A Transnational Training Project
for Younger Professionals
and Scholars Preparing for
Peace-Related Responsibilities
in Peace Theory Techniques of Mediation International Control of Violence Peaceful Social Change
HX
632
A1
W9
no,1664
MAIN International Peace Academy Committee
A Transnational Training Project for Younger Professionals and Scholars Preparing for Peace-Related Responsibilities
in Peace Theory Techniques of Mediation International Control of Violence Peaceful Social Change
July 19 to August 15, 1970 At the Diplomatic Academy of the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vienna
International Peace Academy Committee
Chairman, Major General Indar Jit Rikhye
Former Military Adviser to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
International Peace Academy Committee
Chairman, Major General Indar Jit Rikhye,
Former Military Adviser to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Photos by Robert F. George
A New Approach to an Old Problem The International Peace Academy Committee (IPAC) proposes to imple¬
ment a new approach to an old problem. The problem is the creation of
peace with justice. The approach is to offer practical transnational training
and research in the arts of peace.
A “peace profession” is emerging from the fields of mediation, violence
control, and social change. IPAC and its consultants believe that this de¬
velopment poses educational questions which need immediate and sustained
attention.
Serious shortcomings exist in the present education and training of pro¬
fessionals for peace-related activities. There are specialists in the practice
of diplomacy, but their preparation has always been nationally based, and
they are trained to become experts in promoting a national point of view.
There are mediators within national societies, gifted specialists in the
settlement of disputes between ethnic groups, managers and workers, stu¬
dents and administrators. But these experts are rarely organized so that
their wisdom and skills can be imparted systematically to others, and their
insights have only occasionally been applied to the practice of international
mediation. Within the military services of some nations there are specialists
in the peacekeeping operations of the United Nations and the constructive
use of military resources, but their knowledge has not yet been gathered and
organized.
There are many professionals concerned with the achievement of human
3
rights through peaceful social change, from economic planners to commu¬
nity organizers. But their preparation is not firmly grounded in intercultural
and interdisciplinary perspectives, and it is especially inadequate for situ¬
ations dominated by sharply conflicting interests.
Because the United Nations has called upon diplomats and military offi¬
cers to play third-party roles in mediation and violence control, it has made
a significant contribution to the growth of a small body of experienced
practitioners. It has also stimulated the development of international leader¬
ship in the promotion of human rights.
Although the beginnings of a peace profession can be found in the United
Nations and other international organizations, its future is uncertain. The
kind of professional training needed is still unavailable, twenty-five years
after the founding of the United Nations. Yet no educational undertaking
is more important than the preparation of men and women who have the
ability to help nations and groups resolve conflicts without resorting to vio¬
lence or oppression. That is why the International Peace Academy Com¬
mittee was organized in the fall of 1967 after preliminary study.
The planning process for IP AC’s 1970 pilot projects has brought to¬
gether international officials, military officers, diplomats, scholars, special¬
ists in social action, and educators from many parts of the world. Through
extensive consultation, some of the basic features of an International Peace
Academy have been established and will be incorporated into the pilot
projects. A major purpose of these projects is to gather ideas and further
recommendations for the development of the Academy.
The Training Project for Younger Professionals and Scholars
This four-week project is dedicated mainly to those individuals, especially
young people, who intend to establish a new theoretical and practical basis
for their commitment to peace. It is designed for 38 to 48 men and women
who are preparing for professional careers in third-party mediation, the
international control of violence, the promotion of human rights through
peaceful social change, or peace research and education.
It is assumed that participants in the project will be comparatively inex¬
perienced, and that their professional interest in the peace arts stems, for
example, from exposure to mediation problems at the community or national
level, volunteer work in overseas development, third-party intervention to
control domestic violence, employment in an intergovernmental organiza¬
tion or an international non-governmental organization, graduate study,
or teaching.
4
Eminent as both a
man of action and an author,
Dr. Danilo Dolci has been
actively involved in the
Academy’s development and
will direct the course
on peaceful social change.
The project has four primary objectives:
1. Education in thinking about peace, conflict, social change, and develop¬
ment; the use of available conceptual tools for the analysis of conflict
and the prevention of violence.
2. Practice of intellectual, organizational, and interpersonal skills which
are associated with mediation, violence control, and planned social
change.
3. Exploration of the similarities between different peace-related roles and
what can be learned from each which may benefit the others.
