A STUDY ON MACHINING STRATEGIES FOR
POCKETING PROFILES: OUTWARD HELICAL,
OFFSET ON PART ONE WAY AND OFFSET ON PART
ZIGZAG
NUR HIZZUANNA BINTI HAZIZAN
B 071210473
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
A STUDY ON MACHINING STRATEGIES FOR POCKETING
PROFILES: OUTWARD HELICAL, OFFSET ON PART ONE
WAY AND OFFSET ON PART ZIGZAG
This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor in Manufacturing Engineering
Technology (Process and Technology) with Honours.
by
NUR HIZZUANNA BINTI HAZIZAN
B071210473
910131-02-5738
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2015
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: : A Study on Machining Strategies for Pocketing Profiles : Outward
Helical, Offset on Part One Way and Offset on Part Zigzag
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2015/16 Semester 1
Saya NUR HIZZUANNA BINTI HAZIZAN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan
pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan ( )
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap:
969 Taman Aman Anak Bukit,
06550 Alor Star,
Kedah.
Tarikh: ________________________
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh: _______________________
** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT atau TERHAD.
FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN Tel : +606 234 6623 | Faks : +606 23406526
Rujukan Kami (Our Ref) :
Rujukan Tuan (Your Ref) :
26 JAN 2016 Pustakawan Perpustakaan UTeM Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka. Tuan/Puan, PENGKELASAN LAPORAN PSM SEBAGAI SULIT/TERHAD LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN PEMBUATAN (PROSES DAN TEKNOLOGI): NUR HIZZUANNA BINTI HAZIZAN Sukacita dimaklumkan bahawa Laporan PSM yang tersebut di atas bertajuk “A Study on Machining Strategies for Pocketing Profiles:Outward Helical, Offset on Part One Way and Offset on Part Zigzag” mohon dikelaskan sebagai *SULIT / TERHAD untuk tempoh LIMA (5) tahun dari tarikh surat ini. 2. Hal ini adalah kerana IANYA MERUPAKAN PROJEK YANG DITAJA OLEH SYARIKAT LUAR DAN HASIL KAJIANNYA ADALAH SULIT. Sekian dimaklumkan. Terima kasih. Yang benar, ________________ Tandatangan dan Cop Penyelia * Potong yang tidak berkenaan
v
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “A STUDY IN MACHINING STRATEGIES
FOR POCKETING PROFILES: OUTWARD HELICAL, OFFSET ON PART
ONEWAY AND OFFSET ON PART ZIGZAG” is the results of my own research
except as cited in references.
Signature :………………………
Name : ………………………
Date : ………………………
vi
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Engineering Technology of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Manufacturing
Engineering Technology (Process and Technology) with Honours. The member
of the supervisory is as follow:
……………………………….
(Project Supervisor)
vii
ABSTRACT
A pocket machining can be defined as any machining that removes all
material located inside a boundary between two horizontal planes. Circular and
rectangular shapes were the pockets investigated. In this research, machining
strategies is defined as the path that a cutting tool traverse in order to remove
material as created a shape. An experimental investigated was conducted to explore
surface finish machining strategies of outward helical, offset on part one way and
offset on part zigzag in producing pocket shape. Otherwise, this research is
conducted to study the effect of roundness accuracy in applying different machining
strategies of outward helical, offset on part one way and offset on part zigzag and to
make recommend theory for best machining strategy based on the obtained result in
machining pocket profiles. In this research, cutting parameters were remained
constant for all parts. This included the length of the tool reach, feed rate, spindle
speed and depth of cut. CNC Milling 3-Axis machine and Aluminium 6063 were
used in performing the physical machining. Methods to test the machined parts in
this research were Surface Roughness Testing by using Mitutoyo Surface Roughness
Test Machine and Roundness Measurement using of Coordinate Measurement
Machine (CMM) Zhafir Contura 2. The results reveal that offset on part one way was
the best for surface roughness analysis and offset on part zigzag shown better
accuracy when roundness measurement was carried out. Implications of the results
and future research directions are also presented.
