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1 Mul$racial Youth in Care AACRC 2013 New York, NY APRIL 11, 2013 PRESENTED BY Cindy Lou Howe
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Page 1: AACRC 2013 edited - togetherthevoice.org · B.A.)American)ethnic)studies,))))) University)of)Washington)! M.Ed.)global)studies)in)educaon,))))) Univ.)of)Illinois)UrbanaChampaign)

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Mul$racial    Youth  in  Care  

   

AACRC  2013  New  York,  NY  APRIL  11,  2013  

 PRESENTED  BY  

Cindy  Lou  Howe  

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§  B.A.  American  ethnic  studies,                            University  of  Washington  

§  M.Ed.  global  studies  in  educa$on,                              Univ.  of  Illinois  Urbana-­‐Champaign  

§  Former  Assistant  Editor  for  MAVIN  Magazine  and  Vice  Pres.  of  MACK  Founda$on  Korea  

§  Ten  years  of  educa$on  experience  in  urban,  virtual  &  interna$onal  contexts  

§  Former  foster  youth  I  am    African  American  and  Korean  American.  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care:    1)  What  is  the  mul$racial  demographic?    2)  Who  is  mul$racial  and  what  are  their  experiences?    3)  How  can  staff  at  residen$al  centers  best  support  them?  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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PART  1:        

The  Mul$racial  Demographic  

MULTIRACIAL  YOUTH  IN  CARE  -­‐  AACRC  NEW  YORK,  NY  -­‐  APRIL  11,  2013  

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Mul,racial  people  have  always  been  part  of  the  U.S.  A  modern  snapshot:    1967  Loving  v.  Virginia  ends  an$-­‐miscegena$on  laws  in  16  U.S.  states    1980-­‐90s  Mul$racial  Organiza$ons  Formed:          1981  Biracial  Family  Network  (BFM)  of  Chicago          1983  Interracial  Family  Circle  (IFC)  of  Washington,  D.C.          1987  Mul$racial  Americans  of  Southern  California  (MASC)          1988  Na$onal  Associa$on  of  Mul$ethnic  Americans  (AMEA)          1991  Project  RACE  (Reclassify  All  Children  Equally)          1992  Hapa  Issues  Forum  (HIF)          1998  MAVIN  magazine  (becomes  nonprofit  MAVIN  Founda$on  in  2000)    1993  AMEA  and  Project  RACE  tes$fy  on  behalf  of  mul$racial  community  at  

 Congressional  hearings  on  racial    and  ethnic  standards.    2000  Historic  change  of  U.S.  Census  to  allow  “Check  One  Or  More” races.  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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Census  2000:  Nearly  7  million  Americans  marked  mul$ple  races  to  describe  themselves.    Census  2010:  Nearly  9  million  Americans  marked  mul$ple  races  to  describe  themselves.    The  mul$racial  popula$on  grew  by  32%  from  2000  to  2010,  compared  to  popula$ons  who  reported  a  single  race,  which  grew  by  9.2%.    The  most  common  mixed  race  heritages  were:  1)  White  and  Some  Other  Race  (1.7  million)  2)  White  and  American  Indian  (1.4  million)  3)  White  and  Asian  (1.6  million)  4)  White  and  Black  or  African  American  (1.8  million)    *  Since  2000,  two  mul$ple-­‐race  groups  exhibited  the  most  significant  changes  —  the  “White  And  Black”  popula$on,  which  grew  more  than  1  million  and  increased  by  134  percent;  and  the  “White  and  Asian”  popula$on,  which  grew  by  about  750,000  and  increased  by  87  percent.  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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§  There  were  16  states  where  over  200,000  people  reported  more  than  one  race.  

§  California,  Texas  and  New  York  each  had  a  mul$ple-­‐race  popula$on  over  500,000.  

§  The  percentage  change  in  the  mul$ple-­‐race  popula$on  was  70  percent  or  greater  in  nine  states:  Delaware,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee  and  West  Virginia  (All  are  southern  states,  except  South  Dakota).  

§  Hawaii  was  the  state  with  the  highest  propor$on  of  self-­‐reported  mul$racial  whites,  mul$racial  Asians  and  mul$racial  Na$ve  Hawaiians  and  Other  Pacific  Islanders.  

§  Lansing,  Michigan,  was  the  place  with  the  highest  propor$on  of  self-­‐reported  mul$racial  African  Americans.  

