A2 Chemistry Checklist

8/10/2019 A2 Chemistry Checklist

1/13 1 Pearson Education Ltd 2009This document may have been altered from the original

A2 Unit F324: Rings, polymers and analysis

Module 1 Rings, acids and amines

ArenesDone

Compare the Kekul and delocalised models for benzene in terms of p-orbitaloverlap forming bonds.

Review the evidence for a delocalised model of benzene in terms of bond lengthsenthalp! change of h!drogenation and resistance to reaction.

"escribe the electrophilic substitution of arenes with#

$i% concentrated nitric acid in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

$ii% a halogen in the presence of a halogen carrier.&utline the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in arenes using themononitration and monohalogenation of benzene as e'amples.

('plain the relative resistance to bromination of benzene compared with alkenesin terms of the delocalised electron densit! of the bonds in benzene comparedwith the localised electron densit! of the C)C bond in alkenes.

"escribe the reactions of phenol#

$i% with a*ueous alkalis and with sodium to form salts

$ii% with bromine to form + , -tribromophenol.('plain the relative ease of bromination of phenol compared with benzene in termsof electron-pair donation to the benzene ring from an o'!gen p orbital in phenol.

tate the uses of phenols in the production of plastics antiseptics disinfectants andresins for paints.

Car onyl compoundsDone

"escribe the o'idation of alcohols using Cr +&/ +0 23 $i.e. K +Cr +&/ 2+ & , % including#

$i% the o'idation of primar! alcohols to form aldeh!des and carbo'!lic acids4 thecontrol of the o'idation product using different reaction conditions

$ii% the o'idation of secondar! alcohols to form ketones.

"escribe the o'idation of aldeh!des using Cr +&/ +0 23 to form carbo'!lic acids.

"escribe the reduction of carbon!l compounds using 5a62 , to form alcohols.

&utline the mechanism for nucleophilic addition reactions of aldeh!des and ketoneswith h!drides such as 5a62 , .

"escribe the use of + ,-dinitrophen!lh!drazine to#$i% detect the presence of a carbon!l group in an organic compound

Content checklistContent checklist


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$ii% identif! a carbon!l compound from the melting point of the derivative.

"escribe the use of 7ollens8 reagent $ammoniacal silver nitrate% to#

$i% detect the presence of an aldeh!de group

$ii% distinguish between aldeh!des and ketones e'plained in terms of the o'idation

of aldeh!des to carbo'!lic acids with reduction of silver ions to silver.

Car o!ylic acids and estersDone

('plain the water solubilit! of carbo'!lic acids in terms of h!drogen bonding anddipole0dipole interaction.

"escribe the reactions of carbo'!lic acids with metals carbonates and bases.

"escribe esterification of carbo'!lic acids with alcohols in the presence of an acidcatal!st4 of acid anh!drides with alcohols.

"escribe the h!drol!sis of esters#

$i% in hot a*ueous acid to form carbo'!lic acids and alcohols

$ii% in hot a*ueous alkali to form carbo'!late salts and alcohols.

tate the uses of esters in perfumes and flavourings.

"escribe a triglyceride as a triester of gl!cerol $propane-1 + 9-triol% and fatt! acids.

Compare the structures of saturated fats unsaturated fats and fatt! acids includingcis and trans isomers from s!stematic names and shorthand formulae.

Compare the link between trans fatt! acids the possible increase in :bad8cholesterol and the resultant increased risk of coronar! heart disease and strokes.

"escribe and e'plain the increased use of esters of fatt! acids as biodiesel.

AminesDone

('plain the basicit! of amines in terms of proton acceptance b! the nitrogen lonepair.

"escribe the reactions of amines with acids to form salts.

"escribe the preparation of#

$i% aliphatic amines b! substitution of halogenoalkanes with e'cess ethanolicammonia

$ii% aromatic amines b! reduction of nitroarenes using tin and concentratedh!drochloric acid.

"escribe the s!nthesis of an azo d!e b! reaction of an aromatic amine with nitrousacid $;1< =C% with formation of a diazonium ion followed b! coupling with a phenolunder alkaline conditions.

tate the use of reactions in the formation of d!estuffs.



