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M Ualatkml @hhi he Kscmlos

Mfackm Gmrhcklm WpmrmvkjlmOapmrtfalt he Mppckao Wgkalga mlo _agblhchjy,

^hcktaglkgh ok _hrklh, _hrklh, Ktmcy

MUalatkml smkchr he tba eketaaltb galtury, @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk, ghfphsao ml Kshcmrkh, tbmt ks,

m @hhi he Kscmlos, ghltmklklj shllats mlo gbmrts he tba Majaml Kscmlos. Bara, m oksgusskhl he kt mlo

he kts bksthrkgmc ghltaxt. M ghfpmrkshl `atwaal shfa fmps he Kshcmrkh mlo tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmjas

ks mcsh prhphsao.

=. Kltrhougtkhl

_ba @hhis he Kscmlos, tba Kshcmrkk, wara prhougao ourklj tba =?tb th =5tb galturkas Y=V. _bay mrafmps he tba Faoktarrmlaml kscmlos usumccy okspcmyklj tbakr ghmstcklas, thwls mlo fhultmkl rmljas

mlo bacpklj tba smkchrs ilhwklj wbara sbmcchw wmtars mlo raaes fkjbt `a ehulo. Kl shfa gmsas, tba

fmps mra mgghfpmlkao `y jahjrmpbkgmc mlo bksthrkgmc klehrfmtkhl. Kl axgaptkhlmc gmsas, tba Kshcmrkk

bmva m phaf-ckia strugtura, sugb ms tbmt omtklj erhf =?21, wrkttal `y m Ualatkml, ilhwl ms

@mrthchfah Om Ck Whlattk. Ba oasgrk`ao tba Majaml kscmlos, Grata, Gyprus mlo tba Lajrhphlta.

Bara wa oksguss sbhrtcy tba bksthrkgmc ghltaxt, tbmt ks, tba phcktkgmc mlo aghlhfkg alvkrhlfalt

racmtao th tba bksthrkgmc fhfalt tbmt prhougao tbks `hhi. Za wkcc mcsh ghfpmra shfa he tba fmps kl

tbks Kshcmrkh wktb tba smtacckta fmps he Jhhjca Amrtb.

0. Kshcmrkk mlo Fmrktkfa Papu`ckgs

Kshcmrkk wara m typkgmc Ktmckml ralmkssmlga klvaltkhl, wbara tba kscmlos he tba Faoktarrmlaml Wam,mlo kl pmrtkgucmr he tba Majaml Wam, mttrmgtao tba kltarast he tbakr mutbhrs, wbh ghfpkcao tbasa

ghccagtkhls he fmps wbkgb `agmfa phpucmr ramokljs kl Aurhpa. Ms rafmriao kl tba Pae.0, tba

kltarast ehr tbks sam wms vary bkjb `agmusa kt wms vktmc ehr tba sagurkty mlo tba fmriat kltarasts he

tba lmvmc phwars he tba tkfa. _basa phwars wara tba fmrktkfa rapu`ckgs, gkty-stmtas wbkgb

echurksbao kl Ktmcy mlo kl tba Omcfmtkm rajkhl ourklj tba Fkooca Mjas. _basa rapu`ckgs wara

kloapaloalt, bhwavar, fhst he tbaf hrkjklmtao erhf tarrkthrkas hlga `achljklj th tba @yzmltkla

Afpkra. Ourklj tba tkfa he tbakr kloapaloalga, tbasa gktkas praearrao m jhvarlfalt, kl wbkgb tba

fargbmlt gcmss bmo ghlskoarm`ca phwar. _ba `ast ilhwl he tbaf mra Ualkga, Jalhm, Pmjusm, ^ksm

mlo Mfmcek. _bay wara kl ghfpatktkhl wktb amgb htbar, mlo tbks ghfpatktkhl wms `htb ghffargkmc

mlo fkcktmry Y7V.

Erhf tba =>tb th tba =7tb galturkas tba fmrktkfa rapu`ckgs `ukct buja ecaats he sbkps, ehr tbakr hwl

prhtagtkhl mlo th supphrt ml axtalskva trmoa latwhris mgrhss tba sam. Ehr tbks ramshl, tbasa

rapu`ckgs bmo m racavmlt rhca kl tba Grusmoas, `agmusa tbay wara m`ca prhvkoklj trmlsphrt mlo

supphrt th tbasa fkcktmry axpaoktkhls, tmiklj mcsh movmltmja he tba phcktkgmc mlo trmoklj

hpphrtulktkas. Ehr klstmlga, tba Ehurtb Grusmoa, hrkjklmccy kltaloao th "ck`armta" Darusmcaf,

emvhurao tba Ualatkml kl ghlquarklj Tmrm mlo Ghlstmltklhpca.

Ms m rasuct he tbakr strmtajkas, amgb he tba fmrktkfa rapu`ckgs bmo ohfklkhl hvar okeearalt hvarsams

cmlos, klgcuoklj fmly Faoktarrmlaml kscmlos, Wmroklkm mlo Ghrskgm, cmlos hl tba Morkmtkg, kscmlos

he tba Majaml Wam, mlo tba Grkfam palklsucm chgmtao hl tba lhrtbarl ghmst he tba @cmgi Wam. _bara

wara mcsh ghffargkmc ghchlkas kl tba Lamr Amst mlo Lhrtb Merkgm. Mfhlj tbasa stmtas, tba Papu`ckg

he Ualkga wms tba hlcy hla tbmt wms m`ca th fmkltmkl m cmrja pmrt he Jraaga, Gyprus, Kstrkm mloOmcfmtkm ultkc tba fko-=:tb galtury Y7V.

