A thesis presentation on Applications of woody biomass in a small scale gasification Presented By: Daya Ram Nhuchhen (st109625) Committee Members: Dr. P. Abdul Salam (Chairperson) Prof. Sivanappan Kumar (Member) Dr. Charles O. P. Marpaung (Member) 1
Transcript
Slide 1
A thesis presentation on Applications of woody biomass in a
small scale gasification Presented By: Daya Ram Nhuchhen (st109625)
Committee Members: Dr. P. Abdul Salam (Chairperson) Prof.
Sivanappan Kumar (Member) Dr. Charles O. P. Marpaung (Member)
1
Slide 2
Contents of Presentation Statements of study Objectives of
study Rationale of the study Methodology of study and major
findings on Specific objective 1 Specific objective 2 Specific
objective 3 Conclusions Recommendations Statements of study
Objectives of study Rationale of the study Methodology of study and
major findings on Specific objective 1 Specific objective 2
Specific objective 3 Conclusions Recommendations 2
Slide 3
Statements of study More evidences of climate change and its
impacts are coming forth as an challenge to human sustainability
Adopting the low carbon technologies, low carbon fuels, and clean
energy resources are the options to promote low carbon economy
Individual, institutional, and community level efforts towards low
carbon society are necessary to reduce global emissions AIT,
promoting as a green institution needs to assess the locally
available renewable energy resources with its potential
applications to replace the existing fossil fuels consumption The
woody biomass wastes are one of the prominent sources of energy
which is being collected and dumped without its potential
utilizations in AIT 3
Slide 4
Objectives of the study Overall Objective A. To investigate the
woody biomass potentials at AIT and its usage in thermal and
electrical applications Specific Objectives 1. To estimate the
woody biomass potential in AIT and its characterization 2. To
develop and test two stage air supply biomass downdraft gasifier
and gasifier engine with heat recovery system 3. To estimate the
possible GHG emissions reduction opportunities using potential
woody biomass to promote low carbon campus 4
Slide 5
Rationale of study Woody biomass potential at AIT would be
known in terms of theoretical biomass potential, technical biomass
potential and technical energy potential to add energy value to
waste biomass materials The best operational air supply combination
for long two stage air supply gasifier would be determined to get
maximum heating value of producer gas The heat recovery opportunity
from producer gas would be studied Potential areas to utilize
available biomass source would be determined and analyzed GHG
emissions reduction opportunity to promote low carbon campus 5
Slide 6
Methodology of study and Results & discussions Specific
objective 1 Specific objective 2 Specific objective 3 6
Slide 7
Specific objective: 1- Methodology Methodology of study
Theoretical Biomass Potential Technical Biomass Potential Technical
Energy Potential Characterization of woody biomass Moisture content
variation after different period of time 7
Slide 8
Monthly variation of potential of woody biomass (as received) 8
Total biomass potential with uncertainty of measurement 3.47%
Potential of dry and wet tree branches with uncertainty of
measurement 4.17%
Slide 9
Quantification of woody biomass energy 9
Slide 10
Specific Objective: 2 Methodology 10 Framework of experimental
set up Biomass gasifier engine energy conversion system with heat
recovery
Slide 11
Experimental set up 11 Two stage air supply downdraft gasifier
Diesel engine Heat exchanger
Slide 12
Experimental works 12 1. Two stage air supply gasifier
operation with primary and secondary air inlet including heat
exchanger 2. Operation of diesel engine with diesel fuel as single
fuel mode 3. Operation of diesel engine with duel fuel mode with
producer gas 4. Thermal application of woody biomass waste from AIT
5. Thermal and electrical application of woody biomass waste from
AIT To obtain the characteristics of gasifier and the best air
supply combination on primary and secondary air supply To determine
increased efficiency of gasification due to HE To obtain the
characteristics of gasifier and the best air supply combination on
primary and secondary air supply To determine increased efficiency
of gasification due to HE To obtain the operational characteristic
of diesel engine such as diesel consumption, exhaust gas
composition, operating efficiency of engine etc.. To obtain the
operation characteristic of diesel engine in dual fuel mode and
compared with single fuel mode (diesel only), keeping air flow to
gasifier at 100 LPM on both ports To determine increased efficiency
of gasifier engine system due to HE To obtain the operation
characteristic of diesel engine in dual fuel mode and compared with
single fuel mode (diesel only), keeping air flow to gasifier at 100
