Aarhus Universitet - Michele Seghetta Kaisa …AARHUS UNIVERSITET MICHELE SEGHETTA 03 OCTOBER 2013...

VERSITET

Michele Seghetta Kaisa Manninen

Milla Suutari Kristian Spilling

Berit Hasler Annette Bruhn

Jacob Carstensen Marianne Thomsen

AARHUS

UNIVERSITET 03 OCTOBER 2013

UNI

Circular resource flow from algae production

DCE-Danish Center for environment and energy

http://www.peer.eu/index.php

AARHUS

UNIVERSITET

MICHELE SEGHETTA 03 OCTOBER 2013

Algae as feedstock

Why algae?

Different products: Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas. Biorefinery in a complex world

Valuable co-products i.e. Proteins, Fertilizers.

Type of management

Closed system vs Open system

Cultivation Reduced biological competition

No damage to sea bottom ecosystems

2

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Aim of the study

Compare 4 algae based production systems to biogas considering:

Impacts from LCA

Circular flows of nutrients

Mitigation potential

3

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1st Case study = macroalgae in Limfjorden (DK) Cultivation site: 1km seeding line every 200m

headlines (total area 3ha). First harvest: Saccharina latissima in 2013. Nursery and Seeded phase

4

Best production achieved:

1,5kg dw/m of head line

www.MAB3.dk

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2nd Case study = macroalgae in Aarhusbugten (DK)

Cultivation site: head lines 250m. Cultivated species: Saccharina latissima

5

Best production achieved:

18kg dw/m of head line

Photos and data from Skøtt 2009,Forskning i Bioenergi nr. 30

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Salinity – a main growth enhancing parameter?

Salinity and probability of presence of wild Saccharina latissima

6

Salinity of Limfjorden 26 PSU vs Aarhusbugten 22PSU

Growth optimum at 22 PSU

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3rd Case study: macroalgae in Rymättylä and Tvärminne (FI)

Low input cultivation system

No seeded lines

Head lines 23m

Mixed culture of macroalgae and mussels

7

Figure and photos from Milla Suutari

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Potential production system based on Chlorella vulgaris.

Growth calculated based on light availability

Open ponds system

Nutrient assimilation from Suomenoja WWTP

CO2 assimilation from Suomenoja power plant

8

4th Case study = microalgae in Finland

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Systems visualization

9

Nursery

Seeding

Deployment

Harvest

Ma

cro

alg

ae

-

Lim

fjo

rde

n/

Aa

rhu

sbu

gt

Deployment

Harvest Ma

cro

alg

ae

-Fin

lan

d

Cultivation

Harvest

Mic

roa

lga

e-F

inla

nd

CO2

injection Paddle-

wheel

Preconc-

entration

Centrifu-

gation

Anaerobic digestion

Methane Fertilizer

Functional unit = 1m3 CH4

Biomass

production

Process

Output

From cradle to gate

Considered

insignificant

variation among

the systems

𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑆1 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑆1 > 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑆2 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑆2

Assuming 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑆1≈ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑆2

Then 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑆1 > 𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑆2

Avoided product = Mineral fertilizer production and use

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Life Cycle Assessment results

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Climate change

Limfjorden vs Aarhusbugten =

water chemical parameters

affect the overall ecoefficiency

Method utilized: ReCiPe Midpoint (H) V1.06 / World ReCiPe H

Macro FI vs Macro DK =

Emissions nursery phase and

seeding phase are greatly

compensated by the increased

productivity

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11

Climate change


Macro vs Micro = comparable emissions but co-

product emissions savings higher in Macro

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Characteristics

12

a) Data from Alvarado-Morales 2013; Gevaert et al. 2001; Annette Bruhn personal communication.

b) Data from Alvarado-Morales 2013; Gevaert et al. 2001; Skøtt 2009.

c) Data from Ras et al. 2011; Collet et al. 2011.

d) Data from Biswas 2009.

Feedstock kg VS /

kg TS m3 CH4 /

kg VS kg N /

kg DW kg P /

kg DW

Mg algae

DW /

(ha year)

Bioavailable

P

Saccharina latissima Limfjorden a 0.66 0.20 0.028 0.004 1.50 80%

Saccharina latissima Aarhusbugten b 0.66 0.20 0.028 0.004 18.00 80%

Chlorella vulgaris c 0.90 0.29 0.040 0.005 60.10 80%

Polysiphonia sp. d 0.25 0.25 0.038 0.004 0.14 80%

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13


Freshwater eutrophication


-0.008

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

MIcro FI MAcro Limfj MAcro Aarhus MAcro FI

kg P

eq

/ m

3 C

H4

Harvest

Monitoring

Deployment

Seeded lines

Mineral fertilizer substitution (Bio_P)

Centrifuge (EL_Mix)

Preconcentration (EL_Mix)

Paddlewheel (EL_Mix)

CO2 injection (EL_Mix)

Pond (concrete)

