Aambal Magazine Issue 5

ñ£î£‰î Þî› • BILINGUAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE • TAMIL & ENGLISH

JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2010ISSUE 05

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EDITORIAL

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M÷‚è‹: 1 . World Ethnology 2 . êñíêñòˆ¬î Y˜F¼ˆFòõ˜ 3. ªð÷ˆî ñîˆ¬î Ü¬ñˆîõ˜ 4. Ü«ê£è„ ê‚èóõ˜ˆFJ¡ ð£†ì¡ 5. ñè£õ‹ê‹ 20:90 - 102 6 . Nicholas.C.W, Hoistrical Topgraphy of Ancient & Medieval Ceylon 7. îI›ŠHó£I â¿ˆ¶


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M÷‚è‹: 8. åŠd´ 9. è£˜ˆF¬èŠ Ì 10. î¬ôJ™ Å´‹ ñ£¬ô

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Irrefutable evidences clearly establish that Karaikkal Ammaiyar has a distinctive place of eminence by any criteria, be it antiquity of time, elegance of composition, depth of meaning, spread of philosophy or inspirer of new excellence. Compared to great musical exponents who had been given appropriate titles as "Sangeetha Mummoorthigal", "Aathi Mummoorthigal", "Sirtpy of Padams", "Sangeetha Pithamagar", "Chanthap Paavala Peruman" and "Thevara Moovar" and are being remembered today Karaikal Ammaiyar is the sole exception who has not been given adequate and meaningful recognition. Judged by the criterion of time, Karaikal Ammaiyar is by far the oldest in this great galaxy of musical exponents and can therefore rightly lay claim as the “Mother of Karnatic Music”.

Karaikkal Ammaiyar, which means the mother from Karaikkal is one of the few females amongst the 63 Nayanmars and is one of the greatest fi gures of early Tamil Literature. Her birth name is Punithavathy born 4th or 5th century in Karaikkal (South India) and is a great devotee of Lord Shiva. Even Lord Shiva himself called her “Ammaiye” as to state her as his mother.

Life History

Karaikkal Ammaiyar was born in Karaikkal, a maritime trading city in Chola nadu was born to Danathathan, a famous and wealthy merchant. He was very virtuous, too. He and his dutiful wife prayed to God for a child, and God answered their prayers by giving a baby girl called Punithavathy. From childhood Punithavathy grew up in a religious atmosphere and worshipped Lord Siva diligently. She enchanted the fi ve letter mantra Namasivaya and also attended to the needs of Saiva devotees. When she grew up as a charming young girl she was wedded to Paramathathan, the son of a rich merchant in Nagapattinam. Even after marriage she continued her chosen religious life. Saiva devotees who visited her were lavishly fed and were given clothes and jewels according to their needs.

One day Paramadattan sent two mangoes to his house. Punithavathy kept them safely so that she could serve her husband with them at meal-time. In the meantime, a Siva Yogi appeared before her. He was hungry and completely exhausted. Punithavathy worshipped him and offered him Bhiksha. She had only rice to give him and no other side dish

- Amritha In the last issue, I wrote about the "Father of Karnatic music" as many of you will now know that it is Purandara Dasa. Now I pose the question “Who is the mother of Karnatic music?” This is a question that is either neglected or only known by a few.

Mother of Karnatic Music

Karaikal Ammaiyar is by far the oldest in this great galaxy of musical exponents and can therefore rightly lay claim as the “Mother of Karnatic Music”.

“Mother of Karnatic Music”


as she was still cooking, except the mangoes. She gave one to the guest. At midday Paramadattan came to the house. The wife served him with one mango. He liked it, and asked for the other. She was upset. She appealed to the Lord for help. When she finished her prayer, mysteriously a mango fell on the palm of her hand. She gave it her husband. He tasted it. It was exceptionally sweet. He asked her to tell him from where she got it, as he was quite sure it was not the mango he had sent. Punithavathy told him the whole truth. Paramadattan, however, would not believe this and challenged her to produce another. She prayed again to the Lord. Another mango appeared on her palm. She gave it to him. But, at once it disappeared from his hand. He was astounded. He understood the greatness of his wife. He felt that it was a great sin to live with her as her husband. On the pretext of going to a foreign country for trade, he sailed with a ship load of goods. On return, he established himself in a big city in the Pandyan kingdom. He married another girl and lived happily. He had a daughter by her and he named her Punithavathy, after his first wife.

