A Study of the Llfe History of Brazilian Sardine, Sa~Dinella b~Asiliensis.

8/12/2019 A Study of the Llfe History of Brazilian Sardine, Sa~Dinella b~Asiliensis.

1/16

Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 24:1-16, 1975

A STUDY OF THE LlFE HISTORY OF BRAZILIAN SARDINE S a ~ d i n e l l a b ~ a s i l i e n s i s .11. SP WNING IN 1970 and 1971*

Received June 10 1974

YASUNOBU MATSUURAns t i t u t o c e a n o g ~ f i c o da U n i v e ~ s i d a d e de so Paulo

SYNOPSIS

D i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance of eggs of S a ~ d i n e l l a b ~ a s i l i e n s i s =S.a u ~ i t a , a re p re se n t e d fo r the ye a rs 1970 a ~ d 1971 and compared wi tht h a t of the pre v ious ye a r (1969) . The spawning s i z e o f t h r e e spawningsea sons was ca1cu1a ted us ing Tanaka s method. I n c u b a t i o n t ime of s a r d ine eggs was e s t i m a t e d us ing the method of Ah1strom. Dur ing th reespawning seasons a cons ide r ab1e change in the r e 1 a t i v e spawning s i z ewas obse rved . The spawning sea son (du r ing s p r i n g and summer in thesou the rn hemisphere) o f 1970-71 was poor when compared wi th those o f1969-70 and 1971-72 . A s l i g h t change in the average d ia me te r of eggsin d i f f e r e n t spawning sea sons was a1so obse rved . The r e 1 a t i o n betweenoceanograph ic c o n d i t i o n s and spawning s i z e was ana1ysed . t i s s u g ge s t e d t h a t the warm w a te r c ove r ing the spawning ground dur ing the1970-71 spawning sea son may have caused an unsuccess fu1 spawning int h i s y e a r .

INTRODUCTION

In a pre v ious paper (M a t s u u ra , 1971a , the d e s c r i p t i o n of the eggs ofBra z i1 i a n s a r d i n e and t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n and abundance in the r e g ion of I l h aGrande were p r e s e n t e d . The spawning sea son of the Br a z i 1 i a n s a rd ine occursdur ing s p r i n g and summer f rom Sep tember to March) in t h i s r eg ion . The spawn

and 100 mn g a r e a i s l oc a 1 i z e d in the r e g ion of I l h a Grande between 50contour 1 ines . Because the su rvey a re a was 1 imi ted to the r e g ion between CaboFr io and so S e b a s t i o , it has no t been de te rmined wh e t h e r t h e r e are o the rimpor tan t spawning a re a s .

Par t o f t h i s s tudy was f inanced by Fundao de Amparo a Pe squ i sa do Es tad ode so Pau lo ( P r o c . : b i o1og ic a s 70/578, 71 /322) .PUBL N 359 DO INST. OCEAN DA USP


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2 Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo 24 975

This r epor t p r esen t s the r esu1 t s ob ta ined dur ing1970-71 and 1971-72 which had extended survey area .

the spawning seasons of

se rved dur ing the per iod from September to MarchSince the spawning i s ob

wi th concen t r a t ion in De-cember-January , we used the t e rm 1970-71 spawning season as i n d i c a t i n g theper iod from September 1970 to March 1971 and so on.

Because the survey cru i ses were conducted by on1y two research vesse1scover ing 1arge a r e a s , the number of samp1ing s t a t i ons was no t s u f f i c i e n t andthe r esu1 t s ob ta ined from year to year cannot be used for compara t ive purpose .Neverth1ess a notab1e annua1 var i a t i on i s spawning s i ze was recognized fromthe re su1 ts . The presen t en1arged survey cru i ses showed f u r th e r spawning areasin sou thern Braz i1 .

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The area covered by the cru i .ses made dur ing the per iod from October 1970to December 1971 i s s.hown in F igure 1 . The survey area was d iv ided i n t o s ixsubareas :subarea 1= region of Cabo de so Tom; 11= region of Rio de Jane i ro , 111=region of I l h a Grande; IV= region of Santos ; V= r eg ion of paranagui and VI=region of I l ha de Santa Cata r ina .

During the cru i ses which covered the220 S) to Cabo de Santa Marta Grande (Lat .

r eg ion from Cabo de so Tom (La t .28 0 40' S) in May and August 1970,

no sa rd ine eggs appeared. Therefo re they are no t d i scussed in th i s paper .P1ankton hau1s were made ver t i ca11y from the depth of 80 m up to the

sur face or in in shore s t a t i o n s from near the bot tom to the su r face . The amountof water s t r a i ned was ca1cu1ated from f10w meter r ead ings .

P1ankton samp1es were f ixed and preservedforma1in. Af te r measur ing the p1ankton volume,

in a s o lu t i o n of 10 percen ta l I eggs and 1arvae of f i shes

were so r t ed out us ing a s te reoscop ic binocu1a r microscope .were i d e n t i f i e d accor d ing to Matsuura 1971a).

