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A Troublesome Path Leads A Troublesome Path Leads Back to WarBack to War
Descent to WarDescent to War
State of the world prior to the warState of the world prior to the war
Most of Asia & Africa was colonizedMost of Asia & Africa was colonized
Totalitarian governments controlled Totalitarian governments controlled numerous nations, including Germany, numerous nations, including Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USSRItaly, Japan, and the USSR
Most Western countries were suffering Most Western countries were suffering from Depression from Depression
Fascist ItalyFascist ItalyPost WWI – poor Italian Post WWI – poor Italian economy = unresteconomy = unrestBenito Mussolini & Fascist Benito Mussolini & Fascist party control Italy by 1922party control Italy by 1922– Fascism = dictatorship, Fascism = dictatorship,
aggressive nationalismaggressive nationalism– Blackshirts – Mussolini’s Blackshirts – Mussolini’s
enforcers enforcers – Fascists promised order & Fascists promised order &
stabilitystability
The March on Rome - 4/1922The March on Rome - 4/1922– Mussolini becomes leader (Mussolini becomes leader (Il Il
DuceDuce))– Envisions new Roman EmpireEnvisions new Roman Empire
GermanyGermanyPost WWI Germany in chaosPost WWI Germany in chaos
Many Germans blamed govt. (Weimar Rep.)Many Germans blamed govt. (Weimar Rep.)– Political chaos, massive inflation, povertyPolitical chaos, massive inflation, poverty
German economy failing but US tried to helpGerman economy failing but US tried to help– Great Depression stopped US effortsGreat Depression stopped US efforts
Nazi Party increasingly popularNazi Party increasingly popular
Bad econ & political conditions favored NazisBad econ & political conditions favored Nazis– Nazis provided targets for blame (Jews, Comms)Nazis provided targets for blame (Jews, Comms)
Economy Bad Economy Bad Nazis Good Nazis Good
Jan. 1933 – Hindenburg Jan. 1933 – Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellormade Hitler Chancellor– An effort to try to control An effort to try to control
himhim
Reichstag fire – Feb. Reichstag fire – Feb. 1933 – 1933 – Enabling Act – March Enabling Act – March 1933 – Hitler granted 1933 – Hitler granted emergency powers to emergency powers to deal with “crisis”deal with “crisis”Hindenburg dies – Hitler Hindenburg dies – Hitler total leader in 1934total leader in 1934
Japan & HirohitoJapan & HirohitoMilitary leaders ruled in name of Military leaders ruled in name of Emp. HirohitoEmp. Hirohito– envisioned vast Pacific empire to envisioned vast Pacific empire to
provide raw materials, etc.provide raw materials, etc.
Japan invades Manchuria Japan invades Manchuria (1931)(1931)– Seeking Oil, coal, ironSeeking Oil, coal, iron– League of Nations protested but League of Nations protested but
did nothingdid nothing1937 – Japan invaded China1937 – Japan invaded China– China torn by civil war, poorly matched China torn by civil war, poorly matched
w/ Japanw/ Japan– Japanese atrocities (Rape of Nanking)Japanese atrocities (Rape of Nanking)
U.S./Japanese friction over ChinaU.S./Japanese friction over China
1937 – Japanese planes bomb U.S. gunboat in 1937 – Japanese planes bomb U.S. gunboat in
China - China - The The “Panay Incident”“Panay Incident”
Japan apologizes but U.S. demands that Japan apologizes but U.S. demands that
Japan leave ChinaJapan leave China
U.S. begins building Pacific fleetU.S. begins building Pacific fleet
– Later will use economic warfare against JPNLater will use economic warfare against JPN
The Path to War - EuropeThe Path to War - EuropeSpanish Civil War 1936-1939Spanish Civil War 1936-1939– Nationalist rebels led by Francisco FrancoNationalist rebels led by Francisco Franco
Get help from Germany & ItalyGet help from Germany & Italy
