Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 1 How to make cards : all the information is given to you. Simply copy down the information in the simulated cards below onto your real index cards. The act of writing out the info should enhance comprehension of that info, or at the very least you have made study cards for quizzes, tests, midterms & finals. Eugepae! Note below that the info on the cards below is given horizontally, the left box = the front of a card, while the right box = the back of a card. An Example: [Front Side of Card A] Who was the last Julio-Claudian emperor? Ch. # [Back side of Card A] o Nero Chapter 34 Mood Ch. 34 o different “ways” to use verbs in a language (from Latin “modus” = way) o in Latin there are 3 moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive Indicative Mood Ch. 34 o used for normal statements and questions Imperative Mood Ch. 34 o used for commands Subjunctive Mood Ch. 34 o used for wishes, 3 rd person commands, possibilities/potentialities, exhortations, purpose clauses, result clauses, certain conditions, et al. Note on how to translate Latin subjunctives into English o the English translation of the subjunctive varies dramatically from clause to clause, so learn peculiar or special translations per each type of subjunctive clause
Transcript
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 1
How to make cards: all the information is given to you. Simply copy down the information in the simulated cards below onto your real index cards. The act of writing out the info should enhance comprehension of that info, or at the very least you have made study cards for quizzes, tests, midterms & finals. Eugepae! Note below that the info on the cards below is given horizontally, the left box = the front of a card, while the right box = the back of a card. An Example: [Front Side of Card A]
Who was the last Julio-Claudian emperor?
Ch. #
[Back side of Card A]
o Nero
Chapter 34 Mood
Ch. 34
o different “ways” to use verbs in a language (from Latin “modus” = way)
o in Latin there are 3 moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive
Indicative Mood
Ch. 34
o used for normal statements and questions
Imperative Mood
Ch. 34
o used for commands
Subjunctive Mood
Ch. 34
o used for wishes, 3rd person commands, possibilities/potentialities, exhortations, purpose clauses, result clauses, certain conditions, et al.
Note on how to translate Latin subjunctives into English
o the English translation of the subjunctive varies dramatically from clause to clause, so learn peculiar or special translations per each type of subjunctive clause
o Example: the present subjunctive will have one translation in a hortatory / jussive clause, a different translation in a purpose clause, another translation in indirect command, etc.
How to form the present subjunctive o simply change the indicative vowel per conjugation as follows:
Infinitive --> ere verbs --> a
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 2
Ch. 34
Subj. vowelāre verbs --> e 3rd-iō, ere verbs --
> iaēre verbs --> ea īre verbs --> iao Mnemonic device: We beat a giant
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Present Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34
Infinitive: esse = to besim sīmussīs sītissit sint
Present Subjunctive used independently (as main verb)
Ch. 34 (p. 128)
A few various translations for dīcāmus:(1) let us speak (!) – hortatory subjunctive(2) may we speak ! – wish (ch. 45)(3) we may speak – possibility (ch. 45)(4) [sī = if] we should speak – condition (ch. 44)
Hortatory Subjunctive(1st person commands)
o Exhortations or commands of the first person use present subjunctive:
ambulem = let me walk (!)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 3
Virtually the same idea as jussive
Ch. 34
ambulēmus = let’s walk (!), let us walk (!)o Negative is introduced by nē:nē clāvēs āmittam = let me not lose my keys (!)nē clāvēs āmittāmus = let’s not lose our keys (!)o This is an independent subjunctive
Jussive Subjunctive(3rd person commands)
Virtually the same idea as hortatory
Ch. 34
o Exhortations or commands of the 3rd person use present subjunctive:
ambulet = let him/her/it walk (!)ambulent = let them walk (!)o Negative is introduced by nē:nē pizzam edat = let him/her/it not eat pizza (!)nē pizzam edant = let them not eat pizza (!)o This is an independent subjunctive
How to form the imperfect subjunctive
Ch. 34
o very easy: for all verbs, even irregular verbs, add personal endings (active/passive) to the present active infinitive [always the present active infinitive is your stem]
o for deponent verbs, the stem is an “artificial” present active infinitive
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse = “to be” (Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Pattern)
Ch. 34
Infinitive: esse = to beessem essēmusessēs essētisessēt essēt
Sequence of Tenses
Ch. 34
The tense of the verb in the main clause influences the tense of the subjunctive verb in dependent clauses: e.g., purpose clauses, indirect commands, result clauses, etc.
Primary Sequence
Ch. 34
When the tense of the main verb is present, future, the true perfect (has/have verbed), future perfect, or an imperative--> the subjunctive verb must be present subj
Secondary or “Historical” Sequence
Ch. 34
When the tense of the main verb is imperfect, simple perfect (verbed/ did verb) pluperfect --> the subjunctive verb must be imperfect subj
Clauses of Purpose or Purpose Clauses(Card 1)
Ch. 34
o These subjunctive clauses show the purpose (why? Or for what reason / purpose?) of performing the main clause.
o Follow rules of sequence of tenseso Introduced by ut or nē +
subjunctiveo Translation : (1) in order that may
verb (primary) / might verb (secondary); (2) in order to verb; (3) so that, so as; (4) lest [negative only]
Clauses of Purpose or Purpose Clauses(Card 2)
Ch. 34
o (Primary sequence): Marcus is leaving so that we may speak in secret. = Marcus discēdit ut clam dīcāmus.
o (Secondary sequence): Marcus left so that we might speak in secret. = Marcus discessit ut clam dīcerēmus.
o (Negative): Marcus stayed lest we speak (so that we might not speak) in secret. = Marcus mānsit nē clam dīcerēmus.
What do these pairs of words mean? o ubi? = where // ubique =
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 5
Ch. 34 (P.S.)
everywhereo unde? = from where? whence? //
undique = from all sideso quis? = who? // quisque = each
(adj.)o uter? = which of two? // uterque
= each of two, both (adj)
Ch. 35 Indirect Commands
Ch. 35
o Whenever someone orders / commands / wants / asks / persuades (main clause) someone (else) to perform an action (subjunctive)
o Follow rules of sequence of tenseso Introduced by ut + subjunctiveo Negative is ut ...nōn (or ut + a
negative word, e.g. numquam, nihil, etc.)
o Translation : to verb (primary/secondary)
Indirect Commands(Card 2)
Ch. 35
o (Primary sequence): Marcus is persuading Julius and Anna to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuādet ut panem ferant.
o (Secondary sequence): Marcus persuaded Julius and Anna to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuāsit ut panem ferrent.
o (Negative): Marcus persuaded Julius and Anna not to bring bread. = Marcus Juliō et Annae persuāsit ut panem nōn ferrent.
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Ch. 35
o Simply take the 3rd principal part stem + isse + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
o Examples: amāvissem, dormīvissēs, terruisset, portāvissēmus, vīdissētis, vēnissent
o Translation : depends on the clause that it is in. Usually, “had verbed”, but can also be “might have verbed”, “would have verbed”
Passive forms of the Subjunctive (tenses present/imperfect)
o For the passive for the present & imperfect, simply attach the passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 6
Ch. 35
tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)o IMPORTANT : the present active
infinitive is also the stem for the imperfect passive!
What do the following compounds of currō mean?
Ch. 35/P.S.
accurrō = run to ocurrō = meet, run into + dative
circumcurrō = run around
percurrō = run through
concurrō = run into, clash (battle); agree
praecurrō = run ahead
dēcurrō = run down
prōcurrō = run forward
discurrō = run away
recurrō = run back
incurrō = run into succurrō = run to the help of
intercurrō = run between
trānscurrō = run across
Ch. 36 Deponent Verbs
Ch. 36
o These verbs are defective in that they have no active endings or forms
o So, passive forms/endings onlyo BUT, deponents use active
o For the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations, change the –re to –rī : [amārī, terrērī, audīrī]
o For verbs that are 3rd and 3rd-io, add an –ī to the consonant stem : [pōnī, trahī, capī, mittī]
o Translation : “to be verbed” (except for deponents, which would be “to verb”)
Special note on Present Passive Infinitive for 3rd and 3rd-io Conjugations
Ch. 36
o For verbs that are 3rd and 3rd-io, add an –ī to the consonant stem : EXAMPLES: Active inf. <--> Passive inf: pōnere <--> pōnī; trahere <--> trahī; capere <--> capī; mittere <-->mittī; dīcere <-->dīcī]
o Singular ending : -re (looks like pres. Active infinitive)
o Plural ending : -minī (same as 2nd person plural passive/deponent)
o Translation : “ verb (!)” (deponent)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 7
or “ be verbed (!)”
Forms of the Present Passive/Deponent Imperatives (Commands) by conjugation[Card 2]
Ch. 36
Singular Plural1st Conjugation
-āre -āminī2nd Conjugation
-ēre -ēminī3rd Conjugation
-ere *-iminī4th Conjugation
-īre -īminīForms of the Present Passive/Deponent Imperatives (Commands) by conjugation with examples[Card 2]
Ch. 36
Singular Plural1st Conjugation
conāre conāminī2nd Conjugation
verēre verēminī3rd Conjugation
sequere sequiminī4th Conjugation
orīre orīminīNote on deponent participles
Ch. 36
1. Present Active Participle: Yes! Labēns, labentis = “slipping”2. Perfect Passive Participle: Not “passive”, but must be translated actively. It is the last principal part – sum: lapsus/a/um = “having slipped” [sometimes “slipping” but with time prior to main verb]3. Future Active Participle: Yes! It is the last principal part – sum + the –ūr- sound: lapsūrus/a/um = “about to/going to slip”
i.e. = id estCh. 36/P.S.
o “therefore, that is to say”o Used to explain a previous
statemente. g. = exemplī grātiā
Ch. 36/P.S.o for exampleo literally, “for the sake of an
example”etc. = et cetera
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “and the rest”, “and others”o Used in lists where you could go
on, but there is no need to because the information is understood or redundant
a.m. = ante merīdiemp.m = post merīdiem
Ch. 36/P.S.
o a.m. = before noono p.m. = after noon, afternoon
A.D. vs. C.E.