The s ard ine e ggs

For a computat ion of spawning s i ze . it i s necessa ry to es t imate the incu-ba t ion t ime of sa rd ine eggs a t d i f f e r en t t empera tu res . There are two ways toob ta in it: 1) to r ea r a r t i f i c i a11y f e r t i 1 i zed eggs a t d i f f e r en t t empera turesin the 1aboratory (e .g . Nakai , 1962); 2) us ing p1ankton eggs to ana1yse ther e1a t ion between deve10pmenta1 s tage , t empera tu re ,t ime ( e .g . Ah1strom, 1943) . In th i s paper theAh1strom to es t imate incuba t ion t ime .

and es t imated developmenta1author used the method of

One of the purposes of the quan t i t a t i ve s tudy of f i sh eggs i s to eva lua tethe s ize of the spawning s tock . Many methods have been descr ibed bu t we cansummarizes tandard

them in one pr i nc i p I e , i e . to ca1cu la te thearea , accumulate them and then es t imate t o t a lspawning area dur ing the season.

egg dens i ty peregg number in the


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MATSUURA Sapdinella bpasiliensis: spawning in 1970-1971 3

The method desc r ibed by Se t t e Ah1strom 1948) i s ve ry use fu1 fo r da tac011ec ted w i th f ixed s t a t i o n p a t t e r n b u t it was no t a p p r o p r i a t e fo r p re s e n tda t a . The me thod of Tanaka 1955a, b; 1973) i s use fu1 fo r many cases ofp1ank ton samp1es c011ec ted ver t i ca11y w i th d i f f e r e n t t ypes of samp1ing gearand a r b i t r a r i 1 y a r ra nge d samp1ing s t a t i o n s . The advantage of Tanaka s methodi s t h a t the samp1ing s t a t i o n s can be s t r a t i f i e d a c c ord ing to d a t a p r e s e n t e d .Th e r e fo r e we fo l lowed Tanaka s method (1973) .

He showed the t o t a l spawning q u a n t i t y w i th fo l l ow ing formula :

s t ns t K t . b e .ns s t s t

where i s a r e a of the spawning ground , T i s the p e r i o d of spawning se a son , bei s incuba t ion pe r iod ( t ime w i th days) a t w a te r t e mpe ra tu re e , and K i s t hec o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r , or de M 1 -Mb ek - - - - - - = - - - - ( l - e ) . Here M i s the mo r t a l i t y c oe f i c i e n tb e M.b eand d= c o r r e c t e d e va lue when mo r t a l i t y i s o p e ra t i n g , n i s the number ofsampl ing s t a t i o n sm 2) at s a t i on .

in the a re a A and Y i s the egg number pe r s tandardBut Y.=dX: d=depth sampled, X=egg c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

a re a

Using p1ank ton samples , Ah1strom 1943) e xpre s se d t he i n c u b a t i o n t ime ofthe eggs of C a l i fo rn i a s a r d i n e as log be =a -se , but in t h i s paper we used af ixed va lue , be=24 h o u r s , which was e s t i m a t e d from the deve10pmenta l s tage ofp la nk ton sample s , t o be app l i ed fo r a l I of our samples , because we have noda t a a v a i l a b l e to e s t i m a t e a v a r i a t i o n of i n c u b a t i o n t ime a t d i f f e r e n t w a te rt e mpe ra tu re .

S t r a t i f i c a t i o n of sampl ing s t a t i o n s was p lanned ba sed on t he number ofs t a t i o n s and p e r i o d . t i s shown in Figure 1 . The a r e a from Cabo de so Torne

22 00 0 S) to the sou th of Cabo de Sa n ta Marta Grande 29 0 20 S) was s e p a r a t e dfo r s i x subareas and each suba re a was d iv ide d i n t o t h r e e d i f f e r e n t dep thzones , i e . 1 s t dep th zone=15-50 m, 2nd dep th zone=5l -100 m, and 3rd dep thzone=101-200 m. To measure t he a r e a of each suba re a a p l a n i m e t e r was used. Theper iod of spawning sea son was d iv ide d i n t o b imonth ly p e r i o d .

R SULTS

SIZE FREQUENCY OF GG DIAMETER - t i s genera11y a c c e p t e d t ha t the egg d i -ameter of a g iven spec ies shows a c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n depend ing on s i z e ofthe spawner or the spawning p e r i od .

Blax te r Hempel 1963) r e p o r t e d t h a t l a rg e r l a rvae de r ive d from l a r g ee ggs of the h e r r i n g have b e t t e r s u r v i v a l and they observed some v a r i a t i o n in


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4 Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 24 1975

ST TlON PL N

25

28I VI o 1970-71 Ipawning I .OSOICAIO E srA

MA rA GR NDE ~ I 1971 - 7 2 spawning '.aso 20 .'0 .,. 44 3 .'0

Fig 1 - Location of stations occupied during survey cruises made in 1970 and 1971.egg s i z e depending on spawning area and s ize of spawners . They a1so found t h a tthe d i f fe rence among spawning groups was 1arger than var i a t i on within a group.The r e c r u i t spawners t end to have somewhat sma11er eggs .

Ciechomski 1966) working wi th Engl au l s anchoita, showed a p o s i t i v ecor r e1a t ion between egg diameter and the s ize of fema1es. She conc1uded t ha t1arger fema1es spawn 1arger eggs.

Size f requency of egg diameter dur ing t h r ee spawning seasons showed somevar i a t i on among seasons . No s ign i f i can t d i f f e r e n c e s were found in the eggsr esu1 t ing from the 1969-70 and 1970-71 spawning seasons1971-72 spawning season showed somewhat 1arger d iamete r s .s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 1 1eve1.

bu t those from theThe d i f fe rence was

Size frequency of t o t a l eggs measured from t h r ee years i s shown in F igure2. The average diameter for a t o t a l o f 1052 eggs measured was 1.20 mm. Egg


5/16

MATSUURA: Sardinella brasiliensis spawning in 1970-1971 5

50

,. 30u2:20(3

lo... lO

25

I1 00

30MICRO M T R DIVISION)I1.20

mm)EGG DIIIMETER

X 120 mmW : 100 - 1.40 mm5 : 00467N : 1052

35

I1:40

:tnm

diame te r of t h i s Figur e i s h i g h e r thant h a t of the 1969-70 sea son , s ince t h i sinc ludes t he 1a r ge rspawning sea son .

eggs of 1971-72

Fig 2 - Distribution of the diameter of thesardine eggs for the three spawningseasons. 1 micrometer division:0.040 mm). x: mean egg diameter, w:range of distribution, s: standarddeviation, n: total number of eggsmeasured.

