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Mul$racial Youth in Care
AACRC 2013 New York, NY APRIL 11, 2013
PRESENTED BY
Cindy Lou Howe
§ B.A. American ethnic studies, University of Washington
§ M.Ed. global studies in educa$on, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-‐Champaign
§ Former Assistant Editor for MAVIN Magazine and Vice Pres. of MACK Founda$on Korea
§ Ten years of educa$on experience in urban, virtual & interna$onal contexts
§ Former foster youth I am African American and Korean American.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
Mul$racial Youth in Care: 1) What is the mul$racial demographic? 2) Who is mul$racial and what are their experiences? 3) How can staff at residen$al centers best support them?
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
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PART 1:
The Mul$racial Demographic
MULTIRACIAL YOUTH IN CARE -‐ AACRC NEW YORK, NY -‐ APRIL 11, 2013
Mul,racial people have always been part of the U.S. A modern snapshot: 1967 Loving v. Virginia ends an$-‐miscegena$on laws in 16 U.S. states 1980-‐90s Mul$racial Organiza$ons Formed: 1981 Biracial Family Network (BFM) of Chicago 1983 Interracial Family Circle (IFC) of Washington, D.C. 1987 Mul$racial Americans of Southern California (MASC) 1988 Na$onal Associa$on of Mul$ethnic Americans (AMEA) 1991 Project RACE (Reclassify All Children Equally) 1992 Hapa Issues Forum (HIF) 1998 MAVIN magazine (becomes nonprofit MAVIN Founda$on in 2000) 1993 AMEA and Project RACE tes$fy on behalf of mul$racial community at
Congressional hearings on racial and ethnic standards. 2000 Historic change of U.S. Census to allow “Check One Or More” races.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
Census 2000: Nearly 7 million Americans marked mul$ple races to describe themselves. Census 2010: Nearly 9 million Americans marked mul$ple races to describe themselves. The mul$racial popula$on grew by 32% from 2000 to 2010, compared to popula$ons who reported a single race, which grew by 9.2%. The most common mixed race heritages were: 1) White and Some Other Race (1.7 million) 2) White and American Indian (1.4 million) 3) White and Asian (1.6 million) 4) White and Black or African American (1.8 million) * Since 2000, two mul$ple-‐race groups exhibited the most significant changes — the “White And Black” popula$on, which grew more than 1 million and increased by 134 percent; and the “White and Asian” popula$on, which grew by about 750,000 and increased by 87 percent.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
§ There were 16 states where over 200,000 people reported more than one race.
§ California, Texas and New York each had a mul$ple-‐race popula$on over 500,000.
§ The percentage change in the mul$ple-‐race popula$on was 70 percent or greater in nine states: Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee and West Virginia (All are southern states, except South Dakota).
§ Hawaii was the state with the highest propor$on of self-‐reported mul$racial whites, mul$racial Asians and mul$racial Na$ve Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders.
§ Lansing, Michigan, was the place with the highest propor$on of self-‐reported mul$racial African Americans.
§ Anchorage, Alaska, was the place with the highest propor$on of self-‐reported mul$racial American Indians and Alaska Na$ves.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2010 Two or More Races Population: 2010
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
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§ Among Americans under 18, the mul$racial popula$on has increased almost 50 percent, to 4.2 million, since 2000, making it the fastest growing youth group in the country.
§ The data further shows that the mul$racial popula$on is overwhelmingly young, More than half of the mul$racial popula$on was younger than 20 years old.
§ Demographers project that the mul$racial popula$on will con$nue to grow so that by 2050,1 in 5 Americans could claim a mul$racial background, and by 2100, the ra$o could soar to 1 in three.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2010 Two or More Races Population: 2010
Mul$racial Youth in Care
INTRODUCTION
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PART 2:
What are their experiences?
MULTIRACIAL YOUTH IN CARE -‐ AACRC NEW YORK, NY -‐ APRIL 11, 2013
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Mul$racial Youth in Care
WHAT ARE YOU?
