A Web-based Repository for Energetics Compounds on...

A Web-based Repository for

Energetics Compounds on

Military Training Ranges

Matthew F. Bigl

Research Physical Scientist

Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

1 June 2017

[email protected]

Innovative solutions for a safer, better world BUILDING STRONG®

A Brief History

Training Suspended at Eagle River Flats, Alaska

High waterfowl mortality White Phosphorus particles in sediment


A Brief History

Training Suspended at Eagle River Flats, Alaska

► Remediation cost ~$13 M

► Training during winter only


A Brief History

Edwards Impact Area Closed, JBCC, MA

► RDX and Perchlorate in Groundwater

► Cleanup cost ~$450 M

http://jbcc-iagwsp.org, 2013

http://jbcc-iagwsp.org/





A Brief History

1999–Present: SERDP Investment

► Characterization of propellant and

explosive residues on ranges

► Recently, focus on new insensitive

munitions

2006–Present: ESTCP Investment

► Representative sampling and

analysis methods

► Methods for remediation and

prevention


Objective

Provide an online resource to:

► Range Managers

► Acquisition Managers

► Remediation Program Managers

► Environmental Consultants and Contractors

Containing:

► Knowledge of contaminant behavior on ranges

► Methods for range assessment

► Best practices for range sustainment

► Framework for data visualization on ranges

► Links to other resources


Energetic Compounds

Abbrev Name Applications

TNT 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Composition B, Octol, Tritonal

RDX 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine Compositions A, B, and 4, IMX-

104

HMX Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine Octol, Compositions A, B, and 4

DNT 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Single and Double-based

Propellants

NG Nitroglycerin Double and Triple-based

Propellants

NQ Nitroguanidine Triple-based Propellants, IMX-

101

DNAN 2,4-Dinitroanisole IMX-101, IMX-104

NTO 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one IMX-101, IMX-104

AP Ammonium Perchlorate Rockets, Missiles, Bombs,

Simulators


Energetic Compounds


Deposition Rates: Propellants

Sum of deposited energetic compounds from

munitions efficiency testing (discussed later)

Data: M.R. Walsh, M.E. Walsh, A.D. Hewitt, T.F. Jenkins and others (ERDC/CRREL TR-06-10, -05-15, -04-3, -07-17, -05-

14, -10-13, -09-13, -07-18, -10-10, -10-11, and ERDC TR-08-1).


Deposition Rates: Explosives

Sum of deposited energetic compounds from

munitions efficiency testing (discussed later)

High Order Detonations:

Data: M.R. Walsh, M.E. Walsh, A.D. Hewitt, T.F. Jenkins and others (ERDC/CRREL TR-06-10, -03-16, -11-13, -05-15, 05-

14)

Weapon Munition Material Residues

(mg/round) Efficiency

Mortar 60-mm M888 Comp B 0.0735 99.99997%

Mortar 81-mm M374 Comp B 9.25 99.99844%

Mortar 120-mm M933 Comp B 19 99.99894%

Howitzer 105-mm M1 Comp B 0.095 99.99999%

Howitzer 155-mm M107 Comp B 0.3 99.99999%

Hand Grenade M67 Comp B 0.025 99.99999%

Rifle Grenade 40-mm Comp B 1.608333 99.99154%

Mine Claymore C4 16 99.99742%


Deposition Rates: Explosives

Low Order Detonations

Duds

Photos: Walsh (CRREL); P. Chong (Hawaii DOH)


Fate and Transport

Physicochemical Properties

Compound

Solubility in

Water (mg/L) log KOW Reference

TNT 100.5 1.6–1.84 Ro et al., 1996; Yoon et al., 2005

RDX 56 0.87–0.93 Monteil-Rivera et al., 2004

HMX 4.46 0.16–0.17 Monteil-Rivera et al., 2004

2,4-DNT 280 1.98 Kaye, 1980; US EPA, 2014

2,6-DNT 208 1.72–2.10 Rosenblatt, et al., 1989; US EPA, 2014

NG 1,950 1.62 US Army Materiel Command, 1971; NIOSH

NQ 4,400 n/a US Army, 1984

DNAN 276 1.612 Boddu et al., 2008

NTO 16,642* 0.37–1.03 Spear et al., 1989; Sokkalingam et al.,

2008

AP 200,000 -5.84 US EPA, 2014


Fate and Transport

Particulate Nature

9-mm propellant grain SEM

Progressive Heating

IMX101 particle μCT


Fate and Transport

Soil-Water Partition Coefficient (Kd)

Data: Pennington et al., 2006, Hawari et al., 2015, and Mark et al., 2016.


Methods

Sampling

Modified from J. Hathaway and M.E. Walsh Modified from A.D. Hewitt

FP Sally, Fort Wainwright Alaska

Low Order 120-mm Mortar Round — RDX


Methods

Multi-Increment Sampling


Methods

Multi-Increment Sampling – Decision Unit Size


Methods

EPA Method 8330B with Pictures


Best Practices

Munitions Efficiency Testing


Best Practices

Munitions Efficiency Testing


Best Practices

Propellant Burn Pan


Best Practices

Remediation

► Monitored Natural Attenuation

► Bioremediation

• Groundwater amendment

► Phytoremediation

• Transgenic grasses

► Chemical Treatment

• Lime application for hand grenade ranges

► Thermal Degradation


Data Visualization

Interactive figures

D3js.org


Data Visualization

Spatial Data leaftletjs.com


Summary

Extensive Knowledge of Energetic Compounds

in Environment

Program Managers to Contractors can use

online resource to improve range sustainment

Available to layperson

► Links to deeper information

https://energetics.erdc.dren.mil

https://energetics.erdc.dren.mil/


Acknowledgment

Samuel Beal – Co-I

Susan Taylor – Co-I

Marianne Walsh

Michael Walsh

Tom Douglas

Jonathan Bunger

Andrea Leeson (PM)

Beta Testers

https://energetics.erdc.dren.mil




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A Web-based Repository for Energetics Compounds on...

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