1970-1971 SPAWNING SEASON - During t h i s s eas o n fo .ur c r u i s e s were c a r r i e dou t . The c r u i s e o f October 1970 was made by R/V E m l i a on the survey are a10cated between 4428 ' W and 4512 W w i t h i n the 100 m contour 1 i n e . Thecru i ses of November-December 1970area from Cabo de so Tome (22 0 S)

and February -March 1971 covered a 1a r ge rto south of Cabo de San t a Marta Grande

(2920 ' S) . The c r u i s e of January 1971 covered the area between Rio de J a n e i r o(43 0 W) and Per u be (47 0 W). The 1as t t h r e e c r u i s e s were conducted by R/VPr of . W. Besnard . The occur rence of eggs i s shown in Figur e 3 .

In the c r u i s e of February -March 1971, a c o n i c a l - c y 1 i n d e r plank ton n e t wasused dur ing the i n i t i a 1 s t a t i o n s , b u t it was 10s t by a c c i d e n t a t the 12 ths t a t i o n . Most p a r t of s amp 1ing then was made w i t h Hensen plank ton ne toT h ere fo re the ca1cu1a t ion of number of eggs pe r square meter was not app1iedfor the d a t a of t h i s c r u i s e . The occur r ence o f eggs dur ing t h i s cru i se i sr ep resen ted by a 1arge c i r c 1 e i n Figur e 3 .

The spawning dur ing t h i s season was very poor in both se n se s , i. e . innumber of eggs p e r s t a t i o n and in number of samp1es in which s a r d i n e eggs appeared (Tab1e I ) . The t o t a l number of samp1ing s t a t i o n s in t h i s season was 162(119 w i t h c o n i c a l - c y l i n d e r n e t and 43 wi th Hensen n e t ) . Eggs appeared only ine l ev en s amp l es .

For compar i son with the r e s u l t s of o t h e r seasons , the average number o feggs p e r s t a t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d us ing only e i g h t samples c o l l e c t e d w i t h thec o n i c a l - c y l i n d e r ne t dur ing the c r u i s e s of November-December 1970 and January1971 (Tab le lI .

Three spawning areas can be v i su a l i z e d in t h i s sea son : the n o r t h e r n a r eao f f C ab o F r i o , I l h a Grande, and Paran ag u . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a td u r i n g t h i s spawning season the eggs occur r ed main ly a t dep ths o ther than51-100 m depth zone , the zone 1n which the main spawning was observed in theprev ious year . Only four samples out of e leven in which s a r d i n e eggs wereobserved , appeared in t h i s zone.


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6 Bolm Inst. oceanog r.: . ,, ,S< .Paa,.o ; A1W ?f9.V5

49 '

1970 1971 Spowning Seoson

/

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' Om 0 m

...

0 /otc l

//

I\

J

J

2 m

47

/J

/

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...

///

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//

.,.

ILH GR NDE

/

4 4

o. .... 11

4 3

/

//,

/

I/

f

NUMBER Of SARD/NE EG S

o 0 ,/ /0O /0 0O /0 / 5 00O 50/ /000O + /0 00

4 2 . .

22o0\170

2 8

2

F 3 - Distribution and abundance of sardine eggs in the 1970-71 spawning season.

In the suba r ea 111 ( r eg ion of I l h a Grande) a cont inous spawning was obc o l l e c t e d in t h i se rv ed from October to March. Five of e leven samples were

re g ion . This fac t shows t h a t t h i s area wasin t h i s season.

probably the main spawning ground

1971-1972 SPAWNING SEASON - During t h i s season only one c r u i s e was ca r r iedout from Rio de Jane i ro to paranagu (48 0 30' W) on De cember 1971 wi th the R/V

Pr of . W. Besnard . The con ica l - cy l inder p lank ton ne t was used and v e r t i c a land hor i zon ta l hau ls were conducted in a l I s t a t i o n s . No flow meter was used,the r efo re the number of sa r d i n e eggs was r e p r e se n t e d b y nex t c a l c u l a t i o n forcompara t ive pur poses ;

Estimated water volume (mouth area) x (towing distance) x ( f i l t r ation coefficient)


7/16

MATSUURA Sardinella brasiliensis: spawning in 1970-1971

Sample Dateno .

465 27/10

483 2 8/11487 01/12518 07/12520 08/12

532 16/01537 17/01539 17/01546 18/01

651 07/03667 10/03. e fer to

Not used

TABLE I - Est imated number of(1970-1971 spawning

Local 10 m depth

sa rd ineseason)

eggs

Egg Total no .Time Posit iou dep t b developm. o f

m) T OC) S 0/00) s ta g e eg g s j sa m pleCruise October 26 - 29, 197009:45 2352 s . 4445 w 85 21. 36 o 64

Cruise November 28 - ecember 10, 197016:00 2204 S 4009 w 105 23.80 Co 705:25 225 1 S 4152 w 48 21. 76 - o 3317:15 2559 S 4715 W 81 21.82 - Co 2201:35 2520 S 4742 w 25 23 . 15 - Ac 2

Cruise January 16 - 22, 197108:35 2326 S 4300 w 108 23.98 o 104:55 2313 S 4417 w 43 27.22 - Bb 113:45 2351 S 4359 w 122 24.99 - Bb 109:15 2333 S 45 00 w 36 24.95 - Co 2

Cruise Feb ruary 27 - March 11, 197 118:10 2401 S 4430 w 114 26.10 C. 1020:05 2239 S 4133 w 52 23.70 - o 5