4. Identification of future needs for specially trained practitioners of the
peace arts, and consideration of appropriate education and training for
peace-related roles.
The project is organized around one general and three specialized courses,
each employing a variety of resources, approaches, and methods.
General course: Peace, Conflict, and Development Theory
Specialized courses: Techniques of Mediation
International Control of Violence
Promotion of Human Rights, Peaceful Social Change, and Develop¬
ment
The day will start with the course in Peace, Conflict, and Development
Theory for all participants. Following a half-hour presentation by a staff
member, staff colleagues and visiting consultants will comment and partici¬
pants will pose questions. The balance of the morning will be used for
interdisciplinary special interest groups two or three days a week.
Afternoons will be devoted to the specialized training courses in inter¬
national mediation, violence control, and peaceful social change. These
courses will emphasize the application of knowledge. They will exercise
the participant’s ability to solve practical problems. Evaluation sessions
will enable participants not only to dissect the substance of their decisions
but also to examine their progress in using appropriate skills. Through
evaluation, participants can also contribute their insights to the Academy’s
development. While each participant will concentrate in one of the three
applied fields, the specialized courses will be scheduled at different hours
so that all three are accessible to those interested.
6
0900-1100
Tentative Format
Peace Theory
1100-1300 Special Interest Groups
1400-1600
or Free Time
Peaceful Social Change ] ' Rotating
\ Schedule 1600-1800 Mediation
1800-2000 Violence Control
Occasional evenings will be used for guest lectures and panel discussions.
No formal activities will be scheduled on Saturdays and Sundays, with the
possible exception of one field trip.
Staff
The project is being planned by outstanding experts in the theory and prac¬
tice of international mediation, violence control, and peaceful social change.
In addition, eminent practitioners and social scientists will serve as visiting
consultants. And because of their own experience and diversity, the partici¬
pants themselves will provide an important resource for one another.
The staff of the four courses are:
Peace, Conflict, and Development Theory:
director: Dr. Johan Galtung, Professor of Peace Research, University
of Oslo; Director of the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
co-directors: Dr. Chadwick F. Alger, Professor of Political Science
and Co-Director of the International Relations Program, Northwestern
University. Dr. Mihailo Markovic, Professor of Philosophy and Direc¬
tor of the Philosophical Institute, University of Belgrade.
Techniques of Mediation:
director: Ambassador Arthur S. Lall, Adjunct Professor of Interna¬
tional Affairs, Columbia University; former Permanent Representative
of India to the United Nations; Representative of India on numerous
United Nations bodies.
co-director: Michael H. Banks, Lecturer in International Relations at
the London School of Economics.
International Control of Violence:
This course is being planned by General Rikhye in consultation with
other military officers and civilians who have had extensive experience
in United Nations peacekeeping missions.
7
Promotion of Human Rights, Peaceful Social Change, and Development:
director: Dr. Danilo Dolci, Centro Studi e Iniziative, Partinico, Sicily.
co-director: Asbjorn Eide, Institute of Public and International Law,
University of Oslo.
Participant Qualifications
While the academic and professional credentials of candidates will be care¬
fully weighed, IPAC considers the following qualifications paramount:
1. Participants should be men and women who have committed their talents
to the cause of world peace with justice, and who feel a personal need
for further education and training in the peace arts.
2. If they are officers of agencies or organizations, there should be a
reasonable prospect that they will be assigned, either permanently or
occasionally, to international missions in the interest of peace and justice.
Although IPAC envisages a project which will be notable for its variety
of nationalities, ideologies, and professions, the Committee believes that all
participants should possess a few common personal qualities. These include
values which are consistent with a concept of peace based on justice and
the promotion of human rights, intellectual acuity and imagination, and
sensitivity to the viewpoint of people from other cultures and professions.
IPAC assumes that the project will be of interest and value to diplomats,
military officers, and international development personnel who have had
only a few years of experience in their professions and little or no oppor¬
tunity to play third-party roles in conflict resolution; staff members of inter¬
governmental organizations and international non-governmental organiza¬
tions who are being prepared for new responsibilities in mediation, the
promotion of human rights, or development; doctoral candidates and junior
faculty members in the social sciences; and young independent professionals.
Nominations are invited from all countries. The working language of
the project will be English, and the candidate’s speaking ability should be
good to excellent. Writing ability is less important. Future projects will be
conducted in other languages.