Ch. 36/P.S.
o A.D. = annō Dominī = “in the year of the Lord.” This is a Christian system of dating years.
o C.E. = “in the Common Era” and is a non-religious replacement of A.D.
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 8
A.M.D.G. = ad maiōrem Deī glōriam
(Did you read The Da Vinci Code?) \Ch. 36/P.S.
o “to/for the greater glory of God”o The motto of Jesuit Order and
Opus Dei
ad fin. vs. ab. init.
Ch. 36/P.S.
o ad fin. = ad fīnem = “to the end” “at the end”
o ab init. = ab initiō = “from the beginning
P.S. = post scriptumCh. 36/P.S.
o “a thing written after”o an extra note added at the end of
a lettercf. = confer
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “compare”o Used for making comparisons or
points of referenceet seq. = et sequentia
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “and the following things”, “and the following ones”
o Used for listing specific items (compare with etc.)
flor. = flōruit
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “he/she blossomed”, “he/she was at their best”
o Used in dating the peak of a career for artists and writers, etc.; or the peak of a movement or school
p.a. = per annum
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “in or for the year”o [“by the year” “through the year”]o used for salaries, etc.: What is
your per annum pay?lb. = lībrae
Ch. 36/P.S.o “pounds”o used for weighting things and
peopleR.I.P. = requiēscat in pāce
Ch. 36/P.S.o “may he/she rest in peace”o Used on tombstones
No. = numerō
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “in number”o Used in countingo This is an ablative of respect
MSS = manūscrīpta
Ch. 36/P.S.
o “manuscripts”o Used in palaeography or the study
of manuscriptsN.B. = notā bene
Ch. 36/P.S.o “Note well”, “Take a good look at”o Used in emphasizing important
points
Ch. 37 and Ch. 38 The Ablative Absolute
Ch. 37
o A short phrase the Romans used instead of a longer subordinate clause
o consists of a noun/pronoun + a
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 9
participleo or a noun + noun; noun +
adjectiveThe most basic translation of the Ablative Absolute
Ch. 37
o “with” + noun + participleo fenestrā fractā = with the window
-iēns -ientisN.B.: The ablative singular of the Present Active Participle
Ch. 37, page 139
o –nte is the predicate or participial phrase ending
o –ntī is the attributive or adjectival ending
Perfect Passive Participle (review of forms)
Ch. 37
o = the 4th principal part of regular verbs
o For deponent verbs, it is the 3rd or last principal part – sum
o Literal Translation : “(having been) verbed”; for deponent verbs: “having verbed”
Future Active Participle
Ch. 38
o = the 4th principal part of regular verbs + the -ūr- sound
o For deponent verbs, it is the 3rd or last principal part – sum + the -ūr- sound
o Literal Translation : “about to verb”, “going to verb”, “intending to verb”
Relative time of Participles/Infinitives to the main verb in the sentence
Ch. 37 & 38
o Present Active : simultaneous or same time as main verb
o Perfect Passive or Deponent Perfect: time prior or before the main verb
o Future Active : time subsequent of future to main verb
Example of Abl. Absolute using a present active participle (N.B. different tenses of main verb)
o [Present tense M.V. + causal context] puerīs fenestrās frangentibus, puellae ē villā discēdunt. = Because the boys are breaking the windows, the girls are leaving the farmhouse.o [PAST tense M.V. + causal context]
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 11
Ch. 37 puerīs fenestrās frangentibus, puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the boys were breaking the windows, the girls left the farmhouse.
Example of Abl. Absolute using a PERFECT PASSIVE participle (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37
o [Present tense M.V. + concessive context]
fenestrā fractā puellae ē villā tamen discēdunt. = Although the window was/is broken, the girls are nevertheless leaving the farmhouse.o [PAST tense M.V. + causal context] fenestrā fractā puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the window had been broken, the girls left the farmhouse.
Example of Abl. Absolute using a future active participle (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 38
o [Present tense M.V. + causal context] puerīs fenestrās fractūrīs, puellae ē villā discēdunt. = Because the boys are about to break the windows, the girls are leaving the farmhouse.o [PAST tense M.V. + causal context] puerīs fenestrās fractūrīs, puellae ē villā discessērunt. = Because the boys were about to break the windows, the girls left the farmhouse.
Esse has no present active participle
Ch. 37, p. 141
o sum, esse has no present active participle, so it is implied in phrases like Cicerone consule = with Cicero being consul/Since Cicero is/was consul
Example of Abl. Absolute using a noun + noun (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37
o (With Augustus being emperor)o Augustō prīncipe pācem nunc
habēmus. = “Because Augustus is the emperor, we now have peace.”
o Augustō prīncipe pācem tandem habuimus. = “Because/When Augustus was the emperor, we finally had peace.”
Example of Abl. Absolute using a noun + adjective (note different tenses of main verb)
Ch. 37
o [with Julius being happy]o Iuliō laetō, mīlitēs plūs pecuniae
dantur. = Because Julius is happy, the soldiers are being given more money.
o Iuliō laetō, mīlitēs plūs pecuniae datī sunt. = Because Julius is happy, the soldiers were given more money.
What is the meaning of the following nouns, all formed from supines of verbs you know?
much?, how many?ubi = where? num = whetherutrum...an = whether ...or
utrum ...necne = whether or not
The Perfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs
Ch. 39
o 3rd principal part stem + eri + personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt)
o Translation: usually the same as the indicative –
vocāverimus = (1) we have called, (2) we called, (3) we did call // sometimes, just for the subjunctive (4) we may have called
The Perfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs (Example)
Ch. 39
from dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus/a/um = to say:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. dīxerim I (have) said*2nd Person S.
dīxeris you (have) said*
3rd Person S.
dīxerit he/she/it (has) said*
1st Person Pl.
dīxerimus
we (have) said*
2nd Person Pl.
dīxeritis you (have) said*
3rd Person Pl.
dīxerint they (have) said*
The Perfect Active Subjunctive for sum, esse (follows normal formation rules)
Ch. 39
from sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um = to be:LATIN Translation
*see previous card1st Person S. fuerim I was/have
been*2nd Person S.
fueris you were/have been*
3rd Person S.
fuerit he/she/it was/has been*
1st Person fuerimus we were/have
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 15
Pl. been*2nd Person Pl.
fueritis you were/have been*
3rd Person Pl.
fuerint they were/have been*
The Perfect Active Subjunctive for ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um (follows normal formation rules)
Ch. 39
from ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = to bear, carry, endure; report:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. tulerim I (have) carried*
2nd Person S.
tuleris you (have) carried*
3rd Person S.
tulerit he/she/it (has) carried*
1st Person Pl.
tulerimus
we (have) carried*
2nd Person Pl.
tuleritis you (have) carried*
3rd Person Pl.
tulerint they (have) carried*
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Ch. 35
o Simply take the 3rd principal part stem + isse + -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
o Examples: amāvissem, dormīvissēs, terruisset, portāvissēmus, vīdissētis, vēnissent
o Translation : depends on the clause that it is in. Usually, “had verbed”, but can also be “might have verbed”, “would have verbed”
The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs (Example)
Ch. 39
from dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus/a/um = to say:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. dīxissem I had said*2nd Person S.
dīxissēs you had said*
3rd Person S.
dīxisset he/she/it had said*
1st Person Pl.
dīxissēmus
we had said*
2nd Person Pl.
dīxissētis
you had said*
3rd Person Pl.
dīxissent they had said*
The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs (Example #2)
from ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = to bear, carry, endure; report:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 16
Ch. 39
1st Person S. tulissem I had carried*2nd Person S.
tulissēs you had carried*
3rd Person S.
tulisset he/she/it had carried*
1st Person Pl.
tulissēmus
we had carried*
2nd Person Pl.
tulissētis you had carried*
3rd Person Pl.
tulissent they had carried*
The Perfect Passive Subjunctive for all verbs
Ch. 39
o 4th principal part + sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint
o Translation: usually the same as the indicative –
vocātī sīmus = (1) we have been called, (2) we were called // sometimes, just for the subjunctive (3) we may have been called
The Perfect Passive Subjunctive for all verbs (Example)
Ch. 39
from dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus/a/um = to say:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. dictus/a/um sim
I have been said*
2nd Person S.
dictus/a/um sīs
you have been said*
3rd Person S.
dictus/a/um sit
he/she/it has been said*
1st Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a sīmus
we have been said*
2nd Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a sītis you have been said*
3rd Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a sint they have been said*
The Perfect Passive Subjunctive for ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um (follows normal formation rules)
Ch. 39
from ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = to bear, carry, endure; report:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. lātus/a/um sim
I was carried*2nd Person S.
lātus/a/um sīs you were carried*
3rd Person S.
lātus/a/um sit he/she/it was carried*
1st Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a sīmus
we were carried*
2nd Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a sītis you were carried*
3rd Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a sint they were carried*
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 17
The Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive for all verbs
Ch. 39
o 4th principal part + essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent
o Translation : depends on the clause that it is in. Usually, “had been verbed”, but can also be “might have been verbed”, “would have been verbed”
vocātī essēmus = (1) we had been called, (2) sometimes, just for the subjunctive: “we might have been called,” “we would have been called”
The Perfect Passive Subjunctive for all verbs (Example)
Ch. 39
from dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus/a/um = to say:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. dictus/a/um essem
I had been said*
2nd Person S.
