Contents Non-Traditional Machining Handbook Testimonials .................................................................................................3 About the Author..........................................................................................4 Acknowledgments........................................................................................8 Unit 1 1. Fundamentals of Non-Traditional Machining Understanding the Processes of Non-Traditional Machining ....................27 The Machining Revolution ........................................................................29 The Two Phases of the Computer Revolution ...........................................29 A. Computer-controlled Machines: .....................................................29 B. Computer-controlled Machines Using Non-traditional Machining Methods................................................................................................29 Six Basic Processes to Alter Material in Non-Traditional Machining .......32 A. Electricity ........................................................................................32 B. Water ...............................................................................................32 C. Abrasives .........................................................................................32 D. Chemicals ........................................................................................32 E. Plasma..............................................................................................32 F. Light .................................................................................................32 Speed and Accuracy ...................................................................................33 Understanding Accuracy ............................................................................33 The Future ..................................................................................................34 Unit 2 Wire EDM 2. Fundamentals of Wire EDM Revolutionizing Machining .......................................................................39 Wire EDM Beginnings...............................................................................40 Production Wire EDM ...............................................................................41 Capabilities of Wire EDM .........................................................................42 Wire EDM a Serious Contender With Conventional Machining ...............42 New Demands by Design Engineers..........................................................43 Fully Automated Wire EDMs ....................................................................44 How Wire EDM Works ..............................................................................45 The Step by Step EDM Process ................................................................47 A. Power Supply Generates Volts and Amps .......................................47 B. During On Time Controlled Spark Erodes Material .......................47 C. Off Time Allows Fluid to Remove Eroded Particles.......................48 D. Filter Removes Chips While the Cycle is Repeated .......................48 Super Precision Band Saw ........................................................................49 9
Transcript
ContentsNon-Traditional Machining HandbookTestimonials .................................................................................................3About the Author ..........................................................................................4Acknowledgments ........................................................................................8
Unit 11. Fundamentals of Non-Traditional
MachiningUnderstanding the Processes of Non-Traditional Machining ....................27The Machining Revolution ........................................................................29The Two Phases of the Computer Revolution ...........................................29
A. Computer-controlled Machines: .....................................................29B. Computer-controlled Machines Using Non-traditional Machining Methods................................................................................................29
Six Basic Processes to Alter Material in Non-Traditional Machining .......32A. Electricity ........................................................................................32B. Water ...............................................................................................32C. Abrasives .........................................................................................32D. Chemicals ........................................................................................32E. Plasma ..............................................................................................32F. Light .................................................................................................32
Speed and Accuracy ...................................................................................33Understanding Accuracy ............................................................................33The Future ..................................................................................................34
Unit 2Wire EDM
2. Fundamentals of Wire EDM Revolutionizing Machining .......................................................................39Wire EDM Beginnings ...............................................................................40Production Wire EDM ...............................................................................41Capabilities of Wire EDM .........................................................................42Wire EDM a Serious Contender With Conventional Machining ...............42New Demands by Design Engineers ..........................................................43Fully Automated Wire EDMs ....................................................................44How Wire EDM Works ..............................................................................45The Step by Step EDM Process ................................................................47
A. Power Supply Generates Volts and Amps .......................................47B. During On Time Controlled Spark Erodes Material .......................47C. Off Time Allows Fluid to Remove Eroded Particles .......................48D. Filter Removes Chips While the Cycle is Repeated .......................48
Super Precision Band Saw ........................................................................49
9
10 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
Independent Four Axis ...............................................................................50Understanding Independent Four Axis ......................................................52Submersible Cutting...................................................................................53Staying Competitive ...................................................................................54
3. Profiting With Wire EDMUsers of Wire EDM ...................................................................................55Benefits Of Wire EDM ...............................................................................55
A. Production Runs ..............................................................................55B. Various Shapes and Sizes ................................................................56C. Accuracy and Finishes .....................................................................56D. Eliminates Extra Machining Processes ...........................................56E. Burr Free and Perfectly Straight Machining ...................................57F. Damaged Parts Can Be Repaired with Inserts .................................57G. Less Need for Skilled Craftspersons ...............................................58H. Material Hardness Not a Factor ......................................................58I. Computers Can Perform Calculations ..............................................58J. Digitizing is Possible ........................................................................59K. Miniaturization of Parts ..................................................................60L. Machining With Nozzles Away from Workpiece ............................60
