Abbreviations of Sources - Home - Springer978-1-349-20654...... p. 168; Camon, La manoeuvre...

Abbreviations of Sources

DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy (First Series) (London: 1947) eds, E. L. Woodward and R. Butler.

DGKKA Direktivy Gtavnogo Komandovaniia Krasnoi Armii (1917-1920) (Moscow: 1969) eds, A. V. Go1ubev et at.

DM Dokumenty i Materialy po Istoirii Sovetsko-Pot'skikh Otnoshenii (Mos-cow: 1964) eds, I. A. Khrenov et at.

DVP Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki SSSR (Moscow: 1959) eds, G. Fokina et at.

GVU Grazhdanskaia Voina na Ukraine, 1918-1920: Sbornik Dokumentov i Materiatov (Kiev: 1967) eds, S.M. Koro1ivskii et at.

IGV h. Istorii Gra;:,hdanskogo Voiny v SSSR: Sbornik Dokumentov i Materiatov (Moscow: 1960-1) eds, P. D. Kondiukova et at.

KVR Kak Vooru;:,hatas' Revoliutsiia (Moscow: 1923-4) (Articles, speeches and official reports by Trotsky).

NA National Archives (State Department Papers) Washington D.C. PSS Potnoe Sobranie Sochinenii (fifth edn) (Moscow: 1958) (Complete

collected works of Lenin). TA The Trotsky Archive (On deposit at the Houghton Library, Harvard

University, Cambridge, Mass.). VSB N. E. Kakurin and V. A. Melikov, Voina s Betopoliakami (Moscow:

1925).

299

Notes and References

Note. Names of publishers can be found in the Bibliography.

Preface

1. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Russia, 1919 (Washington, 1937) p. 89.

2. Mrs Philip Snowden, Through Bolshevik Russia (London, 1920) p. 84.

Introduction

1. V.I. Lenin, Selected Works, vol. I (Moscow: 1960) pp. 628, 667. 2. C. Perrin Galpin (ed.), Hugh Gibson, 1883-1954: Extracts from his

Letters and Anecdotes from his Friends (New York: 1956) p. 72; and Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1920, vo!. III (Washington: 1936) p. 381.

3. Lenin, Selected Works, vol. I, pp. 668-9. 4. Raymond Recouly, Foch: My Conversations with the Marshal (New York:

1929) p. 171; Baron George A. Riddell, Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After: 1918-1923 (New York: 1934) p. 230.

5. Winston S. Churchill, The Aftermath (New York: 1929) pp. 274-5. 6. Piotr Wandycz, France and Her Eastern Allies: 1919-1925 (Minneapolis:

1962) pp. 117-22, 169-77. 7. The Lloyd George Papers, F/9/2/41. 8. Ibid, F /24/3/10. 9. Viscount E. V. D'Abernon, The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World:

Warsaw, 1920 (London: 1931) p. 48. 10. Klara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin (London: 1929) p. 20. 11. Isaac Deutscher, Marxism in Our Time, ed. Tamara Deutscher (Berkeley,

Cali(: 1971) p. 121. 12. The Moffat Papers: 1919-1943 (Cambridge, Mass.: 1956) p. 30. 13. Quoted in J. C. F. Fuller, A Military History of the Western World, vo!. III

(New York: 1956) p. 361. 14. Maxime Weygand, 'The Red Army in the Polish War', in B. H. Liddell

Hart (ed.), The Red Army (New York, 1956) p. 51. 15. Churchill, The Aftermath, p. 284.

1 The Battle of Warsaw as Witnessed by the Participants

1. From a speech delivered at Gomel near the front on 10 May 1920, reprinted as Sovetskaia Rossiia i bur;:,hua;:,naia Pol'sha (Moscow: 1920) p. 2. (On deposit at the Lilly Library at Indiana University, Bloomington.)

2. Sochineniia, vol. XXXII (fourth edn), p. 149. 3. The Aftermath, p. 283. 4. Charles Phillips, The New Poland (London: 1923) p. 225.