dictus/a/um essēs
you had been said*
3rd Person S.
dictus/a/um esset
he/she/it had been said*
1st Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a essēmus
we had been said*
2nd Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a essētis
you had been said*
3rd Person Pl.
dictī/ae/a essēnt
they had been said*
The Perfect Passive Subjunctive for ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um (follows normal formation rules)
Ch. 39
from ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus/a/um = to bear, carry, endure; report:
LATIN Translation*see previous card
1st Person S. lātus/a/um essem
I had been carried*
2nd Person S.
lātus/a/um essēs
you had been carried*
3rd Person S.
lātus/a/um esset
he/she/it had been carried*
1st Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a essēmus
we had been carried*
2nd Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a essētis
you had been carried*
3rd Person Pl.
lātī/ae/a essent
they had been carried*
Different ways to say whether in indirect questions
1. num = whether2. seu = whether; or if3. sive...sive= whether... or4. seu...seu = whether ...or5. utrum...an = whether...or6. utrum...necne = whether...or not
P.S. Miscellanea (card #1) Give a meaning for these terms:1. data: 2. post mortem:
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 18
Ch. 39
3. sub iudice4. obiter dicta5. in loco parentis
P.S. Miscellanea (card #2)
Ch. 39
Give a meaning for these terms:6. de iure: 6b. de facto: 7. sine die:8. nemine contradicente9. magnum opus:10.exeunt omnes
Ch. 40
What’s in Ch. 40?
Ch. 40
o Further uses of the Ablativeo Subjunctives of irregular verbso Semi-deponent verbso Adverbs of place or motion
There are 5 deponent verbs that take the ablative instead of the accusative:
Ch. 40
1. ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum = to use; benefit (+ ABLATIVE)2. fruor, fruī, fructus sum = to enjoy (+ ABLATIVE)3. fungor, fungī, functus sum = to perform (+ ABLATIVE)4. potior, potīrī, potītus sum = to gain possession of (+ ABLATIVE or GENITIVE)5. vescor, vescī, ----------- = to feast on (+ ABLATIVE)
Examples of the 5 deponent verbs that take the ablative:
Ch. 40
Castrīs potītī sunt. =They got possession of the camp
The Ablative of Comparison
Ch. 40
This is an alternative to using quam + same case for both things compared. Notice the equal sign (=) used on p. 146.1. Sextus paulō celerius Marco currere potest. Sextus can run a little faster than Marcus.
The Ablative of Measure of Difference (aka, The Abl. of Degree of Difference)
Ch. 40
1. Sextus paulō (multō) celerius Marco currere potest.= Sextus can run a little (much) faster than Marcus.2. Haec via est decem milibus passuum longior quam illa via.= This road is longer than that road by ten miles.
The Ablative of Price:
Ch. 40
The ablative is used when a definite price is stated: Tibi septem denariīs hanc vaccam vendam. = I will sell you this cow for 10 denarii.
The Genitive of Value The genitive is used to express the value in which someone or something is held: 1. Quantī est illa perna? = How much is that ham? [Get rid of the “of” in your
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 19
Ch. 40
translation]2. Magister magnī (parvī) studium asetimat. = The teacher considers studying of great (little) value.3. Puerī nōn floccī1 librōs faciunt. = The boys do not care at all about books.
The Ablative of Origin
Ch. 40
often used with nātus/a/um “born of”1. Aeneas deā nātus est. = Aeneas was born of a goddess.
What is the present active participle of eō, īre (“to go”)?
Ch. 40
iēns, ientis = “going”
Semi-Deponent Verbs (1)
Ch. 40
A very small number of verbs that are active in the present system (present, imperfect, future), but passive (deponent) in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect)
Semi-Deponent Verbs (2)
Ch. 40
Here are the semi-deponents:1. audeō, audēre, ausus sum = to dare2. cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus sum =
to trust (+ dative)3. fiō, fiērī, factus sum = to become,
be made4. gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum = to
be glad5. soleō, solēre, solitus sum = to be
accustomed to, to be in the habit of, usually (verb)
Special note on fiō, fiērī, factus sum = to become, be made
Ch. 40
o This verb is used as the passive of faciō, facere, fēcī, factus/a/um...: So, “Dinner will be made (was made) by my sister” = Cēna ā meā sorōre fiet (fiēbat).
o Note the irregular infinitive: fiērīThe present subjunctive of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um
Ch. 40
sim sīmussīs sītissit sint
The imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um
Ch. 40
essem essēmusessēs essētisesset essent
The perfect subjunctive of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um
Ch. 40
fuerim fuerimusfueris fueritisfuerit fuerint
1 A floccus is a tuft of wool, i.e., something of very little value. Similar to our expressions, (1) I do care one iota or whit, (2) Who gives a hoot?
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 20
The pluperfect subjunctive of sum, esse, fuī, futūrus/a/um
Place Where Motion To Motion Fromhīc = here hūc = hither,
to herehinc = hence, from here
illīc = in that place, there
illūc = thither, to there
illinc = thence, from there
ibi = there eō = thither, to there
inde = thence, from there
ubi? = where?
quō? = whither?, to where?
unde? = whence?, from where?
Ch. 41
What’s in Ch. 41?Ch. 41
o Indirect statemento Infinitives- formal presentation of all
infinitives in all tenses and voiceso Alternative future inf. of futūrus esse
(fore)What is indirect statement (I.S.)?
(AKA indirect discourse; AKA oratio obliqua)
Ch. 41
Most basically, indirect statement is the reporting of someone else’s words. For example:John: “I love old movies.” [Direct statement]---------------------------Heather says that John loves old movies. [Indirect statement]
How to recognize I.S.
Ch. 41
The following items appear in indirect statement:1. Verb of the Head that introduces the I.S.(2.) “that” supplied in English translation only3. accusative subject of I.S.4. verb in the I.S. is an infinitive (i.e., it is not conjugated with personal verb endings)
Some examples of “verbs of the dīcere = to say scīre = to know
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 23
head” (1)
[You should always be able to supply “that” after these verbs in your English translation]
Ch. 41
loquī = to say crēdere = to believenarrāre = to tell cernere = to see,
discernvidēre = to see intellegere = to
understanddiscere = to learn respondēre = to
answerSome examples of “verbs of the head” (2)
[You should always be able to supply “that” after these verbs in your English translation]
Ch. 41
negāre = to deny, say...not
nescīre = to not know
pūtāre = to think gaudēre = to be gladspērāre = to hope noscere = to knowaudīre = to hear habēre = to considercognoscere = to get to know, learn
cogitāre = to think, contemplate
What are the different Latin infinitives in tenses and voice?
Ch. 41
1. Present Active Infinitive2. Present Passive Infinitive3. Perfect Active Infinitive4. Perfect Passive Infinitive5. Future Active Infinitive6. Future Passive Infinitive (rare)7. Gerundive Infinitive (to be learned later:
chh. 51-2)Review of the Present Active Infinitive
Ch. 41
The Present Active Infinitive = the 2nd principal part1st Conjugation
-āre portāre2nd Conjugation
-ēre vidēre3rd Conjugation
-ere ponere3rd –iō Conjugation
-ere capere4th Conjugation
-īre audīreReview of the Present Passive/Deponent Infinitive
[Watch out for 3rd Conjugation!!!]
Ch. 41
The Present Passive/Deponent Infinitive is formed from the 2nd principal part as follows:1st Conjugation
-ārī portārī2nd Conjugation
-ērī vidērī3rd Conjugation
-ī ponī3rd –iō Conjugation
-ī capī4th Conjugation
-īrī audīrīReview of the Perfect Active Infinitive
Ch. 41
The Perfect Active Infinitive for all verbs is formed from the 3rd principal part stem + -isseExamples: portāvisse, habuisse, cēpisse, posuisse, audīvisse
Review of the Perfect Passive/Deponent Infinitive
The Perfect Passive/Deponent Infinitive for all verbs is the 4th principal part + esse
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 24
Ch. 41
Examples: portātus/a/um esse, habitus/a/um esse, captus/a/um esse, positus/a/um esse, audītus/a/um esse, locūtus/a/um esse, secūtus/a/um esse
Review of the Future Active Infinitive[Deponents also have this infinitive]
Ch. 41
The Future Active (Deponent) Infinitive for all verbs is formed from the 4th principal part stem + -ūr sound + esseExamples: portātūrus/a/um esse, habitūrus/a/um esse, captūrus/a/um esse, positūrus/a/um esse, audītūrus/a/um esse, locūtūrus/a/um esse, secūtūrus/a/um esse, futūrus/a/um esse
Alternate future active infinitive forfutūrus/a/um esse
Ch. 41
The Romans often used the word fore as an alternative to any form of futūrus/a/um esse
Relative Time of Infinitives to the Main Verb of the sentence
[Nota Bene: This also applies to the tenses participles]
Ch. 41
TENSE [voice doesn’t matter]
RELATIVE TIMEPresent Infinitive Simultaneous to
main verb (of the head) [=]
Perfect Infinitive Time Prior to main verb (of the head) [-]
Future Infinitive Time Subsequent or Future to main verb (of the head) [+]
Example of I.S. with a present main verb: [Active Infinitives] is ruling. (=)We think that Julius (has) ruled. (-) will rule. (+)
Ch. 41
regere. (=)Putāmus Julium rēxisse. (-) rectūrum esse. (+)
Example of I.S. with a PAST tense main verb: [Active Infinitives] was ruling. (=)We thought that Julius had ruled. (-) would rule. (+)
Ch. 41
regere. (=)Putāvimus Julium rēxisse. (-) rectūrum esse. (+)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 25
What is up with the future passive idea in I.S.?