Parts for Wire EDM ...................................................................................61A. Precision Gauges and Templates ....................................................61C. Shaft Slots .......................................................................................62D. Collets .............................................................................................62E. Parting Tubes and Shafts .................................................................63F. Shaft Pockets ....................................................................................63G. Fabrication of Graphite Electrodes for Ram EDM .........................63I. Progressive Stamping Dies ...............................................................64K. Molds ..............................................................................................65L. Special and Production Tool Cutters ...............................................65M. Difficult-to-Machine Shapes ..........................................................66N. Other Cost-Reducing Parts ..............................................................66
Cutting Shim Stock Absolutely Burr Free .................................................68Single Cavity Cut With Wire EDM Into One Side of a Tube ....................69Horizontal Wire EDM ................................................................................70Machining Costs ........................................................................................70
4. Proper Procedures for Wire EDMStarting Methods for Edges and Holes ......................................................71
Three Methods to Pick Up Dimensions. ..............................................71A. Pick Up Two Edges as in Figure 4:1. ........................................71B. Pick Up a Hole as in Figure 4:2. ...............................................71C. Pick Up an Edge and Holes or Two Holes as in Figure 4:3 ......72
1. Machined or Ground. .................................................................72
Contents 11
B. Scale ................................................................................................73C. Pick-Ups ..........................................................................................74
Starter Holes ...............................................................................................74A. Automatic Pick-up ...........................................................................74C. Relieved Holes ................................................................................75D. Smooth Holes ..................................................................................75E. Placement and Location of Starter Holes ........................................76
5. Understanding the Wire EDM ProcessAccuracy and Tolerances ...........................................................................79Finishes ......................................................................................................79Wire Path ....................................................................................................80
A. Wire Kerf .........................................................................................80Skim Cutting ..............................................................................................81
A. Barreling Effect and Wire Trail-Off ................................................82B. Metal Movement .............................................................................83C. Finishes and Accuracy .....................................................................83
Carbide .......................................................................................................84Polycrystalline Diamond ............................................................................84Ceramics ....................................................................................................85Flushing .....................................................................................................85Cutting Speed .............................................................................................86Impurities ...................................................................................................86Recast and Heat-Affected Zones ...............................................................87AC Non-Electrolysis Power Supplies ........................................................87Isolated Pitting ...........................................................................................88Heat-Treated Steels ....................................................................................89Cutting Large Sections ...............................................................................89Cutting Sections From a Block ..................................................................90
A. Leaving a Frame ..............................................................................90B. Strength of Frame ............................................................................91C. Material for Clamping .....................................................................91
Understanding the Wire EDM Process ......................................................91
6. Reducing Wire EDM CostsCreate One Slug .........................................................................................93Keeping Flush Nozzles on the Workpiece .................................................95Machining After Wire EDM ......................................................................96Cutting Multiple Plates and Sheet Metal Parts ..........................................97Production Lots ..........................................................................................98Stipulating Wire Sizes ................................................................................99Pre-Machining Non-Complicated Shapes ................................................100
12 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
7. Wire EDM ApplicationsProduction Wire EDM ...............................................................................97A Great Problem ........................................................................................99Examples of Wire EDM .............................................................................99
A. Tall Parts ..........................................................................................99B. Modified Machines ........................................................................100
Submersible Cutting.....................................................................100C. Large Heavy Gears ........................................................................101D. Various Tall Parts ..........................................................................102E. Overhanging Parts .........................................................................102F. Long Tubes .....................................................................................103G. Other Applications ........................................................................103
Splitting Machined Parts .............................................................105Cutting a Test Specimen ..............................................................106
Advantages of Wire EDM for Die Making ..............................................106A. Old-Fashioned Tool and Die Making ............................................106B. The Revolution ..............................................................................109C. Advantages of Wire EDM Dies .....................................................109
1. One-Piece Die Sections ............................................................1092. Exact Spare Parts .....................................................................1103. Dowel Holes EDMed ...............................................................1104. Better Tool Steels .....................................................................1105. Accuracy ..................................................................................1106. Die Repairs ...............................................................................1107. Fine Textured Finish ................................................................1118. Eliminates Distortion ...............................................................1119. Inserts for High Wear Areas .....................................................11110. Smaller Dies ...........................................................................11111. Longer Lasting .......................................................................11112. Punches and Dies From One Piece of Tool Steel ...................11213. Cutting Stripper and Die Section Together ............................112