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7. Ualkga

_ba Fhst Warala Papu`ckg he Ualkga, m stmta kl tba lhrtb-amstarl Ktmcy, wms hla he tba fmrktkfa

rapu`ckgs. Kt axkstao ehr hvar m fkccallkuf, erhf tba cmta :tb galtury ultkc =:;:. Ualkga bms m

fhoarl raputmtkhl he aghlhfkg mlo trmoklj phwar9 bhwavar kt bmo mcsh m chlj bksthry he wmr mlo

ghlquast. _ba prhvklga he Ualkga hrkjklmtao erhf cmjhhl ghffulktkas ckliao ehr futumc oaealgaerhf klvmoklj pahpcas, ms tba phwar he tba Zastarl Phfml Afpkra oagcklao.

Kt saafs tbmt ourklj tba ekrst oagmoas he tba 2tb galtury, tba pahpca he tba @yzmltkla prhvklga he

Ualkga acagtao tbakr ekrst camoar Qrsus. Ghlstmltklhpca ghlekrfao bkf ms bypmtus, tbmt ks ghlsuc,

mlo oux Y?V. Ba wms tba ekrst bksthrkgmc Ohja he Ualkga. @y tba ^mx Lkgapbhrk (2>7), tba twh

afparhrs, Gbmrcafmjla mlo Lkiapbhrhs K, raghjlksao Ualkga ms oa-emgth kloapaloalt, bhwavar

lhfklmccy su`hroklmta th tba @yzmltkla Afpkra. Ourklj tba rakjl he tba ^mrtkgkpmzkh emfkcy, Ualkga

jraw klth kts fhoarl ehrf4 Mjlacch, tba ekrst ^mrtkgkpmzkh ohja erhf 2== th 20:, wbh wms `hrl kl

Armgcam, fhvao th Pkmcth mlo ourklj bks ohjasbkp Ualkga `ajml axpmloklj thwmros tba sam.

@rkojas, gmlmcs, ehrtkekgmtkhls mlo `ucwmris, sugb ms sthla `ukcokljs, sbkpymros mlo ohgs wara

gramtao. Mjlacch's shl, Jkustklkmlh, thhi tba rafmkls he Wmklt Fmri tba Avmljackst erhf Mcaxmlorkm

th Ualkga, mlo fmoa bkf tba Papu`ckg's pmtrhl smklt Y?V.Kl tba Bkjb Fkooca Mjas, Ualkga `agmfa vary rkgb tbrhujb tba ghltrhc he trmoa `atwaal Aurhpa

mlo tba Cavmlt, mlo kt `ajml kts axpmlskhl klth tba Morkmtkg Wam mlo `ayhlo. Ms thco kl Y?V, ourklj

tba =0tb galtury, tba Ualatkmls jmklao savarmc trmoklj prkvkcajas kl tba @yzmltkla Afpkra, mlo tbakr

sbkps hetal prhvkoao tba Afpkra wktb m lmvy. Bhwavar, kl ==20, tbara wms m rkht kl Ghlstmltklhpca

tbmt tmrjatao Cmtkl pahpca mlo, pmrtkgucmrcy, tba Ualatkmls. _ba Ualatkml prhparty wms sakzao, tba

hwlars kfprkshlao hr `mlksbao. Hla yamr cmtar, kl ==27, tba gkty he Tmrm suggasseuccy ra`accao

mjmklst tba Ualatkml ruca, puttklj ktsace uloar tba prhtagtkhl he tba ^mpmgy mlo tba iklj he Buljmry.

@ut, tba Ualatkml ecaat wms grugkmc th tba trmlsphrtmtkhl he tba Ehurtb Grusmoa9 sklga tba grusmoars

wara lht m`ca th pmy ehr tba sbkps, Ohja Alrkgh Omlohch heearao trmlsphrt th tba grusmoars ke tbay

bmo gmpturao Tmrm. Qphl tba gmptura he Tmrm, tba grusmoa wms okvartao th Ghlstmltklhpca, tbmt wms

gmpturao mlo smgiao Y?,1V. _ba pculoar klgcuoao tba emfhus ehur `rhlza bhrsas tbmt wara usao th

mohrl Wt. Fmri's `mskckgm kl Ualkga. Eurtbarfhra, ms m rasuct he tba su`saqualt pmrtktkhl he tba

@yzmltkla Afpkra, Ualkga jmklao m jramt oamc he tarrkthry kl tba Majaml Wam (saa Ekjura =),

mfhultklj th tbraa-akjbtbs he tba @yzmltkla Afpkra Y?V, klgcuoklj tba kscmlos he Grata mlo Au`ham

(Lajrhphlta). _ba gkty he Gbmlkm hl Grata ks cmrjacy he Ualatkml ghlstrugtkhl, `ukct hl tba rukls he

tba mlgkalt Gyohlkm Y5V. _ba Majaml kscmlos ehrfao tba Ualatkml Ougby he tba Mrgbkpacmjh. _bal,

Ualkga wms ghltrhccklj mcc tba Majaml Wam. Fhrahvar, kl Ea`rumry =?2;, tba kscmlo he Gyprus,

pravkhuscy m grusmoar stmta (tba Ikljohf he Gyprus), wms mllaxao th Ualkga.

Ekjura = - _ba Papu`ckg he Ualkga, Bksthkra oa cm Ppu`ckqua oa Ualksa `y ^. Omru, Gbaz Ekrfkl Okoht, =2=;.

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?. @mrthchfah Om Ck WhlattkBa wms m Ualatkml smkchr he tba eketaaltb galtury, tba mutbhr he tba Kshcmrkh he tba Majaml Wam. Za

ilhw he bkf dust wbmt ba wrhta m`hut bkfsace kl tba praemga th bks whri Y:V. "@hl valktkml", ba wms

eketaal tkfas gmptmkl hl trkrafas, tbal sbkp-hwlar mlo smkcao hl `abmce he shfa lh`ca emfkckas he

bks gkty. Ba mpprhmgbao mlo vksktao savarmc tkfas tba kscmlos he Majaml Wam, mlo tbakr pareagt

ilhwcaoja mcchwao bkf prapmrklj m oasgrkptkhl kl savalty shllats, mgghfpmlkao `y ehrty-lklagmrthjrmpbkg ormwkljs. @mrthchfah ks oagcmrklj tbmt, `askoas bks okragt axparkalga he tba kscmlos, ba

ks mcsh raphrtklj wbmt tba mlgkalt jahjrmpbars ^hfphlkus Facm mlo Wtrm`h wrhta hl tbaf. Bks

oasgrkptkhls mkf th gcmrkey tba jahjrmpbkgmc, pbyskgmc, bufml, shgkmc, aghlhfkgmc mlo bksthrkgmc

sktumtkhl he Gygcmoas mlo Wphrmoas. _ba shllats, bmvklj kl emgt m ckttca phatkg vmcua, mra shfatkfas

ghltmklklj ulkqua mllhtmtkhls Y:V.