Punithavathiyar’s relatives came to know of her husband’s whereabouts and took her also there in a palanquin.

When Paramadattan heard that Punithavathy was coming to him, he, with his second wife and child, went forward, and fell at Punithavathy’s feet. When the people demanded an explanation, he revealed that he regarded her, not as his wife, but as a Goddess. Punithavathy understood his mental condition, and prayed to the Lord: ‘In that case, Oh Lord, deprive me of the present physical charm and let me have a demonaical form.’ Her prayer was immediately granted and her charming body was transformed into a skeleton.

Then she went on a pilgrimage to the holy Kailasa. Feeling that it would be a great sin to place her foot on those sacred grounds, she made the last part of the journey on her head. Mother Parvathy was surprised to see Punithavathy’s strange form and her wonderful devotion. Lord Siva told her of Ammaiyar’s greatness. When she went near Him, Lord Siva welcomed her with extreme love and granted a boon to her. She fell at His Feet, and prayed: “Oh Lord of Mercy, give me sincere, pure, unalloyed, eternal and overflowing devotion unto ou. I want no more birth. If, however, I have to take birth here, grant me that I should never forget you. Whenever you dance, I must be at your feet singing your praise. This is my only wish.’ Her

fame is not only in India and Sri Lanka but also in Bali, Cambodia, etc where carvings of Karaikkal Ammaiyar in temples show her worshipping Lord Shiva.

Her Musical Compositions:

She is probably the first woman to be learned in Muthamil. There are three varieties in Tamil – Iyal (Prose), Isai (Music) and Naadaham (Drama) as we can gather this from her four books:

Thiruvaalankaadu Mooththa Thirupathikam Part I - (11 Songs)

Thiruvaalankaadu Mooththa THirupathikam Part II - (11 Songs)

Thiru Irattai Manimaalai - (20 Songs)

Atputha Thiru Anthathi - (101 Songs)

In Thiruvaalankaadu Mooththa Thirupathikam Parts I and II she mentions about God Shiva’s Dance. Not only that but about the stage, lighting, decorations, musicians, aharyam (costume, jewellery, makeup, etc), karanas, etc. This was set to pans (ragas).

In Thiru Irattai Manimaalai, two types of songs are entwined together. In Atputha Thiru Anthathi she talks about herself, other Shiva devotees, and their stories, etc. I will be going into more detail in the upcoming issue. So watch out for the next issue.

In Thiruvaalankaadu Mooththa Thirupathikam Parts I and II she mentions about God Shiva’s Dance. Not only that but about the stage, lighting, decorations, musicians, aharyam (costume, jewellery, makeup, etc), karanas, etc. This was set to pans (ragas).

The eastrn gopuram of the inner enclosure wall - Banteay Srei temple

Banteay Srei temple in Angkor, Cambodia.

“Mother of Karnatic Music”


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ðƒ°„ ê‰¬îJ™ âšõ£Á ðƒ°è¬÷ õ£ƒA MŸð¬ù ªêŒ¶ Þô£ð‹ ªðøº®»«ñ£ Üšõ£«ø ðí„ ê‰¬îJ½‹ ðíƒè¬÷ õ£ƒA MŸð¬ù ªêŒ¶ Þô£ð‹ ªðøº®»‹. ðƒ°„ ê‰¬îJ™ å¼ è‹ðQJ¡ ðƒ°è¬÷ õ£ƒA, MŸð¬ù ªêŒô£‹ Ýù£™ ðí„ê‰¬îJ™ å¼ «ê£®ò£ù ðíˆ¬î õ£ƒA H¡ù˜ MŸð¬ù ªêŒò «õ‡´‹. ðí„ ê‰¬î Mò£ð£óˆ¬î ÝƒAôˆF™ Currency Market Ü™ô¶ FOREX â¡Á ÃÁõ£˜èœ.