Nakai t 1962 , Y Vf l o w meterCo l l e c te d wit h Hensen plankton net

by s t a t i on

Volume of Number of eggsf i l t ered Depth ofha ul m) pe rwater (m ) square meter

(30) 30 (64)

147 80 3.844 45 3466 75 2520 20 2

34 80 2.327 38 1 .472 80 1.127 30 2.2

- 60 (+)45 (+ )

d - depth o f haulX - egg co untV - ater vo l ume

TABLE 11 - Number of s a rd ine eggs t ake n dur ing t h r ee spawning seas ons

A B CSpawn in g Number of X 100 Tota l number E E Cruise Survey areaseason rout ine Sta t i ons with A of A Bs t a t i o n s sardine eggs sardine eggs

1969-70 54 ** 7 13.0 6.100 113 871 Nov. 1969 From Cabo Fr ioJan. 1970 to so Sebas t i o1970-71 84 8 9.5 69 0 .8 8.6 Nov-Dec. 70 From Cab o so TomJan. 1971 to Santa Marta Grande

1971-72 55 14 25.4 461 8.4 33 Dec. 1971 From Rio de Janeiroto Par anagu

* Fixed s ta t i o n not inc luded** Five extra s tat ions near so Sebast i o not inc ludedNote: This tab le contains only data ob t a ined on the cru ises conducted during the main spawning s e as on(November, December and January) AlI the samples were co l l e c ted ve r t i c a l1y with the c on i c a l -cyl inder p lank ton neto

7

The occur r ence of sa rd ine eggs i s shown in Figure s a and b The spawn ingdur ing t h i s s eason may be cons ide r ed good when compared wi th t h a t of theprevious sea son . The abundance of eggs pe r s t a t i on i s given in Tab 1e aand b


8/16

8

1971-1972 Spawnin jl SeasonCruise Ole.mber 1971 Vtrficol hQJI

oC

oc.

oo

//

0 0 ....00.... / //

Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 24, 1975

23

o

...NUMBER OF SAROINE EGGS

o 01 10o 11-1006

: lotherm (10m)0 1 1 - 500O SOI IOOO

/(,100m

Ilohalin.(10m) o I 000c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o. ... o 4 0 4 3Fig a - Oistribution and abundance of sardine eggs on the cruise of Oecember 1971.

cal haul). (Letters under each circle shows developmental stage of eggs).

42

(Verti-

The occurrence of sa rd ine eggs in v e r t i c a l and hor i z on t a l hauls were s imi -l a r having fou r t een s t a t i ons in which sa rd ine eggs were c o l l e c t e d in bo th ,hor i z on t a l and v e r t i c a l ha u l s , bu t two ex t r a s t a t i ons showed sa rd ine eggs onlyin hor i z on t a l ha u l .

AlI eggs were c o l l e c t e d in the depth zone of 51-100 m excep t for onesample which was c o l l e c t e d a t the s t a t i o n of 21 m depth near Canane ia (25 0 S) .

Three spawning areas can be dis t inguished: near Rio de Jane i ro , of fUbatuba and Santos-Paranagu. The l a s t group may be d iv ided i n t o two subareas :of f Santos and of f Paranagu . The d i s t r i b u t i o n pa t t e rn of the sa rd ine eggs int h i s season seems to be con t inuous . Based on the observat ion of developmenta ls tages we can f ind eggs of two d i f f e r en t s t ages , o r i g i na t i ng from d i f f e r en tspawning days .same s t a t io n .

I t means t ha t t he re occurred two success ive spawnings a t the

The spawning ground of f I l ha Grande and so Sebas t i o which was cons i de r edthe main spawning ground fo r two previous seasons was confirmed in t h i s seasona l so , bu t t moved to a somewhat of f - s ho r e pos i t i on near the 100 m dep thcontour .


9/16

MATSUURA: S a r d i n e t ~ b ~ 8 i t i e n 8 i 8 : spawning in 1970-1971

1971-1972 SPOWnllO SeosonCruise Decemb. 1971 Horizontal houl

Oc

i

Ii)I\.l

1 111

I./.r

/I

/ //

O8/

CfBit Bc I./

: Isothe rm (Om)

: Isoholine (Om)

ILHA G ANOf

9

23

24

.NUMBER OF SARDINE GGS

o 0 . / - 10o _ 1O 101 - 500 26O 5 1 _ 1O + 1? ~ = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = ~ C = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = = ~ = = = = = = = = = ~ ~47 45 44 43 4

Fig b - Oistribution and abundance of sardine eggs on the cruise of Oecember 1971.zontal haul). Hori -

During t h i s seas on the nor th -eas te rn reg i on ( o f f Cab o Fr i o) and thesou thern r eg ion (of f Santa Cata r ina ) were not s tu d i e d . In the r eg ion of theS ta t e of Rio Grande do Su l some sa rd ine eggs and 1arvae were co11ected inJanuary 1972 (Phon10r , 1973) . This i n d i c a t e s t ha t the spawning ground in t h i sseason extended fa r to sou thern r eg ion . On the o ther hand, co11ec t ions made inthe same area in December 1968 revea1ed no sa r d i n e spawning in the Sta te ofRio Grande do Sul (Matsuura , 9 b .

The da ta presen ted in the prev ious s e c t i o n , i n d i c a t e th a t the spawningp a t t e r n of 1970-1971 season was somewhat d i f f e r e n t from the o ther s and t h a tthe spawning was poor . The spawning a r e a in t h i s season was no t on1y observedin the 51-100 m depth zone , bu t was a l so out o f it In order to know whathappened in t h i s r eg ion , we ca1cu1a ted the average t empe r a tu r e for each depthzone. In t h i s pape r we used depth zone i n s t e a d of d i s t a n c e from coas t a I1 ine to sepa ra te a r eg ion s tu d i e d , because the c o n t in e n t a l she1f of t h i sr eg ion demonst ra tes comp1icated contour near Cabo F r i o and s o the dis tancefrom the coas t seems not to r e p r e se n t a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the phys i ca1 andchemica1 cond i t ions of the s t a t i o n .

