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TIME

1 hour 30 minutes.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write your Centre Number and Candidate Number in the spacesprovided at the top of this page.Section A: candidates must answer this section.Section B: answerall three questions in this section.You should write your answers for Section A and Section B in thespaces provided in this question paper.Section C: answer any two questions from this section. Write youranswers to Section C on the lined paper at the end of this booklet.At the end of the examination your summary of fieldwork andtable of data should be attached securely to this paper using thetreasury tag supplied.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The total mark for this paper is 90.Quality of written communication will be assessed in allquestions.Figures in brackets printed down the right-hand side of the

pages indicate the marks awarded to each question or partquestion.

6417

71

Centre Number

Candidate Number

ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS)General Certificate of Education

January 2011

Geography

Assessment Unit AS 1assessing

Physical Geography

[AG111]

FRIDAY 14 JANUARY, MORNING

AG111

1

1

1

5

4

5

For Examinersuse only

Question

Number Marks

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Total

Marks

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Section A

Answer this section

Submitted summary of fieldwork and table of data.

At the end of the examination these should be attached securely to this

paper using the treasury tag supplied.

1 (a) An awareness of hazards/risks and contingency plans is essentialwhen planning fieldwork.

Discuss this statement with reference to your fieldwork planning.

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(b) Select one of the following statistical techniques which could be usedfor the analysis of your fieldwork data. Your selected technique mustbe relevant to your fieldwork aim/hypothesis.

Spearmans Rank Correlation Nearest Neighbour Analysis Mean, median, mode and range

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(i) In the box below apply your selected statistical technique to yourdata and, if relevant, comment on the statistical significance ofthe outcome. (Formulae and significance graphs are provided Resource 1A and Resource 1B overleaf.) [7]

All calculations must be shown clearly in the box below.

Examiner Only

Marks Remark

Statistical technique selected: ______________________________________________[no mark]

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Resource 1A

Spearmans Rank Correlation Equation and Significance Charts

Formula:

where d = the difference in rank of the values of each matched pair

n = the number of ranked pairs = the sum of

Spearmans Rank Correlation Significance Graph and Table

Critical values forrs

Degrees of freedom [Number of ranked pairs (n) 2]

Critical values of Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient, rs

Significance level

4 6 8 10 25 50 100

95%

99%

99.9%

0.1p1.0p5.0p1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

Non-significant

Significant

SpearmansRankCorrelation

Coefficient

rd

n ns

=

1

62

3

degrees of freedom 0.05 (5%) 0.01 (1%)

4 0.88 1.00

5 0.83 0.966 0.80 0.91

7 0.77 0.87

8 0.72 0.84

9 0.68 0.80

10 0.64 0.77

11 0.60 0.74

12 0.57 0.71

15 0.50 0.65

20 0.47 0.59

25 0.44 0.5430 0.39 0.48

40 0.35 0.43

50 0.31 0.38

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Resource 1B

Nearest Neighbour Index Equation and Significance Graph

Formula: Rn = 2d

n

A

where d

= the mean distance between nearest neighbours

n = number of points

A = area in question

Significance Graph

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.02.15

Significantly random

Significantly clustered

Significantly regular

Number of points (n)

Clustered

Random

Regular

Rn values

Resource 1B

Nearest Neighbour Index Equation

Nearest Neighbour Index Significance Graph

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(ii) Having completed your statistical analysis, discuss thegeographical/theoretical factors which may explain your resultin question 1(b)(i).

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(c) Study Resource 1C, which shows some of the factors which can beconsidered when evaluating a field study.

Resource 1C

Type of FieldworkEquipment

Questionnaire

Design

Time of

the Year

Weather

Conditions

Group

Organisation

Sampling

Method

FIELDWORK

EVALUATION

FACTORS

Source: Principal Examiner

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Explain how any two of these factors may have influenced the natureand reliability of your geographical conclusion.

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(d) Explain one way in which your chosen fieldwork location proved to beeither suitable or unsuitable for the investigation of the geographicalaim of your study.

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Section B

Answerall three questions in this section.

2 (a) Study Resource 2 which shows pools and riffles.

Resource 2

PoolRiffle

Source: Principal Examiner

High flow

Low flow

Riffle

Meander wavelength

Watersurface

Pool

Pool

Pool

Riffle

Riffle

Long Profile

Intermediate

flow

Rivers by Michael Raw, 2007, published by Philip Allan Updates.

Reproduced by permission of Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. ISBN 9781844892235

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Describe the contrasting characteristics of pools and riffles andexplain their formation within the river channel.

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(b) Select one factor from the list below and explain how it influences thestorage and transferof water within the drainage basin.

Geology Soil Type Relief

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(c) Describe one factor which influences the rate of delta formation.

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BLANKPAGE

(Questionscontinueoverleaf)

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3 (a) Study Resource 3 which illustrates a natural mid-latitude grasslandecosystem in North America.

Resource 3

SmoothBrome

LittleBluestem

PrairieDock

Prairie

Dropseed

Big

Bluestem

PalePurple

Coneflower

Kentucky

B

luegrass

Mull humus -

rich in organic matter

Crumb structure

Clay / Loam Texture

Deep nutrient-rich

topsoil

PH7

A

Horizon

(1m)

C

Horizon

(i) Use Resource 3 to help you describe any one characteristic ofthe natural grassland vegetation.

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Janet Wissink

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(ii) With reference to Resource 3, explain the impact of monocultureon the vegetation and soil of this ecosystem.

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(b) Describe how nutrients are cycled within a small scale ecosystem youhave studied.

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4 (a) Study Resource 4 which shows changes in seven weather elementsassociated with the passage of a warm front in a mid-latitudedepression.

Resource 4

N

W E

S

N

W E

S

N

W E

S

N

W E

S

5

0

0

0

8

16

40

980

0600 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1000

1020

80

Rainfall over

4 hours (mm)

Temperature

(C)

Humidity

(%)

Air pressure

(mb)

Wind

direction

and speed

(knots)

Cloud type

and

relativeheight

Cloud

cover

(oktas)

Cirrus

Cumulus

Altostratus

Nimbostratus

Stratus

Clouds

0

25

3pm

ELEMENTS

Adapted from Practical Geography local weather by David Holmes, Geography Review, Vol. 20, Number 1,

published by Philip Allan Updates. Reproduced by permission of Hodder Education.

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Describe and explain, with reference to any fourof the elements, theweather associated with the passage of the warm front at 3pm.

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(b) Explain the importance of ocean currents in relation to the globalenergy balance.

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Section C

Answeranytwo questions in this section.

5 The causes of flooding, although complex, are related predominantly toclimatic factors. To what extent do you agree that this statement is validfor the large scale drainage basin or delta you have studied? [12]

6 Explain the processes of environmental change which have producedall the stages in a vegetation succession you have studied at a small orregional scale. [12]

7 With reference to a hurricane or tropical cyclone you have studied ata national or regional scale, evaluate the protective measures used toreduce the loss of life and damage to property. [12]

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Question

Number

Number your answers clearly

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Question

Number

Number your answers clearly

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Question

Number

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Number

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Number

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Number

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Number

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Number

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