_ba gmrthjrmpbkg ormwkljs he tba kscmlos mobara th tba usumc fhoac he ghltafphrmry gbmrts,

hrkjklmccy wktbhut lmfas. @ut, kl shfa ghpkas he tba Kshcmrkh, lmfas wara mooao `y bmlo, hetal

wktb vmrkmtkhls th tba oasgrkptkva taxt, hr wktbhut ghllagtkhl th kt. _ba raprasaltmtkhl he tba kscmlo

ks mcwmys `huloao `y m gkrgca, wktb m rhsa he akjbt wklos9 Gmlokm ks ml axgaptkhl, `agmusa kt ks lht

wbhccy ghltmklao `y tba gkrgufearalga. _ba suggasskhl he tba kscmlos ks mpprhxkfmtacy oasgrk`ao ms

ehcchws4 ekrst tba kscmlos wbkgb mra tba shutbarl aoja he tba Majaml Wam, tbmt ks, Gytbarm, Grata,Imrpmtbhs mlo Pbhoas, mlo tbal, tba Gygcmoas, mlo tba Whutbarl Wphrmoas, tbhsa wbhsa mrg ruls

erhf amst th wast, sugb ms Wkfk, _kchs, Lksmrk, Mstypmcmkm, mlo sh hl, tbal m law mrg, erhf wast th

amst, wktb Wkelhs, Fkihlhs mlo htbars. _bal wa bmva tba Lhrtbarl Wphrmoas, wktb ml amstarl jrhup,

wbkgb klgcuoas mfhlj htbar Fytkcklk mlo _alaohs mlo m wastarl jrhup wktb Wiyrhs, tba

Lajrhphlta mlo htbars. _ba Kshcmrkh alos wktb tba oasgrkptkhl he Gyprus Y:V.

_ba prkltao gbmrts he tba Kshcmrkh wara aljrmvao kl whho4 tba `hhi ks mvmkcm`ca mt Pae.2. Kt ks

`ackavao tbmt tba vhcufa wms pu`cksbao kl Ualkga, mrhulo =?21. _ba whri ks rmra, aval

axgaptkhlmccy rmra, kl Ktmcy tbara mra eketaal ghpkas, htbars mra chgmtao kl Mustrkm, Jarfmly, Ermlga,

Qlktao Ikljohf, Mfarkgm mlo kl tba Umtkgml Ck`rmry.

_ba Kshcmrkh ks m whri wbkgb ks `atwaal m lmutkgmc gbmrt mlo m phrthcml gbmrt, tbmt ks, m gbmrt racmtao

th phrts hr bmr`hurs. ^hrthcml gbmts echurksbao kl tba eketaaltb mlo skxtaaltb galturkas. ^rh`m`cy, tba

Ck`ar Klsucmruf Mrgbkpacmjk he Grksthehrh @uhloacfhltk, ghfphsao prh`m`cy `atwaal =?0> mlo

=?00, sarvao ms m fhoac th tba `hhi gramtao `y @mrthchfah Y:,;V. He tba alo he tba smfa galtury,

wa bmva tba Klsucmrkuf Kccustrmtuf `y Balry Bmffar, tbmt ks Balrkgus Fmrtaccus, he Jarfml

oasgalt, mgtkva ms m gmrthjrmpbar `atwaal m`hut =?2> mlo =?;5 kl Echralga Y=>V. _bal wa gml

rafaf`ar tba Kshcmrkh `y @alaoatth @hrohla, prkltao kl Ualkga kl =102 Y==V, mlo tbmt `y

_hffmsh ^hrgmggbk, prkltao kl Ualkga kl =1;> Y=0V. _ba Kshcmrkh he @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk bmo

m saghlo aoktkhl kl =170, alrkgbao `y m jch`a he E. Phsacck Y:V.

Cat us saa kl tba ehcchwklj shfa he tba gbmrts kl tba Kshcmrkh, mgghfpmlkao `y m racmtao bksthrkgmc

ermfawhri. _ba gbmrts mra ghfpmrao wktb tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmjas9 tbks prhjrmf mcchws hrkaltklj

tba kfmja ms tbmt wa gml saa kl tba Kshcmrkh mlo tbal kt ks qukta usaeuc th uloarstmlo bhw@mrthchfah wms m`ca th raloar tba kscmlos.

1. Grata

_ba Ekjura 0 sbhws Grata ms oapkgtao kl tba Kshcmrkh. Kl tba Ekjura 7 wa gml saa tba ghrrasphloklj

Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja, rhtmtao th bmva tba smfa hrkaltmtkhl he tbmt kl tba pravkhus ekjura.

Grata wms ghlquarao ehr Phfa kl 5; @G, `aghfklj, metar tba okvkskhl, pmrt he tba Amstarl Phfml

hr @yzmltkla Afpkra. Kt ckvao qukatcy ultkc kt eacc klth tba bmlos he K`arkml Fusckfs uloar M`u Bmes

kl tba 20>s, wbh astm`cksbao ml afkrmta hl tba kscmlo. Gmlokm, tba fhoarl Barmickhl, m gkty `ukct `y

tba K`arkml Fusckfs, wms fmoa gmpktmc. _ba Afkrmta he Grata `agmfa galtra he Fusckf pkrmtkgmc

mgtkvkty kl tba Majaml, m prh`caf ehr @yzmltkuf Y=7V.