Avoided product = Mineral fertilizer production and use

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Nutrient/Carbon cycle

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15

Nutrient/Carbon cycle

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Nitrogen assimilation from macroalgae

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Limfjorden Aarhusbugten

Assuming 10% of the water surface covered by macroalgae cultivation sites

Miljøministeriet 2013. Forslag til vandplan, Hovedvandopland

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Phosphorus assimilation

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Limfjorden Aarhusbugten

Assuming 10% of the water surface covered by macroalgae cultivation sites


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Area required to prevent/remediate

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Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Total flow N Fish farms Aquaculture Limfjorden Aarhusbugt Limfjorden Aarhusbugt Limfjorden

Area (km2) Area (%) Area

(km2) Area (%)

Area (km2)

Area (%) Area

(km2) Area (%) Area (km2) Area (%)

MAcro Limfj 270,320 18021% 19,413 1129% 4,132 275% 9.4 0.55% 9.4 0.63%

MAcro Aarhus 22,527 1502% 1,618 94% 344 23% 0.8 0.05% 0.8 0.05%

MAcro FI 2,139,867 142658% 153,675 8941% 32,710 2181% 74.7 4.35% 74.7 4.98%

Total flow P Fish farms

Limfjorden Aarhusbugt Limfjorden Aarhusbugt

Area

(km2) Area (%)

Area (km2)

Area (%) Area

(km2) Area (%)

Area (km2)

Area (%)

MAcro Limfj 55,500 3700% 4,782 278% 2,417 58% 8.3 0.48%

MAcro Aarhus 4,625 308% 398 23% 201 5% 0.7 0.04%

MAcro FI 630,370 42025% 54,310 3160% 27,449 656% 94.7 5.51%


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Conclusions

Ongoing researches are identifying the influencing growth

factors in addition to the seeding technique

Integration of micro and macro algae creates the most

efficient nutrient loop and i.e. reduced eutrophication

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At this point the low input system does

not allow a feasible production

The productivity of the biomass crucial

for all impact categories

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References

Alvarado-Morales, M, Boldrin, A., Karakashev, D.B., Holdt, S.L., Angelidaki, I. and Astrup, T., 2013. Life cycle assessment of

biofuel production from brown seaweed in Nordic conditions. Bioresource Technology 129, pp 92-99.

Biswas, R., 2009. Biomethanation of red algae from the eutrophied baltic sea. Linkoping Univeristy pp 65.

Collet, P., Hélias, A, Lardon, L., Ras, M., Goy, R.A. and Steyer, J.P., 2011. Life-cycle assessment of microalgae culture coupled to

biogas production. Bioresource Technology 102, pp. 207-214

Gevaert, F., Davoult, D., Creach, A., Kling, R., Janquin, M.A., Seuront, L. and Lomoine, Y., 2001. Carbon and nitrogen content of

Laminaria saccharina in the eastern English Channel: biometrics and seasonal variations.

Manninen et al. (in prep)

Miljøministeriet 2013. Forslag til vandplan, Hovedvandopland.

Ras, M., Lardon, L., Bruno, S., Bernet, N. and Steyer, J.F., 2011. Experimental study on a coupled process of production and

anaerobic digestion of Chlorella vulgaris. Bioresource Technology 102, pp 200-206.

Seghetta, M., Bruhn, A., Carstensen, J., Hasler, B., Bastianoni, S. & Thomsen, M., (In prep.). Factors to be considered to

establish a cultivation of Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima in Denmark.

Skøtt 2009, Fang alger med liner. Forskning i Bioenergi nr. 30

Suutari, M., Seppälä, J., Leskinen, E., Kostamo, K. (In prep.). Artificial substrates in cultivation of macroalgae in the Baltic Sea

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Yearly flow of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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Area

(km2)

Natural

backgroun

d (Mg)

Agriculture

(Mg) WWTP

(Mg) Rainwater

(Mg) Industry

(Mg)

Scattered

houses

(Mg)

Fish farm

(Mg) Aquaculture

(Mg) Retention

(Mg) Net supply

(Mg)

Limfjorden

1,500.0

2,629.4

9,162.5

349.5

98.4

46.8

99.0

175.1 0.4

1,106.3

11,454.8

Aarhus Bugt

1,718.8

260.8

473.1

183.5

31.4

0.4

12.9

0.4 -

139.8

822.6

Nitrogen yearly inflow

Open land

contributions

(Mg) WWTP (Mg) Rainwater (Mg) Industry (Mg) Fish farm (Mg) Retention (Mg) Net supply (Mg)

Limfjorden 284.3 24.2 24.6 5.2 14.5 19.8 333.0

Aarhus Bugt 15.9 8.4 7.1 0.1 0.1 2.8 28.7

Phosphorus yearly inflow

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1500 km2 water surface

7600 km2 catchment area

1718 km2 water surface

776 km2 catchment area

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Aarhus Universitet - Michele Seghetta Kaisa …AARHUS UNIVERSITET MICHELE SEGHETTA 03 OCTOBER 2013...

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