Nomination Procedure and Financial Arrangements
Because there are two categories of candidates, two application procedures
are necessary:
8
Category 1—Personnel of government agencies and non-governmental or¬
ganizations.
Category 2—Scholars and independent professionals.
The International Peace Academy Committee will provide educational
costs, lodging, and meals for all participants.
Category 1: Agency and Organizational Personnel
IP AC is asking appropriate government agencies and non-governmental
organizations to nominate qualified members of their staff for the project.
The nominating institution will be expected to authorize official paid leave
for those selected by IPAC and to provide their travel expenses. There will
be no other cost to the participant or his institution. (Where currency regu¬
lations make it impossible for a participant to bring sufficient funds for
out-of-pocket expenses, the sponsoring organization may request a small
grant for this purpose on behalf of their nominees.)
Interested agencies and organizations are requested to nominate a mini¬
mum of two candidates, with the understanding that at least one will be ac¬
cepted by IPAC if space is available. Non-governmental organizations may
wish to nominate a leading volunteer in place of a staff member.
There are no forms except for an information slip (page 15). IPAC
prefers instead letters from the following:
1. The candidate himself. This letter should contain pertinent information
about his education, major professional experience and achievements,
involvement in peace-related activities, and his reasons for accepting
nomination. It should also provide the names and addresses of at least
two references who are well acquainted with the candidate’s career and
commitment to the peace arts. The letter should be forwarded to IPAC
by his agency or organization with their covering letter of recommenda¬
tion (see below).
2. His sponsoring agency or organization. This letter should summarize the
sponsor’s reasons for nominating the candidate, with particular reference
to the participant qualifications outlined in this announcement. The
sponsor’s future plans for using the candidate in peace-related capacities
should be explicitly stated.
IPAC will also entertain the applications of qualified agency or organiza¬
tional personnel who are prepared to take vacation leave and pay their own
travel. (For application procedure, see Category 2 below.) However, be¬
cause of the project’s small size, officially sponsored candidates will be
given priority.
9
Professor Arthur Lall,
former Indian Ambassador to the United Nations,
will direct the course on
Techniques of Mediation.
Category 2: Scholars and Independent Professionals
Because they have no sponsoring agency or institution, scholars and inde¬
pendent professionals will either have to provide their own travel or find
outside assistance. While IPAC’s funds for this purpose are limited, the
Committee is prepared to consider individual financial needs. Requests can
be encouraged only if the merits of the case are evident.
Letters from scholars and independent professionals wishing to par¬
ticipate should include the following:
Pertinent information about education, involvement in peace-related
activities, continuing scholarly or professional concern with the peace
arts, major professional experience and achievements, and reasons for
interest in the project. It should also provide the names and addresses
of at least two references who are well acquainted with the applicant’s
career and his commitment to the peace arts.
All letters should be postmarked no later than April 15. Decisions will
be made by the project selection committee on or about May 10, and
candidates will be notified immediately.
Correspondence from candidates and their sponsoring agencies or or¬
ganizations should be addressed to:
International Peace Academy Committee
Kipling Road
Brattleboro, Vermont 05301, U.S.A.
(Telephone: 802-257-7751)
Site and Facilities
The Austrian Diplomatic Academy, founded by the Empress Maria Theresa
in the 18th century, is located in a renovated wing of the Theresianum. It
has been generously placed at IPAC’s disposal for the summer by the Min¬
istry of Foreign Affairs.
Participants will be housed in single rooms within the Diplomatic Acad¬
emy itself, where meals will also be served. Because of the nature and in¬
tensity of the project, no provision is being made for families, and partici¬
pants should not plan to bring their spouses or children.
The Diplomatic Academy contains a number of fully equipped rooms for
classes, seminars, and other activities. Its library will be open to partici¬
pants, though it is expected that most of the literature needed for the proj¬
ect will be distributed in specially prepared kits.
Because the Diplomatic Academy is centrally situated in Vienna, many
of the city’s resources and historical sites are within easy walking distance.
Arrangements are being made for swimming, tennis, field games, and other
recreational pastimes.
11
The International Peace Academy Committee
The International Peace Academy Committee was originally formed by a
group of concerned United States citizens and now includes individuals from
a number of other countries. Funds raised in the United States are being
solicited under the auspices of the International Research Fund, Inc., a
non-profit, tax-exempt organization concerned with international education.