LPM on both ports To determine increased efficiency of gasifier
engine system due to HE To obtain average the producer gas flow
rate, its heating values, and efficiencies To obtain overall
thermal application possibilities To obtain average the producer
gas flow rate, its heating values, and efficiencies To obtain
overall thermal application possibilities To obtain the
characteristics of gasifier engine system with heat recovery for
electrical and thermal applications To obtain overall thermal and
electrical applications possibilities To obtain the characteristics
of gasifier engine system with heat recovery for electrical and
thermal applications To obtain overall thermal and electrical
applications possibilities Eucalyptus wood Woody biomass at
AIT
Slide 13
Gas composition & LHVs of gas variation with air supply 13
The gas composition & heating values depend on air flow
combination at PAS, & SAS The average heating value of producer
gas is 4.5MJ/Nm 3 The best combination of air flow was observed at
PAS (100 LPM) and SAS (80 LPM) Uncertainty 0.082 MJ/Nm 3 Gasifier
system: Eucalyptus wood Gas composition LHVs of producer gas
Slide 14
Share of energy input in engine 14 Gasifier engine system:
Eucalyptus wood Producer gas energy share of 40 70 % with diesel
saving of 0.18 0.42 ml/s 5 6 kW e
Slide 15
Sankey diagram: Gasifier system 15 Gasifier without heat
recovery Gasifier with heat recovery 14 % of total heat content of
producer gas or 2 % of total power input Gasifier system: woody
biomass at AIT
Slide 16
Sankey diagram: Gasifier engine system 16 Gasifier engine
system: woody biomass at AIT
Slide 17
Specific Objective 3: Methodology 17 Gasifier system Gasifier
engine system GHG emissions reduction by generated electricity,
thermal energy, and saved diesel from the system were
calculated
Slide 18
No emissions benefit by replacing natural gas based electricity
in Thailand CO 2 emissions reduction opportunities 18
Energy/fuel/GHGsGasifier system Gasifier engine system Thermal
energy (GJ/year)63430 Electrical energy (kWh/year)-45,490 Cooking:
LPG (only) Amount saved (kg/year) (thermal)13,399635 Amount saved
(kg/year) (electrical)-9,892 Equivalent tCO 2 /year
(thermal)401.896 Equivalent tCO 2 /year (electricity)-26 Heating:
Fuel oil(only) Amount saved (kg/year)15,687744 Amount saved
(kg/year) (electrical)-11,582 Equivalent tCO 2 /year
(thermal)492.326 Equivalent tCO 2 /year (electricity)-26
Electricity: Natural gas (only) Amount of natural gas saved
(kg/year) (thermal)13,204626 Amount of natural gas saved (kg/year)
(electrical)-9748 Equivalent tCO 2 /year (thermal)361.686
Equivalent tCO 2 /year (electricity)-26 Benefits of dual fuel
electricity generation Dual fuel emission (tCO 2 /year)-44 Diesel
saved (kg/year)-6,866 Equivalent tCO 2 /year of saved diesel-23
Single fuel emission (tCO 2 /year) (producer gas mode)-67
Slide 19
Opportunities to be a low carbon campus: Thermal application 19
LPG consumptions can be replaced by thermal energy from gasifier
system in each of sectors but AITCC will be the best option as the
excess energy can also be used to replace fuel oil or LPG with more
emissions reduction and money saving opportunity: Promoting low
carbon hotel as a part of low carbon campus 84 tonnes CO 2
emissions in 2010
Slide 20
Conclusions Theoretical biomass potential, technical biomass
potential, and technical energy potential of woody biomass were
found 1,596 kg /day 238 kg per day, and 4.07 GJ/day The highest
heating value of producer gas (LHV 4.72 MJ/Nm 3 and HHV 5.10 MJ/Nm
3 ) was observed at PAS (100 LPM) and SAS 80 (LPM) The overall
gasifier engine system efficiency of was 13.86% at electrical load
of 10.54 kW e with diesel saving of 0.42 ml/s The best possible
option to install the gasifier system is AITCC to promote low
carbon hotel as the producer gas energy of 634 GJ per year can be
utilized for both cooking and heating water with emissions
reduction and financial benefits opportunities of 41,944 kg CO 2
and 428, 406 Baht per year 20
Slide 21
Recommendations for further studies Study on gasifier engine
system with thermal heat recovery at engine exhaust gas can be
carried out to use recovered heat a as heat medium in vapor
absorption cycle to develop small scale renewable energy based
cogeneration (power and cooling) system. The longer reactor in
gasifier may have higher temperature drop along the reactor and
cause deficiency of thermal energy for reduction reactions. It
results low CO values in producer gas. Therefore, study can be
carried out to optimize and locate the best position of air supply
in such long reactor by varying air supply port. The study can be
done to design and install gasifier system for thermal applications
in AITCC to replace LPG and fuel oil to promote low carbon hotel as
an option for low carbon campus 21
Slide 22
Thank you for your kind attention!!! 22 Queries ???