Ch. 41
[Technically, does exist, but should probably be avoided. There is a form which only survives in Cicero: (1) the 4th principal part in the neuter + (2) īrī. Example: portātum īrī]…For indirect statement, you will more usually see (1) fore ut (or futūrum esse ut) + (2) present subjunctive (primary sequence) or imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence.Ex.: fore ut portētur or portāretur, etc.
Example of I.S. with a present main verb: [Passive Infinitives]
is saved. (=)We believe that the country was/has been saved. (-) will be saved. (+)
Ch. 41
servārī (=)Crēdimus pātriam servātam esse (-)
Crēdimus fore ut pātria servētur. (+)
Example of I.S. with a PAST tense main verb: [Passive Infinitives]
was (being) saved. (=)We believed that the country had been saved. (-) would be saved. (+)
Ch. 41
servārī (=)Crēdidimus pātriam servātam esse (-)
Crēdidimus fore ut pātria servārētur. (+)
Here are more examples from the worksheet [note the differences between (a), (b), (c) & (d)]:
DIRECT STATEMENT: “Puer altus villōsōs ovēs tondet/totondit/tondet.” = The tall boy is shearing/(has) sheared/will shear shaggy sheep.
(a) I.S. introduced by a present tense main verb of the head [primary sequence]
tondēre.M Mater dīcit puerum altum villōsōs ovēs totondisse.
tōnsūrum esse. [-um to agree with puerum]
is shearingMother says that the tall boy was shearing/ (has) sheared
the shaggy sheep.will shear
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 26
(b) I.S. introduced by a past tense main verb of the head [secondary/historical sequence]
tondēre. Mater dīxit puerum altum villōsōs ovēs totondisse.
tōnsūrum esse. [-um to agree with puerum]
was shearingMother said that the tall boy had sheared the shaggy sheep.
would shear
(c) Passive I.S. introduced by a present tense main verb of the head [primary sequence]
tondērī. Mater dīcit villōsōs ovēs ā puerō altō tōnsōs esse.
fore ut villōsī ovēs ā puerō altō tondeantur.
are (being) shornMother says that the shaggy sheep were carried/ have been shorn by the tall boy.
will be shorn
(d) Passive I.S. introduced by a past tense main verb of the head [secondary/historical sequence]
tondērī. Mater dīxit villōsōs ovēs ā puerō altō tōnsōs esse.
fore ut villōsī ovēs ā puerō altō tondērentur.
were (being) shornMother said that the shaggy sheep had been shorn by the tall boy.
would be shorn
How do reflexives (sē & suus/a/um) work in I.S.?
Ch. 41
Reflexives refer back to the subject of the verb (of the head) which introduces the indirect statement
What is the difference between...?:
(1) Marcus dīcit sē aquam tulisse.
(2) Marcus dīcit eum aquam tulisse
Both translate as “Marcus says that he brought the water.” But, the sē in (1) indicates that Marcus himself brought the water. The eum in (2) indicates that some other dude brought the water and not Marcus
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 27
Ch. 41Another example using reflexives in I.S.:
(3) Puellae dīcunt sē aquam lātūrās esse.
(4) Puellae dīcunt eās aquam lātūrās esse.
Ch. 41
Both translate as “The girls say that they will bring the water.” But, the sē in (3) indicates that the girls themselves will bring the water. The eās in (4) indicates that some other girls will bring the water.
Review of reflexive pronouns- by person & number
[Note that the 3rd person is the same in singular & plural. Also, note that 3rd person is for all 3 genders][Why is there no nominative?]
Ch. 41
1st Sing
2nd Sing
3rd Sing
1st Plur
2nd Plur
3rd Plur
Nom
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Gen meī tuī suī nostrī
vestrī
suī
Dat mihi
tibi sibi nōbīs
vōbīs
sibi
Acc mē tē sē nōs vōs sēAbl mē tē sē nōbī
svōbīs
sē
Note on participles in indirect statement.
Ch. 41, page 150
2 infinitives are formed by adding esse to a participle: (1) the perfect passive/deponent infinitive, (2) the future active infinitive√ Be sure to make the ending on the participle accusative case, & agree with the subject in gender & number
Careful with phrases that begin with dīcitur “it is said (that)”
[and other similar phrases]
Ch. 41
dīcitur is followed by nominative + infinitive, NOT accusative + infinitive:
dīcitur Caligula quattuor annōs rēxisse = it is said (that) Caligula ruled for 4 years. (or) Caligula is said to have ruled for 4 years. [Caligula is the subject of dīcitur]
Adjectives formed from verbs ending in –ilis or –bilis denote passive qualities
Ch. 41, P.S.
Some examples:crēdibilis, crēdibile = believable, credibleflēbilis, flēbile = lamentabledocilis, docile = teachablefacilis, facile = easy, doable
Chapter 42 What’s in Ch. 42?
Ch. 42
No new grammar. Ch. 42 continues exercises with indirect statement.
Adjectives formed from verbs ending in –āx in the nominative singular & –ācis in the genitive singular denote a habit or
Trigger words are characteristic of result clauses:o tam = so (with adjectives and adverbs)o tantus/a/um = so much, so greato tantum (adverb) = so mucho tot = so manyo totiēns = so ofteno ita = in such a way, soo adeō = to such an extent, so mucho tālis, tāle = such, of such a sort
Examples of Result Clauses (primary sequence)
Ch. 43
Aurelia laughs so often that no one tells her jokes. =Aurelia totiēns rīdet ut nēmō eī ioca dīcat.That girl is so beautiful that I want to marry her. =Illa puella est tam pulchra ut eam in mātrimōnium dūcere cupiam.
Examples of Result Clauses (secondary sequence)
Ch. 43
The wild horse ran with so much speed that he couldn’t be caught. = Equus ferus tantā celeritāte cucurrit ut nōn capī posset. (posset is imperfect subj.)That girl was so beautiful that I wanted to marry her. = Illa puella erat tam pulchra ut eam in mātrimōnium dūcere cuperem.
Careful with negative result clauses
Negative result clauses are initiated by ut (not nē) + one of the following negative words:nōn= not nihil / nīl = nothing
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 29
Ch. 43
numquam = never neque...neque / nec...nec = neither..nor
nūllus/a/um = none nusquam = nowhere
nēmō = no one nōndum = not yetvix = barely, scarcely
Sequence of tenses in result clauses
Ch. 43, p. 154
In result clauses the normal rules of sequence of tenses are not necessarily followed; the subjunctive tense can vary depending on the sense.Tam dīligenter herī labōrābat ut hodiē fessus sit. = He worked so hard yesterday that today he is tired.
Perfect Subjunctive in result clauses
Ch. 43
The Perfect Subjunctive is used in result clauses to show the simple aspect or the actuality of an event.:Tam diū herī labōrābat ut eī decem denariōs dederimus. = He worked so long yesterday that we gave him 10 denarii.
Inscriptions on tombstones: abbreviations
Ch. 43, P.S.
Some examples:D.M. = dīs mānibus “to the deified sprits of the dead”[dīs is a contracted form of deīs; and mānibus is from the word mānēs, mānium which means ghost or departed soul]s = (1) could be an abbreviation for sanctus/a/um or (2) for soror, sorōrisa.d. = ante diem (never annō Dominī on ancient tomb markers)
Chapter 44 What’s in Ch. 44?
Ch. 44
o Conditional Clauses/Conditional Sentences
o sī/nisiTypes of Conditions
Ch. 44
o Simple/General/Openo Contrary to Facto Future More Vivido Future More Vivid with Emphatic
Protasiso Future Less Vivido Mixed Conditions
Terminology for conditions:(protasis/apodosis)
Ch. 44
o “Protasis” = the if-clause. The Protasis is the hypothesis. [If x is 6, ...]
o “Apodosis” = the conclusion of the if-clause (protasis) [..., then y is 8]
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 30
The protasis is usually before the apodosis, but not always: the apodosis may come 1st.
Present Simple/General* Condition
*General can be translated “if ever” or “whenever”
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin present indicative
present indicative
English “verbs” “verbs”o (1) If x is 7, then y is 11. (2) If
ever/Whenever it rains, my dog starts barking.
o Sī mel vīnō additur, fit dulcius. = If (ever) honey is added to wine, it becomes sweeter.
PAST Simple/General* Condition
*General can be translated “if ever” or “whenever”
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin any past indicative
any past indicative
English “(has/have) verbed / was verbing / had verbed”
“(has/have) verbed / was verbing / had verbed”
o (1) If x was 7, then y was 11. (2) If ever/Whenever it rained, my dog barked.
o Sī mel vīnō addēbātur, factum est dulcius. = If (ever) honey was added to wine, it became sweeter.
Present Contrary-To-Fact Condition
[the protasis is not true]
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin imperfect subjunctive
imperfect subjunctive
English “were verbing” “would verb”o (1) If x were 7, then y would be 11. (2)
If it were raining, my dog would be barking.
o Sī mel vīnō adderētur, nēmō biberet. = If honey were (being) added to the wine, no one would be drinking it.
PAST Contrary-To-Fact Condition
[the protasis is not true]
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin pluperfect subjunctive
pluperfect subjunctive
English “had verbed” “would have verbed”
o (1) If x had been 7, then y would have been 11. (2) If it had rained, my dog would have barked.
o Sī mel vīnō additum esset, nēmō bibisset. = If honey had been added to the wine, no one would have drunk it.