Module 2 "olymers and synt#esis

Amino acids and c#iralityDone

tate the general formula for an >-amino acid as RC2$52 +%C&&2.tate that an amino acid e'ists as a zwitterion at a p2 value called the isoelectric

point.

tate that different R groups in >-amino acids ma! result in different isoelectricpoints.

"escribe the acid0base properties of >-amino acids at different p2 values.

('plain the formation of a peptide $amide% linkage between >-amino acids b!condensation and subse*uent condensation pol!merisation to form pol!peptides

and proteins."escribe the acid and the alkaline h!drol!sis of proteins and peptides to form >-amino acids or carbo'!lates.

"escribe optical isomers as non-superimposable mirror images about an organicchiral centre# four different groups attached to a carbon atom.

?dentif! chiral centres in a molecule of given structural formula.

('plain that optical isomerism and EIZ isomerism are different t!pes ofstereoisomerism.

"olyesters and polyamidesDone

"escribe condensation polymerisation to form#

$i% pol!esters e.g. 7er!lene from benzene-1 ,-dicarbo'!lic acid and ethane-1 +-diolpol!$lactic acid% from +-h!dro'!propanoic acid $lactic acid%

$ii% pol!amides e.g. n!lon- from 1 -diaminohe'ane and he'ane-1 -dicarbo'!licacid Kevlar from benzene-1 ,-diamine and benzene-1 ,-dicarbo'!lic acid.

Compare condensation pol!merisation with addition pol!merisation.

uggest the t!pe of pol!merisation from#

$i% a given monomer or pair of monomers

$ii% a given section of a pol!mer molecule.

?dentif! the monomer$s% re*uired to form a given section of a pol!mer $and viceversa %.

tate the use of pol!esters and pol!amides as fibres in clothing.

"escribe the acid and the base h!drol!sis of pol!esters and pol!amides.

&utline the role of chemists in minimising environmental waste b! development ofdegradable pol!mers similar in structure to pol!$lactic acid%.


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('plain that condensation pol!mers#

$i% ma! be photodegradable as the C)& bond absorbs radiation

$ii% ma! be h!drol!sed at the ester or amide group.

$ynt#esisDone

@or an organic molecule containing several functional groups#

$i% identif! individual functional groups

$ii% predict properties and reactions.

"evise multi-stage s!nthetic routes for preparing organic compounds.

('plain that the s!nthesis of pharmaceuticals often re*uires the production of asingle optical isomer.

('plain that molecules prepared s!ntheticall! in the laborator! often contain ami'ture of optical isomers whereas molecules of the same compound producednaturall! b! enz!mes in living s!stems will often be present as one optical isomeronl!.

('plain that the s!nthesis of a pharmaceutical that is a single optical isomer#

$i% increases costs due to difficult! in separating the optical isomers

$ii% reduces possible side effects and improves pharmacological activit!.

('plain that modern s!nthesis of a pharmaceutical with a single optical isomer isoften carried out#

$i% using enz!mes or bacteria which promote stereoselectivit!$ii% using chemical chiral s!nthesis or chiral catal!sts

$iii% using natural chiral molecules such as A-amino acids or sugars as startingmaterials.


5/13 B Pearson Education Ltd 2009This document may have been altered from the original

Module 3 Analysis

C#romatograp#yDone

"escribe chromatograph! as an anal!tical techni*ue that separates components ina mi'ture between a mobile phase and a stationar! phase.

tate that#

$i% the mobile phase ma! be a li*uid or a gas

$ii% the stationar! phase ma! be a solid $as in thin-la!er chromatograph! 7AC% oreither a li*uid or solid on a solid support $as in gas chromatograph! C%.

tate that#

$i% a solid stationar! phase separates b! adsorption

$ii% a li*uid stationar! phase separates b! relative solubilit!.('plain the term R f value and interpret one-wa! chromatograms in terms of R fvalues.

('plain the term retention time and interpret gas chromatograms in terms ofretention times and the appro'imate proportions of the components of a mi'ture.

('plain that anal!sis b! gas chromatograph! has limitations e.g. similarcompounds often have#

$i% similar retention times

$ii% unknown compounds have no reference retention times for comparison.('plain that mass spectrometr! can be combined with chromatograph!#

$i% to provide a far more powerful anal!tical tool than from chromatograph! alone

$ii% to generate mass spectra which can be anal!sed or compared with a spectraldatabase b! computer for positive identification of a component.

tate the use of C-D in anal!sis e.g. in forensics environmental anal!sisairport securit! and space probes.