§  Anchorage,  Alaska,  was  the  place  with  the  highest  propor$on  of  self-­‐reported  mul$racial  American  Indians  and  Alaska  Na$ves.  

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2010 Two or More Races Population: 2010

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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§  Among  Americans  under  18,  the  mul$racial  popula$on  has  increased  almost  50  percent,  to  4.2  million,  since  2000,  making  it  the  fastest  growing  youth  group  in  the  country.  

§  The  data  further  shows  that  the  mul$racial  popula$on  is  overwhelmingly  young,  More  than  half  of  the  mul$racial  popula$on  was  younger  than  20  years  old.  

§  Demographers  project  that  the  mul$racial  popula$on  will  con$nue  to  grow  so  that  by  2050,1  in  5  Americans  could  claim  a  mul$racial  background,  and  by  2100,  the  ra$o  could  soar  to  1  in  three.  

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2010 Two or More Races Population: 2010

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

INTRODUCTION  

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PART  2:            

What  are  their  experiences?  

MULTIRACIAL  YOUTH  IN  CARE  -­‐  AACRC  NEW  YORK,  NY  -­‐  APRIL  11,  2013  

             

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Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

WHAT  ARE  YOU?  

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“Mixed Heritage”

Multiethnic

Multicultural

Transracially or Cross-Culturally

Adopted Multiracial/ Mixed-race

Interracial Biracial

NOT  OK:  Colored/Coloured  Half-­‐Breed  Half-­‐Caste  Mixed-­‐Breed  Mulalo/a  Octoroon,  Quadroon,  etc.    SOMETIMES  OK:  Hapa    NOTE:  Although  “mixed  heritage”  is  gaining  acceptance  as  the  most  inclusive  terminology,  some  people  (especially  parents)  may  be  uncomfortable  with  the  word  “mixed”  thereby  preferring  “mul$racial.”  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

AN  EVOLVING  LANGUAGE  

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“Multiracial people are proof that we have overcome racism.”

“Mixed people are so hot!”

“She thinks she’s better because she’s mixed.”

“He acts White.”"

“What are you?”

“Aren’t we all mixed?”

“Where are you from? No, I mean, originally.”

“Multiracial people have the best of both worlds.”!

“Mixed babies are the cutest!”

“Just pick one!”

“He’s only half.”�

“Is that your mother?”

“I don’t even think of you as Black.”!

“In my day there was no such thing as ‘biracial’.”

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Birth  to  3  -­‐  Parents  choose  how  to  racially  iden$fy  their  children.    -­‐  How  they  react  to  situa$ons  can  shape  how  their  child’s  self-­‐percep$on.  -­‐  Children  no$ce  gender  differences  at  about  2  years  old.    -­‐  By  3  most  children  see  and  are  cognizant  of  racial  differences.    4  to  7  -­‐  Children  are  very  concerned  with  making  and  keeping  friends.    -­‐  Mixed  heritage  children  may  realize  that  they  are  different.  -­‐  Kids  begin  to  make  fun  of  each  other  because  of  the  way  that  they  look.    -­‐  Children  start  classifying  people.  -­‐  Children  begin  to  develop  a  limited  grasp  of  racism.    8  to  10  -­‐  Children  develop  more  cogni$ve  abili$es  and  become  more  logical.    -­‐  By  10,  children  can  use  racial  categories  to  classify  themselves  and  others.    -­‐  Mixed  heritage  children  may  iden$fy  exclusively  with  one  side  of  their  heritage  to  get  to  a  place  where  they  feel  equally  balanced  in  their  racial  and  ethnic  iden$fica$on     Source: The Multiracial Child Resource Book, 2003

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RACIAL  ID  DEVELOPMENT  

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11  to  14  -­‐  Most  early  adolescents  struggle  to  find  their  place  within  society.  This  can  be  especially  difficult  for  mixed  heritage  youth.    -­‐  When  they  find  a  place  where  they  feel  they  fit  they  latch  onto  that  iden$ty.    -­‐  Finding  this  niche  may  lead  to  a  rejec$on  of  other  parts  of  their  iden$ty.    15  to  17  -­‐  Youth  are  dealing  with  a  more  complex  understanding  of  who  they  are  in  society.    -­‐  Many  “try  on”  different  ethnic  iden$$es  looking  for  the  right  fit.    -­‐  Ooen  mixed  heritage  youth  approach  struggles  with  da$ng  interracially  and  make  decisions  that  their  parents  made  –  what  is  socially  accepted  behavior,  and  who  is  an  “acceptable”  partner?    Early  adulthood  -­‐  Young  adults  ooen  delve  deeper  into  their  ethnic  roots,  whether  by  immersing  themselves  into  a  specific  cultural  tradi$on,  or  with  mixed  race  groups.    -­‐  This  is  also  the  first  $me  the  student  is  forced  to  reckon  with  a  framework  that  is  outside  their  family  of  origin,  as  children  may  move  away  from  home.       Source: The Multiracial Child Resource Book, 2003

