A2Z about Ethiopia - Hemant Lodhahemantlodha.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Ethiopia.pdf1813-1840...

CA HEMANT C. LODHA www.a2z4all.com

A2Z about Ethiopia

http://www.a2z4all.com/


Agriculture & Irrigation

2

Agriculture accounts for 46.3% of the GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labour force. Manyother economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export ofagricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part ofcommodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector.

Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, andvegetables. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreignexchange earner. Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest maize producer.

Ethiopia has vast cultivable land (30 to 70 Mha), but only about a third of that is currentlycultivated (approximately 15 Mha), with current irrigation schemes covering about 640,000 haacross the country.



Budget, Taxation & GDP

3

http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/economy_profile.html

Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 41% of GDP and 85% of totalemployment. Coffee has been a major export crop. The agricultural sector suffers from poorcultivation practices and frequent drought, but recent joint efforts by the Government of Ethiopiaand donors have strengthened Ethiopia's agricultural resilience, contributing to a reduction in thenumber of Ethiopians threatened with starvation. The five-year Growth and Transformation Planthat Ethiopia unveiled in October 2010 presents a government-led effort to achieve the country'sambitious development goals. The banking, insurance, and micro-credit industries are restricted todomestic investors, but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in textiles, leather,commercial agriculture and manufacturing. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all landand provides long-term leases to the tenants; land use certificates are now being issued in someareas so that tenants have more recognizable rights to continued occupancy and hence make moreconcerted efforts to improve their leaseholds. While GDP growth has remained high, per capitaincome is among the lowest in the world.

http://www.a2z4all.com/http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/economy_profile.html


Capital & Major Cities

• Capital – Addis Ababa• Major cities – Mekele, Adama, Dire Dawa, Gondar, Awasa, Bahir Dar,

Jimma, Dessie, Jijiga

4



Defence

• Army• Air force• Budget $257 million (2011)• Percent of GDP2.4%

5



Economy & Currency

6

Currency Birr (ETB)Fiscal year 8 – 7 JulyTrade organisations AU, WTO (observer)

StatisticsGDP $94.76 billion (2011)GDP growth 7.5% (2011)GDP per capita $1,100 PPPGDP by sector agriculture (43.8%), industry (13.2%),

services (43%) (2009)Inflation (CPI) 31.5% (2011)Populationbelow poverty line

28.7% (2011)

Labour force 37.9 million 2007 EstimateLabor forceby occupation

•Agriculture (80%)•Services (10%)•Industry (5%) (2009 est.)

Unemployment 50% (2011)Main industries food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement

Ease of Doing Business Rank 111thPublic finances

Public debt 42.3% of GDPRevenues $4.645 billion (2011)Expenses $5.25 billion, capital expenditures of $788 million (2005)Economic aid $308 million (recipient) (2001)



Flag

7

ColorsThe red, green and yellow were used for the flag of the Ethiopian Empire in 1897, a year afterEthiopia decisively defended itself from colonial Italy at the Battle of Adwa. The flag's tri-colorscheme has existed since the early 19th century, and was previously the official banner of theEthiopian Empire's Solomonic dynasty. The royal flag often featured the emblem of a Lion of Judah,a crowned lion carrying a cross centered in the banner's yellow midsection. The flag is understoodto be a link between the Ethiopian church, the peoples, and the nation that was united.

EmblemThe star is yellow on a blue disc which overlaps the green and red stripes. The star testifies toEthiopia's bright future and possibly echoes the connection with the House of King Solomon, whilethe yellow rays which it emits are equidistant and are said to represent the equality of all Ethiopiansregardless of race, creed, or sex.



Geographical Location

8

At 435,071 square miles (1,126,829 km2), Ethiopia is the world's 27th-largest country. It iscomparable in size to Bolivia. It lies between latitudes 3°and 15°N, and longitudes 33° and 48°E.

The major portion of Ethiopia lies on the Horn of Africa, which is the easternmost part of theAfrican landmass. Bordering Ethiopia are Sudan and South Sudan to thewest, Djibouti and Eritrea to the north, Somalia to the east, and Kenya to the south.

Ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country, ranging from the deserts along the eastern border tothe tropical forests in the south to extensive Afromontane in the northern and southwestern parts.The wide range of altitude has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, this hashelped to encourage the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation.