“Mixed Heritage”
Multiethnic
Multicultural
Transracially or Cross-Culturally
Adopted Multiracial/ Mixed-race
Interracial Biracial
NOT OK: Colored/Coloured Half-‐Breed Half-‐Caste Mixed-‐Breed Mulalo/a Octoroon, Quadroon, etc. SOMETIMES OK: Hapa NOTE: Although “mixed heritage” is gaining acceptance as the most inclusive terminology, some people (especially parents) may be uncomfortable with the word “mixed” thereby preferring “mul$racial.”
Mul$racial Youth in Care
AN EVOLVING LANGUAGE
“Multiracial people are proof that we have overcome racism.”
“Mixed people are so hot!”
“She thinks she’s better because she’s mixed.”
“He acts White.”"
“What are you?”
“Aren’t we all mixed?”
“Where are you from? No, I mean, originally.”
“Multiracial people have the best of both worlds.”!
“Mixed babies are the cutest!”
“Just pick one!”
“He’s only half.”�
“Is that your mother?”
“I don’t even think of you as Black.”!
“In my day there was no such thing as ‘biracial’.”
Birth to 3 -‐ Parents choose how to racially iden$fy their children. -‐ How they react to situa$ons can shape how their child’s self-‐percep$on. -‐ Children no$ce gender differences at about 2 years old. -‐ By 3 most children see and are cognizant of racial differences. 4 to 7 -‐ Children are very concerned with making and keeping friends. -‐ Mixed heritage children may realize that they are different. -‐ Kids begin to make fun of each other because of the way that they look. -‐ Children start classifying people. -‐ Children begin to develop a limited grasp of racism. 8 to 10 -‐ Children develop more cogni$ve abili$es and become more logical. -‐ By 10, children can use racial categories to classify themselves and others. -‐ Mixed heritage children may iden$fy exclusively with one side of their heritage to get to a place where they feel equally balanced in their racial and ethnic iden$fica$on Source: The Multiracial Child Resource Book, 2003
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RACIAL ID DEVELOPMENT
11 to 14 -‐ Most early adolescents struggle to find their place within society. This can be especially difficult for mixed heritage youth. -‐ When they find a place where they feel they fit they latch onto that iden$ty. -‐ Finding this niche may lead to a rejec$on of other parts of their iden$ty. 15 to 17 -‐ Youth are dealing with a more complex understanding of who they are in society. -‐ Many “try on” different ethnic iden$$es looking for the right fit. -‐ Ooen mixed heritage youth approach struggles with da$ng interracially and make decisions that their parents made – what is socially accepted behavior, and who is an “acceptable” partner? Early adulthood -‐ Young adults ooen delve deeper into their ethnic roots, whether by immersing themselves into a specific cultural tradi$on, or with mixed race groups. -‐ This is also the first $me the student is forced to reckon with a framework that is outside their family of origin, as children may move away from home. Source: The Multiracial Child Resource Book, 2003
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RACIAL ID DEVELOPMENT
For any person… Iden$ty development is shaped by:
-‐Geography
-‐Context
-‐Upbringing
-‐Experiences
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RACIAL ID DEVELOPMENT
Source: Maria P. P. Root, PhD
1) Assignment by hypodescent “One-‐drop rule” -‐racial assignment based on the race with the least social standing (societal decision). 2) Monoracial fit/self-‐assignment Single race assignment based on personal decision (vs. societal decision). 3) Blended Iden$ty Self-‐assigning more than one label simultaneously: for example, “Filipina and Black” instead of one classifica$on, like “mul$racial.” 4) Bi-‐ or mul$racial Conscious declara$on of defying outdated categories -‐ refusal to accept single-‐race designa$ons. 5) White with symbolic iden$ty Lack of exposure to an ethnic background with which to iden$fy; iden$fica$on more with class values and other kinds of background.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RACIAL IDENTITY OPTIONS
Source: Matt Kelley
Mixed-‐heritage people can experience discrimina$on. Here are some of the ways: 1) Assumed monoracial status (ins$tu$onal invisibility) 2) Racism targe$ng all people perceived as non-‐White 3) Discrimina$on by people opposed to racial intermarriage 4) Discrimina$on by people of color and communi$es of color 5) Misapplied discrimina$on
Mul$racial Youth in Care
DISCRIMINATION