viii
ABSTRAK
Pemesinan poket boleh ditakrifkan sebagai apa-apa pemesinan bahan yang
membuang semua berada di dalam sempadan antara dua satah mendatar. Bentuk
bulat dan segi empat tepat adalah dalam poket yang disiasat. Strategi pemesinan
adalah jalan satu alat pemotong untuk mengeluarkan bahan untuk mewujudkan
bentuk. Eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk meneroka strategi pemesinan kemasan
permukaan heliks ke luar, mengimbangi di pihak sehala dan mengimbangi di pihak
dalam menghasilkan poket bentuk zigzag, kesan ketepatan bulat dalam menggunakan
strategi pemesinan berlainan luar heliks, mengimbangi di pihak satu cara dan
mengimbangi teori zigzag bahagian dan untuk mengesyorkan strategi pemesinan
terbaik berdasarkan keputusan yang diperolehi dalam profil pemesinan poket. Dalam
kajian ini, parameter pemotongan adalah berterusan untuk semua bahagian. Ia
termasuk panjang jangkauan alat, kadar suapan, kelajuan gelendong dan kedalaman
pemotongan. Mesin pengilangan 3-paksi CNC dan A 6063 yang digunakan dalam
kajian ini. Kaedah untuk menguji bahagian mesin dalam kajian ini ialah Kekasaran
Permukaan dan Pengukuran Dimensi. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa ofset pada
bahagian satu adalah cara yang terbaik untuk analisis kekasaran permukaan dan
mengimbangi di pihak zigzag adalah ukuran bulat lebih tepat menggunakan ujian.
Implikasi keputusan dan arahan kajian akan datang turut dipersembahkan.
ix
DEDICATIONS
I dedicated this thesis to my beloved parents who have always been my nearest and
educated me to reach this level.
x
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah for his unconditional guidance
and wisdom as I make my research. This research is made possible through the help
and support from everyone. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Mr. Mazran
Bin Ahmad for his supervision and constant support. Not forgotten, my appreciation
to my co-supervisor, Mr. Syahrul Azwan Bin Sundi @ Suandi for his support and
knowledge regarding this topic. His valuable help of constructive comments and
suggestions throughout the investigation and thesis works have contributed to the
success of this research.
Secondly, I would like to thanks to all my friends for their kindness and moral
support during my study. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
parents Mr. Hazizan Bin Hashim, Mrs. Sabariah Binti Mahmud and all my family for
their endless love, prayers and encouragement. This research paper would not be
possible without all of them.
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................... v
APPROVAL ......................................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... viii
DEDICATIONS ................................................................................................................... ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xvi
LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................. xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. xix
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 3
1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Scope of Project ....................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 CNC Machine .......................................................................................................... 4
2.2 CNC Milling Machine ............................................................................................. 5
xii
2.3 Pocket Milling ......................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Machining Strategies ............................................................................................... 6
2.4.1 Outward Helical ............................................................................................... 7
2.4.2 Offset Part One Way ........................................................................................ 7
2.4.3 Offset Part One Way ........................................................................................ 8
2.5 Aluminium ............................................................................................................... 8
2.5.1 A 6063 .............................................................................................................. 9
2.6 Surface Roughness ................................................................................................ 10
2.7 Dimensional Measurement .................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Cmputer Vision Development ............................................................................... 15
3.1.1 1st Phase .......................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 2nd Phase ......................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3 3rd Phase ......................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Computer Aided Design (CAD) ............................................................................ 16
3.2.1 Modification Process ...................................................................................... 17
3.3 Computer Aided Machining (CAM) ..................................................................... 20
3.3.1 Selecting Aided Machining (CAM) ............................................................... 20
3.3.2 Selecting Aided Machining (CAM) ............................................................... 20
3.3.3 Design Selection............................................................................................. 21
3.3.4 Selecting of Stock .......................................................................................... 21
3.3.5 Selecting of Tools .......................................................................................... 22
xiii
3.4 CAM process ......................................................................................................... 23
3.4.1 Process Roughing 1 ........................................................................................ 24
3.4.2 Process Roughing 2 ........................................................................................ 24
3.4.3 Process Semi Finish 1 .................................................................................... 24
3.4.4 Process Semi Finish 2 .................................................................................... 24
3.4.5 Process Semi Finishing .................................................................................. 25
3.5 Machining .............................................................................................................. 25
3.5.1 Machining Parameter ..................................................................................... 25