Holidays & Festivals

9

New Years Day (Julian Calendar) 1 JanuaryGenna Ethiopian Christmas: birth of Christ) 7 JanuaryTimkat Ethiopian Epiphany: baptism of Christ) 19 JanuaryAdwa Day (commemorates the victory by Menelik II over Italy in 1896) 2 MarchPatriots' Day (celebrates end of Italian occupation in 1941) 6 AprilInternational Labour Day 1 MayEthiopian Good Friday May (variable)Fasika (Ethiopian Easter Sunday) May (variable)Idd al Fitr (end of month of fasting for Ramadan) May (variable)Idd al Adha August (variable)Buhe 21 AugustEnkutatash (Ethiopian New Year) 11 September



Infrastructure

10

Road ConnectivityRoad (KMs)/Sq KMs of surface area: 0.036(World Average 0.46)Paved roads KMs/Sq KMs of surface area:0.01Roads penetration (KMs/Thousand of population): 0.43(World average 10.15)AirAirports:63No of Airports/Million of Population: 0.74(World average 12.97)Rail PenetrationTotal length of Railway Lines 681(KMs)Rail lines( KM/thousand sq. KM): 0.07 (World average 9.20)EnergyProduction (Bn KW): 3.268(World 19020 Bn KW)Consumption (Bn KW): 2.941 (World 17480 Bn KW)Export (Bn KW): 0Import (Bn KW): 0Production (Bn KW/Mn population): 0.038(World 2.8BnKW/Mn population)consumption (Bn KW/Mn population): 0.34 (world 2.57BnKW/Mn population)Water ResourcesArea of water body 104,300 Sq KMsTotal renewable water resources 110 cu kmTotal fresh water withdrawal 5.56 cu km/yrFresh water withdrawal per capita 72 cu m/yr



Judiciary SystemThe Judiciary is structured as follows:

11

Supreme Court

Courts of Appeal

High Court

Country Court

Tribunal Court

The judicial and legal sector of Ethiopiapresents a variety of significantchallenges. The legal system as it existstoday combines elements of both civil andcommon law with traditional practices,resulting in multiple layers interminglingand superimposing distinct types ofmodern, traditional, and religious lawsand processes.



King & Team

12

President – Girma Wolde-Giyorgis LuchaVice President – Khumbo KhachaliFinance Minister – Pravin J. GordhanForeign Minister – Haile Mariam DesalegneDefense Minister – Siraj Fegisa Mayor



Language

13

According to Ethnologue, there are 90 individual languages spoken in Ethiopia. Most belong tothe Afro-Asiatic language family, mainly of the Cushitic and Semitic branches. Languages fromthe Nilo-Saharan phylum are also spoken by the nation's Nilotic ethnic minorities.

English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction insecondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has beenreplaced in many areas by regional languages such as Somali, Oromifa and Tigrinya.

In terms of writing system, Ethiopia's principal orthography is Ge'ez or Ethiopic ( ). Used asan abugida for several of the country's languages, it first came into use in the 5th–6th centuriesBC as an abjad to transcribe the Semitic Ge'ez language. Ge'ez now serves as the liturgicallanguage of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches. Other writing systems have alsobeen used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. The latter include Sheikh BakriSapalo's script for Oromo.

Amharic Script



Manufacturing

14

Manufacturing in Ethiopia was, before 1957, dominatedby cottage and handicraft industries which met most of the population's needs formanufactured goods such as clothes, ceramics, machine tools, and leathergoods.

Various factors - including the lack of basic infrastructure, the dearth of privateand public investment, and the lack of any consistent public policy aimed atpromoting industrial development - contributed to the insignificance ofmanufacturing.

In 1989 the government issued Proclamation No. 11, which set forth policiesintended to attract foreign investment.



Natural Resources

15

Ethiopia has small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, and natural gas. It hasextensive hydropower potential.

Of the total land area, about 20 percent is under cultivation, although the amount ofpotentially arable land is larger. Only about 10 to 15 percent of the land area ispresently covered by forest as a result of rapid deforestation during the last 30 years.

Of the remainder, a large portion is used as pasturage. Some land is too rugged, dry, orinfertile for agriculture or any other use.



Organizational Structure

16

http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/English/MOTI/Information/Pages/OrganizationalStructure.aspx

The Ministry is organized under one minister, two state ministers(trade and industry sectors), ten implementing departments, fivesupport services, one Civil Service Reform office and Dire Dawaforeign trade branch office that enable the ministry to effectivelyperform its duties and responsibilities vested with it.

http://www.a2z4all.com/http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/English/MOTI/Information/Pages/Organizational


Population

17

http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/demographics_profile.html

Population93,815,992 (July 2012 est.)note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects ofexcess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy,higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growthrates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex thanwould otherwise be expected

http://www.a2z4all.com/http://www.indexmundi.com/ethiopia/demographics_profile.html


Quarrel & War

18

1527-15281535-15431578-15891766-17691770-17711813-18401846-184718481852-185318591867-18681868-18721875-18791880-188118841887-18891888-188918891895-1896

War with Adal; loss of border regionsWar with Adal; since 1541 Abyssinia supported by a Portuguese forceWar with Ottoman EmpireCivil WarCivil Warconquest of Shewaconquest of GonderWar with EgyptWar with KassaShewa rebellionBritish Expedition into AbyssiniaAbyssinian War of SuccessionWar with EgyptExpedition into ArsiAbyssinian conquest of HararWar with ItalyWar with the MahdiyyaWar of SuccessionWar with Italy