– Spanish govt. aided by USSR & U.S. volunteersSpanish govt. aided by USSR & U.S. volunteers– Guernica – city destroyed by German bombingGuernica – city destroyed by German bombing– SCW a testing ground for troops before WWIISCW a testing ground for troops before WWII
Picasso’s “Guernica”Picasso’s “Guernica”
No Desire for WarNo Desire for WarLeague of Nations weak because GB & FR League of Nations weak because GB & FR were unwilling to fightwere unwilling to fight
Hitler observes Italy and Japan get away with Hitler observes Italy and Japan get away with aggression without LofN responseaggression without LofN response
– 1935 – expands army1935 – expands army
– 3/1936 – invades Rhineland3/1936 – invades Rhineland
– 8/1936 – Forms Axis with Italy8/1936 – Forms Axis with Italy
– 3/1938 – Anschluss with Austria3/1938 – Anschluss with Austria
– Nothing more than condemnation from LofNNothing more than condemnation from LofN
Munich Pact (1938)Munich Pact (1938)Sept. 1938, Hitler demands annexation of Sept. 1938, Hitler demands annexation of Sudetenland - ethnically German region of Sudetenland - ethnically German region of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaCzech allies (USSR & FR) unwilling to fight Czech allies (USSR & FR) unwilling to fight Munich Conference held to settle issueMunich Conference held to settle issue– Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, DaladierHitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, Daladier
Munich Pact gives Sudetenland to Hitler Munich Pact gives Sudetenland to Hitler – promises to make "no further territorial demands" promises to make "no further territorial demands"
Policy of giving in to dictators = AppeasementPolicy of giving in to dictators = AppeasementChamberlain returns to GB claiming "Peace in Chamberlain returns to GB claiming "Peace in our time"our time"
Hungry LionsHungry LionsApril 1939, Hitler takes all of CzechoslovakiaApril 1939, Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia– Chamberlain looks like a foolChamberlain looks like a fool– GB & FR abandon Czech but promise to defend PolandGB & FR abandon Czech but promise to defend Poland
1939 – Italy takes Albania – no action by L of N1939 – Italy takes Albania – no action by L of N
Aug. 1939 – Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactAug. 1939 – Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact– Big surprise - both hated each otherBig surprise - both hated each other– Secretly plan to divide Poland & Baltic StatesSecretly plan to divide Poland & Baltic States– Deal provides Stalin time to build armyDeal provides Stalin time to build army– Allows Hitler to avoid 2 front war & gain LebensraumAllows Hitler to avoid 2 front war & gain Lebensraum
Appeasement & N-S Pact seal Poland’s fateAppeasement & N-S Pact seal Poland’s fate– Invaded by Germany Sept. 1 1939Invaded by Germany Sept. 1 1939
The World At WarThe World At War
Hitler Strikes at Hitler Strikes at EuropeEurope
The Failed Policy of The Failed Policy of AppeasementAppeasement
““Honorable” Hitler Honorable” Hitler violates Munich Pact - violates Munich Pact - takes Czechoslovakia 3/39takes Czechoslovakia 3/39
Nazi-Soviet Pact 8/39Nazi-Soviet Pact 8/39 Nazis invade Poland Nazis invade Poland
9/1/399/1/39
– GB & FR declare GB & FR declare war 9/3/39war 9/3/39
– Soviets invade Soviets invade Poland 9/17/39Poland 9/17/39
Victorious Victorious German Troops German Troops
Parade in Parade in WarsawWarsaw
FDR invokes Neutrality FDR invokes Neutrality ActsActs
No U.S. arms to countries at warNo U.S. arms to countries at war– No U.S. ships allowed in war zonesNo U.S. ships allowed in war zones
Belligerents could buy non-military Belligerents could buy non-military supplies on cash-and-carry basissupplies on cash-and-carry basis