FOREX MARKET àî£óíƒèœ

«ñ«ô ÃPò¶ «ð£™ ðí„ê‰¬îJ™ «ê£®ò£ù ðíƒè¬÷«ò õ£ƒA MŸè º®»‹. ÜîŸ° àî£óíñ£è Sterling Pounds, US Dollar â¡ð¬î GBP/USD â¡Á‹ Sterling pounds, Japanese Yen â¡ð¬î GBP/JPY â¡Á‹ Australia Dollar, Canadian Dollar AUD/CAD â¡Á‹ «ê£®ò£è °PŠH´õ£˜èœ. Þƒ° Sterling pounds Þ¡ M¬ô US Dollar M¬ô¬ò Mì ÜFèK‚°‹ âù è¼Fù£™ GBP/USD â¡ø ðí «ê£®¬ò õ£ƒA H¡ù˜ MŸð¬ù ªêŒ¶ Þô£ð‹ Ü¬ì‰¶ ªè£œ÷ô£‹.

Currency Market àôAŸ° º‚Aòñ£ùî£?

Currency Market àôè Mò£ð£óˆFŸ° Iè¾‹ º‚Aòñ£ù¶. Currency Market Þ™ô£M†ì£™ Þ‰Fò¡ Ïð£¬ò, ÜªñK‚è ªì£ô¼‚° âFó£è ñ£ŸP Mò£ð£ó‹ ªêŒò º®ò£¶. îŸªð£¿î å¼ ï£O™ ï¬ìªðÁ‹ FOREX Üî£õ¶ ðí„ ê‰¬î ïìõ®‚¬èèœ (Trading Volume) ÜªñK‚è£M™ àœ÷ ðƒ°„ ê‰¬î ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷ Mì 30 ñìƒèFèñ£ù¶ âù è¼îŠðÁø¶.

ðƒ°„ ê‰¬î»ì¡ (Share Market) åŠH´‹ ªð£¿¶ ðí„ê‰¬îJ™ (Currency Market) àœ÷ ÜÂÃôƒèœ â¡ù?

ðí„ê‰¬î Mò£ð£óˆ¬î ðóŠ¹ gF Mò£ðó º¬ø (Spread Financial Trading) â¡ø º¬øJ¡ Íô‹ ï¬ìº¬øŠð´ˆîô£‹. Þ‰î º¬ø¬òŠ ðŸP «ñôFè Mðó‹ ÜPò M¼Šðºœ÷õ˜èœ â‹ºì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ªè£œ÷¾‹.

ðí„ê‰¬î Mò£ð£óˆF¡ ÜÂÃôƒè¬÷ W«ö ð£˜Š«ð£‹.

1) Iè‚ °¬ø‰î÷¾ Commission/Spreads:- GBP/USD â¡ø ðí„ «ê£®¬ò õ£ƒ°õîŸ° Commission £3 ñ†´«ñ.2) 24 ñEˆFò£ô ê‰¬î:- ðíê‰¬î GÎCô£‰¶ ï£†®™ ÞƒAô£‰¶ ï£†´ «ïóŠð® ë£JÁ Þó¾ 10 ñE‚° Ýó‹Hˆ¶ ªõœO‚A¬ñ Þó¾ 9 ñE‚° ÜªñK‚è£M™ º®õ¬ì»‹. Ü«î«õ¬÷ ðƒ°„ ê‰¬î å¼ ï£†®™ Ýè‚Ã®ò¶ 9 ñEˆFò£ôƒèœ ñ†´«ñ ªêŒòŠð´‹.3) M¬ô àò˜¾, î£›¾ â¡ð¶ Ã®ò è£ôˆFŸ° c®Šðî£™ ÜFè÷¾ ðí‹ à¬ö‚°‹ ê£ˆFò‚ ÃÁèÀ‹ ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‚°‹.