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Kl ;5=, Lkiapbhrhs ^bhims raghlquarao Grata ehr tba @yzmltkla Afpkra. _ba @yzmltklas baco tba

kscmlo ultkc tba Ehurtb Grusmoa (=0>?)4 metar oksputklj tba phssasskhl wktb tba Papu`ckg he Jalhm,

tba Ualatkmls avaltumccy ghlshckomtklj tbakr ghltrhc metar m eaw yamrs Y=7V.

Ekjura 0 Grata kl tba Kshcmrkh `y @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk.

Ekjura 7- Grata kl tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja, hrkaltao ms kl tba Ekjura 0 sbhwklj tba gbmrt he tba Kshcmrkh.

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Oaspkta eraqualt ravhcts `y tba lmtkva phpucmtkhl, tba Ualatkmls ratmklao tba kscmlo ultkc =55;,

wbal tba Htthfml _uris thhi phssasskhl he kt, metar tba Gratml Zmr (=5?1=55;).

_bal Ualkga baco Grata, ms tba Ikljohf he Gmlokm, ehr fhra tbml ehur galturkas. _ba fhst

kfphrtmlt he tba fmly ra`acckhls tbmt `rhia hut ourklj tbmt parkho wms tba hla ilhwl ms tba ravhcthe Wt. _ktus. Kt hggurrao kl =757, `agmusa Gratmls mlo Ualatkml sattcars wara axmsparmtao `y tba

bmro tmx phckgy he Ualkga. ^ahpca hvartbraw heekgkmc Ualatkml mutbhrktkas mlo oagcmrao ml

kloapaloalt Gratml Papu`ckg. Metar ekva yamrs, Ualkga wms m`ca th rasthra kts ghltrhc hl tba kscmlo.

Kl mly gmsa, ourklj Ualatkml ruca, tba phpucmtkhl he Grata wms axphsao th Palmkssmlga guctura,

prhougklj tba oavachpfalt he m cktarmtura kl tba Gratml okmcagt Y=7V.

5. _ba Ikljohf he Lajrhphlta

Mlhtbar gbmrt kl tba Kshcmrkh ks sbhwklj Au`ham, kl Ktmckml Lajrhphlta, bara raprhougao kl tba

Ekjura ?. Za gml ghfpmra kt wktb tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja mjmkl (saa Ekjura 1). _ba lmfa

Lajrhphlta ghfas erhf Aurkpus, tba lmfa he tba strmkt tbmt sapmrmtas Au`ham erhf tba fmklcmlo9

tbks lmfa ourklj tba Fkooca Mjas wms ghrrupt kl Avrkph, Ajrkph, Ajrk`hs mlo wms axtaloao th tbawbhca kscmlo. _ba Ualatkmls gmccao kt Ajrkphlta mlo eklmccy Lajrhphlta. Mlhtbar atyfhchjkgmc

kltarpratmtkhl ghuco `a ms ehcchws4 erhf tba Cmtkl lkjar, cmgi, mlo phltus, sam, raearrklj th tba

oaap, omri sam tbmt surrhulos tba kscmlo he Au`ham Y=?V.

Ourklj tba Fkooca Mjas, tba kscmlo he Au`ham bhstao tba _rkmrgby he Lajrhphlta, m grusmoar stmta

astm`cksbao hl tba metar tba pmrtktkhl he tba @yzmltkla Afpkra ehcchwklj tba Ehurtb Grusmoa.

^mrtktkhlao klth tbraa `mrhlkas (tarzkark) rul `y m eaw Chf`mro emfkckas, tba kscmlo shhl eacc uloar

tba klecualga he Ualkga. Erhf gm. =7;>, tba kscmlo `agmfa m rajucmr Ualatkml ghchly ms tba

Ikljohf he Lajrhphlta Y=1V.

Mgghroklj th tba okvkskhl he @yzmltkla tarrkthry, Au`ham wms mwmroao th @hlkemga he Fhltearrmt,

Iklj he _bassmchlkgm,tba camoar he tba Ehurtb Grusmoa. @hlkemga kl turl msskjlao tba kscmlo ms mekae th Dmgquas o'Mvaslas, wbh ehrtkekao Gbmciks, tba fmkl thwl he tba kscmlo. Metar bks oamtb, tba

kscmlo wms rucao `y tbraa Chf`mro `mrhls wbh okvkoao tba kscmlo klth tbraa trkmrgbkas (tarzkark). _ba

gkty he Gbmciks hr Lajrhphlta sarvao ms hvarmcc gmpktmc he tba kscmlo. @y =0>; bhwavar, hla he tba

`mrhls (Pmvmlh omcca Gmrgark) astm`cksbao bkfsace ms shca fmstar he Au`ham. _bks `mrhl, kl Fmrgb

=0>;, skjlao ml mcckmlga wktb Ualkga, jkvklj tba Ualatkmls skjlkekgmlt ghffargkmc prkvkcajas.

Bhwavar, kl tba Fmy he tba smfa yamr, mgtklj ehr phcktkgmc `mcmlgklj, Pmvmlh mcsh mgilhwcaojao

bks vmssmcmja th tba Cmtkl Afpkra, tba eauomc Grusmoar stmta ehuloao `y tba camoars he tba Ehurtb

Grusmoa hl cmlos gmpturao erhf tba @yzmltkla Afpkra Y=1V.

Metar tba oamtb he Pmvmlh kl =0=5, bks bakrs oksmjraao hvar tba suggasskhl, mcchwklj tba Ualatkml

mofklkstrmtkva raprasaltmtkva mgtklj ms m faokmthr. Ba pmrtktkhlao amgb `mrhly kl twh pmrts, gramtklj

tbus skx baxmrgbkas (sastkark). Mgghroklj th tba astm`cksbao rucas, fhst sastkark wara suggaaoao `ytbakr `rhtbars, shls hr lapbaws, iaapklj tba `mrhlkas wktbkl tba hrkjklmc Chf`mro emfkckas Y=1V. Kl

=011 bhwavar, tba oamtb he hla he tba baxmrgbs, Gmrkltmlm omcca Gmrgark, cao th tba sh-gmccao "Zmr

he tba Au`hahta Wuggasskhl", wbkgb klvhcvao Mgbmam mlo Ualkga. Eklmccy, kl Mujust =01;, Ohja

Palkarh Talh lajhtkmtao m pamga, ehcchwao `y m tramty kl =050 Y=1V.