11/39 - Neutrality Act 1939 allowed 11/39 - Neutrality Act 1939 allowed arms sales to GB & FR on c&c basisarms sales to GB & FR on c&c basis– helping Allies but staying out of fighthelping Allies but staying out of fight
War in the WestWar in the West 6 month lull in fighting - 6 month lull in fighting -
“Sitzkrieg” or “Phony War”“Sitzkrieg” or “Phony War” Broken by sudden attack on Broken by sudden attack on
Norway and Denmark - 4/40Norway and Denmark - 4/40 Holland, Belgium & France - Holland, Belgium & France -
5/405/40
– Dunkirk evacuation Dunkirk evacuation 5/26/405/26/40
– Holland surrenders 5/15, Belgium 5/28, Holland surrenders 5/15, Belgium 5/28, Norway 6/1Norway 6/1
– Italy declares war on Italy declares war on GB & FR 6/10/40GB & FR 6/10/40
French armistice signed 6/22/40French armistice signed 6/22/40
The Battle of Britain 1940The Battle of Britain 1940 Operation Sea LionOperation Sea Lion
– Planned German invasion of GBPlanned German invasion of GB Luftwaffe first concentrated on Luftwaffe first concentrated on
aerodromes & shipping but turned aerodromes & shipping but turned to bombing citiesto bombing cities– To demoralize populace To demoralize populace
RDF and “Ultra” help protect GBRDF and “Ultra” help protect GB Some US volunteers participateSome US volunteers participate
British Spitfires
Downed Downed German German
Fighter & Fighter & British Civil British Civil PatrolmanPatrolman
Tower Bridge
St. Paul’s
Campaign 1940Campaign 1940 Most favored supporting BritainMost favored supporting Britain Some isolationistSome isolationist Potential U.S. entry into war an issue Potential U.S. entry into war an issue
in the 1940 electionin the 1940 election– FDR going for 3FDR going for 3rdrd term vs. Wendell term vs. Wendell
Willkie (R)Willkie (R)– Candidates close on issue of warCandidates close on issue of war
FDR approves 1st peacetime draftFDR approves 1st peacetime draft 9/40 - “Destroyers for Bases” w/ GB9/40 - “Destroyers for Bases” w/ GB
– U.S. ships in exchange for U.S. use of U.S. ships in exchange for U.S. use of British air & naval basesBritish air & naval bases
Campaign 1940Campaign 1940
Anti-war critics say FDR will entangle U.S. in Anti-war critics say FDR will entangle U.S. in warwar
– America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee spokesman Charles Lindberghspokesman Charles Lindbergh U.S. could stand alone against HitlerU.S. could stand alone against Hitler
FDR promises: FDR promises: – ““I will never send an American boy to fight in a I will never send an American boy to fight in a
European war.” European war.” FDR wins unprecedented 3FDR wins unprecedented 3rdrd term term
– Now free to actively help BritainNow free to actively help Britain
““An arsenal for An arsenal for democracy”democracy”
Lend-Lease PlanLend-Lease Plan– Supplies for any nation deemed “vital to Supplies for any nation deemed “vital to
defense of the U.S.”defense of the U.S.” Isolationists condemn it as economic Isolationists condemn it as economic
war against Germanywar against Germany Approved in March 1941Approved in March 1941
– Aid to GB began immediately Aid to GB began immediately – Extended to USSR after German Extended to USSR after German
invasioninvasion
Fighting the Undeclared War Fighting the Undeclared War 19411941
U.S. Navy assists in tracking U-boats, U.S. Navy assists in tracking U-boats, escorting convoys escorting convoys – Navy ordered to fire on German vessels Navy ordered to fire on German vessels
if necessaryif necessary Aug. 1941 - FDR & Churchill meet for Aug. 1941 - FDR & Churchill meet for
“Atlantic Conference”“Atlantic Conference” Atlantic Charter – proposes post-war Atlantic Charter – proposes post-war
guidelines (self-determination, a UN, guidelines (self-determination, a UN, etc.)etc.)