Wave of the Future ...................................................................................113
Unit 3Ram EDM
8. Fundamentals of Ram EDMRam EDM Machining ..............................................................................117Ram EDM Beginnings .............................................................................119How Ram EDM Works ............................................................................121The Step-by-Step Ram EDM Process ......................................................122Polarity .....................................................................................................124No-Wear ...................................................................................................124Fuzzy Logic .............................................................................................124Fumes from Ram EDM ...........................................................................124Benefits of Understanding the Process ....................................................124
Contents 13
9. Profiting With Ram EDMUses of Ram EDM ...................................................................................125Benefits of Ram EDM ..............................................................................126
A. Different Shapes and Sizes ...........................................................126B. Accuracy and Finishes ...................................................................127C. Workpiece Hardness Not a Factor .................................................127D. EDMing Threads Into Hardened Parts ..........................................127A. Molds ............................................................................................128B. Blind Keyways ..............................................................................128E. Helical Gear Machining ................................................................129
Micro Machining for Ram EDM .............................................................130 Machining Large Pieces ..........................................................................130Materials for Ram EDM ..........................................................................131Speeding the Mold Processing ................................................................131EDMing Carbide ......................................................................................131Proper Procedures for Ram EDM ............................................................131
10 Ram EDM Electrodes and FinishingElectrodes .................................................................................................133
A. Function of the Electrode ..............................................................133B. Electrode Selection ........................................................................133C. Type of Electrode Materials ..........................................................134D. Galvano Process for Metallic Electrodes ......................................135E. Custom Molded Metallic Electrodes .............................................135F. Graphite Electrodes ........................................................................135H. Electrode Wear ..............................................................................137I. Abrading Graphite Electrodes ........................................................138I. Ultrasonic Machining for Graphite Electrodes ...............................140J. Wire EDMing Metallic and Graphite Electrodes ...........................140K. Electrodes and C Axis ...................................................................141H. Electrode Overcut .........................................................................141
Recast and Heat-Affected Zone ...............................................................142Finishing ..................................................................................................143Mirror Finishing and Diffused Discharge Machining ..............................144Micro Machining .....................................................................................145
11. Dielectric Oil and Flushing for Ram EDM
Dielectric Oil ............................................................................................149Coolant System ........................................................................................150Flash Point ...............................................................................................150Flushing ...................................................................................................150
A. Proper Flushing .............................................................................150B. Volume, Not Pressure ....................................................................150C. Types of Flushing ..........................................................................151
14 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
1. Pressure Flushing .....................................................................151a. Pressure Flushing Through the Electrode ..........................151b. Pressure Flushing Through the Workpiece ........................152
a. Vertical Flushing ................................................................155b. Rotary Flushing ..................................................................156c. Orbiting Flushing ...............................................................157
Filtration System ......................................................................................158The Challenge of New Procedures ..........................................................158
12. Reducing Costs for Ram EDMPreparing Workpieces for Ram EDM ......................................................159Difference Between Ram and Wire EDM in Reducing Costs .................159Prolonging Electrode Life With No-Wear EDMing and No Premachining ...........................................................................................160Electrode and Workpiece Holding Devices .............................................161Orbiting ....................................................................................................162Manual Machines Mounted With Orbiting Devices ................................166Repairing Molds With Microwelding ......................................................166Abrasive Flow Machining ........................................................................167Automatic Tool Changers ........................................................................167Future of Ram EDM ................................................................................169
Unit 413. Small Hole EDM Drilling
How Small Hole EDM Drilling Works ....................................................175A. Dielectric and Flushing Pressure ...................................................176B. The Electrode ................................................................................176C. Electrode Guides ...........................................................................178D. Servo Motors .................................................................................178
Metal Disintegrating Machines Compared to Small Hole EDM Drilling 179Other Methods to Produce Holes .............................................................179Disadvantages in Small Hole EDM Drilling ...........................................179
A. Electrode Wear ..............................................................................179B. Reduced Speed for Large Holes ....................................................179C. Blind Holes are Difficult to Control ..............................................179
Advantages in EDM Drilling ...................................................................180A. Drilling on Curved and Angled Surfaces ......................................180B. Drilling Hardened Materials ..........................................................180C. Materials That Produce Chips that Cling to Cutters .....................180D. Drilling Deep Holes ......................................................................180E. No Hole Deburring ........................................................................181F. Preventing Broken Drills ...............................................................181
Contents 15