Source: Udry, et. Al. American Journal of Public Health (Nov. 2003)
1) Students from more than one racial background are more likely than their single-‐race peers to experience trouble in school, such as repea$ng a grade, skipping school, and being suspended. 2) School-‐related problems and lack of aspira$ons, might be related to the mul$racial youths' percep$on and/or experience of societal prejudice and discrimina$on. 3) Racism nega$vely affects the formula$on of posi$ve racial and ethnic iden$ty among these youths. Both majority and ethnic minority groups may reject mul$racial youths, and such social marginality can place mul$racial youths at higher risk for delinquent behavior and substance use. 4) Further, some youths may have to compromise their values and interests to be accepted by a peer group or get involved in nega$ve ac$vi$es to enhance their social desirability.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
WHAT RESEARCH TELLS US…
Source: Choi et. Al American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (Jan. 2006)
5) For example, studies report a higher incidence of overrepresenta$on in mental health treatment and higher rates of other psychological and behavioral problems. 6) When there is a strong iden$ty forma$on, self-‐concept, reference group orienta$on. If the quality of parent and adolescent rela$onship exists and the majority of school, behavioral, and psychological dimensions are suppor$ve; can lead to different outcomes. 7) A stronger, posi$ve ethnic iden$ty may serve as a protec$ve factor, par$cularly for the frequency of substance use and violence. 8) Because mul$racial youths are more likely to engage in problem behaviors, it is impera$ve to address, early in their development, these youths' mul$racial background as well as the issues related to race/ethnicity.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
WHAT RESEARCH TELLS US…
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcJumrf6LF8
Mul$racial Youth in Care
WHAT ARE YOU?
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PART 3:
How can residen$al centers best support
them? MULTIRACIAL YOUTH IN CARE -‐ AACRC
NEW YORK, NY -‐ APRIL 11, 2013
Source: Francis P. Wardle, PhD
§ Staff astudes toward interracial and interethnic marriage and mul$racial iden$ty.
§ A world view of people of mixed heritage.
§ Ideas/techniques on how to support the healthy development of mul$racial and mul$ethnic children.
§ Working with interracial and interethnic parents.
Staff training / Expert presenta,ons
§ Finding and crea$ng resources.
§ The concept of race in this country and throughout the world.
§ The history of mul$racial and mul$ethnic people in this country, including mul$racial heroes.
§ Curriculum ideas, field trips, and center visitors.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RESIDENTIAL CENTER SUPPORT
Source: Francis P. Wardle, PhD
§ Interracial families—two-‐parent, one-‐parent, foster, adop$ve, same-‐sex, blended
§ Mul$racial heroes
§ Interracial/mul$racial books
§ Racial/ethnic iden$ty development and self esteem
§ Mixing of tradi$ons, na$onali$es, languages, and religions
Curriculum from teachers at centers
§ Teaching about culture, race, and diversity
§ Classroom materials
§ Responding to bias and harassment
§ Federal and school race forms
§ Field trips and classroom visitors
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RESIDENTIAL CENTER SUPPORT
Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark
§ Minimize assump$ons and don’t impose a racial iden$ty Don’t assume a child’s racial iden$ty or impose your own preference of a racial iden$ty onto them.
§ Don’t ask too many ques$ons Mixed heritage people are ooen asked about their heritage. Show interest, but try not to exacerbate feelings of “otherness.” Balance curiosity with respect.
§ Respond to racial and monoracial bias Mul$racial children can receive harassment from their peers. Residen$al centers need to respond and address these incidents. Mul$racial children should not have to jus$fy their existence.
§ Celebra$ons! Be inclusive where all children can par$cipate, learn, and enjoy the ac$vity and provide support for mul$racial children's celebra$on of each part of their heritage. A child should should not have to ignore one part of their heritage and celebrate the other.
§ Make resources available
Have books, images and other resources about mixed heritage people and families in the center… but be a skep$cal consumer!