Slide 23
Scopes and limitations of the study Specific objective 1
Determination of woody biomass potential limited to availability of
biomass tree residues (dry wood branches, fresh tree branches,
fresh tree leaves, dry leaves, and grasses in AIT premises)
Characterizations of woody biomass will be based on its heating
values and proximate analysis The theoretical & technical
biomass potential, and technical biomass energy potential will be
determined 23
Slide 24
Scopes and limitations of the study (Cond.) Specific objective
2 Biomass downdraft two stage air supply gasifier with heat
recovery and gasifier engine system will be developed and tested
using Eucalyptus wood and woody biomass from AIT The Eucalyptus
wood based tests are limited to their performance study of systems
whereas the tests using the woody biomass from AIT are to
investigate potential thermal and electrical energy generation
Specific objective 3 Total CO 2 emissions reduction potential from
available producer gas will be investigated Study on replacement of
LPG, and fuel oil used for cooking and heating water at AIT will be
carried out to reduce stationary combustion based emissions as a
option for Low carbon campus Pre feasibility study of different
energy systems for available producer gas will be carried out to
estimate CO 2 emissions reduction potential by using RETScreen
24
Slide 25
Collection of woody biomass waste The collection and management
of woody biomass waste at AIT is responsible to Decoration and
Cleaning (DC)unit of Sodexo, AIT The quantification of such
collected biomass is carried out by counting number of trucks
thrown in the dumping side Each trucks has a capacity of loading
around 100 kgs 25 DC unit, Sodexo Zonal division for cleaning and
decoration of AIT (12 zones) Collection Loaded on truck Dumping
area 100 kg per truck Record data: Number of truck dumped/week
Slide 26
Variation of moisture content Moisture content is the major
factor to be studied to identify, select, and implement any biomass
conversion energy system 26 November December
Slide 27
Theoretical potential of woody biomass (as received) 27
Slide 28
Characterization of woody biomass 28
Slide 29
Comparison of experimental and with estimated HHVs values
29
Slide 30
Correlation development for estimating higher heating values
based on proximate analysis: novel approach HHVs of biomass are
very important parameter for analysis of any bio-energy system
Cussion bomb calorimeter/ TGA methods are used to find heating
values experimentally, However, the experimental methods are
complex, time consuming, and need high level skills to conduct
experiment, Many correlations have been developed for various solid
fuels and present the relations based on the linear and non linear
effect of proximate components Therefore, this study developed the
correlations to find HHVs for biomass based on the effect of ratio
of different proximate values 30
Slide 31
Proposed correlations S.N.Proposed relation (on dry basis) 1HHV
= a + b FC/VM 2HHV = a + b VM/FC 3HHV = a + b FC/Ash 4HHV = a + b
Ash/FC 5HHV = a + b VM/Ash 6HHV = a +b Ash/VM 7HHV = a + b FC/VM +
c VM/FC 8HHV = a + b VM/Ash + c Ash/VM 9HHV = a + b FC/Ash + c
Ash/FC 10HHV = a+ b FC/VM + c VM/Ash 11HHV = a+ b VM/Ash +c Ash/FC
12HHV = a+ b Ash/FC + c FC/VM 13HHV = a+ b VM/FC + c Ash/VM 14HHV =
a+ b Ash/VM + c FC/Ash 15HHV = a+ b FC/Ash+ c VM/FC 16HHV = a+ b
FC/VM + c VM/Ash +d Ash/FC 17HHV = a+ b VM/FC + c Ash/VM + d FC/Ash
18HHV = a+ b (FC+VM)/Ash 19HHV = a+ b (FC + Ash)/VM 20HHV = a+ b
(Ash + VM)/FC 31 250 published data of proximate analysis and
validation & comparative study using 10 experimentally
determined values Case 1: Linear relations (5.63 23.459 MJ/kg )
Case 2: Non linear relations of selected relation from case 1
Principle of correlation development: Least sum square error Error