$pectroscopyDone

tate that 5DR spectroscop! involves interaction of materials with the low-energ!radiowave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Enal!se a carbon-19 5DR spectrum of a simple molecule to make predictionsabout#

$i% the different t!pes of carbon present from chemical shift values

$ii% possible structures for the molecule.

Enal!se a high-resolution proton 5DR spectrum of a simple molecule to make

predictions about#$i% the different t!pes of proton present from chemical shift values


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7/13 / Pearson Education Ltd 2009This document may have been altered from the original

A2 Unit F32%: &'uili ria, energetics and elements

Module 1 Rates, e'uili rium and p(

(o) *ast+Done

('plain and use the terms# rate of reaction order rate constant half-life rate-determining step .

"educe from a concentration0time graph the rate of a reaction and the half-life ofa first order reaction.

tate that the half-life of a first-order reaction is independent of the concentration.

"educe from a rate0concentration graph the order $< 1 or +% with respect to a reactant.

"etermine using the initial rates method the order $< 1 or +% with respect to a reactant.

"educe from orders a rate e*uation of the form# rate ) k HEIm H6In for which m andn are < 1 or +.

Calculate the rate constant k from a rate e*uation.

('plain *ualitativel! the effect of temperature change on a rate constant and hencethe rate of a reaction.

@or a multi-step reaction#

$i% propose a rate e*uation that is consistent with the rate-determining step$ii% propose steps in a reaction mechanism from the rate e*uation and the balancede*uation for the overall reaction.

(o) *ar+Done

Calculate given appropriate data the concentration or *uantities present at e*uilibrium.

"educe for homogeneous reactions e'pressions for the e*uilibrium constant K c.

Calculate the values of the e*uilibrium constant K c including determination of units.

('plain the effect of changing temperature on the value of K c for e'othermic andendothermic reactions.

tate that the value of K c is unaffected b! changes in concentration or pressure orb! the presence of a catal!st.


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Acids, ases and u**ersDone

"escribe an acid as a species that can donate a proton and a base as a speciesthat can accept a proton.

?llustrate using ionic e*uations the role of 2 3 in the reactions of acids with metalscarbonates bases and alkalis.

"escribe and use the term conjugate acidbase pairs.

('plain *ualitativel! in terms of dissociation the differences between strong andeak acids.

('plain that the acid dissociation constant! K a shows the e'tent of acid dissociation.

"educe for weak acids e'pressions for K a and p K a .

"efine p" as p2 ) 0logH2 3I4 H23I ) 1< 0p2 .

tate and use the e'pression for the ionic product of ater K w.

Calculate p2 from H2 3$a*%I and H23$a*%I from p2 for#

$i% strong monobasic acids

$ii% weak monobasic acids

$iii% strong bases using K w.

Calculate K a for a weak acid given appropriate data.

"escribe a buffer solution as a s!stem that minimises p2 changes on addition ofsmall amounts of an acid or a base.

tate that a buffer solution can be made from a weak acid and a salt of the weakacid e.g. C2 9C&&2 C2 9C&&5a.

('plain the role of the conFugate acid0base pair in an acid buffer solution e.g.C2 9C&&2 C2 9C&& 0 in the control of p2.

Calculate the p2 of a buffer solution from the K a value of a weak acid and thee*uilibrium concentrations of the conFugate acid0base pair.

('plain the role of carbonic acid0h!drogencarbonate as a buffer in the control ofblood p2.

@or acid0base titration p2 curves for strong and weak acids and bases#

$i% interpret or sketch their shapes

$ii% e'plain the choice of suitable indicators for acid0base titrations given the p2range of the indicator.

"efine and use the term enthalpy change of neutralisation and calculate enthalp!changes from appropriate e'perimental results.


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Module 2 &nergy

attice ent#alpyDone

('plain and use the term lattice enthalpy $L" negative i.e. gaseous ions to thesolid lattice% as a measure of ionic bond strength.

Mse the lattice enthalp! of a simple ionic solid $i.e. 5aCl DgCl +% and relevantenerg! terms to#

$i% construct 6orn02aber c!cles

$ii% carr! out related calculations.

