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A4 - Rational Expressions VJ

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8/11/2019 A4 - Rational Expressions VJ http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a4-rational-expressions-vj 1/77 Rational Expressions Mathematics 17 Institute of Mathematics Lecture 4 Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 1 / 16
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Rational Expressions

Mathematics 17Institute of Mathematics

Lecture 4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 1 / 16

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Outline

1 Simplifying Rational Expressions

2 Multiplication of Rational Expressions

3 Division of Rational Expressions

4 Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

5 Complex Fractions

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 2 / 16

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Rational Expressions

DenitionA rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials.A rational expression is well-dened if its denominator is not equal to zero.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 3 / 16

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Rational Expressions

DenitionA rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials.A rational expression is well-dened if its denominator is not equal to zero.

Example:

9x 2 z 3

x 2 + y ; x2 + y = 0

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 3 / 16

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Rational Expressions

DenitionA rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials.A rational expression is well-dened if its denominator is not equal to zero.

Example:

9x 2 z 3

x 2 + y ; x2 + y = 0

11a 2 c + b2

5 + c ; c = − 5

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 3 / 16

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Simpliying Rational Expressions

Recall: If a, b, c ∈R , b, c = 0 , then acbc

= ab

.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 4 / 16

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Simpliying Rational Expressions

Recall: If a, b, c ∈R , b, c = 0 , then acbc

= ab

.

Lowest Terms

A rational expression is in lowest terms if the numerator and denominatorhave no common factor other than 1 and -1.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 4 / 16

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Simpliying Rational Expressions

Recall: If a, b, c ∈R , b, c = 0 , then acbc

= ab

.

Lowest Terms

A rational expression is in lowest terms if the numerator and denominatorhave no common factor other than 1 and -1.

How to reduce a rational expression to lowest terms:

Factor both numerator and denominator.Cancel the common factors.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 4 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

2

(x 2 − 16)(x 2 − 4x + 16)x 3 + 64

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

2

(x 2 − 16)(x 2 − 4x + 16)x 3 + 64

= (x − 4)(x + 4)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

2

(x 2 − 16)(x 2 − 4x + 16)x 3 + 64

= (x − 4)(x + 4)( x 2 − 4x + 16)

(x + 4)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

2

(x 2 − 16)(x 2 − 4x + 16)x 3 + 64

= (x − 4)(x + 4)( x 2 − 4x + 16)

(x + 4)( x 2 − 4x + 16)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Examples:1

16x 3 y 8

24x 7 y 5 = 1624

· x3

x 7 · y8

y5 = 2y3

3x 4

2

(x 2 − 16)(x 2 − 4x + 16)x 3 + 64

= (x − 4)(x + 4)( x 2 − 4x + 16)

(x + 4)( x 2 − 4x + 16)= x − 4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 5 / 16

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

l l f l

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

M l i li i f R i l E i

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

M l i li i f R i l E i

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 ·

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

M lti li ti f R ti l E i

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

M lti li ti f R ti l E i

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

5 ·

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

5 · (7)(4)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

5 · (7)(4) · x

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

5 · (7)(4) · x ·

1y 2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

Multiplication of Rational Expressions

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Multiplication of Rational Expressions

Recall:ab

· cd

= acbd

; b, d = 0

Example: 7x 4

5y 4 · 15y2

28x 3 = 7 · 15

5 · 28 ·

x4

x 3 · y2

y4

= 7 · (5)(3)

5 · (7)(4) · x ·

1y 2

= 3x4y2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 6 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

= (x − 4)(x + 3)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

= (x − 4)(x + 3)

2(x − 1) ·

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

= (x − 4)(x + 3)

2(x − 1) ·

5(x − 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

= (x − 4)(x + 3)

2(x − 1) ·

5(x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 3)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

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Example:

x 2 − x − 122x − 2

· 5x − 5x 2 − 9

= (x − 4)(x + 3)

2(x − 1) ·

5(x − 1)(x − 3)(x + 3)

= 5(x − 4)

2(x − 3)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 7 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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p

Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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p

Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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p

Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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p

Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

= (x − 3)(x − 4)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

= (x − 3)(x − 4)

x − 2 ·

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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Recall: ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

= (x − 3)(x − 4)

x − 2 ·

(x − 2)(x + 2)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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Recall:ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

= (x − 3)(x − 4)

x − 2 ·

(x − 2)(x + 2)(3 − x )(3 + x)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Division of Rational Expressions

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Recall:ab

÷ cd

= a

b ·

dc

; b,c,d = 0

Example:

x 2 − 7x + 12x − 2

÷ 9 − x 2

x 2 − 4 =

x2 − 7x + 12x − 2

· x 2 − 49 − x 2

= (x − 3)(x − 4)

x − 2 ·

(x − 2)(x + 2)(3 − x )(3 + x)

= − (x − 4)(x + 2)(x + 3)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 8 / 16

Least Common Denominator

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DenitionThe least common denominator (LCD) of two or more rational expressionsis the polynomial of smallest degree that is a multiple of all the givendenominators.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 9 / 16

Least Common Denominator

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DenitionThe least common denominator (LCD) of two or more rational expressionsis the polynomial of smallest degree that is a multiple of all the givendenominators.