G. Creating Straight Holes .................................................................181Accuracy of Small Hole EDM Drilling ...................................................181Versatility of Small Hole EDM Drilling ..................................................182Conclusion ...............................................................................................183
Unit 514. Abrasive Flow, Thermal Energy
Deburring, and Ultrasonic MachiningAbrasive Flow Machining ........................................................................187
A. How Abrasive Flow Machining Works .........................................189B. Abrasives .......................................................................................191C. Viscosity ........................................................................................191D. Extrusion Pressure .........................................................................192E. Finishes ..........................................................................................192
Thermal Energy Deburring ......................................................................194Disadvantages and Advantages of Thermal Energy Deburring ...............195Ultrasonic Machining and Polishing ........................................................196How Ultrasonic Machining Works ..........................................................196Conclusion ...............................................................................................197
Unit 615. Photochemical Machining
Fundamentals of Photochemical Machining ............................................201Designing the Part ..............................................................................201Imaging ..............................................................................................201Etching and Stripping ........................................................................203
Materials and Products for Photochemical Machining ............................205Tolerances ................................................................................................205Corner Radii .............................................................................................205Beveling ...................................................................................................206Cutting and Etching in One Operation .....................................................207Three Dimensional Chemical Machining ................................................208Disadvantages of Photochemical Machining ...........................................208
A. Bevel Slots and Holes ...................................................................208B. High Run Production .....................................................................208C. Limited Metal Thicknesses ...........................................................208
Advantages of Photochemical Machining ...............................................208A. Eliminates the Need for Hard Tooling ..........................................208B. Just In Time Machining .................................................................208C. Freedom of Burrs ..........................................................................208D. Stress-Free Machining ..................................................................208E. Delicate and Complex Parts Can be Produced ..............................209
Photochemical Machining of Micro-Etched Screens ..............................209Electroformed Process for Micro-Etched Screens ...................................210Conclusion ...............................................................................................211
16 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
Unit 716. Electrochemical Machining
How Electrochemical Machining Works .................................................215Disadvantages of Electrochemical Machining .........................................217
A. The Shaped Workpiece is Not a Replica of the Electrode ............217B. Shaped Electrodes are Difficult to Machine ..................................217C. Electrolyte and Sludge Removal ...................................................217
Advantages of Electrochemical Machining .............................................218A. Practically No Electrode Wear ......................................................218B. No Recast Layer or Thermal Stress ...............................................218C. Material Hardness and Toughness Not a Factor ............................218D. Rapid Metal Removal ...................................................................218E. Deburring and Radiusing of Holes ................................................218
How Plasma Cutting Works .....................................................................226Plasma Processes .....................................................................................227
A. Conventional Plasma Cutting ........................................................227B. Dual Gas Plasma Cutting ..............................................................228C. Water Shield Plasma Cutting .........................................................228D. Water Injection Plasma Cutting ....................................................228E. Precision Plasma Cutting ...............................................................228
Difference Between Regular Plasma and Precision Plasma Cutting .......230A. Beveled Cuts .................................................................................231B. Double Arcing ...............................................................................231
Materials for Plasma Cutting ...................................................................231Heat Distortion and Heat Affected Zone .................................................231Accuracy ..................................................................................................231Consumables ............................................................................................232Plasma and Shield Gases .........................................................................232Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Cutting Systems ...................232Plasma and Turret Punch Presses .............................................................232Other Applications for Plasma .................................................................234Understanding Plasma Cutting ................................................................235
Contents 17
Unit 918. Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet
MachiningFundamentals of Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet Machining ..................239Introducing Abrasive Into the Waterjet ....................................................241Abrasives for Cutting ...............................................................................243The Abrasive System ...............................................................................243The Abrasive Cutting Head ......................................................................244Motion Control Systems ..........................................................................244Catcher System ........................................................................................246
19. Profiting With Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet Cutting
Materials Cut With Waterjet ....................................................................249Materials Cut With Abrasive Waterjet .....................................................250Accuracy ..................................................................................................251Safety .......................................................................................................251Disadvantages of Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet Machining .................252
A. Frosting From Abrasive Waterjet Cutting .....................................252B. Slower Speed Rates and Higher Costs Than Plasma and Lasers ..253C. Catchers Needed With Multi-Axis Cutting ...................................253D. Large Cuts Become Stratified .......................................................253