The average t empe r a tu r e s a t the depth of 10 m for a l I s t a t i o n s occupieddur ing spawning seasons a re shown in Figure 5 .


10/16

10 Bolm Inst . oceanogr. S Paulo 24 1975

2 8 1969-70 1970 -71 1971-72IpowninCl IIOlon Ipowning . .olon Ipowning IUlon

U 26lUD 24 r-liDlUo 22I -U r- - r-

20

18 r'------' --- 1---- I- --JT /I UI IV l IH lI[c::J REGION FROIlol CABO FRIO TO so SEBASTIO_ REGION FROM CABO so TOM TO CABO STA . MARTA G .NOE

Fig 5 - Average water temperature at the depth of 10 m in southern Braz i l based on alIs tat ions occupied. The data of the cruises of September 1969 March 1970 and October1970 is not included because they covered only the area inside the 100 contourl ine. I: 15-50 m depth zone 11: 51 - 100 m depth zone 111: 101-200 m de pth zoneIV: over 200 mThe average t e mpe ra tu re in the 51-100 m depth zone of the 1970-71 s p awning

sea son i s h i g h e r t han those of the o t h e r two se a sons . The average t empera tureof t h i s zone fo r the re g ion from Cabo F r i o to so Sebas t i o was 23 .8 0 C andt ha t of 1969-70 and 1971-72 sea sons was 21.2 0 C. The average t empera ture oft h i s zone for the r e g ion from Cabo de so Tom to Cabo de Santa Marta Grandewhich inc1udes the t o t a l a re a s t ud i e d , was 24.1 C fo r 1970-71 season and22 . 1 C for 1971-72 se a son .

The average t e mpe ra tu re fo r the o ther dep t h zones in 1970-71 season wasa1so h igher than the o t h e r s .

The re fo re we may hypo thes ize t ha t the wa t e r w i th h igher tempera tu r e whichcovered the c o n t i n e n t a l s h e 1 f , espec ia11y on the spawning ground of 51-100 mdepth zone , may have caused the poor spawning in t h i s per iod . Fu r the r i n v e s t i ga t ion i s r e q u i r e d to conf i rm t h i s h y p o t h e s i s .

TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY ON THE SPAWNING GROUND - Since the d i s t r i b u t i o nof the sa rd ine eggs was assumed to be in the upper mixed 1ayer of the thermoc1 ine , the tempera ture and s a 1 i n i t y of the 10 m depth were used as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the s t a t i o n and a re given in Tab1es I and 111 .

In the 1970-71 spawning season, no sa1 i n i t y d a t a was t aken. Th e temperat u r e of the spawning ground ranged from 21.4 to 27.2 C and the averaget empera ture was 23 . 4 C.

In the 1971-72 spawning season , the t empera ture rang e d from 16 . 8 to23.6 C and the average t e mpe ra tu re was 22.4 C. The s a 1 i n i t y range was from35.33 to 3 6 . 0 4 0 and the average s a 1 i n i t y was 3 5 . 5 5 0 .


11/16

MATSUURA ardineZZa brasiZiensis spawning in 1970-1971

TABLE I I I - a - Est imated number o f sa rd ine eggs by s t a t i o n(1971 - 1972 spawning season)**

Samp1e Local 10 m depth Egg Total no Date Time Po s i t ion depth Depth ofno. developm. o f hau1 (m)(m) T (OC) S ( O ) s tage eggs/samp1e

ru ise e er 19, 1971 (Ver t ica l hau1)

682 11/12 20:00 2602 S 4741 l 58 23.34 35.63 Cb 20 50684 11/12 22: 15 2549 S 4726 l 61 23.33 35.67 Cb 8 56694 12/12 16 : 45 2532 S 4714 l 62 23.52 35.64 Ca 7 55706 13/12 11:00 2504 S 4644 l 60 22.97 35.57 Bc 2 60708 13/12 14:15 2532 S 46 3 8 l 100 23.19 35.74 Ba 6 95

Cb 1710 13/12 17:25 2509 S 4619 l 76 23.61 35.43 Bb 26 80

Bc 50712 13/12 20:05 2449 ' S 4620 l 62 23.17 35.47 Bc 6 55

Ca 2Cb 1

714 13/12 22: 30 2429 S 4626 ' l 47 23.07 35.44 Cb 129 42720 14/12 09:20 2422 S 4608 ' l 45 21. 99 35.36 Ba 8 40722 14/12 12:15 2441 S 4604 l 63 22.53 35.33 Aa 1 60761 16/12 09: 15 2418 S 45 05 l 82 22.29 35.74 Bc 4 77

+ 31773 17/12 01:50 2407 S 4449 ' l 92 22.52 36.04 Cb 5 80

+ 2779 17/12 10: 25 2342 S 4430 l 72 22.05 35.51 Aa 50 70807 19/12 00:25 2306 S 4311 l 56 16.82 - Aa 101 53

Cb 1

Refer to Nakai 1962VERTICAL HAULS

11

Number of eggapersquare meter

2298271

2956

721

143914

3462

56112

1

During t h r ee spawning seasons thefrom 16 .8 to 27 .2 0 C and the average

t empe r a tu r e on the spawning a r e a rangedt empe r a tu r e was 22.3 0 C. Approximate1y

and 24.9 O C.87 of the occur rences were t aken a t the t emper a tu r e between 19 .0The f requencyTab1e IV.

of occur rences of eggs a t d i f f e r e n t t empe r a tu r e s i s given in

For the purpose of o b t a i n i n g a cor r e1a t ion be tween the physica1 condi t ionsp r e v a i 1 i n g on c o n t i n e n t a l she 1 f in which spawning was obse r ved , and thespawning ground intu re was ana1ysed.spawning area fo rone upwe11ing was

success ive seasonsThe r esu1 t s showed us

the season of 1970-71.observed near the coas t

the v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t empera-t h a t t he re was no upwe11ing in the

In the spawning seasonof Res t inga da Marambia

of 1971-72,(4 3 0 45 W

i n December 1971. In t h i s s t a t i o n the the rmoc1ine was near1y up to 10 m depth .