('plain and use the terms enthalpy change of solution and enthalpy change ofhydration.

Mse the enthalp! change of solution of a simple ionic solid $i.e. 5aCl DgCl +% andrelevant energ! terms $ enthalpy change of hydration! and lattice enthalpy % to#

$i% construct 6orn02aber c!cles

$ii% carr! out related calculations.

('plain in *ualitative terms the effect of ionic charge and ionic radius on thee'othermic value of a lattice enthalp! and enthalp! change of h!dration.

&nt#alpy and entropyDone

('plain that entrop! is a measure of the disorder of a s!stem and that a s!stembecomes energeticall! more stable when it becomes more disordered.

('plain the difference in magnitude of entrop!#

$i% of a solid and a gas

$ii% when a solid lattice dissolves

$iii% for a reaction in which there is a change in the number of gaseous molecules.

Calculate the entrop! change for a reaction given the entropies of the reactants andproducts.

('plain that the tendenc! of a process to take place depends on absolutetemperature # the entrop! change in the s!stem L $ and the enthalp! change

L " with the surroundings.

('plain that the balance between entrop! and enthalp! changes is the free energychange L% which determines the feasibilit! of a reaction.

tate and use the relationship L % ) L " 0 # L $ .

('plain in terms of enthalp! and entrop! how endothermic reactions are able totake place spontaneousl!.

&lectrode potentials and *uel cellsDone


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Comment that a :h!drogen econom!8 ma! contribute largel! to future energ! needsbut limitations include#

$i% public and political acceptance of h!drogen as a fuel

$ii% handling and maintenance of h!drogen s!stems

$iii% initial manufacture of h!drogen re*uiring energ!.


12/13 1+ Pearson Education Ltd 2009This document may have been altered from the original

Module 3 -ransition elements

-ransition elementsDone

"educe the electron configurations of atoms and ions of the d-block elements ofGeriod , $ c0On% given the atomic number and charge.

"escribe the elements 7i0Cu as transition elements i.e. d-block elements that havean ion with an incomplete d sub-shell.

?llustrate#

$i% the e'istence of more than one o'idation state for each element in itscompounds

$ii% the formation of coloured ions

$iii% the catal!tic behaviour of the elements and or their compounds4

"escribe including ionic e*uations the simple precipitation reactions and theaccompan!ing colour changes of Cu +3$a*% Co+3$a*% @e+3$a*% and @e93 $a*% witha*ueous sodium h!dro'ide.

('plain the term ligand in terms of coordinate bonding.

tate and use the terms comple& ion and coordination number .

tate and give e'amples of comple'es with si'fold coordination with an octahedralshape.

('plain and use the term bidentate ligand $e.g. 52 +C2 +C2 +52 + :en8%.

"escribe the t!pes of stereoisomerism shown b! comple'es including thoseassociated with bidentate and multidentate ligands#

$i%cis -trans isomerism e.g. 5i$52 9%+Cl+$ii% optical isomerism e.g. H5i$52 +C2 +C2 +52 +%9I+3

"escribe the use of cis -platin as an anticancer drug and its action b! binding to"5E in cancer cells preventing division.

"escribe the process of ligand substitution and the accompan!ing colour changesin the formation of#

$i% HCu$529%, $2 +&%+I+3 and HCuCl , I+0 from HCu$2 +&%I+3

$ii% HCoCl, I+0 from HCo$2 +&%I+3 .

('plain the biochemical importance of iron in haemoglobin including ligandsubstitution involving & + and C&.

tate that the stabilit! constant K stab of a comple' ion is the e*uilibrium constantfor the formation of the comple' ion in a solvent from its constituent ions.

"educe e'pressions for the stabilit! constant K stab of a ligand substitution e.g. D +3

$a*% 3 P 0$a*% DP ,0 $a*%

K stab ) HDP ,0 $a*%I HD+3$a*%IHP 0$a*%I.


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Relate ligand substitution reactions of comple'es to stabilit! constants andunderstand that a large K stab results in formation of a stable comple' ion.

"escribe using suitable e'amples redo' behaviour in transition elements.

Carr! out redo' titrations and carr! out structured calculations involving Dn& , 0 and

?+ +&9+Q

.Gerform non-structured titration calculations based on e'perimental results.

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A2 Chemistry Checklist

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