e = E M Determination of constant coefficients are based on least
value of sum of e 2 for 250 data Microsoft Excel: Solver Tool
Slide 32
Forecasting error and selection 32 Low AAE indicates the less
error in forecasting whereas the more positive value of ABE
represents overestimation and more negative is indication of
underestimation compared to experimental values. Therefore, the
relation with less AAE and ABE closed to zero is selected as the
best option The mean absolute error gives the possible error in
forecasted values in term of MJ/kg The values MAE, AAE, and ABE for
linear and non linear correlations were found 1.31 MJ/kg, 8.67 %
& 1.55% and 0.98 MJ/kg, 5.85%, & 0.80 respectively
Slide 33
Major findings of objective 1 Moisture contents of woody
biomass were found approx. up to 80% The total theoretical biomass
potential = 47.877 tonnes/month Technical potential of woody
biomass = 7.136 tonnes/month (THBP current usage removed moisture
in 10 days) Total energy potential from woody biomass = 122.158
GJ/month (Notes: It is assumed that ratio of dry and wet sticks are
20 and 80 % of total woody biomass) (HHVs were determined by
averaging the values of two analyzed months: for dry and fresh
branches in November and December) 33
Slide 34
Apparatus and materials 34 Two stage air supply gasifier Heat
exchanger ParticularsSize NamePerkin Diesel Engine No. of
cylinders3 Orientation of cylinders Vertical Bore Stroke91.4127 mm
Compression ratio18.5:1 Combustion typeDirect injection Maximum
revolution 2300 RPM Maximum power36.6 kW Fuel capacity2.5 liter
Diesel engine specification
Slide 35
Apparatus and materials 35 Cyclone separator Water sprayer
Slide 36
Apparatus and materials 36 On line gas analyzerTar measurement
units
Slide 37
Apparatus and materials 37 Raw materials Woody biomass at AIT
(2 2 2 cm) Properties ( % by weight on wet basis) Eucalyptus wood
Woody biomass at AIT Moisture content, % 10.17 9.43 Ash content,
%0.75 0.73 Volatile matter, %74.25 74.74 Fixed carbon, %14.84 15.09
Higher heating value, MJ/kg 18.50 18.39 Proximate analysis Ultimate
analysis Element ( % by wt dry basis) Eucalyptus wood b Woody
biomass at AIT b Carbon, C 45.12 43.89 Hydrogen, H 4.62 5.38
Oxygen, O 50.26 40.17 Nitrogen, N 0.00 - Sulfur, S 0.00 - a Sompop
(2008), b Correlation based O=100 C H N S Eucalyptus wood (2 2 2
cm)
Slide 38
Installation of heat exchanger 38 Inner structure Installation
Completion of installation Under test
Slide 39
Temperature distribution along gasifier 39 Gasifier system
Slide 40
Variation of producer gas composition 40 Effect of total air
supply Gas composition depends on different combination of air flow
Effect of secondary air supply variation More CO at higher
secondary air flow Gasifier system
Slide 41
Tar content of producer gas The tar content is important factor
to be considered for engine applications (< 100 mg/Nm 3, Source:
Basu, 2010) The cleaning and cooling of producer gas was done by
using cyclone separator and water sprayer (< 45 0 C) to make
suitable for engine applications The tar was measured at outlet of
water sprayer No tar was observed in the producer gas 0.318 m 3 gas
flow in 3 hrs of operation However, it observed negligible
condensate on collector tank on next day 41 Gasifier system
Slide 42
Performance of heat exchanger The average effectiveness of heat
exchanger was observed 0.62 Maximum heat recovered was found 1.465
kW 42 SN Air supply Produc er gas Water flow Temperature, 0 C
Effectivene ss LPMkg/hr Gas_ in T Gas_ out T W_ inT W_ outT e = q/q
max 114014.3036.94306.999.231.247.00.62
216016.3431.57315.6108.331.354.00.64
318015.9730.80342.2122.630.856.20.66
420018.5838.19360.6131.430.355.30.60
522018.3337.54366.8141.433.851.70.59
624019.2234.15371.1141.232.053.00.61
Slide 43
Impact of heat recovery Gasifier system 43 Gasifier system:
Cold gas efficiency (increases around 2 -4 %) Heat recovery
system
Slide 44
Impact of heat recovery: Gasifier engine system 44 Gasifier
engine system: Overall gasifier engine system (Less than 3%)
Decreasing trend of % increased in efficiency with higher
electrical load increased in efficiency Heat recovery system
Slide 45
Diesel fuel consumption and fuel saving 45 Equal share of
producer gas and diesel energy input Gasifier engine system
Slide 46
Efficiencies of system 46 Brake thermal efficiency Engine
generator efficiency 8.1% Overall gasifier engine efficiency 6.04 %
Single: 25.26% Dual: 22.19% Single: 21.47% Dual: 19.02% 13.86 %
(PS) 11.69% at 11.14 kW e (Hla, 1999) Gasifier engine system
Slide 47
Specific energy consumption: CI engine power generation system
47 Higher energy consumption due to low engine efficiency at part
load condition Gasifier engine system
Slide 48
Engine exhaust gas composition 48 Fraction of producer gas
composition was observed in engine exhaust and decreases at higher
engine loads Comparison CO 2 emissions between single and dual fuel
mode of engine operation Gasifier engine system
Slide 49
Exhaust gas temperature and heat loss 49 Exhaust gas
temperatures are larger in dual fuel mode Thermal power loss from
exhaust gas Gasifier engine system Single and Dual fuel mode
Slide 50
CO 2 emissions and emission intensity of gasifier engine system
50 CO 2 emissions CO 2 emissions intensity
Slide 51
Experimental results of gasifier and gasifier engine system
using woody biomass at AIT 51 ParametersValues Producer gas yield,
Nm 3 /kg14.45 LHV of gas, Nm 3 /hr4.13 Operating power, kW e 5.85
Diesel fuel consumption, kg/hr1.47 Exhaust gas temperature, 0
C289.27 Engine generator efficiency, %14.75 Gasifier engine
efficiency, %9.33 Share of producer gas (16.57 kW), %43.37 Heat
recover (HE), kW0.87 Effectiveness of heat exchanger, e0.63 Overall
gasifier engine efficiency with HE, %10.71 % increased in
efficiency by HE, %14.82 Gasifier system Gasifier engine system
Woody biomass at AIT
Slide 52
Linear extrapolation of results 52 Parameters Gasifier
systemGasifier engine system Experimented values Air supply rate
(LPM)100, 80 (180) Producer gas flow rate (Nm 3 /hr)14.8614.45
Producer gas yield (Nm 3 /kg of feedstock)1.871.8 Biomass
consumption (kg/hr)7.958.04 Lower heating values (MJ/Nm 3 )4.24.1
Higher heating values (MJ/Nm 3 )4.54.4 Thermal power (kW)17.34-
Electrical power (kW)-5.85 Hot water (kW)0.810.87 Share of producer
gas (%)-43.37 Diesel consumption (ml/s)-0.57 Diesel saving
(ml/s)-0.292 Total thermal energy per month (MJ/month)42,3402030
Total electrical energy per month (MJ/month)-13,647 Total biomass
available (kg/hr)9.92 Linear extrapolation Producer gas flow (Nm 3
/hr)18.5417.86 Thermal power (kW)21.63- Electrical power (kW)-5.85
Hot water (kW)1.011.07 Share of producer gas (%)-53.51 Diesel
saving (ml/s)-0.360 Total thermal energy per month
(MJ/month)52,8142,504 Total electrical energy per month
(kWh/month)-3,791 Total thermal energy per year
(GJ/year)634498
Slide 53
Ideal CO 2 emissions reduction opportunity: (Energy equivalent)
53 5.15% of total AIT emission (14,895 tCO 2 /year) 4.2 % of
total
Slide 54
Fossil fuels consumption at AIT 54 Monthly LPG consumptions in
residential areas Monthly fuel oil and LPG consumptions for cooking
and heating purpose in commercial sectors at AIT Total LPG based
Energy = 822 GJ/yr Total Fuel oil based Energy = 412 GJ/yr Total
stationary combustion based CO 2 emission of 84 tonnes / year Total
fossil based Energy = 1234 GJ/yr
Slide 55
Base load electricity demand in AIT 55 Average base load were
determined by using electricity consumption (kWh), reported by
Autchara (2010) Approx. 19 kW e Approx. 10- 12 kW e
Slide 56
56 Design of electricity generation system based on electrical
load demand Exceeded Electrical load demand at different field of