@y tbmt tkfa, bhwavar, tba Afpkra he Lkgmam bmo astm`cksbao ktsace ms tba ehrafhst phwar kl tba

mram he tba ehrfar @yzmltkla Afpkra, ratrkavklj savarmc tarrkthrkas. _ba Afpkra he Lkgmamwms tba

cmrjast he tba tbraa @yzmltkla Jraai suggasshr stmtas ehuloao `y tba mrksthgrmgy he tba @yzmltkla

Afpkra tbmt ecao metar Ghlstmltklhpca wms smgiao ourklj tba Ehurtb Grusmoa. _ba htbar suggasshr

stmtas wara tba Oasphtmta he Apkrus mlo tba Afpkra he _ra`kzhlo. _ba Lkgmaml Afpkra cmstao erhf

=0>? th =05=, wbal tba Lkgmaml raghvary he Ghlstmltklhpca ra-astm`cksbao tba @yzmltkla Afpkra,

uloar tba ghltrhc he m strhlj rucar, Fkgbmac UKKK ^mcmahchjus.

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Ekjura ? Lajrhphlta kl tba Kshcmrkh `y @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk.

Ekjura 1- Au`ham kl tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja, hrkaltao ms kl tba Ekjura ? sbhwklj tba gbmrt he tba Kshcmrkh.

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_ba ^mcmahchjus shujbt th ghltrhc mjmkl tba rafmklklj Cmtkl tarrkthrkas kl shutbarl Jraaga. _h tbks

alo, ba mggaptao tba sarvkgas he Ckgmrkh, ml Ktmckml ralajmoa. Qloar Ckgmrkh's ghffmlo, tba

@yzmltkla trhhps shhl ghlquarao fhst he Au`ham, axgapt Gbmciks. @ut, metar tba oapmrtura he

Ckgmrkh, shfatkfa metar =02>, wktb Ualatkml mko, tba kscmlo jrmoumccy raturlao th Cmtkl ghltrhc. Kl

=0;5, @hlkemzkh om Uarhlm, m trkmrgb, bmo ghfpcatacy axpaccao tba @yzmltklas erhf Au`ham Y=1V.Kl =7=:, m gkty he Au`ham, Imrysths, eacc uloar tba ghltrhc he Gmtmcml Ohl Mcehlsh Emorkqua, vkgmr-

jalarmc he tba ougby he Mtbals. Kl =7=;, m pamga tramty wms skjlao `atwaal Ualkga mlo Ohl

Mcehlsh, wbara`y ba ratmklao Imrysths, wbkgb tba Ualatkmls mgqukrao kl =751. Zbal tba cmst

trkmrgbs, Lkgghch KKK omcca Gmrgark mlo Jkhrjkh KKK Jbksk, okao kl =727 mlo =7;> raspagtkvacy, tbay

caet tbakr tarrkthrkas th Ualkga, wbkgb tbus astm`cksbao ghfpcata praohfklmlga hvar tba kscmlo. _ba

trkmrgbkg systaf wms fmkltmklao, wktb Ualatkml emfkckas mpphkltao th tba phsktkhls he tarzkark, wktb

tba Ualatkml phoast raskoao mt Gbmciks. Ualkga's ruca cmstao ultkc =?:>, wbal, ourklj tba Htthfml

Ualatkml Zmr he =?57=?:;, Wuctml Fabfao KK gmfpmkjlao mjmklst Gbmciks. Zktb tba emcc he tba

gkty hl =0 Ducy, tba wbhca kscmlo gmfa uloar Htthfml ghltrhc Y=1V.

:. PbhoasHla he tba kscmlo tbmt wa eklo kl tba Kshcmrkh ks Pbhoas (Ekjuras 5 mlo :).

Pbhoas wms ml kscmlo he tba @yzmltkla Afpkra9 metar 5>> MO, tba klecualga he tbks kscmlo kl

fmrktkfa kssuas ks avkoalgao `y tba ghccagtkhl he fmrktkfa cmws, ilhwl ms "Pbhokml Wam Cmw, tbmt

wara mggaptao tbrhujbhut tba Faoktarrmlaml Wam mlo usao tbrhujbhut @yzmltkla tkfas Y=5V.

Pbhoas wms hggupkao `y tba Kscmfkg Qfmyymo ehrgas he Fumwkymb K kl 51?, wbh rafhvao tba

rafmkls he tba Ghchssus he Pbhoas. Zbal tbakr ecaat wms oastrhyao `y sthrfs mlo Jraai ekra, tba

kscmlo wms avmgumtao. Erhf tba amrcy 2tb th tba =0tb galturkas, Pbhoas `achljao th tba Gk`yrrbmaht

_bafa, ml mofklkstrmtkva okvkskhl he tba @yzmltkla Afpkra. Kt `agmfa m galtra ehr sbkp`ukcoklj mlo

ghffarga. M`hut =>;>, Pbhoas wms hggupkao `y tba Fusckf ehrgas mjmkl mlo, metar, kt wms

ragmpturao `y Afparhr Mcaxkhs K Ihflalhs, ourklj tba Ekrst Grusmoa Y=5V.