4) ðƒ°„ ê‰¬îJ™ ðƒ°èO¡ M¬ôèœ °¬ø»‹ ªð£¿¶ Üî¬ù ÝƒAôˆF™ "Bear Market" â¡Á ÃÁõ£˜èœ. Ýù£™ ðí„ ê‰¬îJ™ "Never a bear market" â¡Á ÃÁõ£˜èœ.

5) Spread Financial Trading â¡ø º¬øJ™ ðí„ê‰¬î Mò£ð£óˆ¬î ªî£ìƒAù£™ Þîù£™ A¬ì‚°‹ Þô£ðˆFŸ° â‰î õK»‹ ªê½ˆîˆ «î¬õJ™¬ô (Tax-exempt).

ðí„ê‰¬îJ™ âšõ£Á Þô£ð‹ Ü¬ìõ¶?

Þî¬ù àî£óíˆF¡ Íô‹ ÃÁõ¶î£¡ ²ôðñ£ù¶. Þ¡Á Þ‰î è†´¬ó â¿¶‹ «ïóˆF™ GBP/USD (Üî£õ¶ Pounds/Dollar) Þ¡ M¬ô 1.6000. Þî¡ M¬ô 3 ñ£îˆF™ Þ¡Â‹ ÜFèñ£è 1.6450 Ýè àòóô£‹ âù ï£‹ è¼Fù£™ GBP/USD Þ¡Á õ£ƒA H¡ù˜ MŸð¬ù ªêŒõF¡ Íô‹ £450 Þô£ð‹ ªðøô£‹.

ðíƒè¬÷ õ£ƒ°‹ ªð£¿¶ âŠªð£¿¶‹ Points èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ î£¡ õ£ƒè«õ‡´‹. Üî£õ¶ 1 Points, 2 Points, 5 Points âù °PŠðìô£‹. «ñ«ô ÃPò àî£óíˆF¡ð® 1 Points GBP/USD (£/$) õ£ƒAJ¼‰î£™ £450 Þô£ðº‹, 2 Points õ£ƒAJ¼‰î£™ £900 Þô£ðº‹, 5 Points õ£ƒAJ¼‰î£™ £2250 Þô£ðº‹ A¬ìˆF¼‚°‹. 1 Points õ£ƒ°õîŸ° êó£êKò£è £100 ºîh†´ ðí‹ «î¬õŠð´‹.

ðíƒè¬÷ âŠ«ð£¶ õ£ƒ°õ¶, âŠªð£¿¶ MŸð¬ù ªêŒõ¶ â¡ðî âšõ£Á G˜íJŠð¶?

âñ¶ è¼ˆF¡ð® ðíƒè¬÷ âŠªð£¿¶ õ£ƒ°õ¶, âŠªð£¿¶ MŸð¬ù ªêŒõ¶ â¡ðî¬ù õ¬óðìƒèO¡ àîM»ì¡ (Graph) G˜íJŠð¶ î£¡ Cø‰î¶. Þ‹º¬ø¬òˆî£¡ IèŠ ªðKò Hedge Funds, Banks â¡ðù àð«ò£A‚A¡øù.

ðíƒ¬è¬÷ (Currencies) ñ†´ñ¡P ðƒ°è¬÷»‹ (Shares) õ¬óðìƒèO¡ àîM»ì¡ âšõ£Á õ£ƒA MŸð¬ù ªêŒ¶ õKJ™ô£î (Tax Exempt)Þô£ð‹ Ü¬ìò£ô‹ â¡ð¬î ÜP‰¶ ªè£œ÷ âñ¶ ªî£¬ô«ðC»ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£œ÷¾‹.

