International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

A. Solid Waste Management in EmergencyB. Waste Water Management in Emergency

C. Vector control

Module 2 – Session 2 aSolid Waste Management CycleTechnical option in emergency

Environmental implications

A. Solid Waste Management in Emergency

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Solid Waste – Sphere project

People have an environment that is acceptably uncontaminated by solid waste, including medical waste, and have the means to dispose of their domestic waste conveniently and effectively.

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Solid Waste management cycle

Identify waste type

Waste source

Determine volume

Determine collection/storage methods & transportation method

Determine disposal method

Households, Aid Agencies, Communal areas (markets), Industries, Medical facilities

Household containers, Small collective containers, Waste collection depots

Burning, Burying, Composting.

Organic waste, paper, cans, bottles, plastic packaging, dead animals, oil, chemicals, medical, concrete, stones, etc.

1 person / 0,5-1 liter of refuse / dayorganic content of 25-35 %.

Identify existing facilities

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Storage methods

Storage:

Household containers

Communal bins

Old oil drums

Fenced – in areas.

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Transport methods

•Human powered: open hand cart, hand cart with bins, wheelbarrow, tricycle.

•Animal powered: donkey drawn cart

•Motorized: tractor, trailer, truck.

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Waste disposal methods in emergency

1.Burning

2.Burying

Limiting factors:Soil conditions Groundwater levelType of waste sourceTopographyQuantity of wastewater productionSafety measures

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1.- Burning

Burning can reduce the volume of trash by 80 to 90 percent. The temperature in a burn barrel rarely exceeds 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature is not hot enough for complete combustion of the materials in the barrel.

1. Separation:

1. Compostable: organic waste

2. Burnable: to be separated primarily into paper and plastic. Plastic should be never burnt.

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Burning: some considerations

PVC plastic (present in most of packaging items) is the major source of dioxins.

Studies have linked dioxins and furans to cancer and respiratory disease. Pollutants from combustion are emitted into the environment affecting air quality and health.

Ash (particulates) can irritate the eyes and throat and can restrict visibility. The ash resulted from the burning process is considered a highly toxic waste product. This must be carefully handled and buried.

Significant fire risk

Visit www.burnbarrel.org

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Plastic burner

This model achieves a heat of around 800 ۫

It converts most plastics to water vapour and carbon-dioxide.

It requires no additional fuel

It produces transparent fumes.

190 mm

11 holes50 mm diameter

Metal grid5 mm diameter reinforced bars

440 mm

8 holes60 mm diameter

150 mm

•Ordinary oil-drum (220 l) •Metal grid of 5 mm iron bars on which the disposables are placed•Series of holes above and below the metal grid

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Burners in Emergency

From ‘Emergency Sanitation’. Harvey & Co. 2002. WEDC.

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2.- Burying: Communal Disposal Pit

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Minimum standards

Storage and collection

1 container (100 l) to 200 people for domestic solid wasteMaximum walking distance from dwellings 70 m Volume 200 l (6 m3/200 persons)Markets: 1 container (100 l) to 40 market stallsFeeding center: 1 container (100 l) to 500 people

Transport 0.2 l collection vehicle / persons / day5 l collection vehicle volume / market / day

Disposal Direct (on-site)45 m to family pit200 m to communal pit6 m3 pit / 200 personsRemote (off-site)500 m to final disposal site from nearest habitable building downhill from groundwater sourcesAt least 50 m from surface water sources0.25 m3 / person for landfilling6 m3 pit / 200 persons

Usage 50% affected population has access to facilities50% of collected solid waste transported and disposed correctly

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B. Waste Water Management in Emergency

Module 2 – Session 2 bDrainage

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Waste water (Drainage)

People have an environment in which the health and other risks posed by water erosion and standing water, including storm water, floodwater, domestic wastewater and wastewater from medical facilities, are minimized. Sphere Project

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Waste water management cycle

Identify waste type

Waste source

Determine potential hazard

Determine volume

Determine disposal method

Water distribution points, Feeding centers, Clinics, Kitchens, Laundries, Bathing areas

Faecal contamination, Mosquitoes, Flies, cockroaches, rats, etc.

Hospitals 50 l/p/dFeeding centres 25 l/p/dPersonal washing/spillages up to 10 l/p/d

Black sewage (from toilets and septic tanks), Grey sewage (water spillage from washing areas), rainwater.

Into the airInto the ground

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Soakpits

•Commonly between 2-5 m deep and 1 to 2.5 m diameter.•Commonly not lined and filled with stones and blocks•At least 30 m horizontal distance from any groundwater source (e.g. well or borehole).•The base at least 1.5 m above the water table.

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Infiltration trenches

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Gardens

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D. Vector control

Module 2 – Session 2 dVectors

SprayingMosquito nets

Environmental modifications

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Vectors and diseases in emergency

Anopheles Aedes Housefly

Diseases Malaria Dengue and yellow fever

Diarrhoeal diseases, skin and eye infections

Larval Exposed to sunlight and associated to floating vegetation in pools, quiet places in slow-running streams, rice fields. Also in artificial containers

Above the water line in pools with clean water. The preferred habitats are water storage tanks and jars inside the and outside houses.

Buried on rotting organic material (human (garbage, excreta).

Adult Active between sunset and sunrise

Rest indoors and outdoor sheltered resting sites

Bite mainly in the morning or evening. Hey rest often outdoors.

Active during the day. Resting indoors.

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Control measures

Mosquitoes

Personal protection Making houses and

shelter insect – proof (Zero fly – insecticide plastic sheeting)

Insecticide spraying Environmental

modifications to prevent breeding (drainage)

Houseflies

Improvement of environmental sanitation (excreta disposal and waste management)

Promotion hygiene practices

Fly traps Control with insecticides

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Personal protection

Bed netsRepellentsMosquito coils

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Sphere

All disaster affected people have the knowledge and the means to protect themselves from diseases and nuisance vectors that are likely to represent a significant risk to health or well-being.

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Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)

•LLINs are nets treated in the factory with an insecticide incorporated into the net fabric which makes the insecticide last at least 3 years of recommended use under field conditions.

• PermaNet® which is treated with 55mg/m2 of deltamethrin to coat fibres.

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LLINs distribution in emergency

Target population: Children U5 + Pregnant women1 LLIN per household (mother sleeps together with the newborn).House-to-house visits to ensure proper hanging and usage. This might be integrated in ongoing health programmes. In special and urgent situations, this activity can be linked to indoor residual spraying (IRS).Niger Red Cross

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Environmental modifications

tins

tyre

Water containerWater storage tank

obstructed roof gutters)

Dense vegetation

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Insecticide spraying

Specialist attention and involvement of local authorities

Detailed vector study: its resting and biting behaviour and its susceptibility to insecticides.

Trained personnel and protection equipment.

Acceptance of space-spraying by communities.

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Sphere

The numbers of diseases vectors that pose a risk to people’s health and nuisance vectors that pose a risk to people’s well-being are kept to an acceptable level.

Chemical vector control measures are carried out in a manner that ensures that staff, the people affected by the disaster and the local environment are adequately protected. And avoids creating resistance to the substances used.

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The efficient execution of IRS (indoor residual spraying) where necessaryThe appropriate use of LLINsEffective disposal of household solid waste Effective household drainageControl of flies and mosquitoes associated with excreta disposal

Community involvement