studies cannot be satisfied by single fuel producer gas engine
system
Slide 57
57 Pre-feasibility study using RETScreen ParametersValuesUnits
Common terms Equivalent full load hours90% Based case fuelDiesel
Fuel cost (diesel)0.99$/liter Electricity cost0.1$/kWh Proposed
case fuelProducer gas Producer gas (CO, CH 4, CO 2, H 2 ) (16.4,
1.5, 14.4, 12.9) % by Vol. Temperature of producer gas37C Heating
values of gas3.823MJ/m 3 Inflation rate3.5% Project life20years
Annual O & M cost 1,200 (100 12) $ Debt ratio0% Based case
electricity generation fuel Natural gas Climate locationBangkok
Peak process heating load3kW Gross electrical load5kW Heat rate of
reciprocating engine14MJ/kWh Heat recovery efficiency50% Initial
installation cost2,100$/kW ResultsValuesUnits Base case annual
diesel consumption3,413Liters Total heating energy24MWh Annual
electricity energy44MWh Heating capacity from heat recovery7.2kW
Energy from fuel required0.1GJ/hr Heating values of gas3,823MJ/m 3
Fuel required for power144,342m 3 /year Fuel required for heating
3,426 m 3 /year Net annual GHGs reduction31t-CO 2 Annual gasoline
not used12,596Liters Initial cost10,500$ Annual O & M
cost1,200$ Annual saving cost7,759$ Pre tax IRR63.8% Simple payback
period1.7Years Case I: Cogeneration using producer gas (Heating and
Power) Limiting constraints: 162,447 m 3 /yr
Slide 58
ParametersValuesUnits Base case annual fuel consumption
6,826Liters Total heating energy47MWh Annual electricity
energy61MWh Heating capacity from heat recovery 18kW Energy from
fuel required0.2GJ/hr Share of producer gas150,322m 3 /year Share
of diesel18,303Liter Net annual GHGs reduction8.4t-CO 2 Annual
gasoline not used3,433Liters Initial cost18,900$ Annual O & M
cost19,934$ Annual saving cost12,890$ Pre tax IRRnegative% Simple
payback periodNAYears 58 Pre-feasibility study using RETScreen Case
II: Cogeneration dual fuel mode (Heating and Power) Limiting
constraints: 162,447 m 3 /yr ParametersValuesUnits Common terms
Equivalent full load hours90% Based case fuelDiesel Fuel cost
(diesel)0.99$/liter Electricity cost0.1$/kWh Proposed case
fuelProducer gas Producer gas (CO, CH 4, CO 2, H 2 ) (16.4, 1.5,
14.4, 12.9) % by Vol. Temperature of producer gas37C Heating values
of gas3.823MJ/m 3 Inflation rate3.5% Project life20years Annual O
& M cost1,200 (100 12)$ Debt ratio0% Based case electricity
generation fuel Natural gas Climate locationBangkok Peak process
heating load6kW Gross electrical load7kW Heat rate of reciprocating
engine18MJ/kWh Heat recovery efficiency50% Share of diesel fuel55%
Share of producer gas45% Reciprocating engine capacity9kW Initial
installation cost2,100$/kW
Slide 59
Input and outputValuesUnits Base case fuel- propane
(LPG)17,384kg/year Annual fuel cost11,010$/year Annual producer gas
available146,202m 3 /year Initial incremental costs7000 (350*20)$
Annual maintenance cost600 (5012)$ Pre tax IRR157.4% Simple payback
period0.7Years Net annual GHGs reduction52.3t-CO 2 59
Pre-feasibility study using RETScreen Case III: LPG - producer gas:
replacement Case III: LPG - producer gas: replacement
Slide 60
Conclusions (Cond.) Up to 1.47 kW of hot water was recovered
with average percentage increased in cold gas efficiency of 5.23 %
whereas the percentage increased in overall gasifier engine system
efficiency varied with electrical power output 84 tonnes of CO 2
emissions caused by LPG and fossil fuel consumption at AIT in 2010
can be reduced by approximately 46.23% with respect to overall
thermal energy from producer gas, considering conversion efficiency
of 90% Electricity using gasifier engine system can satisfy the
base loads of various field of studies saving grid based
electricity. However, dual fuel mode electricity has more emissions
than natural gas based grid electricity though it saves primary
energy 60