ªî£ì˜¹èÀ‚°: 07983 989 534

ðí„ ê‰¬î ºîh´ â¡ø£™ â¡ù?âšõ£Á ðí„ê‰¬î ºîh†ì£™ Þô£ð‹ Ü¬ìõ¶? - ó°ó£x î˜ñó†í‹ (ACMA, MAAT)


ó°ó£x î˜ñó†í‹ (ACMA, MAAT)ó°ó£x î˜ñó†í‹ (ACMA, MAAT)

àƒèœ ðíˆFŸ° å¼ ¬õˆFò˜...

M´º¬ø

«èœM: ï£¡ å¼ ²Šð˜ ñ£˜è†®™ ð°F «ïóñ£è å¼ Aö¬ñJ™ 3 ï£†èœ ñ†´‹ «õ¬ô ªêŒA¡«ø¡. ï£¡ ãŠHó™ 2010Ü‹ Ý‡´ 2 Aö¬ñèœ M´º¬ø â´‚è Þ¼‚A¡«ø¡ ê†ìŠð® ð°F«ïóñ£è 3 ï£œ ñ†´‹ Aö¬ñJ™ «õ¬ôªêŒî£™ Þšõ£Á 2 Aö¬ñ M´º¬ø â´‚è º®»ñ£?

ðF™: åšªõ£¼ «õ¬ôò£O»‹ å¼ Aö¬ñJ™ 5 ï£†èœ «õ¬ôªêŒî£™ å¼ õ¼ìˆFŸ° 5.6 Aö¬ñèœ Üî£õ¶ 28 ï£†èœ M´º¬ø ªðÁõîŸ° àKˆî£ùõ˜èœ cƒèœ å¼ Aö¬ñJ™ 3 ï£†èœ ñ†´«ñ «õ¬ô ªêŒî£™ ê†ìŠð® 17 ï£†èœ M´î¬ô ªðø àKˆî£ùõ˜èœ. Cô õ˜ˆîè G¬ôòƒèœ ªð£¶ M´º¬ø ï£†è¬÷»‹ Þ‰î M´º¬øJ™ àœ÷ì‚è º®»‹. (Üî£¶ õƒA M´º¬ø, ßvì˜ M´º¬ø «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø»‹ Þ‰î 28 ï£†èÀ‚°œ àœ÷ì‚ô£‹).

²ò ªî£N½‹ õK»‹

«èœM: ï£¡ èì‰î 4 õ¼ìƒè÷£è ªî£Nô£Oò£è (Employee) ðô è‹ðQèÀ‚° ªè£Iê¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ «õ¬ô ªêŒ¶ õ¼A«ø¡. âù¶ êó£êK õ¼ñ£ù‹ å¼ Ý‡®Ÿ° £40,000 Ý°‹. ªî£Nô£Oò£è «õ¬ô ªêŒõ¬îMì, ²ò ªî£Nô£è (Self-employment) «õ¬ô ªêŒî£™ °¬ø‰î÷¾ õK ªê½ˆî£ô‹ âù âù¶ ï‡ð˜ å¼õ˜ ÃPù£˜. ÞF™ à‡¬ñ Þ¼‚A¡øî£?

ðF™: àƒèÀ‚° ñ†´ñ¡P ðô¼‚° ÞŠð®ò£ù «èœM å¡Á å¿A¡ø¶. Þî¬ù W«ö àœ÷ Ü†ìõ¬íÍô‹ Þô°õ£è M÷ƒèŠð´ˆîô£‹.