Mul$racial Youth in Care
SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS
Source: Francis Wardle, PhD; Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark
§ Crea$ve Projects Incorporate mixed heritage issues into larger conversa$ons about iden$ty. Ex: how do you blur boundaries of race, ethnicity, culture, gender, na$onality, class, popularity, etc.?
§ Par$cipate in community ac$vi$es
each year there are regional and na$onal mixed heritage conferences and events that may be of interest to your youth and their families.
§ Help youth start a mixed heritage group
several high schools have mixed heritage and adoptee student groups. Around the country there are opportuni$es for collabora$on with local colleges.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS
§ Advocacy Associa$on of Mul$ethnic Americans (AMEA) www.ameasite.org MAVIN Founda$on www.mavinfounda$on.org
§ Resource Informa,on Intermix (UK) www.intermix.org.uk The Mixed Heritage Center www.mixedheritagecenter.org Mul$cultural Familia www.mul$culturalfamilia.com PBS’s Race, the power of illusion www.pbs.org/race/
Of Many Colors: Portraits of Mul$racial Families hlp://familydiv.org/exhibits/of-‐many-‐colors/
§ Campus Groups Consider star$ng a mentor program with local colleges and universi$es.
Many schools have mul$racial organiza$ons that can provide volunteers.
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RESOURCES: ORGANIZATIONS
Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark
§ Paren,ng The Mul$racial Child Resource Book: Living Complex Iden$$es Edited by Maria P. P. Root and Mal Kelley Does Anybody Else Look Like Me? By Donna Jackson Nakazawa
§ Youth Voices
What Are You? Voices of mixed race young people Edited by Pearl Fuyo Gaskins Mixed: Portraits of Mul$racial Kids By Kip Fulbeck
§ Educa,on Mee$ng the Needs of Mul$racial Children in Schools
By Francis Wardle and Marta Cruz-‐Janzen
“Mixed Heritage Students and the Redefini$on of Diversity” in Race, Ethnicity and Educa$on (vol. 4) By Mal Kelley and Sashya Tanaka Clark
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RESOURCES: BOOKS
Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark
§ Fic,on/Memoir Half n Half: Writers on Growing Up Mul$racial/Mul$cultural Edited by Claudine Chaiwei O’Hearn The Color of Water: A Black Man’s Tribute to His White Mother By James McBride
§ Black, White and Jewish: Autobiography of a Shioing Self By Rebecca Walker
§ Academic More Than Black? Mul$racial Iden$ty and the New Racial Order By G. Reginald Daniel The Sum of Our Parts: Mixed-‐ Heritage Asian Americans Edited by Theresa Williams-‐Leon and Cynthia Nakashima Mark One or More: Civil Rights in Mul$racial America (The Poli$cs of Race and Ethnicity) By Kim M. Williams Ethnic Op$ons: Choosing Iden$$es in America By Mary C. Waters
Mul$racial Youth in Care
RESOURCES: BOOKS
I HAVE THE RIGHT… Not to jus$fy my existence in this world. Not to keep the races separate within me. Not to be responsible for people’s discomfort with my physical ambiguity. Not to jus$fy my ethnic legi$macy I HAVE THE RIGHT… To iden$fy myself differently than strangers expect me to iden$fy. To iden$fy myself differently from how my parents iden$fy me. To iden$fy myself differently from my brothers and sisters. To iden$fy myself differently in different situa$ons. I HAVE THE RIGHT… To create a vocabulary to communicate about being mul$racial. To change my iden$ty over my life$me—and more than once. To have loyal$es and iden$fica$on with more than one group of people. To freely choose whom I befriend and love.
Source: Maria P. P. Root, PhD
Mul$racial Youth in Care
BILL OF RIGHTS FOR RACIALLY MIXED PEOPLE
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Thank you.
For more informa$on, please contact me:
Cindy Lou Howe (404) 272.6250
MULTIRACIAL YOUTH IN CARE -‐ AACRC NEW YORK, NY -‐ APRIL 11, 2013