12/16

12 Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 24, 975

T BLE I I I - b - Est imated number of sa rd ine eggs by s t a t i o n(1971 - 1972 spawning season)***

Local 10 m depth gg Total no. Volume ofSamp1e Date Time Poaition depth developm. of f i1 te r edno. (m) T (OC) 5 ( O ) s tage eggs/samp1e water (m ) Cruise Deeember - 19, 1971 Horizonta l hau1)

683 l l /1 2 20:17 2602 S 4741 W 58 23.34 35.63 Cb 9 (232)685 l l /1 2 22:45 2549 5 4726 W 61 23.33 35.67 Cb 11 (232)691 12/12 07:45 2500 5 4739 W 21 22.74 35.27 Bb 8 (232 )

Bc 8695 12/12 16:55 2532 S 4714 W 62 23.52 35.64 Bc (232)

Ca 102707 13/12 ll: 10 2504 S 4644 W 60 22.97 35.57 Bb 28 (232)709 13/12 14 :25 2532 S 4638 W 100 23.19 35.74 Bb 469 (232)711 13/12 17:45 2509 S 4619 W 76 23.61 35.43 Bb 535 (232)

Bc 892713 13/12 20: 12 2449 S 4620 W 62 23.17 35.47 Ca 18 (232 )715 13/12 22:45 2429 S 4626 W 47 23.07 35.44 Cb 3,171 (232)721 14/12 09:37 2422 S 4608 W 45 21. 99 35.36 Bb 198 (232)723 14/12 12 :40 24 0 4l ' S 4604 W 63 22.53 35.33 Aa 8 (232)762 16/12 09 : 31 2418 5 4505 W 82 22.29 35.74 Aa 57 (232)

Ca 4Cb 2

62774 17/12 01: 55 2407 S 4449 W 92 22.52 36 . 04 Ca 6 (232)

Cb 4780 17/12 10: 40 2342 S 4430 li 72 22.05 35 . 51 Aa 106 (232)788 17/12 21: 05 2333 S 4411 W 72 18 . 54 36.27 Aa 1 (232)808 19/12 00:39 2306 S 43 0 ll W 56 16 . 82 - Aa 6 , 120 (232)

Cb 3 , 1503,230

Reter to Nakai, 1962 Estimated volume of water f i l tered towing di s tance ) x mouth areal x f i l t ra t ion coe f f i c i ent )

HORIZONTAL H ULS

umber afegg8/100 m

( 4)(5)(3)(3)(5)

(44)(12)

(202)(231)(384)

(8)(1367)

(85)(3)

(25)(2)(2)

(27)(3)(2)

(46)(0.4)

(2635)(1357)(1392)

TIME OF INCUBATION OF THE SARDINE EGGS - Based on the t ime i n t e rva1 ofoccur rences of eggs in s t age Aa, ( for deve10pmenta1 s t ages r e f e r to Nakai ,1962) the spawning t ime for the Braz i1 ian sa rd ine was supposed to be between20:00 and 24:00 (Matsuura, 1971a .

In the spawning seasons of 1970-71 and 1971-72, some eggs in the s tage awere co11ected dur ing day t ime (08 :00-12 :00) , bu t the main spawning t ime wasconcen t ra ted in the four hours per iod pr i o r to midnight .

The r e1a t ionsh ip between egg s t age and the time of prese rva t ion revea1edthe fo110wing: 1) a t t h r ee s t a t i o n s , the s tage a and the s t age b were co1-1ec ted s imu1taneous1y ( the samp1es 334, 335 and 336 were considered as the


13/16

MATSUURA Sardinella brasili ensis spawning in 1970-1971

TABLE IV - Re 1a t ionsh ip between w a te r t e mpe ra tu re andoccurrence of sa rd ine eggs

Tempera tu re (Oe) 1969 - 70 1970 71 1971 72lO depth) - Tota lm16 .0 -16 .9 - 1 117 .0 -17 .9 1 118 .0 -18 .9 1 119 .0 -19 .9 2 220 . 0 -20 . 9 1 - 121 . 0 -21 . 9 2 3 1 622 . 0 -22 . 9 5 523 .0 -23 .9 4 4 7 1524 .0 -24 .9 1 2 325 . 0 -25 . 9 - O26 . 0 -26 . 9 - 1 127 .0 -27 .9 1 - 1

Tota l f requency 12 11 14 37Average tempo 21.4 0 C 23.4 0 C 22.4 0 C 22.3 0

3

C

same spawning group, t h e r e fo r e t was counted as one s t a t i o n ) , 2) the eggs ofs tage B were co11ec ted a1most exc1us ive1y dur ing da y- t ime , and 3) the samp1es,7 0 7 , 7 0 9 , 7 1 1 and 715, c ons ide re d to be10ng to t he same spawning group, showt ha t the eggs needed about e1even hours to deve10p f rom the s t a g e Bb to thes tage b a t the water t e mpe ra tu re of about 23 0 C.