Employed

Income Income TaxEmployee Nat.Insu

Total Paid by the Employee

£20,000 £2,705 £1,571 £4,276

£30,000 £4,705 £2,671 £7,376

£40,000 £6,705 £3,771 £10,476

£100,000 £29,930 £4,759 £34,689

Self-Employed

Income Income TaxClass 2 Nat.Insu

Class 4 Nat.Insu

Total Paid

£20,000 £2,705 £125 £1,143 £3,973

£30,000 £4,705 £125 £1,943 £6,773

£40,000 £6,705 £125 £2,743 £9,573

£100,000 £29,930 £125 £3,614 £33,669

«ñ«ô àœ÷ å¼ Ü†ìõ¬íèO¡ Íô‹ cƒèœ Üõî£Q‚è‚ Ã®ò Mìò‹ â¡ùªõ¡ø£™ «õ¬ôªêŒðõó£è Þ¼‰î£½‹, ²ò ªî£Nô£è (Self-Employed) Þ¼‰î£½‹, õ¼ñ£ù õKJ™ (Income Tax) â‰î Mî£ñ£ù MˆFò£êº‹ Þ™¬ô. Ýù£™ ²ò ªî£N™ (Self-Employed) º¬øJ™ W› National Insurance °¬øõ£è ªê½ˆîŠð´õî£™ cƒèœ ªñ£ˆîñ£è ªê½ˆ¶‹ ðíˆªî£¬è °¬øõ£ùî£°‹. cƒèœ å¼ õ¼ìˆFŸ° £40,000 õ¼ñ£ù‹ ªðÁõî£ù£™ ²ò ªî£N™ (Self-Employed) º¬øJ¡ð® àƒèÀ‚° £903 (£10,476

- £9,573) «êIŠ¹ A¬ì‚°‹. Þƒ° °¬ø‰î÷¾ National Insurance ªê½ˆ¶‹ ÜÂÃô‹ Þ¼‰î£½‹ ªî£Nô£Oò£è (Employment) Þ¼‚°‹ ªð£¿¶ A¬ì‚°‹ Cô ê½¬èè÷£ù Sick Pay, Maternity Pay, Holiday Pay, Redundancy Pay â¡ðù ²ò ªî£N™ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ (Self-Employed) A¬ì‚è ñ£†ì£¶.

VAT Rate

Question: I am running a car spare parts shop in London. I was told that from 1st January 2010 I have to charge 17.5% VAT to my vatable goods. Please can you explain how do I decide when to charge 15% and when to charge 17.5% VAT.

Answer: It is a very good question and many business owners are still not sure how to charge the VAT correctly and the following 4 points will hopefully clear your doubts.

1. Invoices that are raised on or before 31/12/09 should be charged VAT at 15%.

2. Invoices that are raised on or after 1st January 2010 Should be charged VAT at 17.5%.

3. Credit notes raised after 1st January 2010 against an invoice which was raised before 31/12/09 should use the same VAT rate on the credit not as on the original invoice.

4. Deposits taken before 31-12-09 on services delivered after 1/1/2010 should charge 15% VAT , on the deposit and 17.5% VAT on the balance.

Money Doctor ðŸPò «ñôFè Mðóƒè¬÷ ÜPò 07983 989534 â¡ø âñ¶ Þô‚èˆ¶ì¡ ªî£ì˜¹ ªè£œ÷¾‹.

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«îƒè£Œ ð£«ô º‰FKŠð¼Š¹‚ èP‚° ²¬õ¬ò‚ Ã†´‹.

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G¬øò ªêŒº¬ø‚ °PŠ¹èO™ MQè˜ «ê˜‚è„ ªê£™L‚ °PŠHÁø£˜è«÷... Ü¶ àì½‚° ï™ôî£?

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ñ£˜‚ªè†®™ Fù‹ å¼ â‡ªíŒ ÜPºèñ£Aø¶. â‰î â‡ªíŒ ï™ô¶?

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Þ¡¬øò àôA¡ õ£›‚¬èŠ «ð£ó£†‹ âñ‚° ê£ŠH® «õó‹ Þ¡P ¶óˆ¶A¡ø¶. ã«ù£ î£«ù£ â¡Á AìŠð¬î õ£JÂœ FE‚A¡«ø£‹. Þ¼‚è «ïó‹ Þ¡¬ñò£™ õ¼‹ õNJ™ ã«î£ æ˜ Üõêó àí¾ G¬ôòˆF™ ¸¬ö‰¶ è‡ì¬î»‹ õ£ƒA õ‰¶ °ö‰¬îèÀ‚°‹ ªè£´ˆ¶ ï£º‹ à‡A¡«ø£‹. ÜõŸP¡ H¡ M¬÷¾è¬÷ â‡EŠð£˜ŠðF¬ô.