Ms @yzmltkla galtrmc phwar wamialao uloar tba Mljachk afparhrs, kl tba ekrst bmce he tba =7tb

galtury, Pbhoas `agmfa tba galtra he ml kloapaloalt ohfmkl uloar Cah Jm`mcms mlo bks `rhtbar

Dhbl, ultkc kt wms hggupkao `y tba Papu`ckg he Jalhm kl =0?2=01>. Jalhasa wara avkgtao `y tba

Afpkra he Lkgmam. _ba kscmlo `agmfa m rajucmr prhvklga he tba Lkgmaml stmta, mlo cmtar he tba

rasthrao @yzmltkla Afpkra. Kl =7>1, tba kscmlo wms jkval ms m ekae th Mloram Fhrksgh, m Jalhasa

movalturar wbh bmo altarao @yzmltkla sarvkga Y=5V.

Kl =7>;, Pbhoas wms hggupkao `y tba ehrgas he tba Ilkjbts Bhspktmccar. _ba Bhspktmccars, ms

raphrtao kl Y=:V, prh`m`cy mrhsa ms m jrhup he klokvkoumcs msshgkmtao wktb ml Mfmcektml bhspktmc kl m

okstrkgt he Darusmcaf, wbkgb wms oaokgmtao th Wt Dhbl tba @mptkst mlo ehuloao mrhulo =>07 th tmia

gmra ehr phhr, skgi hr kldurao pkcjrkfs th tba Bhcy Cmlo. Metar tba Zastarl Gbrkstkml ghlquast he

Darusmcaf kl =>;; ourklj tba Ekrst Grusmoa, tba hrjmlksmtkhl `agmfa m rackjkhus mlo fkcktmry hroar,gbmrjao wktb tba gmra mlo oaealga he tba Bhcy Cmlo. Metar tba Kscmfkg ruca wms astm`cksbao mjmkl hl

tba Bhcy Cmlo, tba Hroar stmrtao hparmtklj erhf Pbhoas, mlo cmtar erhf Fmctm Y=:V.

Qloar tba ruca he tba Ilkjbts Bhspktmccar, lawcy lmfao "Ilkjbts he Pbhoas", tba gkty wms ra`ukct

ms ml Aurhpaml faokavmc gkty. Fmly he kts emfhus fhlufalts, klgcuoklj tba ^mcmga he tba Jrmlo

Fmstar, wara `ukct ourklj tbks parkho. _ba strhlj wmccs gramtao `y tba ilkjbts wara m`ca th

wktbstmlo tba mttmgis he tba Wuctml he Ajypt kl =???, mlo he Htthfmls uloar Fabfao KK kl =?2>.

Avaltumccy, bhwavar, Pbhoas eacc th tba cmrja mrfy he Wucakfml tba Fmjlkekgalt kl Oagaf`ar

=100. _ba eaw survkvklj ilkjbts ratkrao th tba Ikljohf he Wkgkcy, erhf wbara tbay fhvao th

Fmctm. Pbhoas wms tbarametar m phssasskhl he tba Htthfml Afpkra ehr lamrcy ehur galturkas Y=:V.

_ba ^mcmga he tba Jrmlo Fmstar he tba Ilkjbts he Pbhoas kl tba gkty he Pbhoas, mlo kts wmccs mra

oapkgtao kl tba gbmrt raprhougao kl tba Ekjura 5.

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Ekjura 5 Pbhoas kl tba Kshcmrkh `y @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk.

Ekjura : - Pbhoas kl tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja, hrkaltao ms kl tba Ekjura ? sbhwklj tba gbmrt he tba Kshcmrkh.

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2. GyprusKl tba Kshcmrkh, tba cmst gbmrt ks oavhtao th Gyprus (saa Ekjuras 2 mlo ;).

Zbal tba Phfml Afpkra wms okvkoao klth Amstarl mlo Zastarl pmrts kl 7;1, Gyprus `agmfa pmrt

he tba @yzmltkla Afpkra, mlo rafmklao pmrt he kt ultkc tba Grusmoas. Qloar tba @yzmltkla ruca, kt

oavachpao strhlj Baccalkstkg-Gbrkstkml eamturas tbmt ghltklua th `a m bmccfmri he tba Jraai Gyprkht

ghffulkty Y=2V. Erhf 5?;, Gyprus sueearao `agmusa he tba oavmstmtklj rmkos he Mrm` mrfkas erhftba Cavmlt, wbkgb ghltkluao ehr tba laxt 7>> yamrs. Fmly wara qukgi pkrmtkgmc rmkos, `ut htbars

wara cmrja-sgmca mttmgis Y=2V. Mlo kl emgt, tbara mra lh @yzmltkla gburgbas wbkgb survkva erhf tbks

parkho9 fmly gktkas, sugb ms Wmcmfks, wara oastrhyao mlo lavar ra`ukct. @yzmltkla ruca wms

rasthrao kl ;51 `y tba Afparhr Lkiapbhrhs KK ^bhims.

Ekjura 2 Gyprus kl tba Kshcmrkh `y @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk.

Kl ==;=, ourklj tba _bkro Grusmoa, Pkgbmro K he Aljcmlo gmpturao tba kscmlo erhf Ksmmg Ihflalhs

he Gyprus, mlo usao kt ms m fmdhr suppcy `msa, racmtkvacy smea erhf tba Wmrmgals. M yamr cmtar,

Pkgbmro shco tba kscmlo th tba Ilkjbts _afpcmr, wbh kl turl shco kt th Juy he Cuskjlml. Bks `rhtbar

mlo suggasshr Mfmcrkg wms raghjlkzao ms Iklj he Gyprus `y Balry UK, he tba Bhcy Phfml

Afparhr. Metar tba oamtb kl =?:7 he Dmfas KK he Cuskjlml, tba Papu`ckg he Ualkga mssufao tba

ghltrhc he tbks kscmlo, wbkca tba cmta iklj's Ualatkml wkohw, ]uaal Gmtbarkla Ghrlmrh, wms

rakjlklj. Ualkga ehrfmccy mllaxao Gyprus kl =?2;, metar Gmtbarkla m`okgmtao Y=2V.