In cons ide r ing these f a c t s , the i n c u b a t i o n t ime of the eggs was supposedto be about 24 hours . This conc1usion agreed with the va1ues given by Nair1959) , fo r Sar dine l l longice ps which has a s i m i l a r h a b i t a t and occurs in

t r o p i c a l waters Rosa La e va s tu , 1960) .Here we do no t cons ide r d i f f e r e n c e s i n deve10pmenta1 t empera tu res . More

and aa ta i s needed to ca1cu1a te a co r re1a t ion c o e f f i c i e n t of t e mpe ra tu reincuba t ion t ime fo r t he Braz i1 ian sa rd ine eggs .

ESTIMATION OF THE SPAWNING SIZE The mor ta1 i ty r a t e of the eggs ofBra z i1 i a n s a r d i n e was no t y e t s t u d i e d . To f a c i 1 i t a t e , k=1 . 0 was used fo rcomputa t ion . The es t ima t ion of eggs was made to each subarea . The r esu1 t s areshown in Tab1e V.


14/16

4 Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 24, 975

TABLE V - Ten ta t ive es t ima t ion of eggs spawned by theBraz i1 ian sa rd ine k=1.0)

I 11 111 IV V VI Totalp a w n ~ n gse as ons

1969-70 - 0 .054 260.5 - - 260.61970-71 4.373 0.656 7.812 O 17.473 O 30.31971-72 18.504 7.276 14.408 5.488 - 45.7

un i t : 10 12 eggsNote: The s amp 1es which con ta in eggs spawned in two s u s s ~ v dayswere t r e a t e d as of one-d ay spawning

The es t ima ted number of s a rd i n e eggs in 1969-70 spawning seasonso Sebas t i o . Most eggs61 X 10 12 in the r eg ion from Cabo Fr io to

spawned in the 2nd depth zone of the subarea 111 r eg ion of I l ha Grande) .

waswere

ti s assumed t ha t the spawning s i z e in t h i s season was overes t ima ted on accountof the occurrence of an e x t r a o rd i n a r i 1 y h igh number of eggs in samp1e no. 271

No v e mb e r 1 9 6 9) .In the 1970-71 spawning season the t o t a l egg number was 30 x 10 12 A

de c re a se in the spawning s i z e was observed in s p i t e of the en1arged surveya rea . The c ur ious th ing i s t ha t the 2nd depth zone which was c ons ide re d to bethe main spawning ground fo r the previous year , had a sma11er spawning. Asshown in the pre v ious s e c t i on , the reason for t h i s fa i1u re in the 2nd depthzone and a1so in the o ther zones , may be due to the h igher t empera ture of thewater which covered the survey a r e a dur ing the season . The main spawning wasobserved in suba re a s V, IV, and I in t h i s sequence . Perhaps we can supposetha t t he re were add i t iona1 spawnings t ha t we fa i1ed to samp1e in regions outDf survey area or a t o the r seasons of the year .

In the 1971-72 spawning season, the quan t i t y of eggs spawned in j u s t onec ru i s e was l a r ge r than t ha t of t he p re v ious year . The t o t a l number of eggs wases t ima ted as 46 x 10 1 2 for the per iod of November-December in the r e g ion fromRio de Jane i ro to paranagu i . The main spawning was observed in the subareas 11and IV in the 2nd depth zone. The average water tempera ture in the survey areawas s i m i l a r to tha t of the 1969-70 season in the reg ion from Cabo Fr io toso Sebas t i o .

The incuba t ion pe r iod of the eggs abou t one day) may be c ons ide re d s h o r twhen compared with the t ime of i n c u b a t i o n of the eggs of sa rd ines from temper -a te zone of the wor1d se ve ra 1 days ) . Therefore t h i s shor tnes s of the inc u-ba t ion t ime may cause a 1arger samp1ing e r r o r . In order to i nc rease the accu-racy of the es t ima t ion it i s neces sa ry to have a de nse r s t a t i o n plano Fr the r -


15/16

MATSUURA Sapdinella bpasil iensis spawning in 1970-1971

more the t ime i n t e r v a l between s u c c e s s i v e c ru i s e s would have to b eenough to sample a l I of the spawning groups .

RESUMO

O p r e s e n t e t r a b a l h o a p r e s e n t a a d i s t r i b u i o e abundnc ia de ovosd inha verdade i ra , Sapd ine l la b p a s i l i ens i s S aup i ta , na cos ta

5

sh o r t

de s a r -s u l do

B ra s i l nos anos de 1970 e 1971. Um dos pr i nc i pa i s o b j e t i v o s do e s tudo quan t i -t a t i v o de ovos e l a rvas de pe ixe s e s t i m a r o tamanho do es toque , t r v ~ s daabundnc ia de ovos desovados . Com e s s a f i na l i da de , a computao da abundnc iade ovos de s a r d i n h a v e r d a d e i r a fo i f e i t a usando o m ~ t o o a pre se n t a do porTanaka 1955) . O tempo de incubao dos ovos de sa rd inha fo i es t imado com baseno mtodo da Ahls t rom 1943) .

A qua n t ida de de ovos desovados var iou dura n t e os t r s anos 1969 a 1971) .Foi f e i t a uma comparao e n t r e a abundnc ia t o t a l de ovos desovados e a f r e -qnc ia de o c o r r n c i a de ovos nas es taoes da r e g i o es tudada . Os nd ices deabundnc ia mostram que a desova na ~ p o c de 1970-71 fo i muito f r a c a , comparadacom as de 1969-70 e de 1971-72 .