Advantages of Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet Machining .....................253A. Material Savings ...........................................................................253B. No Special Tooling Required ........................................................253C. Moisture Absorption Not a Problem .............................................253D. Focusing the Waterjet is Not Critical ............................................253E. Simple Fixtures Required ..............................................................253F. Entry Hole Not Required ...............................................................254G. No Heat Affected Zone or Microcracking ....................................254H. No Fumes ......................................................................................254I. Eliminates Some Difficult Cutting Problems .................................255J. Burr Free Cutting ............................................................................255K. Easily Attached to Robots .............................................................255
Cutting With Multiple Heads and Stacking Materials .............................255Glass Sculpturing ....................................................................................255Turning With Abrasive Waterjet ..............................................................256Waterjet and Abrasive Waterjet Capabilities ............................................256
18 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
Unit 10Lasers
20. Fundamentals of LasersLasers: The Revolutionary Concept ........................................................261Laser Cutting ............................................................................................261How Lasers Work .....................................................................................264Resonator .................................................................................................264Laser Mirrors ...........................................................................................264Laser Optics .............................................................................................266Assist Gases .............................................................................................266The Laser Cut ...........................................................................................267Sensing Unit .............................................................................................268Laser Safety .............................................................................................268Fumes From Laser Cutting ......................................................................269
Speed of Lasers ..................................................................................272Tolerances ..........................................................................................272Surface Condition ..............................................................................273Beam Quality .....................................................................................273Beam Focal Length ............................................................................274Quantity ..............................................................................................274Redesigning Parts ...............................................................................275
Lasers and Turret Punch Presses ..............................................................275Cutting Laser Increasingly in Demand ....................................................276
22. Various Lasers and Their Configura-tions
How YAG Lasers Work ...........................................................................277Increasing Power for Nd:YAG Lasers .....................................................278Various Lasers .........................................................................................278Benefits of Nd:YAG Lasers .....................................................................278
Excimer Lasers .........................................................................................279How Excimer Lasers Work ......................................................................280Capabilities of Excimer Lasers ................................................................280
Contents 19
Optical Microlithography—Laser for Integrated Circuits .......................284Traveling Methods of Laser Cutting Machines .......................................285
1. Beam Traveling .............................................................................2852. Workpiece Traveling .....................................................................2853. Combination of Beam and Workpiece Traveling ..........................285
Custom-Made Laser Systems ..................................................................285Beam Splitting .........................................................................................286
23. Profiting With Laser CuttingMaterials for Laser Cutting ......................................................................289Determining Factors on Material Thickness ............................................289Lacquered Metals .....................................................................................290Tube Cutting ............................................................................................290Multiaxis Laser Cutting ...........................................................................291Lasers With Pallet Changers or Sheet Loaders ........................................292Lasers With Robots ..................................................................................293Part Trimming ..........................................................................................294Time Sharing ............................................................................................294Advantages of Laser Cutting ...................................................................295
1. Material Savings ............................................................................2952. Minimum Heat-Affected Zone .....................................................2953. Edge Quality ..................................................................................2954. Minimum Distortion and Thermal Stress ......................................2965. Close Nesting of Parts ....................................................................2966. Thin Webs ......................................................................................2967. Elimination of Hard Tooling ..........................................................2978. Just-In-Time (JIT) Machining ........................................................2979. Various Shapes and Sizes ...............................................................29710. Material Hardness ........................................................................29811. Consistent Laser Beam .................................................................29812. Prototypes Can be Fabricated Easily ..........................................29813. Repeatability ................................................................................29814. Ideal for Short Run Production ....................................................298
Disadvantages of Lasers ..........................................................................298
24. Lasers for Welding, Cladding, Alloying, Heat Treating, Marking,
and DrillingI. Laser Welding .......................................................................................301
A. Laser Welding Compared to Electron Beam Welding ..................302B. Two Types of Laser Welding: Spot and Continuous Welding ......302C. Welding Dissimilar Metals ............................................................304D. Keyhole Welding ...........................................................................304E. Focusing the Beam and Through-The-Lens TV Viewer ...............305F. Considerations for Laser Welding ..................................................305
20 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
II. Laser Cladding ....................................................................................306A. Conventional Cladding .................................................................306B. Advantages of Laser Cladding ......................................................307
III. Laser Surface Alloying ......................................................................307A. Lasers the Ideal Tool for Surface Alloying ..................................307B. Difference Between Laser Alloying and Laser Cladding .............307