300

Notes and References 301

5. Rom Landau, Pilsudski and Poland (New York: 1929) p. 188. 6. Louis Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs, vol. I (London: 1930)

pp. 270, 273. Piotr S. Wandycz, 'Secret Soviet-Polish Talks in 1919', Slavic Review, vol. XXIV (September 1965) p. 441.

7. Cited in Adam Zamoyski, The Battle for the Marchlands (Boulder: 1981) p. 38.

8. Alexandra Pilsudska, Pilsudski: A Biography by His Wife (New York: 1941) pp. 296, 300.

9. J. Pilsudski, L'Annie 1920 (Paris: 1929) pp. 150-2. A partial translation exists in Viscount E. V. D'Abernon, Eighteenth Decisive Battle; for the historical comparisons, see Churchill, The Aftermath, p. 184, and L. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe de 1920 (Paris: 1928) pp. 306-7. See also J. C. F. Fuller, Military History ... , and M. K. Dziewanowski, joseph Pilsudski: European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford: 1969) pp. 289-312.

10. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 152. 11. General H. Camon, La manoeuvre libiratrice du Marechal Pilsudski

contra les BolcMviks, Aout, 1920 (Paris: 1929) pp. 80, 116. (This work consists of excerpts from accounts by participants.)

12. Charles Kuntz, L'o.ffensive militaire de l'etoile rouge contra la Pologne (Paris: 1922) p. 104.

13. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 168; Camon, La manoeuvre liberatrice, pp. 78-9, 59, 79-80.

14. Camon, La manoeuvre, p. 60 (citing the testimony of General lwasz-kiewicz, commander of the 6th Polish Army).

15. Major Elbert E. Farman Jr., 'The Polish-Bolshevik Cavalry Campaign of 1920', The Cavalry journal, vol. XXX, no. 124 Ouly 1921) p. 227.

16. Charles Kuntz, L'o.ffensive militaire, pp. 113-4. See also General Maxime Weygand, Memoirs: Mirages et realite, vol. II (Paris: 1957) p. 157.

1 7. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe, p. 296; Pilsudski, L 'Annie 1920, p. 140.

18. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe, pp. 223-5. The author was referring to the decision to send Soviet troops to the north and west of Warsaw, rather than crossing the Bug and making a frontal assault.

19. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe, pp. 61-2, 73, 30. 20. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, pp. 144, 142. This order to which Pilsudski

refers does not appear in any of the several Soviet collections of documents.

21. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe, pp. 139, 124-5, 127. Tukhachevsky, in his account, made no reference either to knowing of Pilsudski's plans in advance or to a desire to avoid Warsaw and Poland's main force.

22. Ibid, p. 143. 23. Ibid, pp. 88-9, 114-6. 24. Ibid, pp. 134-8, 297, 186-91. Sikorski's lucid account of the Polish

operation and the Battle of Warsaw has been largely ignored by historians, as has his role in the war. For instance, his name does not appear in the index, or his book in the bibliography, ofP. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass.: 1969). Norman Davies in his White Eagle, Red Star makes almost no reference to Sikorski's efforts, giving almost all the credit to Pilsudski. Zamoyski

302 Notes and Riferences

credits Sikorski with making Pilsudski's plan 'possible', but portrays him as filled with 'anxiety,' fearing that defence was impossible, for 'greater fortresses than Modlin had failed' (sic!) earlier. The Battle for the Marchlands, pp. 136-40.

25. Sikorski, La campagne polono-russe, pp. 192-3, 297. 26. Ibid, pp. 296-300. 27. P. S. Wandycz, 'General Weygand and the Battle of Warsaw of 1920',

Journal of Central European Affairs, vo!. XIX (January 1960). 28. Pilsudski, for instance, admitted to 'a deep feeling of the absurdity of the

situation', referring repeatedly to the nonsensical nature of the battle. (L'Annie 1920) See also Sikorski, La campagne ... , pp. 221, 225, where he refers to 'illogical' Soviet orders.

29. Maxime Weygand, Memoirs, p. 148 (a telegram to Paris, 15 August). 30. M. N. Tukhachevsky, /zbranniie proi.:;;vedeniia, vo!. II (Moscow: 1964)

pp. 151-2. His estimates are disputed by nearly every other source, both Polish and Russian, which give the Soviet side superiority.