3.5.2 Macro Setting ................................................................................................. 26
3.5.3 Machine Set Up .............................................................................................. 27
3.6 Data Collection ...................................................................................................... 27
3.6.1 Surface Roughness ......................................................................................... 28
3.6.2 Dimensional Measurement ............................................................................ 29
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Machined Parts ...................................................................................................... 31
4.2 Surface Roughness Data ........................................................................................ 34
4.2.1 Ra Value at Point Rectangular A ................................................................... 36
4.2.2 Ra Value at Point Rectangular B ................................................................... 37
4.2.3 Ra Value at Point Rectangular C ................................................................... 38
4.2.4 Ra Value at Point Rectangular D ................................................................... 39
4.2.5 Ra Value at Point Rectangular E .................................................................... 40
4.2.6 Ra Value at Point Rectangular F .................................................................... 41
xiv
4.2.7 Ra Value of Outward Helical ......................................................................... 42
4.2.8 Ra Value for Offset on Part One Way ........................................................... 43
4.2.9 Ra Value for Offset on Part Zigzag................................................................ 44
4.2.10 Surface Roughness (Ra) Analysis .................................................................. 47
4.3 Roundness Measurement Data .............................................................................. 52
4.3.1 Outward Helical ............................................................................................. 53
4.3.2 Offset On Part One Way ................................................................................ 54
4.3.3 Offset on Part Zigzag ..................................................................................... 55
4.3.4 Roundness Analysis ....................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................ 61
5.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 61
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 61
5.2 Achievement of Research Objectives .................................................................... 62
5.3 Suggestion for Future Work .................................................................................. 62
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................... 68
APPENDIX D ...................................................................................................................... 69
APPENDIX E ...................................................................................................................... 70
APPENDIX F ....................................................................................................................... 71
APPENDIX G ...................................................................................................................... 72
APPENDIX H ...................................................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX I ........................................................................................................................ 74
xv
APPENDIX J ....................................................................................................................... 75
APPENDIX K ...................................................................................................................... 76
APPENDIX L ...................................................................................................................... 77
APPENDIX M ..................................................................................................................... 78
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Outward Helical Motion ............................................................................ 7
Figure 2.2: Offset On Part One Way ............................................................................ 8
Figure 2.3: Offset On Part Zigzag Motion ................................................................... 8
Figure 2.4: Graph of Ra ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.5: Graph of Ry ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.6: Graph of Rz ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.7: Coordinate Measurement Machine .......................................................... 13
Figure 3.1: Flow Chart ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.2: Modification Process ............................................................................... 18
Figure 3.3: Selecting Machine Type .......................................................................... 20
Figure 3.4: Defining Reference Axis ......................................................................... 21
Figure 3.5: Design Selection ...................................................................................... 21
Figure 3.6: Selecting of Stock .................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.7: Selecting of Tool ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.8: CAM Process ........................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.9: Machining Parameter ............................................................................... 26
Figure 3.10: Macro Setting for Pocketing Profiles .................................................... 27
Figure 3.11: Surface Roughness Testing ................................................................... 29
Figure 3.12: Selected Points for Surface Roughness Testing .................................... 29
Figure 3.13: Roundness Measurement ....................................................................... 30
Figure 4.1: Machined Parts ........................................................................................ 32
Figure 4.2: Graph Ra for Point Rectangular A .......................................................... 36
Figure 4.3: Graph Ra for Point Rectangular B ........................................................... 37
Figure 4.4: Graph Ra for Point Rectangular C ........................................................... 38