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 31
Future More Vivid Condition
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin Future indicative Future indicativeEnglish “verbs” “will verb”o (1) If x is 7, then y will be 11. (2) If it
rains tomorrow, my dog will bark.o Sī mel vīnō addētur, nēmō bibet. = If
honey is added to the wine, no one will drink it.
Future More Vivid Condition with Emphatic protasis
[In this case, the Romans stress that the action of the protasis must be completed before the apodosis can take place.]
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin Future Perfect indicative
Future indicative
English “verbs” “will verb”o (1) If x is 7, then y will be 11. (2) If it
rains tomorrow, my dog will bark.o Sī mel vīnō additum erit, nēmō bibet. =
If honey is added to the wine, no one will drink it.
Future Less Vivid Condition
“should-would” conditions
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin present subjunctive
present subjunctive
English “should verb” “would verb”o (1) If x should be 7, then y would be 11.
(2) If it should rain tomorrow, my dog would bark.
o Sī mel vīnō addātur, nēmō bibat. = If honey should be added to the wine, no one would drink it.
“After sī, nisi, num and nē, ...[mnemonics]
Ch. 44
“After sī, nisi, num and nē, all the ali’s drop away.”So: (1) sī quid = sī aliquid; (2) sī quis = sī aliquis; (3) nisi quem = nisi aliquem; (2) sī cui = sī alicui; etc.
Indicative Conditions [Latin Formulae]
Ch. 44
Name of Condition Protasis ApodosisPresent General / Simple /Open
Present Indicative
Present Indicative
Past General / Simple /Open
Any Past Indicative
Any Past Indicative
Future More Vivid
Future Indicative
Future Indicative
Future More Vivid w/ emphatic protasis
Future Perfect Indicative
Future Indicative
Subjunctive Conditions [Latin Name of Condition Protasis Apodosis
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 32
Formulae]
Ch. 44
Present Contrary to Fact
Imperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect Subjunctive
Past Contrary to Fact
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Future Less Vivid
Present Subjunctive
Present Subjunctive
Mixed Contrary-To-Fact condition
[when a past hypothesis continues to (be contrary) present time]
Ch. 44
Formulae
Protasis Apodosis
Latin Pluperfect subjunctive
imperfect subjunctive
English “had verbed” “would verb”o (1) If x had been 7, then y would be 11.
(2) If it had rained, my dog would be barking.
o Sī mel vīnō additum esset, nēmō biberet. = If honey had been added to the wine, no one would be drinking it.
The ending -cumque
Ch. 44/P.S.
o The ending –cumque indicates extreme indefiniteness:
o Adjective : quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque = “whoever”, “whatever”
o ubicumque = “wherever”o quōcumque = “(to) wherever”,
“whithersoever”o quācumque = “by/in whatever way”
Chapter 45 What’s in Ch. 45?
Ch. 45
Independent Subjunctives or Subjunctives in main clauses
o Exhortations (hortatory/jussive)o Deliberative Questionso Optative (wishes) – three typeso Potential
Irregular subj. of audeo, audere, ausus sum
1st Person Exhortations: The Hortatory Subjunctive
Ch. 45
o use present subjunctive & supply “Let” translation
o negative, use nēExamples:o Vīvam aut moriar! = Let me live or let me
die!oNē hīc vīvāmus. = Let’s not live here!
3rd Person Exhortations: The Hortatory Subjunctive
Ch. 45
o use present subjunctive & supply “Let” translation
o negative, use nēExamples:o Vīvant aut moriantur! = Let them live or let
them die!
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 33
oNē hīc maneat. = Let him/May he not stay here!
Deliberative Questions
Ch. 45
oUse present subjunctive in a questionoDeliberative questions occur when the
speaker is wondering what to do.Examples:oQuid principī dīcāmus? = What should we
say tot he emperor? // What are we to say to the emperor?
oQuō nunc eam. = (To) where am I to go now?
utrum...an
[refer to chapter 39]Ch. 45
o utrum...an is used in double questions:Examples:
utrum puellam hodie vocem an usque ad cras morer.= Should I call the girl today or wait until tomorrow?
Optative (wishes)
Ch. 45
o wishes are often initiated with the word utinam (utinam is often shortened to ut)
o negative is nēo Translation : (1) “I wish”, (2) “If only”, (3)
The tense of the subjunctive determines the type of wish:o wishes capable of being fulfilled (present
subjunctive)o wishes incapable of being fulfilled (imperfect
subjunctive)o past wishes unfulfilled (pluperfect subjunctive)
wishes capable of being fulfilled
Ch. 45
o use present subjunctiveo typically, use utinam / utinam nēExamples:o (Utinam) puella mē vocet! = (1) If only the
girl will call me. / (2) I wish the girl would call me. / (3) May the girl call me! / (4) Would that the girl call me!
o (Utinam) Nē crās pluviat. = (1) If only it will not rain tomorrow. / (2) I wish that it (may) not rain tomorrow. / (3) May it not rain tomorrow! (4) Would that it not rain tomorrow!
wishes incapable of being fulfilled [also called present unfulfilled wishes]
[these are most similar to present contrary to fact conditions]
Ch. 45
o use imperfect subjunctiveo typically, use utinam / utinam nēExamples:o (Utinam) puella mē vocāret! = (1) If only
the girl were calling me. / (2) I wish the girl were calling me. / (3) Would that the girl were calling me!
o (Utinam) Nē pluveret. = (1) If only it were not raining. / (2) I wish that it were not raining. / (3) Would that it were not raining!
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 34
PAST unfulfilled wishes
[these are most similar to past contrary to fact conditions]
Ch. 45
o use pluperfect subjunctiveo typically, use utinam / utinam nēExamples:o (Utinam) puella mē vocāvisset! = (1) If
only the girl had called me. / (2) I wish the girl had called me. / (3) Would that the girl had called me! / (4) Might the girl have called me! (archaic)
o (Utinam) Nē pluvisset. = (1) If only it had not rained. / (2) I wish that it had not rained. / (3) Would that it had not rained! (archaic) / (4) Might it have not rained! (archaic)
Potential Subjunctive (1)
Ch. 45
o The potential subjunctive needs more discussion than what appears in the textbook
o Most commonly use the present subj, or imperfect subj., but also the pluperfect subjunctive
o Potential Subjunctive is similar to the apodoses of various conditions (with unexpressed protases)
o Negative is nōno Often initiated by these subjunctives: velim,
nolim, ausim, malimo Translation : may, might, should, would
Potential Subjunctive (2: examples with velim, nōlim, ausim, mālim)
Ch. 45
o velim hīc manēre = I would/should/may/might like to stay here.
o nōlint hīc manēre = they would/should/may/might not want/be willing to stay here.
o Marcus pugnāre nōn ausit = Marcus would/ should/ may / might not dare to fight.
o Julia dormīre mālit. Julia would prefer to sleep.
Potential Subjunctive (3)-other examples in other tenses(the perfect is less common)
Ch. 45
o (present subj.) Epistulam tibi scrībam. = I may write you a letter.
o (imperfect subj.) Epistulam tibi scrīberem. = I may/might/would/should write you a letter.
o (perfect subj.) Epistulam tibi scrīpserim. = I may (have)/might/would/should write you a letter.
o (pluperfect subj.) Epistulam tibi scrīpsissem. = I may/might/would/should have written you a letter.
Inscriptions
Ch. 45/P.S.
o Look at the abbreviations and the cultural info about the cult of Augustus
Chapter 46 What’s in Ch. 46? o This is a review chapter: no new
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 35
Ch. 46grammar
Spatial prepositions (+ acc.) and adverbs
Ch. 46/P.S.
+ acc. Comparative
Superlative Superlative Translation
extrā “outside”
exterior, exterius
extrēmus/a/um
uttermost, extreme
intrā “inside”
interior, interius
intimus/a/um innermost, most intimate
post “after”
posterior, posterius
postrēmus/a/um
last
prae “before”
prior, prius
prīmus/a/um first
suprā “above”
superior, superius
suprēmus/a/um
highest, latest
” ” summus/a/um
highest, greatest
ultrā “beyond”
ulterior, ulterius
ultimus/a/um furthest, last
Chapter 47
What’s in Ch. 47?
Ch. 47
o Cum clausesoDum clauseso The connecting relativeo Alternate verb and noun forms
The mini-mantra for cum clauses
Ch. 47
oWhen you come across a cum-clause, try “(1) when, (2) since, (3) although”
When conjunction cum = “when”
Ch. 47
If cum = “when”…o Present time/Primary sequence, use indicative moodo Past time/Secondary sequence, use either indicative or
subjunctive mood depending on the position: if cum clause is first clause of the sentence, use subjunctive. But if the cum clause follows the main clause, use indicative mood.
When conjunction cum = “whenever”
Ch. 47
If cum = “whenever”…o use indicative mood, not subjunctive. o Typically in the past, use the pluperfect indicative.[This is called “Circumstantial” cum// similar to present general or past general conditions]
The future perfect tense in the cum clause (cum = “when”)
Ch. 47
Sometimes the future perfect appears in the cum-clause, instead of a future. The future perfect merely stresses the completion of the action in the future: this usage is virtually the same as the future more vivid condition with emphatic protasis.
Cum tē crāsviderō, pecūniam tibi dabō. = When I (will) see you tomorrow, I will give you the money.
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 36
When conjunction cum = “since”
Ch. 47
If cum = “since”…o use subjunctive mood, not indicative, for both primary
and secondary sequences.