Provocations!Provocations! Several U.S. Navy vessels torpedoed Several U.S. Navy vessels torpedoed
by German u-boatsby German u-boats FDR orders Axis vessels shot on sightFDR orders Axis vessels shot on sight Oct. 41 - sinking of the Reuben Oct. 41 - sinking of the Reuben
James - 115 U.S. sailors killedJames - 115 U.S. sailors killed Nov. 41 - FDR orders merchant ships Nov. 41 - FDR orders merchant ships
to be armedto be armed– Neutrality Acts all but null and voidNeutrality Acts all but null and void
The U.S. Enters the War
The U.S. Enters the War
Pearl Harbor and the Home Front War
Effort
Pearl Harbor and the Home Front War
Effort
Competing Interests in the PacificCompeting Interests in the Pacific• Prior to U.S. entry - Germany seen
as main threat– Policy was to deter Japan while
building 2-ocean navy
• Neither U.S. nor Japan wanted war – but Japan could not afford US
interference with plans•Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
– U.S. wanted Open Door & status quo
Heading For A Fight• “Yellow Peril” propaganda & Japanese
aggression in Asia hardened U.S. attitude
• 1939 - U.S. bans sale of petroleum and scrap metal to Japan
• Additional items banned after signing of Tripartite Pact (9/40) & more aggression
• 7/41 - Japanese assets in U.S. frozen–Total embargo on trade–Followed takeover of Indochina
• “Yellow Peril” propaganda & Japanese aggression in Asia hardened U.S. attitude
• 1939 - U.S. bans sale of petroleum and scrap metal to Japan
• Additional items banned after signing of Tripartite Pact (9/40) & more aggression
• 7/41 - Japanese assets in U.S. frozen–Total embargo on trade–Followed takeover of Indochina
Communication Breakdown
• New Japanese war minister Hideki Tojo–Opposed compromise w/ U.S.–Needed supplies for war machine
• By Nov. 41 - U.S. intelligence knew war was imminent
• All U.S. commands on alert
“A Date Which Will Live In Infamy”• 12/7/41 surprise strike at Pearl Harbor• Bold Japanese gamble paid off
–Preemptive strike at U.S. Navy• 188 aircraft destroyed, 8 Battleships +
other ships sunk or crippled, 2400 dead• Many vital U.S. ships out to sea• 29 of 353 Japanese planes shot down• Enables Japanese to expand unhindered
Aerial view of the harbor
Most of the damage was done within an hour.
Top left - USS West Virginia
Bottom Left - USS Arizona
Top Right. - USS Shaw
The Response
• War declared on 12/8• Germany & Italy declare war
on U.S. on 12/11• German U-Boats began
attacking U.S. shipping immediately–within sight of our shores
U-Boats of the German Kriegsmarine stalked U.S. ships along our Atlantic coastline. As many as 5 ships per day were lost in the early months of the war - nearly negating production of new ships.
“It is all bad.”• Nazis rolling across
Europe, N. Africa• Japanese capturing the
Pacific islands and vast sections of continental Asia
• U.S. forces vanquished in Philippines– MacArthur - “I shall
return!”– 11K U.S. prisoners of
war
•Bataan Death March
• Japan at peak of its territorial control
Captured American troops - Corregidor, Philippines
Mobilizing the War Effort• War Powers Act 1941 gives FDR
authority to direct war effort– Control of trade, defense contracts,
censorship– 1942 - additional powers
•Requisition property, rationing, regulation of transportation
• Draft & enlistment raise millions of troops - 15 million men by end of war
• 350K women volunteers
Propaganda• Office of War
Information– controlled info
of war– used press,
movies, radio to build public morale
Contrasting views of women in wartime.
The Common American at War
Who were the heroes?
African Americans
Above Left – African-American Above Left – African-American Troops in trainingTroops in training
Above Right – Members of the Above Right – Members of the Montford Point (N.C.)MarinesMontford Point (N.C.)Marines
Below – Dorie Miller: Messman Below – Dorie Miller: Messman and Pearl Harbor Hero from and Pearl Harbor Hero from U.S.S. West VirginiaU.S.S. West Virginia
African Americans on Home FrontAfrican Americans on Home Front• Fair Employment Practices
Commission–1941 act to investigate labor discrim.