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RACIAL  ID  DEVELOPMENT  

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For  any  person…  Iden$ty  development  is  shaped  by:  

-­‐Geography  

-­‐Context  

-­‐Upbringing  

-­‐Experiences      

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RACIAL  ID  DEVELOPMENT  

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Source: Maria P. P. Root, PhD

1)  Assignment  by  hypodescent  “One-­‐drop  rule”  -­‐racial  assignment  based  on  the  race  with  the  least  social  standing  (societal  decision).    2)  Monoracial  fit/self-­‐assignment  Single  race  assignment  based  on  personal  decision  (vs.  societal    decision).    3)  Blended  Iden$ty  Self-­‐assigning  more  than  one  label  simultaneously:  for  example,  “Filipina  and  Black”  instead  of  one  classifica$on,  like  “mul$racial.”    4)  Bi-­‐  or  mul$racial  Conscious  declara$on  of  defying  outdated  categories  -­‐  refusal  to    accept  single-­‐race  designa$ons.    5)  White  with  symbolic  iden$ty  Lack  of  exposure  to  an  ethnic  background  with  which  to  iden$fy;    iden$fica$on  more  with  class  values  and  other  kinds  of  background.  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RACIAL  IDENTITY  OPTIONS  

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Source: Matt Kelley

Mixed-­‐heritage  people  can  experience  discrimina$on.  Here  are  some  of  the  ways:    1)  Assumed  monoracial  status  (ins$tu$onal  invisibility)    2)  Racism  targe$ng  all  people  perceived  as  non-­‐White    3)  Discrimina$on  by  people  opposed  to  racial  intermarriage    4)  Discrimina$on  by  people  of  color  and  communi$es  of  color    5)  Misapplied  discrimina$on  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

DISCRIMINATION  

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Source: Udry, et. Al. American Journal of Public Health (Nov. 2003)

1)  Students  from  more  than  one  racial  background  are  more  likely  than  their  single-­‐race  peers  to  experience  trouble  in  school,  such  as  repea$ng  a  grade,  skipping  school,  and  being  suspended.      2)  School-­‐related  problems  and  lack  of  aspira$ons,  might  be  related  to  the  mul$racial  youths'  percep$on  and/or  experience  of  societal  prejudice  and  discrimina$on.    3)  Racism  nega$vely  affects  the  formula$on  of  posi$ve  racial  and  ethnic  iden$ty  among  these  youths.  Both  majority  and  ethnic  minority  groups  may  reject  mul$racial  youths,  and  such  social  marginality  can  place  mul$racial  youths  at  higher  risk  for  delinquent  behavior  and  substance  use.    4)  Further,  some  youths  may  have  to  compromise  their  values  and  interests  to  be  accepted  by  a  peer  group  or  get  involved  in  nega$ve  ac$vi$es  to  enhance  their  social  desirability.        

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

WHAT  RESEARCH  TELLS  US…  

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Source: Choi et. Al American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (Jan. 2006)

5)  For  example,  studies  report  a  higher  incidence  of  overrepresenta$on  in  mental  health  treatment  and  higher  rates  of  other  psychological  and  behavioral  problems.    6)  When  there  is  a  strong  iden$ty  forma$on,  self-­‐concept,  reference  group  orienta$on.  If  the  quality  of  parent  and  adolescent  rela$onship  exists  and  the  majority  of  school,  behavioral,  and  psychological  dimensions  are  suppor$ve;  can  lead  to  different  outcomes.      7)  A  stronger,  posi$ve  ethnic  iden$ty  may  serve  as  a  protec$ve  factor,  par$cularly  for  the  frequency  of  substance  use  and  violence.    8)  Because  mul$racial  youths  are  more  likely  to  engage  in  problem  behaviors,  it  is  impera$ve  to  address,  early  in  their  development,  these  youths'  mul$racial  background  as  well  as  the  issues  related  to  race/ethnicity.        