31. Tukhachevsky, ibid, pp. 152-4. As this study will show, Budenny's cavalry was actually being prepared to move 180 degrees away from Warsaw.

32. Tukhachevsky, ibid, p. 154. 33. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History,

1918-1941 (London: 1962) p. 101. (Erickson is almost the only historian to have noted Tukhachevsky's disobedience.)

34. Tukhachevsky, p. 154. 35. A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava: 1920 god, v.:;;aimodeistvie frontov

(Moscow-Leningrad: 1929) pp. 136, 168. 36. Tukhachevsky, p. 167. 37. Ibid, p. 167.

2 Soviet Policies and Problems Prior to Poland's Invasion of the Ukraine

I. G. V. Chicherin, Stat'i i rechi po voprosam me.:;;hdunarodnoi politiki (Moscow: 1961) p. 145 (from a speech of 17 June 1920).

2. Works, vo!. IV (Moscow: 1953) p. 400 (from a speech in October 1920). 3. Adam Bromke, Poland's Politics: Idealism vs. Realism (Cambridge,

Mass.: 1967) p. 39. 4. M. K. Dziewanowski, 'Joseph Pilsudski, the Bolshevik Revolution and

Eastern Europe', The Polish Review, vo!. XIV, no. 4, p. 29. 5. P. S. Wandycz, 'Secret Soviet-Polish Talks in 1919', Slavic Review, vo!.

XXIV (Sept. 1965). 6. P. S. Wandycz, France and Her Eastern Allies (Minneapolis: 1962) p.

119. 7. DM, II, pp. 446-7. 8. Iron ore production, for instance, had declined to a mere I. 7% of

pre-war levels; food output was down from 80 to 50 million tons. See W. H. Chamberlin, The Russian Revolution, vo!. II (New York: 1965) pp. 107-12.

9. Ibid, p. 112; L. Trotsky, KVR, II (2), pp. 33-9.

Notes and Referen,ces 303

10. DM, II, p. 508. II. S. Grabski, The Polish-Soviet Frontier (New York: 1944) p. 25. 12. A. Skrzynski, Poland and Peace (London: 1923) p. 40. 13. T. Komarnicki, Rebirth of the Polish Republic (London: 1957) p. 507; J.

Paul-Boncour, Entre les deux guerres, vol. II (Paris: 1945) p. 55. 14. R. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: 1972) p. 37. These

words have been twisted by some to mean that Lloyd George was naively saying 'that "the moment trade is established with Russia, communism will go."' Zamoyski, The Battle ... p. 9. What he said was that trade might end Russian 'insanity', not communism.

15. X.J. Eudin and H. H. Fisher (eds), Soviet Russia and the West, 1920-1927: A Documentary Survey (Stanford: 1957) pp. 48-9.

16. Lenin on the United States: Selected Writings by V.I. Lenin (New York: 1970) pp. 442-50.

17. L. Trotsky, Stalin (New York: 1941) pp. 325-6. 18. Ibid, pp. 326-7; also TA 420 (19January 1920). 19. A. I. Todarsky, Marshal Tukhachevsky (Moscow: 1963) passim. 20. I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed (New York: 1954) p. 472. 21. W. Lerner, 'Attempting a Revolution from Without: Poland in 1920',

Studies on the Soviet Union, vol. XI (December 1971) pp. 49-61. 22. I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, pp. 477-85, for a good treatment of

Trotsky's opposition to this Russian version of the Jacobin doctrine of revolutionary war.

23. Ibid, p. 492. 24. KPSS o vooru;;.hennykh silakh sovetskogo soiu;;.a: sbomik dokumentov,

1917-1958 (Moscow: 1958) p. 161; also R. Kolkowicz, The Soviet Military and the Communist Party (Princeton: 1967) p. 44.

