casing of theNose Cone"; subject 21, "The Container for the NoseCone"; and subject 23, "The Structure of the NoseCone with Conventional Filling". In several cases,.theoretical exercises on these subjects may besupplemented by exercises on training equipment (withthe use of training equipment of other missile units,etc.).

• 2. It is possible to work out all the trainingproblems, almost in their entirety, of subject 24,"Safety Techniques When Working with Special Nose Cones",on the basis of the regulations, legislation, andinstructions in force in the national economy of theUSSR. Thus, in Military Unit 33899, a manual onsafety techniques was produced by a dollective ofengineers on the basis of instructions on safetytechniques published by several civil ministries.'lois manual on safety techniques contained instructionson safety techniques when working with explosives,heavy current sources, high pressure vessels andpipelines, a motor crane, battery charging station,radioactive substances, corrosive (sgressivnyy)liquids, assembly-rigging equipment, and instructionson fire protection measures.

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3. Conducting introductory exercises in individualsubjects and training problems relating to the construc-tion of a warhead (subjects 1 and 2, 5 to 20 of Chapter11„"The Nose Cone of a Missile"), by officers who havepreviously served in an RTB or have been trained intraining centers. Practical experience shows thatofficers coming from other arms of the armed forces toform an RTB display an especially great and livelyinterest in such exercises. These exercises may alsotake the form of original introductory lectures, withthe purpose of preparing officers for a purposeful,'directed study of the principles of electrical engineer-ing and radio engineering, a knowledge of which isessential for mastering the electrical devices anddiagrams employed in special equipment.

4. Using the data of RTB T/O&E for getting aninitial idea of the. function and composition of theset of mobile- Norkshops (subject 1 of Chapter IV,"Ground Equipment") and a set of placards forfamiliarization with the arrangement of the mechanismsof the sating machine (stykovochnaya mashina). Theofficers of assembly teams have the opportunity ofmastering completely the following assemblies andpmchines at the equipment depot of a missile unit:8NO3 battery charger; 8N01 gasoline generator unit;8T311 decontamination and neutralization machine;and the 8027 air preheater. The study of the groundequipment listed above is facilitated by tbe factthat similar machines and assemblies are part of thesets of ground equipment of many missiles.

5. A broader use of the opportunities affordedby non-secret technical publications, by the aid ofwhich it is possible to become familiar with theperformance characteristics of the "Cactus" (kaktus)dosimetric apparatus (subject 11, Chapter III,"Technological Equipment"). A description of thissubject is given in the "Guide on Dosimetric Instru-ments" published by the Atomic Publishing House(AtOmizdat) in 1959. There is an analogous situationalso regarding the DEK-51 motor crane, which is usedin the national economy.

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6. Making models of individual assemblies of groundequipment, of the casing of a nose cone, etc. Thus, amodel of the 8F06 electro-thermal cover (elekrotermochekhol)with the removal system, an exact copy of its constructionreduced 7.5 times, was made by the improvers' collective ofUnit 33899. The model permits the training of personnelof launch groups in carrying out all operations, withoutexception, connected with putting on and removing theelectro-thermo cover. Using a model like this in exerciseshas, first of all, a definite economic effect because itensures maintaining the annual norm of expenditure forthe putting on and taking off cycles of the authorizedelectro-thermo cover. According to the smmtprinciple, amodel of a cargo platform (gruzovaya platforma) with themechanisms of the 8T322 . mating, machine and a model ofthe reverse speed of the 8T145 transporter are being made,and by means of these it will be possible to carry out inits entirety the operation of mating the nose cone totbo. missile.

A very great effect could be obtained by making modelslike these centrally in one of the industrial organizationsby order of the Ministry of Defense. Undoubtedly, thiswill require an expansion of the table of allowances fortraining equipment now in.force in missile units.

7. Organizing the study of the planned program ofsubjects on the carrier-missile (subjects 1 to 3 of ChapterI), under the direction of the technical personnel of aInissile unit. When working out subject 2, attention shouldbe paid to the structure and function of the "APR" sys-tem of the carrier-missile, a knowledge of which is vitallyimportant for officers of an RTB.

Skill in working on equipment must be inculcated inofficers from the very iirst days of their ar-ival in anRTB. In this, it is essential to use all the resourcesavailable in the unit. Officers' knowledge of the struc-ture of equipment must be constantly improved.