• Black migration to industrial north increased dramatically
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed in 1942–used sit-ins & demonstrations
• Beginnings of integration in military, though slow progress
African Americans at War• Nearly 1 million served in military
–Usually segregated–Many fought with distinction
• Some race riots on bases (& at home)• Nazi racism made more Americans
sensitive to our own conduct at home• Black vets came home w/ high
expectations
Port Chicago
African-Americans who served at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine near Concord, African-Americans who served at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine near Concord, CA worked at a furious pace to keep munitions ships stocked and at sea. CA worked at a furious pace to keep munitions ships stocked and at sea.
The dangerously fast pace at which they were ordered to work resulted in a terrible The dangerously fast pace at which they were ordered to work resulted in a terrible accident on July 17, 1944. 320 men were killed and 400 were wounded. 202 of the accident on July 17, 1944. 320 men were killed and 400 were wounded. 202 of the dead were African-Americans.dead were African-Americans.
The accident at Port Chicago accounted for 15% of African-American casualties in The accident at Port Chicago accounted for 15% of African-American casualties in WWII. Understandably, black laborers were reluctant to return to the docks. 258 WWII. Understandably, black laborers were reluctant to return to the docks. 258 initially refused to go back, but most returned. 50 men were tried and convicted for initially refused to go back, but most returned. 50 men were tried and convicted for mutiny for their refusal to serve in the dangerous conditions of the loading docks. mutiny for their refusal to serve in the dangerous conditions of the loading docks.
Hispanics
Zoot Suit Riots 6/4-7/1943
Young LatinosYoung Latinos in Los Angeles and other cities wore the in Los Angeles and other cities wore the distinctive Zoot Suit to demonstrate their sense of style. distinctive Zoot Suit to demonstrate their sense of style. Racial tension between whites and Latinos exploded into the Racial tension between whites and Latinos exploded into the Zoot Suit Riots in L.A. Gangs of sailors ranged through the Zoot Suit Riots in L.A. Gangs of sailors ranged through the barrios of L.A. seeking out “Zoot-suiters” and attacking them. barrios of L.A. seeking out “Zoot-suiters” and attacking them. All of this occurred with the apparent blessing of the press All of this occurred with the apparent blessing of the press and the city police.and the city police.
Women: Rosie
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
Native Americans
Japanese Americans17,000 Japanese Americans served in
segregated combat units & intelligence442nd Regiment highest decorated unit in U.S. military history
Ironic – considering 120,000 Japanese Americans put in internment campsFDR’s Executive Order 9066 – JA’s posed threat to natl. security
should be moved away from military areas
Asians: Valor in Combat
Japanese American troops serving in the Japanese American troops serving in the European Theater of War were among European Theater of War were among the most courageous soldiers in the war. the most courageous soldiers in the war. The 442The 442ndnd Regimental Combat Team Regimental Combat Team received more medals than any other unit received more medals than any other unit in U.S. military history.in U.S. military history.
A threat to security?
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
People of FaithNavy Chaplain Joseph T. Navy Chaplain Joseph T. O’Callahan of the U.S.S. O’Callahan of the U.S.S. Franklin manned guns, tended Franklin manned guns, tended to the injured, and fought fires to the injured, and fought fires to save the vessel which was to save the vessel which was struck by 2 Kamikazi aircraft. struck by 2 Kamikazi aircraft.
Young Americans from Everywhere, USA
Above: the crew of the Memphis BelleAbove: the crew of the Memphis Belle
Right: the Sullivan Brothers, all killed Right: the Sullivan Brothers, all killed aboard the U.S.S. Juneau in the South aboard the U.S.S. Juneau in the South PacificPacific
The Production Miracle
• Civilian production converted to war production
• 33% of economy devoted to war• U.S. made more weapons than
all Axis powers combined• Production times reduced from
months to weeks (even days!)
Costs of the War• U.S. spent $320 billion
–10x amount of all previous wars• Ended the Great Depression
–Govt. spending made 17 million jobs
• 293K killed in battle + 116K from other causes–670K wounded in battle