Figure 4.5: Graph Ra for Point Rectangular D .......................................................... 39
Figure 4.6: Graph Ra for Point Circular E ................................................................. 40
Figure 4.7: Graph Ra for Point Circular F ................................................................. 41
Figure 4.8: Graph Ra Value for Outward Helical ...................................................... 42
Figure 4.9: Graph Ra for Offset On Part One Way ................................................... 43
Figure 4.10: Graph Ra Value for Offset On Part Zigzag ........................................... 44
xvii
Figure 4.11: Graph Mean Value of Ra for Rectangular Profile ................................. 47
Figure 4.12: Graph Mean Value of Ra for Roundness Profile ................................... 48
Figure 4.13: Graph Mean Value of Ra ....................................................................... 49
Figure 4.14: Preparation of Stock .............................................................................. 50
Figure 4.15: Broken of Tool End Mill D3 ................................................................. 51
Figure 4.16: Coolant .................................................................................................. 51
Figure 4.17: Data 1st Circle (Outward Helical) .......................................................... 53
Figure 4.18: Data 2nd Circle (Outward Helical) ......................................................... 53
Figure 4.19 : Data 1st Circle (Offset on Part One Way) ............................................. 54
Figure 4.20: Data 2nd Circle (Offset on Part One Way) ............................................. 55
Figure 4.21: Data 1st Circle (Offset on Part Zigzag) ................................................. 55
Figure 4.22: Data 2nd Circle (Offset on Part Zigzag) ................................................. 56
Figure 4.23: Graph of Roundness Value .................................................................... 57
Figure 4.24 : Graph of Mean of Roundness Value .................................................... 58
Figure 4.25: Graph of Diameter Actual ..................................................................... 59
Figure 4.26 : Graph of Mean of Diameter Actual ...................................................... 60
xviii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Properties of Aluminium............................................................................. 9
Table 2.2: Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of A 6063 ................. 10
Table 4.1 : Surface Roughness Data .......................................................................... 34
Table 4.2 : Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Rectangular A ........................... 36
Table 4.3: Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Rectangular B ............................ 37
Table 4.4: Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Rectangular C ............................ 38
Table 4.5: Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Rectangular D ............................ 39
Table 4.6: Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Circular E .................................. 40
Table 4.7: Surface Roughness Data (Ra) for Point Circular F ................................... 41
Table 4.8: Surface Roughness Data for Rectangular Profile ..................................... 45
Table 4.9: Surface Roughness Data for Circular Profile ........................................... 46
Table 4.10: Roundness Measurement Data ................................................................ 52
xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SBM = Shape-Based Matching
CNC = Computer Numerical Control
CAD = Computer Aided Design
CAM = Computer Aided Manufacturing
FE = Finite Element
AI = Aluminium
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter shows the overview about the topic of this research. It includes of
background of research, statement of the problem, objectives and scopes of project.
1.1 Background
Pocketing profiles are contributed into large industry as automotive and
aerospace. Pocket is a typical and common operation on CNC machining centers.
[14] A pocket machining can be defined as any machining that removes all material
located inside a boundary between two horizontal planes. Pockets can be square,
rectangular, round or undefined shape that can be empty inside or they may have
island. In this study, circular and rectangular shape of pocket will be investigating.
Circular pocket is chosen due to automotive industry which much of their parts in
circular shape especially for bearing, disk break and car rim. Meanwhile, rectangular
shape are really famous in aerospace industry because of their properties of parts that
need to be light and high stresses. [1]
Machining strategies is the path that a cutting tool traverse in order to remove
material as created a shape. It includes of helical, outward helical, inward helical,
back and forth, zigzag, spiral, one-way next, one-way same, contour only and
concentric.[2] This research will be focusing on three types of strategies that is
outward helical, offset on part one way and offset on part zigzag. Outward helical is
machining occur with a motion start from a point inside the domain and follow paths
parallel to the domain boundary away from the center of the domain. Offset on part
2
one way is machining occur with a motion start in a direction and offset on the part
one way. Offset on part zigzag machining occur with a motion start in a direction and
offset on the part zigzag. The three types of strategies are chosen because of its more
suitable to machine pocketing parts. [15]
CNC Milling 3-Axis machine and Aluminium A 6063 will be used in this
research. In CNC machine, the control unit contains a dedicated computer which
uses the data provided in the part program to control the machine tool. The complete
program to produce a component is input and stored within the memory computer
and calculating of work or tool movements.
CADCAM is combination of CAD and CAM. Computer-aided design (CAD)
is defined as the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance
the product design from conceptualization to documentation. Computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the effective use computer technology in
manufacturing planning and control. This combination allows the transfer of
information from the design into the stage of planning for the manufacturing of a
product, without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually. CATIA V5
is a one of software in CADCAM. This software will be utilized to modify part and
preparing the CAM program.