When conjunction cum = “although”
Ch. 47
If cum = “although”…o use subjunctive mood, not indicative, for both primary
and secondary sequences. o Typically, there will be a tamen (nevertheless) in
the main clause
Review chart of the moods for cum-clauses
Ch. 47
cum “when” cum clause is positioned 1st
“when” cum clause is positioned 2nd
“whenever”
“since”
“although”
Primary Sequence
indic. indic. indic. Subj. Subj.
Secondary Sequence
Subj. indic. indic. Subj. Subj.
The various meanings of dum
Ch. 47
o dum usually means “while,” but can also mean “until” [and sometimes “provided that”: the last use of dum is a shortened form of dummodo]
The most common meaning of dum
Ch. 47
o dum usually means “while,” and is followed by the present indicative, even when the past tense is meant:
o dum in agrō sedēmus, avis in capite amīcī meī astitit. =
While we were sitting in the field, a bird landed on my friend’s head.
The use of the imperfect indicative in the dum clause
Ch. 47
oUse the imperfect in the dum-clause, if the action of the main clause occurs throughout the action of the dum clause:
o dum in agrō sedēbāmus, avēs in capite amīcī meī astābant. =
While we were sitting in the field, birds kept landing on my friend’s head
dum can mean “until”
Ch. 47
o dum can mean “until”, and just like other temporal conjunctions, usually takes the indicative:
o avēs in agrō spectābāmus, dum in capite amīcī meī astāre incipiēbant. = We were watching the birds in the field, until they started to land on my friend’s head
If the dum-clause (“until”) shows purpose...
Ch. 47
o If the dum-clause (“until”) shows purpose, use the subjunctive mood: (1) present subjunctive in primary sequence, (2) imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence.
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 37
Examples of dum-clauses (“until”) showing purpose...
Ch. 47
oWe are staying at home until father arrives/should arrive. = Domī manēmus dum pater adveniat. (primary sequence)
oWe stayed at home until father arrived. = Domī manēbāmus dum pater advenīret. (secondary sequence)
The “connecting relative”
Ch. 47
o The connecting relative (also called the “initial relative”) appears at the beginning of the sentence
o The connecting relative = (1) a connective (“and”) + (2) a pronoun (“him”, “her”, “them”, etc.). or...
o The connecting relative = (1) a connective (“and”) + (2) a demonstrative (“this”, “these”, “that”, etc.).
Examples of the “connecting relative”
Ch. 47
oQuae cum ita sint, nunc sumus in perīculō. = And since these things are so, we are now in trouble. [Quae = et haec]
o Cleopātra forās ambulāvit. Quam cum vīdisset Antōnius, eam secūtus est. = Cleopatra walked outside. And when Anthony saw her, he followed her. [Quam = et eam]
The archaic perfect:-ēre = -ērunt
Ch. 47/P.S.
o The archaic perfect, 3rd person plural only: -ēre = -ērunt
o Poets use this alternate form to fit the metero 3rd principal part stem + -ēre, instead of –ērunt:o clāmāvēre = clāmāvērunt = “they (have) shouted”o vēnēre = vēnērunt = “they (have) come”
The omission of the perfect “v” or “vi”
Ch. 47/P.S.
o In poetry, the “v” or “vi” in the perfect system is often omitted for the meter
o This omission is most common for 1st and 4th conjugation verbs:
o audiit = audīvit; parāsse = parāvisse; audierat = audīverat
o sometimes “ve” is omitted: nōrit = nōveritThe word, fore
Ch. 47/P.S.
o fore is an alternate form of futūrus/a/um esseo fore will appear most often in indirect statement:o sperō eōs hīc mox fore = I hope they will be here
soon.fore + endings
Ch. 47/P.S.
o If you put personal endings on fore, it is the same as the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse:
The future imperative o The future imperative, with the sense of performing the action now & in the future, has the following endings:
o Singular : -tō /// Plural: -tōte:
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 38
Ch. 47/P.S. o estō /// estōte = be! o scītō /// scītōte = know! omementō /// mementōte = remember!
Alternative 2nd person singular ending –re for -ris
Ch. 47/P.S.
o The verb ending –re is often used instead of –ris.o This alternative form appears only in the present,
future or imperfect tenses:o audiēbāre = audiēbāris = you were being heardo audiēre = audiēris = you will be heardo portābere = portāberis = you will be carried
Ablative for i-stem nouns
Ch. 47/P.S.
o 3rd declension i-stem nouns may end in –ī instead of –e:
o nāvī for nāveo cīvī for cīve
Accusative Plural for 3rd
declension adjectives + i-stem nouns
Ch. 47
o the Accusative Plural for 3rd declension adjectives & i-stem nouns may end in –īs instead of –ēs:
o omnīs cīvīs (acc. pl) = omnēs cīvēs (acc. pl)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 39
Chapter 48 What’s in Ch. 48?
Ch. 48
o Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Formulae for Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Ch. 48
o nē / nē...nōn + present subjunctive (primary sequence)
o nē / nē...nōn + imperfect subjunctive (secondary sequence)
o In English, use “verbs, may verb, might verb, would verb”
Why nē and not ut?
Ch. 48
o nē is used instead of ut to introduce fear clauses, because in the Roman mind a verb of fearing is negative
o nē...nōn (ut...nōn) is used in negative fear clauses
Examples of Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Ch. 48
o Puella verētur/timet nē mater sit īrāta. = The girl is afraid that (lest) her mother is/may be/might be mad. (primary sequence)
o Puella verēbātur/timēbat nē mater esset īrāta. = The girl was afraid that (lest) her mother was/might be mad. (secondary sequence)
Examples of negative Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Ch. 48
o Puer verētur/timet nē mater cēnam nōn paret. = The boy fears that his mother is not/may not be/might not be making dinner.
o Puer verēbātur/timēbat nē mater cēnam nōn parāret. = The boy feared that his mother was not/might not be making dinner.
No change of subject in Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Ch. 48
o If there is no change in subject from the main clause to the fear clause, use a complementary infinitive instead of a nē – clause:
o I am afraid to walk to school. = vereor/timeō ad ludum ambulāre.
sē and suus/a/um in Clauses of Fearing (= Fear Clauses)
Ch. 48
o Any form of the reflexive pronoun, sē, or the reflexive adjective, suus/a/um, in fear clauses refers back to the subject of the leading verb in the main clause.:
o timēbant nē magister sē nōn dīmitteret. = They were afraid that the teacher would not/might not dismiss them.
Reminder about deponent perfect participles...
Ch. 48
o Remember that perfect participles from deponent verbs can be translated in two ways:
o (1) having verbed, (2) verbing:
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 40
o veritus/a/um = (1) having feared, (2) fearing
Chapter 49 What’s in Ch. 49?
Ch. 49
o Impersonal Verbso Impersonal verbs + accusative of the
persono Impersonal verbs + dative of the persono Impersonal verbs + infinitiveso Intransitive verbs in the passiveo (P.S.) The gender of 3rd declension nouns
Impersonal verbs (definition)
Ch. 49
o Impersonal verbs do not have a person performing the action, so always supply “it”...
o So, think of them as neuter: their perfect participles will end in -um
Examples of Impersonal verbs
Ch. 49
o pluit = it is rainingo ningit = it is snowingo tonat = it thunderso necesse est = it is necessaryo fās est = it is right
Examples of Impersonal verbs + accusative of the person
Ch. 49
o tē oportet = it behooves you = you oughto eum pudet = it behooves him = he is
ashamedo nōs iuvat = it delights us = we likeomē taedet = it wearies me = I am tired of
(+ genitive)Examples of Impersonal verbs + dative of the person
Ch. 49
o tibi licet = it is allowed to you = you mayo Augustō placuit = it pleased Augustus =
Augustus decidedo nōbīs necesse est = it is necessary for us
= we mustImpersonal verbs often take an infinitive
Ch. 49
Examples:o nōbīs licut lūdōs spectāre = we were
allowed to watch the gamesImpersonal verbs often set up indirect statement
Ch. 49
Examples:o fās est Iōvem esse rēgem deōrum = it is right that Jupiter is king of the gods.
o Antōniō nūntiātum est Cleopatram esse mortuam. = It was announced to Antony that Cleopatra was dead.
Intransitive verbs must be used impersonally in the passive
Ch. 49
Intransitive verbs are verbs which do not take a direct object.:o Antōniō nūntiātum est = It was
announced to Antonyo Ferōciter pugnātum est = It was fought
fiercely = There was a fierce battle / They (not specific) fought firecely
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 41
Verbs of motion can be used impersonally in the passive
Ch. 49
Verbs of motion (go, come, run, arrive, etc) can be used impersonally in the passive, BUT (1) translate them in the ACTIVE voice & (2) supply a subject form context.[they make no sense in the English passive]:o ventum est = we came; they came, you
came (subject depends on the context of the sentence: literally “it was come”)
MORE EXAMPLES of Verbs of motion can be used impersonally in the passive
Ch. 49
o Ad silvam itur = They/we/you’ll* come to the forest.
o Ad silvam itum est = They/we/you’ll* came to the forest.
o undique concurritur = they/the men/we* run together (clash) from all sides
o undique concursum est = they/the men/we* ran together (clashed) from all sides
*supply subject from the contextVerbs that take the dative case become Impersonal verbs in the passive
Ch. 49
If you make passive a verb that takes a dative, then also use it impersonally in the passive voice:o captīvīs parcitur = it is being spared to
the captives = the captives are being spared.
o captīvīs parsum = it was spared to the captives = the captives were spared.
omihi persuādētur = it is persuaded to me = I am being persuaded
omihi persuāsum est = it was persuaded to me = I was persuaded
MORE EXAMPLES of Verbs that take the dative case become Impersonal verbs in the passive
Ch. 49
o Cleopātrae imperābitur = Cleopatra will be ordered...
o Cleopātrae imperātum erat = Cleopatra had been ordered...
o tibi ignōscētur = you will be forgiven (it will be forgiven to you)
o tibi ignōtum est = you have been forgivenThe gender of 3rd declension nouns-er type
Ch. 49/P.S.
oMost 3rd declension nouns ending in –er in the nominative singular are masculine
o Exceptions : māter (F.), mulier (F.), linter (F.), iter (N.), vēr (N.)