As a matter of policy, IPAC will accept no financial assistance from
any government with a permanent seat on the United Nations Security
Council and prefers to conduct its program in neutral and nonaligned coun¬
tries.
By December 1969, IPAC had raised more than $120,000 from indi¬
viduals and small foundations in the United States. Detailed information on
sources of funds, income, and expenditures is available on request. To carry
its work through the pilot stage—calendar 1970—the Committee is seek¬
ing an additional $295,000. Efforts are being made to limit to 50% the
proportion of the pilot project budgets contributed by individuals and
foundations in the United States. The remainder is being sought from pri¬
vate and governmental sources outside the United States. It is expected
that this combination of private with government support will be the pattern
for the long-range Academy program.
Dr. Johan Galtung
who will direct the course
on Peace, Conflict,
and Development Theory
explains his plans for
the pilot project.
Advisers to the
International Peace Academy Committee
Michael Banks, Centre for the Analysis of Conflict, University College, London. The
Hon. Jonathan Bingham, Member of the United States Congress. Dr. Kenneth Bould-
ing, University of Colorado. Gordon Boyce, The Experiment in International Living,
Vermont. Lt. General E. L. M. Burns, Disarmament Adviser to the Canadian Govern¬
ment. Dr. Danilo Dolci, Centro Studi e Iniziative, Sicily. Lt. Colonel Bj0rn Egge, Nor¬
wegian Defense Research Establishment. Asbjorn Eide, Institute for Public and Inter¬
national Law, University of Oslo. Dr. Edmund Gullion, Fletcher School of Law and
Diplomacy, Tufts University, Boston. Dr. Harold Lasswell, Yale University, New
Haven. Victor Reuther, United Auto Workers, Washington, D. C. Dr. Bert V. A. Rol-
ing, International Peace Research Association, Groningen, Netherlands. Robert Stuart,
National Can Corporation, Chicago.
Special Advisers for
Program Planning and
the 1970 Pilot Projects
Prof. Georges Abi-Saab, Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales, Geneva. Prof. Chad¬
wick Alger, Northwestern University. The Hon. Jose Sette Camara, Jornal do Brasil;
former Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United Nations. The Hon. Rajeshwar
Dayal, former Foreign Secretary of India. William Delano, Center for War/Peace
Studies, New York. Dr. Johan Galtung, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
Hugh Hanning, Royal United Service Institution, London. Dr. Horacio H. Godoy,
FLACSO, Santiago. Major General Fred Carpenter, Queen’s University. Dr. Otto Kline-
berg, International Centre for Intergroup Relations, Paris. The Hon. Arthur Lall, Colum¬
bia University, New York; former Permanent Representative of India to the United
Nations. Prof. Neville Linton, University of the West Indies. Prof. Mihailo Markovic,
University of Belgrade. Dr. Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, New York. Prof.
George Ofosu-Amaah, University of Ghana. Robert Richter, Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace, New York. Prof. Yoshikazu Sakamoto, University of Tokyo. Dr.
Hiroharu Seki, Peace Research Group of Japan. Prof. Nathan Shamuyarira, University
College, Dar es Salaam. Dr. Jan Strzelecki, Committee for Research on Problems of
Contemporary Culture, Warsaw. Yash Tandon, Makerere University College, Uganda.
Prof. Igor Tomes", Karlovy University, Prague. Michel P. Veuthey, International Com¬
mittee of the Red Cross, Geneva. Dr. Norman Wilson, Antioch-Putney Graduate School
of Education, Vermont. Dr. Ernst Winter, UNESCO, Paris.
14
(cu
t alo
ng l
ine)
INFORMATION SLIP (to be attached to front of candidate’s letter—see page 9)
Name_Nationality__
Address _
_Telephone_
Occupation_Title_,
Sponsoring organization (if applicable) ___
Birth date_Male ;_Female __Married? Yes_No_
Specialized Course Preference
Circle number indicating your order of preference.
1
1
1
2 3 Techniques of Mediation
2 3 International Control of Violence
2 3 Promotion of Human Rights, Peaceful Social Change,
and Development
lUJ lo
I IX
Ol i
1UI X h-
i
y tflVERSlTT LIBRARY
HX 632 A 1 W9 no • 1664
World communism in the
cen tury•
0172047A MAIN
J
\
International Peace Academy Committee
Kipling Road
Brattleboro, Vermont 05301
, US. A. ) 4