Methods to test the machined parts in this research are Surface Roughness and
Dimensional Measurement. Surface roughness is use to measure the quality of
surface based on Ra, Ry and Rz. Dimensional measurement represent very responsible
part of the machines, therefore they require very thorough, full analysis of accuracy.
It is not enough just to measure their diameters or positions, it is crucial to measure
their out of roundness as well. [3]
3
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Efficient manufacturing of pocketing parts is an important issue due to large
industry as automotive and aerospace. A common problem in CAD/CAM is to find
suitable strategies for milling pockets that is defined by a shape in the plane. [4] The
demand for high quality of pocketing part on the surface condition of the product,
especially the roughness of the machined surface, because of its effect on product
appearance, function, and reliability. For these reasons it is important to maintain
consistent accuracy and surface finish.
1.3 Objectives
The aims of this study are:
i. To investigate the effect of surface finish at different machining strategies
in rectangular and circular pockets.
ii. To observe the capability of various machining strategies applied in
producing the best dimensional accuracy for rectangular and circular
pockets.
iii. To suggest the best machining strategy in machining rectangular and
circular pockets based on the obtained results.
1.4 Scope of Project
This project used CADCAM software namely CATIA V5 to modify the part
and CAM process. CNC Milling Machine 3-Axis and Aluminium A6063 were used
for machining process. Besides, three different strategies were applied to machine the
parts. They were outward helical, offset on part one way and offset on part zigzag.
Other than that, rectangular and circular of pocketing profile were used for three
selected machining strategies mentioned before. In analysis, Surface Roughness and
Dimensional Measurement particularly roundness were analyzed to get data.
4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
References and understanding were gained from various sources that are
journals, books and internet. The focus in this literature is about different machining
strategies on pocketing profile. Machining strategies that been discuss in this topic
are Outward Helical, Offset on Part One Way and Offset on Part Zigzag. A 6063 as a
selected material are explained on the mechanical properties and application.
2.1 CNC Machine
CNC Milling Machine is chosen in this research because of pocketing profile
is more preferred to machine using milling process. CNC machining is used to
produce a wide range of components, and tooling costs involved have continued to
become more affordable. In general, large production runs requiring relatively simple
designs are better served by other methods, although CNC machining accommodate
a wide range of manufacturing needs. CNC milling is ideal solutions to everything
ranging from prototyping and short-run production of complex parts to the
fabrication of unique precision components. [13]
According to Romero P.E. (2013), more than 80% of all mechanical parts can
be machined using milling. This is because most of them consist of faces parallel to a
single plane, and that free form objects are usually produces from a raw stock by
roughing and finishing. Roughing represents 50% of the total machining time,
although it can be five to ten times longer than finishing. There are two popular tool
5
path strategies in pocket milling which are contour-parallel and direction parallel.
The contour parallel path is operating by offsets of the input profile. The direction of
parallel path uses line segments that are parallel to an initially reference line selected
and it simple process than the contour parallel path. The strategy chosen to generate
the tool path can influence the parameters of machining that are machining time,
cutting forces, length of the tool path and surface roughness. [6]
2.2 CNC Milling Machine
CNC Milling Machine is chosen in this research because of pocketing profile
is more preferred to machine using milling process. CNC machining is used to
produce a wide range of components, and tooling costs involved have continued to
become more affordable. In general, large production runs requiring relatively simple
designs are better served by other methods, although CNC machining accommodate
a wide range of manufacturing needs. CNC milling is ideal solutions to everything
ranging from prototyping and short-run production of complex parts to the
fabrication of unique precision components. [13]
2.3 Pocket Milling
Pocket machining represents an important area in the machining of
mechanical parts, dies, and moulds. Pockets can be in form of rectangular,
roundness, square and others complex shape. It also can either on open or closed
pocket.
According to Gang F. (2008), pocket dies commonly used in the
manufacturing of solid aluminium profiles. In extrusion and tooling industries, the
design of pocket dies depends on the experience of the designer. The design of die
that has pocket becomes more challenging when it used for the manufacturing of a
wide thin-walled profile. [7]