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

WHAT  RESEARCH  TELLS  US…  

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcJumrf6LF8

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

WHAT  ARE  YOU?  

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PART  3:          

How  can  residen$al  centers  best  support  

them?    MULTIRACIAL  YOUTH  IN  CARE  -­‐  AACRC  

NEW  YORK,  NY  -­‐  APRIL  11,  2013  

 

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Source: Francis P. Wardle, PhD

§  Staff  astudes  toward  interracial  and  interethnic  marriage  and  mul$racial  iden$ty.    

§  A  world  view  of  people  of  mixed  heritage.    

§  Ideas/techniques  on  how  to  support  the  healthy  development  of  mul$racial  and  mul$ethnic  children.    

§  Working  with  interracial  and  interethnic  parents.    

Staff  training  /  Expert  presenta,ons  

§  Finding  and  crea$ng  resources.    

§  The  concept  of  race  in  this  country  and  throughout  the  world.    

§  The  history  of  mul$racial  and  mul$ethnic  people  in  this  country,  including  mul$racial  heroes.    

§  Curriculum  ideas,  field  trips,  and  center  visitors.    

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RESIDENTIAL  CENTER  SUPPORT  

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Source: Francis P. Wardle, PhD

§  Interracial  families—two-­‐parent,  one-­‐parent,  foster,  adop$ve,  same-­‐sex,  blended    

§  Mul$racial  heroes    

§  Interracial/mul$racial  books  

§  Racial/ethnic  iden$ty  development  and  self  esteem    

§  Mixing  of  tradi$ons,  na$onali$es,  languages,  and  religions    

Curriculum  from  teachers  at  centers  

§  Teaching  about  culture,  race,  and  diversity    

§  Classroom  materials  

§  Responding  to  bias  and  harassment  

§  Federal  and  school  race  forms  

§  Field  trips  and  classroom  visitors  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RESIDENTIAL  CENTER  SUPPORT  

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Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark

§  Minimize  assump$ons  and  don’t  impose  a  racial  iden$ty  Don’t  assume  a  child’s  racial  iden$ty  or  impose  your  own  preference  of  a  racial  iden$ty  onto  them.  

§  Don’t  ask  too  many  ques$ons  Mixed  heritage  people  are  ooen  asked  about  their  heritage.  Show  interest,  but  try  not  to  exacerbate  feelings  of  “otherness.”  Balance  curiosity  with  respect.  

§  Respond  to  racial  and  monoracial  bias    Mul$racial  children  can  receive  harassment  from  their  peers.  Residen$al  centers  need  to  respond  and  address  these  incidents.  Mul$racial  children  should  not  have  to  jus$fy  their  existence.        

§  Celebra$ons!  Be  inclusive  where  all  children  can  par$cipate,  learn,  and  enjoy  the  ac$vity  and  provide  support  for  mul$racial  children's  celebra$on  of  each  part  of  their  heritage.  A  child  should  should  not  have  to  ignore  one  part  of  their  heritage  and  celebrate  the  other.  

 §  Make  resources  available  

Have  books,  images  and  other  resources  about  mixed  heritage  people  and  families  in  the  center…  but  be  a  skep$cal  consumer!      

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

SPECIFIC  SUGGESTIONS  

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Source: Francis Wardle, PhD; Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark

§  Crea$ve  Projects  Incorporate  mixed  heritage  issues  into  larger  conversa$ons  about  iden$ty.  Ex:  how  do  you  blur  boundaries  of  race,  ethnicity,  culture,  gender,  na$onality,  class,  popularity,  etc.?  

 §  Par$cipate  in  community  ac$vi$es    

each  year  there  are  regional  and  na$onal  mixed  heritage  conferences  and  events  that  may  be  of  interest  to  your  youth  and  their  families.  

 §  Help  youth  start  a  mixed  heritage  group  

several  high  schools  have  mixed  heritage  and  adoptee  student  groups.  Around  the  country  there  are  opportuni$es  for  collabora$on  with  local  colleges.  