The gender of 3rd declension nouns-or/-ōs type
Ch. 49/P.S.
oMost 3rd declension nouns ending in -or/-ōs in the nominative singular are masculine
o Exceptions : soror (F.), uxor (F.), arbor/arbōs (F.), cor (N.), aequor (N.)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 42
The gender of 3rd declension nouns-iō type
Ch. 49/P.S.
oMost 3rd declension nouns ending in -iō in the nominative singular are feminine
o Exceptions : centuriō (M.), decuriō (M.)
The gender of 3rd declension nouns-ās type
Ch. 49/P.S.
o All 3rd declension nouns ending in -ās in the nominative singular are feminine
o Exceptions : gigās “giant (M.)
The gender of 3rd declension nouns-ūdō type
Ch. 49/P.S.
o All 3rd declension nouns ending in -ūdō in the nominative singular are feminine
The gender of 3rd declension nouns-e/-us/-en type
Ch. 49/P.S.
o ALL 3rd declension nouns ending in –e/-us/-en in the nominative singular are NEUTER
Examples: mare (sea), genus (race), corpus (body, stercus (dung), flūmen (river), lumen (light)
Chapter 50 What’s in Ch. 50?
Ch. 50
oGerundso Purpose with ad + accusativeo Purpose with causā + preceding genitiveo The gerund of eō, īre “to go”o P.S.: Funerary Inscriptions
Gerunds - Definition
Ch. 50
oGerunds are verbal nouns in Latin and English:Example: I exercise by running. (running is a noun or gerund from the verb to run)
Gerunds – Latin info
Ch. 50
In Latin, gerunds are o (1) neutero (2) singularo (3) 2nd Declension [neuter]oGerunds decline like any 2nd Decl. neuter noun,
like bellum (Infinitive, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō).o The nominative is the infinitive, otherwise look
for –nd-o ActiveoGerunds n ever agree w/ anything.
Gerunds – special notes on cases
(1) Nominative : subject [infinitive in form](2) Genitive : whenever you need “of” or “for”
(objective genitive); often shows purpose with causā or gratiā “for the sake of”
(3) Dative : rare; only with verbs that take a dative(4) Accusative :* the –ndum form is NOT for
DIRECT OBJECTS: only with ad “for the purpose of” [for direct objects use the infinitive]
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 43
Ch. 50(5) Ablative : usually shows means – “by means
of”; often manner/respect with preposition in - “in”
Gerunds – special note on the accusative* case
Ch. 50
The accusative* case (–ndum form) only with ad “for the purpose of” and NOT for DIRECT OBJECTSo Ille domum ad dormiendum rediit. = He returned
home to sleep^ (for the purpose of sleeping).o The direct object is an objective infinitive. In English
we can say either (1) I like swimming, or (2) I like to swim. In Latin, it will always be the objective infinitive (I like to swim)
^ remember that in Latin, do not use the infinitive to show purpose
Gerunds – basic Latin declension
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
Infinitive verbing
Genitive Sing
-ndī of (for) verbing
Dative Singular
-ndō to/for verbing
Accusative S
-ndum verbing*
Ablative Sing
-ndō WFBI verbing
Gerunds – Latin declension of 1st Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -āre/ Deponent: -ārī]
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
portāre carrying
Genitive Sing
portandī of (for) carrying
Dative Singular
portandō to/for carrying
Accusative S
portandum carrying*
Ablative Sing
portandō WFBI carrying
Gerunds – Latin declension of 2nd Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ēre/ Deponent: -ērī]
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
monēre warning
Genitive Sing
monendī of (for) warning
Dative Singular
monendō to/for warning
Accusative S
monendum warning*
Ablative Sing
monendō WFBI warning
Gerunds – Latin declension of 3rd Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent:
Latin EnglishNominative S.
currere running
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 44
-ī]
Ch. 50
Genitive Sing
currendī of (for) running
Dative Singular
currendō to/for running
Accusative S
currendum running*
Ablative Sing
currendō WFBI running
Gerunds – Latin declension of 3rd-io Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: -ere/ Deponent: -ī]
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
fugere fleeing
Genitive Sing
fugiendī of (for) fleeing
Dative Singular
fugiendō to/for fleeing
Accusative S
fugiendum fleeing*
Ablative Sing
fugiendō WFBI fleeing
Gerunds – Latin declension of 4th Conjugation Verbs[Infinitive: - īre/ Deponent: -īrī]
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
dormīre sleeping
Genitive Sing
dormiendī of (for) sleeping
Dative Singular
dormiendō to/for sleeping
Accusative S
dormiendum
sleeping*
Ablative Sing
dormiendō WFBI sleeping
Gerunds – Latin declension of eō, īre “to go”
Ch. 50
Latin EnglishNominative S.
īre going
Genitive Sing
eundī of (for) going
Dative Singular
eundō to/for going
Accusative S
eundum going*
Ablative Sing
eundō WFBI going
Gerunds – deponent verbs
(Example using loquor, loquī, locutus sum = to speak)
Deponent verbs have gerunds: Latin English
Nominative S.
loquī speaking
Genitive Sing
loquendī of (for) speaking
Dative Singular
loquendō to/for speaking
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 45
Accusative S
loquendum speaking*
Ablative Sing
loquendō WFBI speaking
Nominative Examples of Gerunds: (Subject/Predicate Nominative)
Ch. 50
Vidēre est credere. = Seeing is believingMensās movēre est nōn gratum. = Moving tables is not fun. Esse quam vidērī = To be rather than to seem. Or, Being rather than seeming.
Genitive Examples of Gerunds: (1) “of” / “for” used after certain adjectives & nouns, especially (2) gratiā & causā - show purpose)
Ch. 50
(1) modus operandī = “method of operating” (1) Perita erat loquendī = She was skilled at speaking. (2) Agricola in agrum arandī causā (or gratiā) iit. = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the sake of plowing. [Think of gratiā and causā as frozen forms that exist to show purpose with a preceding genitive.]
Dative Examples of Gerunds: rare- only with special verbs or adjectives that take the dative
Ch. 50
nōn satis otiī habēbō carmina scrībendō. = I shall not have enough leisure (free time) for composing poems.
Accusative Examples of Gerunds: with ad (or in) to show purpose.
Ch. 50
o Translate “for the purpose of”; “to”Agricola ad arandum in agrum iniit = The farmer went into the field to plow (it)/for the purpose of plowing.
Ablative Examples of Gerunds: most usually as ablative of MEANS.
Ch. 50
Rīdendō cūrās dimittimus. = We send away our cares by laughing.carmina scrībendō Horātius fāmam meruit. = Horatius won fame by writing poems.in carmina scribendō ille praestat. = Horatius excels in writing poems.
Gerunds vs. Participles
Ch. 50
o Be careful NOT to confuse the English gerund and the present active participle, b/c they both end in “ing.”
o Remember that the gerund is a verbal NOUN, and the present participle is a verbal ADJECTIVE:
oHoratia sat in the garden singing. (Participle)oHoratia warmed up her voice by singing scales.
(Gerund)Review of the ways to show purpose with the gerund
Ch. 50
o causā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb”
o gratiā + a preceding genitive = “for the sake of verbing”, “to verb”
o ad + accusative = “for the purpose of verbing”, “to verb”
o
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 46
How to remember the vowel changes per conjugation:
Chapter 51 What’s in Ch. 51?
Ch. 51
oGerundives, aka the Future Passive Participle
o Literal meaning of the Future Passive Participle
o Rules for turning Gerund Phrases into Gerundive Phrases
oDeponent Gerundiveso P.S. Two Epigrams
Gerundives – definition
Ch. 51
oGerundives are also called “Future Passive Participles”: “to be verbed”
oGerundives, therefore, work like –us/-a/-um adjectives (1st & 2nd Declension Adjectives)
o Agree with a nouno Look like gerunds, because they have the
“nd”How to distinguish Gerunds from Gerundives
Ch. 51
GERUNDS... GERUNDIVES..Verbal NOUNS Verbal ADJECTIVESDon’t agree with anything
Agree with a noun
Only singular Can be singular or plural
Only neuter Can be M, F, or N depending on the noun it agrees with
ACTIVE PASSIVEGerundives – how to translate them
o (1) mostly literally “to be verbed”: ager arandus = “the field to be plowed”; epistula mittenda = “the letter to be sent”
o (2) “verbing” in a gerund clause that has
1st
2nd 3rd
3rd-io 4th
--andu
m
-endum -endum
-iendum -iendum
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 47
Ch. 51
been converted to a gerundive clause. (see below)
o (3) Gerundive of Obligation: gerundive + form of the verb esse “to be” (see Chapter 52)
o (4) Gerundives with special verbs showing purpose or intent (see Chapter 52)
Gerundives – declension (singular)
Ch. 51
Masculine S.
Feminine S. Neuter S.