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º‚èòñ£è âñ¶ àìL¡ ßóL™ ªñ¿° «ð£¡Á à‡ì£‚èŠð´‹ ðî£˜ˆî«ñ ªî£ôv«ó£™. ÞŠð® ÞòŸ¬èò£è ï‹ àì™ à‡ì£‚°‹ ªè£ôv«ó£¬ô Mì ï£‹ à‡µ‹ (ÜFè ªè£¿Š¹œ÷ ð£™, ð†ì˜, Cõ‰î Þ¬ø„C, ßó™ «ð£¡ø) àí¾èO™ Þ¼‰¶ «ñôFè ªè£ôv«ó£™ âñ¶ àì™ ªðÁA¡ø¶. ªè£ôv«ó£L™ Þó‡´õ¬è à‡´.

1. Üì˜ˆF Ã®ò¶ (High density lipoprotin (HDL))

2. Üì˜ˆF °¬ø‰î¶ (Low dinsity lipoprotin (LDL))

Üì˜ˆF Ã®ò¶ àì½‚° ï¡¬ñ ªêŒò Üì˜ˆF °¬ø‰î¶ àì½‚° b¬ñ ªêŒA¡ø¶.

ªè£ôv«ó£L¡ Üì˜ˆF °¬ø‰î LŠ«ð£¹ªó£†®¡ ÞîòˆFŸ° Þóˆîˆ¬î â´ˆ¶„ ªê½‹ Þóˆî ï£®‚°ö£ŒèO¡ ²õ˜èO™ ð®‰¶ ï£®‚ °ö£ŒèO¡ ¶õ£óƒè¬÷„ CPî£‚°‹. ÞŠð® Þóˆî ï£®‚ °ö£ŒèO™ Þóˆî‹ ªê™½‹ õN °Á°õî£™ Þˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ ãŸð†´ Þóˆî‚ ªè£FŠ¹‹ ñ£ó¬ìŠ¹‹ ãŸðÁ¡ø¶.

Þóˆî‚ ªè£FŠ¹‚° °®‚°‹ °O¬èè÷£™ ë£ðè ñøF ãŸðÁ¡ø¶ â¡Á University of Albama ªêŒî Ýó£Œ„CJ™ ªîKòõ‰¶œ÷¶. âù«õ ñ¼‰¬î Mì ÞòŸ¬è àí«õ ªè£ôv«ó£¬ô‚ °¬ø‚è Cø‰î õNò£°‹.

²õ˜ Þ¼‰î£™ î£«ù CˆFó‹ õ¬óòô£‹. àƒèœ ²èõ£›¾‚è£è õ£›‚¬è¬ò å¼ ²¬ñò£è‚ è¼î£ñ™ õ£›‚¬èJ¡ «ð£‚¬è‚ ªè£…ê‹ ñ£ŸÁƒèœ.

1. àƒèœ «è£ðƒè¬÷‚ °¬øˆ¶ ñA›„Cò£è Þ¼‚èŠ ðö°ƒèœ.

2. à†ê£èñ£è åšªõ£¼ ï£À‹ àìŸðJŸC ªêŒ»ƒèœ.

3. à‡µ‹ àí¬õ Ýø Üñó Þ¼‰¶ ÞóCˆ¶ ¼Cˆ¶ à‡µƒèœ.

4. Cõ‰î Þ¬ø„Cõ¬èè¬÷ à‡í£b˜èœ.

5. àŠ¬ð»‹,YQ¬ò»‹ °¬ø»ƒèœ.

6. e¡, ñó‚èP, ðöé‚œ ÜFè ï£˜„êˆ¶ àœ÷ è£«ð£¬è†«ó† àí¾è¬÷ à‡µƒèœ.

7. °¬ø‰î¶ å¡ø¬ó L†ì˜ î‡a¬óò£õ¶ °®»ƒèœ

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Date post:	22-Mar-2016
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Aambal Magazine Issue 5

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