A short review oflandscape genetics:

A spatially-heterogeneousdispersal process:

Paradox of fragmentation

ReferencesLandscape geneticsManel et al. (2003) Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 18:189–197Special feature in Mol Ecol (2012)Manel et al. (2013) Ten years of landscape genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 28:614–621

Isolation by resistance and circuit theoryWright (1943) Isolation by distance. Genetics 28:114–138Slatkin (1993) Isolation by distance in equilibrium and nonequilibrium populations. Evolution 47:264–279McRae (2006) Isolation by resistance. Evolution 60: 1551–1561

A spatially-heterogeneousdispersal process:

Paradox of fragmentation

Frequent, slow, and short dispersal in habitats

Rare, fast, and long dispersal in a matrix

A heterogeneous dispersal process can be equal to a homogeneous

pattern of an equilibrium flow

Different capacity and velocity

flow = capacity*velocity

A spatially-heterogeneous differentiation/migration pattern

Populations in a landscape

Pair-wise genetic distances

Different intercepts and slopes in isolation-by-distance (IBD)

Three steps in landscape genetics

Migrationbetween populations in the habitats

Resistances inferred from landscape elements

Currents between habitats in a circuit

GISNiche modeling

Circuit theoryLeast-cost path

Test/Model

selectionPopulation genetics

Can resistances in a circuit create local migration in habitats and global migration in a matrix?

Local, distance-dependent migration in habitats

Global, distance-independent migration in a matrix

IBD of local migration in habitats and global migration in a matrix

Genetic distances in habitats and a matrix

More gentle slopes and higher intercepts of IBD in the matrix than in the habitats

Distances and resistancesalong least-cost paths on a circuit

IBD of distances and resistances along least-cost paths (LCPs) on the circuit

A circuit with resistances (r = 1) and populations in a habitat

Habitats divided by a matrix zone: the matrix increases an intercept

The matrix increases an intercept of LCPs through the matrix

Habitats(r = 1) and a matrix(r = 2) parallel to each other in a linear shape

A corridor connecting habitats reduces an intercept

The corridor reduces an intercept to LCPs in the habitats

A corridor (r = 1) connects habitats

A highway connecting habitats more reduces an intercept

The highway reduces an intercept less than LCPs in the habitats

A highway (r = 1/2) connects habitats

A corridor and a highway reduce intercepts but do not reduce slopes

Global migration with gentle slopes in a matrix cannot be created

A corridor parallel to habitats does not affect IBD

The corridor does not affect IBD of LCPs

A corridor (r = 1) parallel to habitats

A highway parallel to habitats reduces a slope

The highway reduces slopes of LCPs through the matrix

A highway (r = 1/2) parallel to habitats

Highways connecting habitats and parallel to them affect IBD differently

A highway parallel to habitats creates global migration in a matrix

Does a highway parallel to habitats really exist in a matrix?

Hetero-geneous resistances in a matrix

A different dispersal process in a homo-geneous matrix

Resistances by circuit theory depend on positions in a circuit

Habitat Matrix C. corridor

C. highway P. corridor P. highway

Circles: within the same side; crosses: between different sides

Resistances by circuit theory decrease as

circuit size increases

Circles: within the same side; crosses: between different sides

Least-cost paths and circuit theory in

landscape genetics may fail to express a

spatially-heterogeneous

dispersal process in a homogeneous matrix