Nom S pugnandus pugnanda pugnandumGen S pugnandī pugnandae pugnandīDat S pugnandō pugnandae pugnandōAcc S pugnandum pugnandam pugnandumAbl S pugnandō pugnandā pugnandōVoc S pugnande pugnanda pugnandum
o The poet is sitting in his study to compose new poems. = Poēta in tablīnō nova carmina scrībendī causā sedet. (gerund) = Poēta in tablīnō novōrum carminum scrībendōrum causā sedet. (gerundive)
Gerundives of deponent verbs
Ch. 51
oDeponent verbs have a gerundiveoDeponent gerundive are passive in
translation, like other gerundives:o Examples : cōnandus/a/um = to be triedo sequendus/a/um = to be followedomiserandus/a/um = to be pitied
Gerundives – an example using the vocative Ch. 51
o Puer miserande, bene vīxistī et mortuus es! = O boy to be pitied, you lived and died well!
Two Epigrams
Ch. 51/P.S.
o
Chapter 52 What’s in Ch. 52?
Ch. 52
oGerundives (continued)o The Gerundive of Obligation = Passive
Periphrastico Impersonal Gerundives of Obligation (w/
Intransitive Verbs)oGerundives with special verbs showing
purpose or intento P.S., Memorābilia: famous lines from
VergilGerundive of Obligation (1st Card)
Ch. 52
o If a form of the verb esse “to be” is used as a helping verb with a gerundive, the whole phrase has a sense of obligation, necessity, or propriety.
o Since this is the main verb, put nominative endings on the gerundive.
o The dative case is used for the person showing agency
o This construction is always passive in Latin (aka, The Passive Periphrastic), but can be made active in English
Examples of the Gerundive of Obligation (2nd Card)
Ch. 52
o cēna nōbīs paranda est. = Dinner must be prepared by us. = We must prepare dinner. [nōbīs is dative of agent]
o omnēs hī librī mihi legendī sunt. = All these books must be read by me. = I must read all these books.
o In carcerem iudicī mittendus eris. = You will have to be sent to prison by the judge. = The judge will have to send you to prison.
o Drācō Dormiēns Nunquam Titillandus (est) = A Sleeping Dragon should never be tickled. ≈ Never tickle a sleeping dragon.
Examples of the Gerundive of --> Indirect Statement (accusative + infinitive)
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 49
Obligation in indirect statement (3rd Card)
Ch. 52
o Māter dīxit cēnam nōbīs parandam esse. = Mother said that dinner must be prepared by us. = Mother said that we must prepare dinner. [nōbīs is dative of agent]
o Magister dīcit omnēs hōs librōs mihi legendōs esse. = The teacher says that all these books must be read by me. = The teacher says that I must read all these books.
o Iudex nūntiāvit tē in carcerem mittendum esse. = The judge announced that you will have to be sent to prison.
o Hermiōne dīcit drācōnem dormientem nunquam titillandum (esse) = Hermione says that a sleeping dragon should never be tickled.
Impersonal Gerundives of Obligation (w/ Intransitive Verbs)
Ch. 52
o Intransitive verbs (i.e., verbs that do not take a direct object; e.g., verbs of motion) are used impersonally.
o In this event, the gerundives end in –ndum, and the helping verb is singular (est, erat, erit, fuit, sit, esset):
o Nōbīs eundum est. = We must go. (literally: there must be a going by us.)
Examples of Impersonal Gerundives of Obligation (w/ Intransitive Verbs)
Ch. 52
o Puellīs festinandum erat. = The girls had to hurry. (literally: It had to be hurried by the girls)
o Nunc est bibendum = There must now be a drinking (i.e., Let’s make a toast. Famous poem of Horace)
o Hīc omnibus puerīs manendum erit. = All the boys will have to stay here. (There will have to be a staying by all the boys.)
English words/expressions that have the gerund of obligation sound
* supply est** supply sunt
Ch. 52
o agendum * = the thing which must be doneo agenda ** = the things which must be doneo memorandum * = something which must be
rememberedo memoranda ** = the things which must be
rememberedo addendum * = the thing which must be addedo addenda ** = the things which must be addedo corrigenda ** = the things which must be correctedo mūtātīs mūtandīs = Because the things have
changed, they had to changeo Amanda * = Amanda; “she who is fit/worthy to be
loved”o Miranda * = Miranda; “she who is fit/worthy to be
marveled at”o legend = a story that must be read
Gerundives with special verbs showing purpose or intent
Ch. 52
o Sometimes the gerundive agrees with the object(s) of special verbs showing purpose or intent, e.g., curāre, dare, mittere (see 52.2):
o Domum magistra discipulum puniendum mīsit. = The teacher sent the student home to be punished.
o Augustus ludōs Capuae celebrandōs curāvit. = Augustus arranged for (took care to (have)) the games celebrated at Capua.
P.S., Memorābilia: famous lines from Vergil
Ch. 52/P.S.
o See P.S.o
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 50
Chapter 53 What’s in Ch. 53?
Ch. 53
o The Double Dativeo Predicative Dative (aka, Dative of
Purpose)o Expressions that take the Double Dative o Relative Clauses of Purpose (subjunctive)o quō Purpose Clauses (with a comparative)o P.S., Memorābilia: famous lines from
HoraceDouble Dative Construction
Ch. 53
o The Double Dative (aka the Predicative Dative) has the following elements:
1. a form of esse as the main verb2. a dative of purpose3. a dative of reference (usually a person)
may also be called the dative of advantage/disadvantage
Examples of the Double Dative(Card 1) – see p. 176
Ch. 53
(Augustus is the dat. of reference; the other dative is the dative of purpose)o Augustō auxiliō esse = to be a help to Augustuso Augustō cordī esse = to be dear to Augustuso Augustō cūrae esse = to be a care/a cause of
anxiety to Augustuso Augustō exemplō esse = to be an example to
AugustusMore Examples of the Double Dative(Card 2) – see p. 176
Ch. 53
o Rōmānīs exitiō esse = to be a cause of destruction to the Romans
o Rōmānīs odiō esse = to be hateful to the Romans; a source of hatred to the Romans
o Rōmānīs salūtī esse = to be a cause of safety to/for the Romans
o Rōmānīs ūsuī esse = to be useful to the RomansVarious ways to translate the dative of purpose...
Ch. 53
For example: odiō esse =1. (as) a hatred2. (as) a cause of hatred3. (as) a source of hatred4. with some special English phrase: be hateful
toThe relative clause of purpose
Ch. 53
o This clause simply is using a relative pronoun (quī, quae, quod) instead of ut to intoduce a purpose clause.
o The verb in this clause will be subjunctive (to show purpose):
o Quintus servōs ēmīsit quī ovēs custodīrent. = Quintus sent out slaves to guard the sheep (literally, who might guard the sheep)
Purpose Clauses introduced by quō + a comparative adjective/adverb
o Purpose Clauses can be introduced by the ablative word quō + a comparative adjective/adverb, instead of ut...
o Therefore, purpose clause which contain a comparative are usually introduce by quō instead of ut:
o Prīmā lūce proficīscimur quō celerius domum adveniāmus. = We are setting out at
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 51
Ch. 53 dawn to reach (so that we may) home more quickly.
P.S., Memorābilia: famous lines from Horace
Ch. 53/P.S.
o See P.S.o
Chapter 54 What’s in Ch. 54?
Ch. 54
o Summary of the Uses of uto ut + indicative (“as”, “when”, “since”)o ut + subjunctive:a. in purpose clauses (see ch. 34)b. in indirect commands (see ch. 35)c. in result clauses (see ch. 43)o other uses of ut not in this booko P.S., Augustī Testāmentum (Rēs Gestae
Dīvī Augustī)o P.P.S., The death of the centurion Lucilius
ut + indicative (“as”, “when”, “since”)-page 179
Ch. 54
o ut + indicative (“as”, “when”, “since”):oHelena, ut fāma est, ex ōvō nata est. =
Helen, as is the tale, was born from an egg.
oUt amīcōs vīdit, clāmāvit. = As/When/Since he saw his friends, he shouted.
ut + subjunctive:a. in purpose clauses (see ch.
34)b. in indirect commands (see
ch. 35)c. in result clauses (see ch. 43)
Ch. 54
ut + subjunctive in purpose clauses (see ch. 34):o These subjunctive clauses show the
purpose (why? Or for what reason / purpose?) of performing the main clause.
o Follow rules of sequence of tenseso Introduced by ut or nē + subjunctiveo Translation : (1) in order that may verb
(primary) / might verb (secondary); (2) in order to verb; (3) so that, so as; (4) lest [negative only]
ut + subjunctive:b. in indirect commands (see
ch. 35)
Ch. 54
oWhenever someone orders / commands / wants / asks / persuades (main clause) someone (else) to perform an action (subjunctive)
o Follow rules of sequence of tenseso Introduced by ut + subjunctiveo Negative is ut ...nōn (or ut + a
negative word, e.g. numquam, nihil, etc.)
o Translation : to verb (primary/secondary)ut + subjunctive:c. in result clauses (see ch. 43)
o A result clause is a dependent subjunctive clause that shows the “result” of the
Oxford Book 3 Grammar CARDS, page 52
Ch. 54
action of the main clause.o Example : George ate so much pizza that
he couldn’t eat dessert. (The clause of result is in italics.)
o Main Clause with a trigger wordo result clause always introduced by uto subjunctive verb in the ut clause (usually
present subjunctive, imperfect subjunctive)
Other ut clauses:
(Ch. 54)
o ut can sometimes mean “how” and is followed by the subjunctive...
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