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The command personnel of an RTB, in the person of itscommander, deputies, and staff officers, rust take themost direct and active part in organizing and conductingspecial training instruction and must apply the maximumof intelligent initiative. The personal participationof the RTB command personnel in conducting exercisesand their excellent knowledge of the principles ofstructure of equipment will discipline all officer

. personnel and engender in them an interest in masteringtheir new specialty.

'During the formation of an RTB, the officers mustalso master several problems of combat serviceand must do so in equal measure to their study ofequipment. Of the whole complex of problems in thisimportant section of special training, and beforethe unit receives technical ground equipment andtraining warheads, it is advisable to study thefollowing:

1. The distribution of functional duties amongthe officers of an assembly team;

2. A technological schedule of work with amissile warhead;

3. Draft sketches of structures at the specialtechnical positions of the primary siting area.

When the process of tying-in the special structuresbegins on the ground and their construction gets underway, officer personnel must study the primary sitingarea through field travel.

• As a preparation for the comprehensive exercises withall the personnel of the assembly teams, it is essentialto conduct tactical combat exercises on the subject of"An RTB Assembly Team on the March" to determine theprocedure in forming columns, the allocation ofpersonnel to the special motor vehicles, and theorganization of combat support.

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When charging facilities are available in a unit, duringthe formation period it is also possible to study. severalproblems of subject 7 4 "The Preparation of Storage Batteries",.from subjects planned in the program in the section,"CombatService". This may be done on acid storage batteries using,for example, the resources of the equipment stocks sectionsof the military districts on whose territorT the RTBsare located. It is desirable toorganize the training ofthe . personnel on alkaline silver-zinc storagebatteries using VSTs-25 type storage batteries from thepower supplies of night vision devices.

All subjects in the section, "The Physical Fundamentalsand Combat Characteristics of Atomic Weapons", must belearned completely in the formation period. 'The ShortHandbook on the Combat Characteristics of Atomic Weaponsand the Means of Antiatomic Defense", which is availableto the troops, may be used as the basic training manualon this section. For the command personnel of an RTB,the chiefs of assembly teams, and all officers of groupsassembling a %Tar" (gudron) system, this manual cannot beconsidered adequate and must be supplemented by other train-ing manuals, among which,first of all, should be mentionedthe concise encyclopedia,"Atomic Energy", which is verypopular with officer personnel. As a supplement tothis section of special training for all officer'personnel of groups assembling the "Tar" system, it is possibleto introduce training on work with insulating gas masks(izoliruyushchiy protivogaz) and sets of standard dosimetricapparatus.

Exercises on the fundamentals of electrical engineeringand radio engineering must comprise the main subject matterof the special training for assembly team .offider: -personnel during the formation period. A large part of thetraining time planned for special training should be setaside for these exercises in the formation period. Thetraining goal in learning the fundamentals of electricalengineering ..ad radio engineering Xs to get a clear under-4standing of the physical processes taking place in theequipment being used which is the main training goalof all special training for assembly team ,officerpersonnel.

To get a high standard in mastering the fundamentalsof electrical engineering and radio engineering, the train-ing group of engineers and technicians envisaged in theprogram may be divided into two independent training groups:

The first group contains engineers, also senior techni-cians (technicians), with secondary technical education,who have worked previously with electrical and radio engineer-ing equipment and are well trained in the area of electricalengineering and radio engineering.

The second group contains senior technicians (technicians)without secondary technical education and poorly trained inthe area of electrical engineering and radio engineering.

This .separation of-officers into groups is madeafter first getting to know the officers during exercise3in a general training group and in individual conversations.

To perform the tasks of specill training successfully,it is essential to,organize a stock of educational materialswhich from the start of the exercises will permit a theo-retical exposition of training problems to be accompaniedby the necessary demonstrations and practical exercises(with simple laboratory work). For this purpose a class-room-laboratory is equipped in the administrative and supplyarea for electrical engineering and radio engineering.•Tills enables exercises to be conducted with a training groupof up to 30 persons.

The following may be included in the equipment of theclassroom-laboratory: oscillographs with cameras to photo-graph pulse-type processes (impulsnyy protsess) and compara-tors for processing photograms; pulse voltmeters, with acollection of voltage dividers; ammeters, voltmeters, TT-2testers, and tube avometers (lampovyy avometr); standardsignal generators; alkaline and acid storage batteries;collection of various resistors. , capacitors, and isemi-conductor devices, produced by our own radio industry; aset of electric vacuum devicer (electron tubes, cathode-

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ray tubes, and gas-discharge devices (gazorazryadnyypribor)1;stands for alternating and direct currentelectrical. apparatus; and also a number of other devicesand apparatus. .