1899-19051907-192019341935-19361940194119601960-1961-19931975-19931977-1978198219981999-2000

Jihad of the "Mad Mullah", affecting AbyssiniaJihad of the "Mad Mullah"Clash with Italian forces on the border to Italian SomaliaItalian conquest of EthiopiaWW II : Italian forces occupied British SomalilandWW II : British forces occupied Italian East AfricaClash on Somalian borderOgaden RebellionWar of Eritrean SecessionTigray Rebellion, which at the end turned into national revolutionWar with Somalia over the OgadenClash on Somalian borderWar with EritreaWar with Eritrea



Religion

19

Year Christians EthiopianOrthodox Protestants Catholics Muslims Animists Other

2007 62.8% 43.5% 18.6% 0.7% 33.9% 2.6% 0.7%



Sports

20

Sports in Ethiopia include many fields, although Ethiopia is best knowninternationally for its middle-distance and long-distance runners.

Seifu Mekonnen was an Olympic contestant for Ethiopia in boxing.

The Ethiopian national football team won the 1962 African Cup of Nations.

There are also traditional sports events, such as stick fighting which ispopular amongst the Surma and Nyangatom people.



Tourism

21

Tourism in Ethiopia accounted for 5.5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in2006, having barely increased 2% over the previous year. The government is proving itscommitment and willingness to develop tourism through a number of initiatives. Tourism is afeatured component of Ethiopia's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which aims tocombat poverty and encourage economic development.

Tourist destinations include Ethiopia's collection of national parks (including SemienMountains National Park), and historic sites, such as the cities of Axum and Lalibela.

Developed in the 1960s, tourism declined greatly during the later 1970s and the 1980s underthe Derg. Recovery began in the 1990s, but growth has been constrained by the lack ofsuitable hotels and other infrastructure, despite a boom in construction of small andmedium-sized hotels and restaurants, and by the effects of drought and political instability



Unemployment

22

•With around 50% of the urban men between age 15 and 30 unemployed.

• Ethiopia has one of the highest unemployment rates worldwide.

• The unemployed have realistic reservation wages. Those living in Addis are less likely

to become unemployed, and ethnicity has no effect.

•Those with a father working as a civil servant have shorter durations, suggesting that

this provides an information advantage.

•The medium of job search also has a strong effect indicating that information is costly.

•Social networks only help after one has become unemployed.



Visa & Immigration

23

http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/consular_services/visa.htm

Visitors to Ethiopia require visas. The only exceptions arenationals from Djibouti and Kenya and travelers who arrive inAddis Ababa Bole International Airport to catch a connectingflight.

http://www.a2z4all.com/http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/consular_services/visa.htm


Weather

24

The best time to visit the highlands (Addis Ababa) is October-June. From July-September, it'shotter by about 10 F/5 C and can rain in strong (though infrequent) downpours (called "thebig rains"). Around Addis, it can also rain a bit February-June ("the little rains"). Temperaturesrange 77-59 F/25-15 C. Because of the elevation of most of the country, it's advisable to bringa sweater year-round.



Xplore

25

Ethiopia has lot of things to explore from mines, tourism,nature, heritage, etc



Year Book

26

Aksum (1st c. BC–10th c. AD)Zagwe Dynasty (10th or 11th c.–1268)First Solomonic period (1270–1527)

Invasion of Gragn (1527–1543)Great Oromo migration (1543–17th c.)

Habesh (1557–17th c.)Gondarine dynasty (1606–1755)Zemene Mesafint (1755–1855)

Modernization (1855–1936)Second Italo-Abyssinian War (1935–1936)

Italian East Africa (1936–1941)East African Campaign (World War II)(1941)Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia (1941–1943)

Second Modernization (1941–1974)Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991)

Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)Ogaden conflict (2007–2008)



Zones & Zip Codes

27

Regions 11Zones 63Woredas 380Localities 933Districts / Blocks / Streets 28Unique ZIP codes -Geocoding accuracyTotal number of records 961

http://www.geopostcodes.com/ethiopia_zip_codes

http://www.a2z4all.com/http://www.geopostcodes.com/ethiopia_zip_codes


Disclaimer

28

• This information is been made available from the data taken fromvarious sites. The contents of this information are subject tochange from time to time. Any information which is mentionedincorrectly shall be corrected on receipt of correct informationfrom various sources. Your valuable suggestions/feedbacks inorder to upgrade our site from time to time will be highlyappreciated. You may please contact our email [email protected] for sending your communications.

• We shall not be held liable for any incorrect informationpublished on this site.
http://www.a2z4all.com/mailto:lodhah:@gmail.comforsendingyourcommunications

Date post:	01-Feb-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	3 times
Download:	0 times

A2Z about Ethiopia - Hemant Lodhahemantlodha.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Ethiopia.pdf1813-1840...

Documents