Para e s c l a r e c e r a r e l a o e n t r e a v a r i a a o anua l de tamanho da desova e acondio a mbie n t a l , fo i a n a l i s a d a a t e mpe ra tu ra e s a l i n i d a d e da gua na re ade desova . Os r e s u l t a d o s ind icam que , por oc a s i o da desova r e a l i z a da em 1970-71, a t e mpe ra tu ra da gua e ra maior do que a dos ou t ros do i s anos . Es ta aguaquen te que c obr iu o cen t ro da r e a de desova na fa ixa de 51 a 100 m de i s b a t a ) , fo i cons iderado o motivo fundamenta l do f r a c a s s o da desova n e s t a poca .

O d ime t ro dos ovos de s a r d i n h a f o i comparado com os de ou t ros anos . A med ia de d ime t ro dos ovos desovados em 1971-72 , fo i um pouco maior do que a dasou t ras epocas .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I g r a t e f u l l y acknowledge t he a s s i s t a n c e g iven by va r ious s t a f f members ofthe I n s t i t u t o Oceanogr f i co da Unive r s idade de so Paulo dur ing t h i s s tudy andin the p re p a ra t i o n of the ma nusc r ip t . S p e c i a l thanks are extended to Dr. N. A.Menezes of the Museu de Zoolog ia da U nive rs ida de de so Paulo and Dr. E. H.Ahls t rom of the N a t iona l Marine Fi s h e r i e s S e r v i c e , fo r c r i t i c a I r e a d ing of thema nusc r ip t . Spec ia l thanks are a l s o due t o Adm. A. dos S. Franco , Drs . P. S.Moreira and G. Vazzo le r fo r t h e i r suppor t and encouragement on the p r o j e c t .


16/16

6 Bolm Inst . oceanogr . , S Paulo, 24, 1975

REFERENCES

AHLSTROM, E. H. 1943. Stud ies on the Pa c i f i c p i l c ha r d or sa rd ine Sa r-din ops caeru lea . In f luence of t empera ture on the r a t e of development ofp i l cha rd eggs in na ture . Spec. sc i en t . Rep. U. S. Fish Wild1. Serv . , 23) :1-26.

BLAXTER, J . H. S. HEMPEL, G.l a rvae Clupea harengus L. ) .240.

1963. The i n f luence of egg s i ze on h e r r i n gJ . Cons. perm. in t . Explor . Mer, 2 8 2) :211-

CIECHOMSKI, J . D. de 1966. Development of the l a rvae and va r i a t i ons inthe s i z e of the eggs of the A rge n t ine anchovy, Engraul is anchoi ta Hubbsand Marin i . J . Cons. per . i n t . Explor . Mer, 30 3) :281-290.HOUDE, E. D. FORE, P . L. 1973. Guide to i d e n t i t y of eggs and l a rvae ofsome Gulf of Mexico c lupe id f i shes . L e a f l . Ser . , FIa Dep. Nat . Resour . ,Mar. Res. Lab. , 4 23) :1 -14 .MATSUURA Y. 1971a. A s tudy of the l i f e h i s t o r y of Braz i l i an sa rd ines ,Sard ine l la aur i ta . I . D i s t r i bu t i on and abundance of s a rd i n e eggs in the

r e g ion of I l ha Grande, Rio de Jane i ro . Bolm In s t . oceanogr . , S Paulo , 201) :33-60.

1971b. R e l a t r i o p re l imina r sobre a d i s t r i bu i o de ovos el a rvas de pe ixes nas guas da p la ta fo rma c on t i ne n t a l do Estado do RioGrande do Sul . Cont res I n s t . oceanogr . Univ. S Paulo , s r . Oceano b i o l . ,25) : 23-30.NAIR, R. V. 1959. Notes on the spawning ha b i t s and ea r ly l i f e - h i s t o r y ofthe o i l s a r d i ne , Sard ine l la longiceps Cuv. VaI. Indian J . F i sh . , 6 2):342-359.NAKAI, Z. 1962. Stud ies of i n f luences of envi ronmenta l fac to rs uponf e r t i l i z a t i o n and development of the Japanese sa rd ine eggs with some

re fe rence to the number of t he i r ova . Bul I . Tokai reg . F i sh . Res. Lab. ,9) : 109-150.PHONLOR, G. 1973. Estudo pre l imina r do i c t i op l nc t on . Rela tr io sobre asegunda pesqu i sa oceanogr f i ca e pesque i ra do Atln t ico Sul ent re Torres eMaldonado Lat . 29 0 S - 35 0 S) . Publo esp . I n s t . Oceanogr . S Paulo , 3):427-464.ROSA, H. LAEVASTU, T. 1960.c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of sa rd ines and

Proc . World Sc i . Meeting Biol .Synopsis 1) :523-547.

Comparison of b i o l og i ca l and eco log ica lr e l a t e d spec i es a pre l imina ry s tudy .Sardines and Rela t . Spec . , 2, Subject

SETTE, O. E. AHLSTROM, E. H. 1948. Est imat ions of abundance of theeggs of the Pac i f i c p i l c ha r d S ar di n ops cae r ulea ) o f f sou the rn C a l i f o r n i adur ing 1940 and 1941. J . mar. Res . , 7 3 ) :511-542.TANAKA 1955 a . Es t imat ion of the abundance of the eggs of f i s h suchas sa rd ine , I . Method of es t ima t ion by the v e r t i c a l haul of plankton neto

BulI . J ap . Soc. sc i en t . F i s h . , 21 6) :382-389.1955b . Es t imat ion of the abundance of the eggs of f i sh suchas s a r d i ne , 11. Abundance of the eggs of the Japanese sa rd ine in theweste rn area of Kyusyu in 1952. Bul1. Jap . Soc. sc i en t . F i sh . , 2 1 6) :390-396.

1973 . Stock assessment by means of i ch thyop lank ton su rveys .F.A.O. Fi sh . t ech . Pap . , 12 2 :33-51.

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A Study of the Llfe History of Brazilian Sardine, Sa~Dinella b~Asiliensis.

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