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

SPECIFIC  SUGGESTIONS  

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§  Advocacy  Associa$on  of  Mul$ethnic  Americans  (AMEA)  www.ameasite.org  MAVIN  Founda$on  www.mavinfounda$on.org    

§  Resource  Informa,on  Intermix  (UK)  www.intermix.org.uk  The  Mixed  Heritage  Center  www.mixedheritagecenter.org  Mul$cultural  Familia  www.mul$culturalfamilia.com  PBS’s  Race,  the  power  of  illusion  www.pbs.org/race/  

         Of  Many  Colors:  Portraits  of  Mul$racial  Families                hlp://familydiv.org/exhibits/of-­‐many-­‐colors/  

§  Campus  Groups  Consider  star$ng  a  mentor  program  with  local  colleges  and  universi$es.                

         Many  schools  have  mul$racial  organiza$ons  that  can  provide  volunteers.      

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RESOURCES:  ORGANIZATIONS  

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Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark

§  Paren,ng  The  Mul$racial  Child  Resource  Book:  Living  Complex  Iden$$es  Edited  by  Maria  P.  P.  Root  and  Mal  Kelley    Does  Anybody  Else  Look  Like  Me?    By  Donna  Jackson  Nakazawa  

 §  Youth  Voices  

What  Are  You?  Voices  of  mixed  race  young  people    Edited  by  Pearl  Fuyo  Gaskins    Mixed:  Portraits  of  Mul$racial  Kids  By  Kip  Fulbeck        

§  Educa,on  Mee$ng  the  Needs  of  Mul$racial                            Children  in  Schools  

               By  Francis  Wardle  and  Marta  Cruz-­‐Janzen  

               “Mixed  Heritage  Students  and  the                      Redefini$on  of  Diversity”  in  Race,                Ethnicity  and  Educa$on  (vol.  4)                  By  Mal  Kelley  and  Sashya  Tanaka  Clark  

 

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RESOURCES:  BOOKS  

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Source: Matt Kelley & Sashya Tanaka Clark

§  Fic,on/Memoir  Half  n  Half:  Writers  on  Growing  Up  Mul$racial/Mul$cultural  Edited  by  Claudine  Chaiwei  O’Hearn    The  Color  of  Water:  A  Black  Man’s  Tribute  to  His  White  Mother    By  James  McBride  

§   Black,  White  and  Jewish:  Autobiography  of  a  Shioing  Self  By  Rebecca  Walker          

§  Academic            More  Than  Black?  Mul$racial  Iden$ty              and  the  New  Racial  Order              By  G.  Reginald  Daniel              The  Sum  of  Our  Parts:  Mixed-­‐                  Heritage  Asian  Americans              Edited  by  Theresa  Williams-­‐Leon  and                  Cynthia  Nakashima              Mark  One  or  More:  Civil  Rights  in              Mul$racial  America  (The  Poli$cs  of              Race  and  Ethnicity)              By  Kim  M.  Williams              Ethnic  Op$ons:  Choosing  Iden$$es              in  America              By  Mary  C.  Waters  

 

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

RESOURCES:  BOOKS  

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I  HAVE  THE  RIGHT…  Not  to  jus$fy  my  existence  in  this  world.  Not  to  keep  the  races  separate  within  me.  Not  to  be  responsible  for  people’s  discomfort  with  my  physical  ambiguity.  Not  to  jus$fy  my  ethnic  legi$macy    I  HAVE  THE  RIGHT…  To  iden$fy  myself  differently  than  strangers  expect  me  to  iden$fy.  To  iden$fy  myself  differently  from  how  my  parents  iden$fy  me.  To  iden$fy  myself  differently  from  my  brothers  and  sisters.  To  iden$fy  myself  differently  in  different  situa$ons.    I  HAVE  THE  RIGHT…  To  create  a  vocabulary  to  communicate  about  being  mul$racial.  To  change  my  iden$ty  over  my  life$me—and  more  than  once.  To  have  loyal$es  and  iden$fica$on  with  more  than  one  group  of  people.  To  freely  choose  whom  I  befriend  and  love.      

Source: Maria P. P. Root, PhD

Mul$racial  Youth  in  Care  

BILL  OF  RIGHTS  FOR  RACIALLY  MIXED  PEOPLE  

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Thank  you.    

For  more  informa$on,  please  contact  me:    

Cindy  Lou  Howe  (404)  272.6250  

[email protected]  

         MULTIRACIAL  YOUTH  IN  CARE  -­‐  AACRC  NEW  YORK,  NY  -­‐  APRIL  11,  2013  

 


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