IV. Laser Heat Treating ............................................................................308A. Procedures for Laser Heat Treating .............................................308B. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Heat Treating ............309
V. Laser Marking .....................................................................................309A. How Laser Marking Works ..........................................................310B. Advantages of Laser Marking ......................................................311
VI. Laser Drilling .....................................................................................312A. How Laser Drilling Works ...........................................................312B. Disadvantages of Laser Drilling ...................................................313C. Advantages of Laser Drilling .......................................................314
The Future of Lasers ................................................................................314
Unit 1125. Rapid Prototyping and
ManufacturingThe Photopolymer Rapid Prototyping Process ........................................319
Selective Laser Sintering .........................................................................322The 3D Keltool™ Process ........................................................................324Solid Ground Curing ................................................................................325Fused Deposition Prototyping .................................................................326Multi-Jet Modeling Prototyping ..............................................................328The ProMetal Process ..............................................................................329Advantages of Office Modeling Systems ................................................331Expanding Field of Manufacturers and Methods .....................................331
26. Understanding the Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Process
Advantages of Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing ............................333A. Eliminates Time-Consuming and Costly Model Making .............333B. Fast Turnarounds ...........................................................................334C. Redesigned Models Easily Produced ............................................335
Contents 21
D. Enhanced Visualization for Design Verification ...........................336E. Rapid Prototyping and Investment Casting ...................................336F. Producing Hard Tooling With Rapid Prototyping ..........................337
Rapid Milling for Prototypes ...................................................................337New Developments ..................................................................................337Conclusion ...............................................................................................337
Unit 1227. Purchasing Equipment
Staying Abreast With New Technology ...................................................341Benefits of Purchasing Equipment ...........................................................341Making the Right Selection .....................................................................342
A. Selecting the Right Process ...........................................................342B. Selecting the Right Machine .........................................................344
Various Machines and Their Cutting Capabilities* .................................345A. Wire EDM .....................................................................................345B. Laser (1500 watt CO2) ..................................................................345C. Precision plasma (70 amp) ............................................................346D. Abrasive water jet ..........................................................................346
Choosing the Brand of Machine ..............................................................346A. Service ...........................................................................................347B. Capability ......................................................................................347C. Reliability of Company .................................................................347
Retrofitting or Building a Machine ..........................................................348Factors in Purchasing Equipment ............................................................348
A. Can the machine process the material? .........................................348B. Does the process meet accuracy requirements? ............................348C. Is the surface finish satisfactory? ..................................................348D. Does the process affect the material, for example: unsatisfactory .... heat affected zone, surface cracks, or burrs? .....................................348E. Is this the most cost effective method? ..........................................348F. In the long term, is this the best process for various operations? ..348G. Which manufacturer has the best and most reliable equipment? ..348H. What is the financial health of the company? ...............................348I. Does the machine manufacturer have excellent service and sufficient spare parts inventory in case of machine breakdowns? .....................348J. What are the initial as well as the additional costs associated with having this equipment in house? ........................................................348K. Does the company really need to invest in this machine, or would ... it be wiser to invest the money to enhance other machining .................. operations? (This issue will be discussed in the next chapter.) .........348
Machine Installation .................................................................................349Decision Making ......................................................................................349
22 Non-Traditional Machining Handbook
Unit 1328. Outsourcing
Advantages of Job Shops .........................................................................354A. Competitive Outsourcing ..............................................................354B. Guaranteed Quality .......................................................................354C. Reliable Service .............................................................................354D. Efficiencies of Job Shops ..............................................................354
Costs to be Considered For In-House Work ............................................354A. Fixturing and Machine Modification ............................................354B. Programming and Inspecting Equipment ......................................355C. Training Personnel ........................................................................355D. Costly Support Equipment ............................................................356E. Cost of Unused Machines Due to Economic Slowdown ...............356F. Machine Maintenance ....................................................................356G. Machine and Operation Costs .......................................................357
The Final Decision ...................................................................................358Maximizing Core Competency ................................................................359
Unit 1429. The Revolutionary Future
Non-Traditional MachineThe Problem .............................................................................................363Possible Solutions ....................................................................................363
A. Develop an intensifier that will use a magnetic field to spin and accelerate electrons with plasma. .......................................................363B. Use a magnetic field with high-intensity laser light. .....................363C. Have a high-energy magnetic field to guide plasma or laser. ........363D. Create a powerful laser wave length that will not diffuse. ............364E. Combine high-energy light, plasma, and electricity. .....................364F. Use controlled atomic energy. ........................................................364G. Apply star wars technology for cutting. ........................................364
![Analysis of the Influence of EDM Parameters in Micro Hole ... · uence the micro EDM process [15]. Pulse on time is duration that allows the current to flow per cycle. Total discharge](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5eb7e0901b5a5a32f953b5fa/analysis-of-the-influence-of-edm-parameters-in-micro-hole-uence-the-micro-edm.jpg)