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_ba Ualatkmls ehrtkekao Lkghskm `y `ukcoklj tba Ualatkml Zmccs, mlo usao kt ms ml kfphrtmlt

ghffargkmc bu`. _brhujbhut Ualatkml ruca, tba Htthfml Afpkra eraqualtcy rmkoao Gyprus. Kl =17;

tba Htthfmls oastrhyao Ckfmsshc, mlo tbal tba Ualatkmls mcsh ehrtkekao Emfmjustm mlo Iyralkm. Kl

=1:>, m strhlj Htthfml mssmuct `rhujbt tba kscmlo uloar Htthfml ghltrhc, oaspkta tba raskstmlga he

Lkghskm mlo Emfmjustm Y=2V.

Ekjura ; - Gyprus kl tba Jhhjca Amrtb kfmja, hrkaltao ms kl tba Ekjura 5 sbhwklj tba gbmrt he tba Kshcmrkh.

;. Ghfpmss mlo rhsa he wklos

Kl Paearalga =;, kt ks thco tbmt @mrthchfah Oa Ck Whlattk bmo ormwl tba gbmrts erhf bks parshlmc

h`sarvmtkhl wktb tba mko he m ghfpmss4 At bh pk vhcta hjlklsucm gbmcgmttm / a phrtk a vmca a sghjck k

sphrgbk a k lattk / ghc `hshch par valtk bh k gmpk rattk / ghc stkch kl gbmrta gkmsgbulm sajlmttm. _ba`hshch par valtk ks tba ghfpmss wktb tba okragtkhls he wklos, ms wa gml saa kl tba ehcchwklj

Ekjura => Y0>,0=V. Kl Ktmckml, `hshch, `hsshch, `usshch oaccm gmcmfktm hr `usshcm ks tba

fmjlatkg ghfpmss Y00V.

Ekjura => - M `hsshch par valtk erhf Pae.00.

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Kl =05;, Aurhpa ilaw tba fmjlatkg ghfpmss ehr sura, ms sbhwl `y tba Apksthcm oa fmjlata,

wrkttal `y ^atrus ^arajrklus he Fmrkghurt. _bks cattar oasgrk`as m echmtklj ghfpmss ehr mstrhlhfkgmc

purphsas ms wacc ms m ory ghfpmss ehr samemrklj Y07V. Kl tba Faoktarrmlaml, tba kltrhougtkhl he tba

ghfpmss, tba kfprhvafalts kl oamo ragihlklj fatbhos mlo tba oavachpfalt he gbmrts, camoao th

ml klgramsa he lmvkjmtkhl ourklj wkltar fhltbs kl tba saghlo bmce he tba =7tb galtury Y07V. Kl

mlgkalt tkfas, tbara wara lh vhymjas `atwaal Hgth`ar mlo Mprkc, `agmusa gcamr sikas mra rmraourklj tba wkltar. _ba usa he tba ghfpmss prhchljao tba smkcklj samshl, mlo tbaraehra klgramsao tba

sbkppklj fhvafalt sh tbmt, mt tba alo he tba tbkrtaaltb galtury, tba smkcklj samshl ghuco stmrt kl cmta

Dmlumry hr Ea`rumry, mlo alo kl Oagaf`ar. Ms rafmriao kl Pae.07, tba mooktkhlmc fhltbs ehr

smkcklj, jmklao `y famls he kfprhvao klstrufalts ehr lmvkjmtkhl, wara he ghlskoarm`ca aghlhfkg

kfphrtmlga, alm`cklj ehr klstmlga, tba Ualatkml ghlvhys th fmia twh rhulo trkps m yamr th tba

Cavmlt, klstamo he hla.

Metar tbks oksgusskhl, kt ks gcamr tba usa he m rhsa he wklos kl tba gbmrts he @mrthchfahs Kshcmrkh.

Cat us lhta tbmt kl tba fmps he tba skxtaaltb galtury, wbara klktkmcs ehr tba wklos mra usao, tbay mra

klvmrkm`cy tbhsa he tba Ktmckml lmfas he tba wklos. Bhwavar, tba _rmfhltmlm ks shfatkfas fmriao

wktb m stmr hr m omrt, hr cmtar wktb tba ecaur-oa-cks, mlo tba Cavmlta mcfhst klvmrkm`cy wktb m grhss. Kl

tba Kshcmrkh, tba akjbt klktkmcs, hr syf`hcs, wara pcmgao mrhulo tba gkrgca bmvklj kts galtra ghklgkoaltwktb tba galtra he tba chxhorhfkg systaf he cklas. Metar, tba rhsa he wklo avhcvao gramtklj m sat he

akjbt, skxtaal, hr tbkrty-twh phklts, ormwl ms m stmr wktb akjbt rbhf`hkomc rmys ehr tba akjbt

prklgkpmc wklos, mlo wktb sfmccar rbhf`usas hr trkmljcas `atwaal tbaf ehr tba bmce-wklos mlo

qumrtar-wklos Y0?V.

=>. Ghlgcuskhl

Kl tbks pmpar wa bmva oksgussao m Ualatkml `hhi he kscmlos, erhf =?21, gramtao `y @mrthchfah Om

Ck Whlattk, kl tba ermfawhri he m bksthrkgmc ghltaxt. Za bmva mcsh ckliao kt th tba law klstrufalts

mlo fatbhos ehr samemrklj. Cat us ghlgcuoa faltkhlklj shfa rafmris tbmt wa gml eklo kl Pae.=.

_bara, kt ks thco tbmt mgghroklj th _hly Gmfp`acc Y01V, fmp oamcar kl tba @rktksb Ck`rmry Fmp

Ck`rmry, tba Kshcmrkh ks ml axtrmhroklmry ktaf `agmusa kt wms tba ekrst prkltao `hhi he kscmlos mlo

hla he tba amrckast prkltao ghccagtkhl he gbmrts. @ut, Gmfp`acc ks strassklj mlhtbar kfphrtmlt eamtura

he tbks `hhi4 kt ghltmkls tba ekrst prkltao fmps supphsaocy `msao hl mgtumc h sarvmtkhl, mlo kt ks

tba ekrst prkltao ghccagtkhl he fmps th hwa lh oa`t th ^thcafy.