The equipment of the classroom-laboratory must becontinually improved. It is advisable to use the labora-tory work of officers for this when they are carrying outtheir individual tasks. First of all, models should bemade of individual radio equipment assemblies: a -blocking oscillatorOloking-generatoOnd an amplifierusing transistors; a voltage doubling circuit; a pentodecoincidence circuit; a quartz-crystal oscillator; anelectron key with cathode follower (katodnyy povtoritel);a delay line; an FM discriminator; an "Wmplitude limiter;a triode oscillator with transistors, etc.

Among the obligatory laboratory work on the fundamentalsof electrical and radio engineering, it is essential toinclude the following: checking the intactness and resistancevalue of BS insulation; taking oscillograms of the chargeand discharge of a capacitor; regulation of electromagneticrelays; investigation of various voltage regulation circuits;charging and boost charging of storage batteries; determina-tion of error in electrical measuring instruments; takingthe characteristics of semiconductor devices; and observingpulse processes.

Carrying out this laboratory work and also assemblinga model of a certain piece of equipment in accordance withan individual task, make it very much easier for officers,particularly those who are learning the fundamentals ofelectrical and radio engineering for the first time, tomaster all training problems and help: to train them in ashorter time to fulfil their functional duties.

Laboratory work and indiyidual tasks are done during thetime specially allotted for this purpose. this arrangementmakes it possible to increase to a considerable extent thenumber of hours allotted by the program for studying the

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fundamentals of eledtrical and radio engineering. Inother respects, the principle of allotting training timemust conform completely with the requirements of the pro-gram. In senior technicians' groups there must be fivehours daily of planned instruction and two hours of obliga-tory individual study.

From past experience of exercises in the fundamentalsof electrical and radio engineering, the problems in subject19, "Pulse-Machinesqtre OW, most difficult for the majorityof officers to master. EVen officers with higher technicaleducation come up against certain difficulties in studyingthis subject.

At the present time a large number of different trainingmanuals are being published on pulse nxek, both by our ownand by foreign authors, which must bin used when studying thissubject.

Exercises in special training of the basic commandpersonnel of an RTB (commanding officers of assembly titans,their deputies, and commanding officers and engineers orgroups) must be conducted at the rate of three days amonth. The subjects of the exercises are determined bythe commanding officer of the RTB and embrace the study oftheoretical questions, mainly nay ones as a rule, connectedwith the development of missile armament. The followingmay be cited as some examples from the special trainingsubjects of an RTB commanding officer's group: "A Surveyof Our Country's Designs for the Body of Special WarheadW';."Thermal Operating Conditions of a Special Warhead inFlight and its Significance"; "Characteristics of DynamicStresses Acting on the Warhead in Flight?; "Developmentin Electrical Circuit Designs of Triode Oscillators Usedin Missile Equipment as Voltage Converters'; "Our Country'sSystems of Automatic Control of Radioactive Contaminationof the Air in Storage Places'a "General Principles of aControlled Thermonucle-r Synthesis'' etc.

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For some important.subjects of Special training, com-manding officers of assembly teams, their deputies, andcommanding officers and engineers Of groups participate inthe exercises of the senior technicians' training groupsas trainees or is leaders of the exercises.

Well organized military-technical propaganda in a unitis an important condition for successfully performing thetasks of special training in the formation period. Themost important means of doing this is the extensive useby officer personnel of a variety of technical litera-ture. With this aim an extra technical library may bebuilt up in the unit itself, and this library must giveperiodical publications a considerable place. RTB officersmay find much that is useful and interesting to them incopies of "Express-Information" on atomic energy, radioengineering, electronics, and inspection measurement equip-ment (kontrolno-izmeritelnaya tekhnika)Iand in the journals"Atomic Technology Abroad'; "Problems of Missile Technology",and "Foreign Radio Electronics!'-;

It is advisable that RTB officers shOuld also becomefamiliar with several other technical branches of science,a knowledge of some principles of which is vitally essentialin their work. Practical experience shows that among thelatter are, in the first place, mechanical drawing and thecurrent government standard (10ST) for drawings, machineparts, and the study of electrical materials (elektro-materialovedeniy).