Examples:

13x − 8

4x 2 and 2x + 1

x 3 :

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 9 / 16

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Least Common Denominator

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DenitionThe least common denominator (LCD) of two or more rational expressionsis the polynomial of smallest degree that is a multiple of all the givendenominators.

Examples:

13x − 8

4x 2 and 2x + 1

x 3 : LCD = 4x 3

2 x − 2x 2 − 1 and x + 2(x − 1)2 :

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 9 / 16

Least Common Denominator

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DenitionThe least common denominator (LCD) of two or more rational expressionsis the polynomial of smallest degree that is a multiple of all the givendenominators.

Examples:

13x − 8

4x 2 and 2x + 1

x 3 : LCD = 4x 3

2 x − 2x 2 − 1 and x + 2(x − 1)2 : LCD = ( x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 9 / 16

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

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Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3 =

(3x − 8)x4x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3 =

(3x − 8)x +4x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3 =

(3x − 8)x + 4(2 x + 1)4x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3 =

(3x − 8)x + 4(2 x + 1)4x 3

= 3x 2 − 8x + 8 x + 4

4x 3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

Addition/Subtraction of Rational Expressions

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Example 1:

3x − 84x 2 +

2x + 1x 3 =

(3x − 8)x + 4(2 x + 1)4x 3

= 3x 2 − 8x + 8 x + 4

4x 3

= 3x 2 + 4

4x3

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 10 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

[(x − 1)(x − 2)](x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

[(x − 1)(x − 2)] −(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

[(x − 1)(x − 2)] − [(x + 1)( x + 2)](x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

[(x − 1)(x − 2)] − [(x + 1)( x + 2)](x − 1)2 (x + 1)

= [x 2 − 3x + 2] − [x 2 + 3 x + 2]

(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

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Example 2:

x − 2x 2 − 1

− x + 2(x − 1)2 =

[(x − 1)(x − 2)] − [(x + 1)( x + 2)](x − 1)2 (x + 1)

= [x 2 − 3x + 2] − [x 2 + 3 x + 2]

(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

= − 6x

(x − 1)2 (x + 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 11 / 16

Complex Fractions

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Complex fractions are fractions which contain one or more fractions in thenumerator or in the denominator or in both.

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 12 / 16

Complex Fractions

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Complex fractions are fractions which contain one or more fractions in thenumerator or in the denominator or in both.

a − ab

c − cb

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 12 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − ab

c − cb

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − ab

c − cb

=

ab − ab

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − ab

c − cb

=

ab − ab

cb − cb

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − ab

c − cb

=

ab − ab

cb − cb

= ab − a

b ·

bcb − c

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − abc −

cb

=

ab − ab

cb − cb

= ab − a

b ·

bcb − c

= ab − a

cb − c

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − abc −

cb

=

ab − ab

cb − cb

= ab − a

b ·

bcb − c

= ab − a

cb − c =

a(b − 1)c(b − 1)

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

Simplifying Complex Fractions

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Example 1:

a − abc −

cb

=

ab − ab

cb − cb

= ab − a

b ·

bcb − c

= ab − a

cb − c =

a(b − 1)c(b − 1)

= a

c

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 13 / 16

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

=

xy

− yx

xy

xy

+ 2 + yx

xy

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

=

xy

− yx

xy

xy

+ 2 + yx

xy=

x2 − y2

x 2 + 2 xy + y2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

l l l d d d b h

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

=

xy

− yx

xy

xy

+ 2 + yx

xy=

x2 − y2

x 2 + 2 xy + y2

= (x + y)(x − y)

(x + y)2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

E l 2 M l i l i d di idi b h LCD

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Example 2: Multiplying and dividing by the LCD

xy

− yx

xy

+ 2 + yx

=

xy

− yx

xy

xy

+ 2 + yx

xy=

x2 − y2

x 2 + 2 xy + y2

= (x + y)(x − y)

(x + y)2 = x − yx + y

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 14 / 16

Exercises:

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Reduce the following rational expressions to lowest terms.

1a 2 − b2

a 3 − b32

x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3

x 6 + y6

Perform the following operations and simplify.

1 x

x 2 − 1 − 3x + 1 ÷

2x 2 − x − 3x 3 − 1

2 x

x + y +

yx − y

·x 2 − xyx 4 − y4 ÷

xx 2 + 2 xy + y2

3m + 2 s

m 2 − 5ms + 6 s 2 +

m + 2 s

m 2 − 3ms + 2 s 2 −

m − 4s

m 2 − 4ms + 3 s 2

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 15 / 16

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Exercises:

Simplify the following:

1

3 p + q

+ 1

p − 2q

1 + p − q p − 2q

2

2 + 2c

2 − 22 +

4c − 4

Math 17 (Inst. of Mathematics) Rational Expressions Lec 4 16 / 16


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