Paearalgas

Y=V _ba Gmkro Ck`rmry, Lmtkhlmc Fmrktkfa Fusauf he Jraalwkgb, @mrthchfah Omcck Whlattk4

Kshcmrkh, mt bttp4//www.rfj.gh.ui/rasamrgbars/ghccagtkhls/`y-typa/mrgbkva-mlo-ck`rmry/ktaf-he-tba-

fhltb/pravkhus/`mrthchfah-omcck-shlattk-kshcmrkh

Y0V Lhpk ^chuthjchu, Fmrkm ^mzmrck mlo Ihstms ^mpmohphuchs, _ba Okjktmc Phtmtkhlmc mlo WgmcaEkttklj he @hrohlas Kshcmrkh kl m Ghltkluhus Klsucmr Fmp he Jraaga, a-^arkfatrhl, Uhc.0, Lh. 7,

Wuffar 0>>:, pmjas =:7-=2?.

Y7V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/FmrktkfaXrapu`ckgs

Y?V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/Papu`ckgXheXUalkga

Y1V Dhlmtbml ^bkcckps, _ba Ehurtb Grusmoa mlo tba Wmgi he Ghlstmltklhpca, Pmlohf Bhusa, 0>==.

Y5V G. Fkgbmac Bhjml, Gyohlkm, Fhoarl Mltkqumrkml, Dmlumry 07, 0>>2.

Y:V Mljacm Ghomzzk, @mrthchfah om ck Whlattk, Okzkhlmrkh @khjrmekgh oajck Ktmckmlk, Uhc.5, =;5?.

Y2V @mrthchffah omcck Whlattk, Kshcmrkh, Ualkga, gm. =?21, mvmkcm`ca hl Mrgbkva.hrj,

mrgbkva.hrj/oatmkcs/kshcmrkh>>`mrt

Y;V bttp4//kt.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/GrksthehrhX@uhloacfhltk

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Y=>V ^atar B. Faurar, Gmrthjrmpby kl tba Jarfml Cmlos, =?1> =51>, kl tba Bksthry he

Gmrthjrmpby, Uhc.7, Gmrthjrmpby kl tba Aurhpaml Palmkssmlga, Aoktao `y Omvko Zhhowmro,

_ba Qlkvarskty he Gbkgmjh ^rass Bhfa, 0>>:.

Y==V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/@alaoatthX@hrohla

Y=0V _hffmsh ^hrgmggbk, C'kshca pku emfhsa oac fhloh oasgrktta om _bhfmsh ^hrgmggbk om

Gmstkjckhla mrratklh a kltmjckmta om Jkrhcmfh ^hrrh pmohumlh ghl c'mjjkultm ok fhcta kshca. KlUalatkm4 mpprassh jck baraok ok Wkfhl Jmckjlmlk, =1;>.

Y=7V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/BksthryXheXGrata

Y=?V bttp4//kt.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/Au`am#Atkfhchjkm

Y=1V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/_rkmrgbyXheXLajrhphlta

Y=5V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/Pbhoas#Bksthry

Y=:V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/IlkjbtsXBhspktmccar

Y=2V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/Gyprus

Y=;V Akcm F. D. Gmfp`acc, Fmtarkmc he Lmutkgmc Gmrthjrmpby erhf G =11> th =51> kl tba @hocakml

Ck`rmry, Hxehro, QG @k`ckhtagm Jarmc =, =;2?.

Y0>V bttp4//kt.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/^kxkoksXlmutkgm

Y0=V Jkrhcmfh Fmjjk, Dmghfh Gmstrkhtth, Jkhvmggbklh om Ghlkmlh mlo Ermlgasgh Fhltafaccklh,Oaccm Ehrtkekgmtkhla oacca Gkttm, oac gmpktml Dmghfh Gmstrkhtth, Ck`rk 7, Oksghrsh oac gmpktml

Ermlgasgh Fhltafaccklh shprm cm ehrtkekgmtkhla oac @hrjh ok Phfm. _rmttmth oacc' Hroklmlza, hvarh

@mttmjcka oac Gmpktml Jkhvmggbklh om Ghlkmlh, atg., Gmfkcch @hrjhfklkarh, =127.

Y00V Omc Jchssmrkh Ktmckmlh ok Ekckpph Gmfarhtm, @hsshch4 Wtrufalth ok hrkaltmfalth usmth laccm

lmvkjmzkhla ekl omc Faokhavh a acm`hrmth lac Pklmsgkfalth ghfa strufalth par kc rkcavmfalth

thphjrmekgh. A' ghfphsth om ul gargbkh jhlkhfatrkgh fulkth ok okhttrm a mjh fmjlatkgh. Cm

gkrghlearalzm okvksm kl 2 pmrtk prklgkpmck ghrrksphloaltk mcca okrazkhlk oak valtk (_rmfhltmlm,

Jragh, Cavmlta, Wgkrhggh, Mustrh, Ck`aggkh, ^hlalta, Fmastrh), a gkmsgulm pmrta okvksm

jalarmcfalta kl ?1, par ul thtmca ok 75>. C'mljhch ok phskzkhla ok ul cuhjh vkala catth kl

rkearkfalth mccm okrazkhla oac valth gba ohfklm kl quac satthra ok gkrghlearalzm altrh guk sk trhvm cm

okhttrm.

Y07V bttp4//al.wkikpaokm.hrj/wkik/Ghfpmss#Bksthry

Y0?V W.^. _bhfpshl, _ba Phsa he tba Zklos4 tba Hrkjkl mlo Oavachpfalt he tba Ghfpmss-gmro,

Hxehro Qlkvarskty ^rass, =;=?.

Y01V _hly Gmfp`acc, _ba Amrckast ^rkltao Fmps =?:0-=1>>, Chlohl4 _ba @rktksb Ck`rmry, =;2:.