25. D. Fedotoff-White, The Growth of the Red Army (Princeton: 1944) pp. 193-4.

26. B. H. Liddell Hart, The Red Army (New York: 1956) pp. 24-32. 27. Bertram Wolfe, 'The Influence of Early Military Decisions on the

National Structure of the Soviet Union', American Slavic and East European Review, vol. IX, no. 3 (October 1950) p. 175.

28. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command, pp. 57-8, 67, 73-4. 29. Ibid, pp. 48-50, 83. 30. Walter D. Jacobs, 'Tukhachevsky Rediscovered', Military Review, vol.

XLIV, no. 8 (August 1964) p. 67; Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 108.

31. Quoted in E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. III, p. 158. 32. P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Cambridge, Mass.:

1969) p. 168. 33. DGKKA, p. 402. 34. TA 478. 35. V. I. Lenin, PSS, Ll, p. 158. 36. T A 482, 484. 37. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass.:

1964) pp. 224-8. 38. DGKKA, pp. 502-3; also V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, pp. 161-2. 39. E. H. Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, p. 158.

304 Notes and References

40. DGKKA, pp. 504-6. 41. Anton I. Denikin, The White Army (London: 1930) pp. 358-9, 338-40;

George A. Brinkley, The Volunteer Army and Allied Intervention in South Russia (Notre Dame: 1966) pp. 208-9.

42. DGKKA, p. 506. 43. DM, II, p. 615. 44. T A 490, 494. 45. Hans Roos, A History of Poland (New York: 1966) p. 75; Robert

Machray, Poland: 1914-1931 (New York: 1932) pp. 138-9; K. Smogorzewski, La Pologne restaurie (Paris: 1927) p. 142.

46. DM, II, p. 637. 47. H. H. Fisher, America and the New Poland (New York: 1928) p. 250. 48. DM, II, pp. 641-3. 49. J. Degras ( ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, vol. I (London:

1951) pp. 185-6. 50. The followers of Bela Kun who held power for a short time in 1919. 51. Degras, Soviet Documents, pp. 184-5. 52. DBFP, VIII, pp. 184-5, 230-1. 53. Rom Landau, Pilsudski and Poland, p. 166. See also M. K. Dziewanowski,

Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918-1922 (Stanford: 1969) p. 281, where it is pointed out that, in addition to considerations of grain, French investments in the Ukraine were instrumental in determining Pilsudski's decision to invade - a decision which many French leaders were aware of and approved.

3 Leonid Krasin and the Soviet Attempt to Achieve a Detente

I. From a letter of 22 March 1920, to I. E. Gukovsky, Soviet envoy in Estonia, quoted in B. Ponomaryov et al., History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1945 (Moscow: 1969) p. 126.

2. Lloyd George Papers, F/202/3/19 (16June 1920). 3. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 69; S. V. Zarnitskii and L. I. Trofimova,

Sovetskoi strany diplomat (Moscow: 1968) p. 53. 4. For texts of these treaties, see DVP, III, pp. 28-42, 101-16. 5. Zarnitskii and Trofimova, Sovetskoi strany ... , pp. 23-42. 6. Ibid, pp. 76-8; V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 341. 7. R. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton: 1973) ch. I. 8. Lubov Krasin, Leonid Krassin: His Life and Work (London, 1929),

pp. 160-7. 9. Lloyd George Papers, F/202/3/3 (April 18 memo from Wise).

10. Zarnitski and Trofimova, Sovetskoi strany ... , pp. 78-9. Chicherin regretted the decision because it tended to place Krasin and other diplomats at a disadvantage, being a virtual admission of past 'guilt'.

II. Lloyd George Papers, F /90/117. This memo seems to have impressed the British P.M. with the dangers of Poland's actions. Whereas on 3 May the London government had sent a message, signed by George V, congratulating Pilsudski on the !29th anniversary of the Polish Constitu-tion of 1791, less than a week later Lloyd George privately stated:


'Unless the Poles are careful they will ... get their heads punched.' See E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism and Western Opinion, 1919-1921 (Chapel Hill: 1965) pp. 87-8. Kerr and Lloyd George may have seen the Soviet Trade Delegation as a means of preventing the Russians from delivering a knock-out punch.

12. DGKKA, p. 604. 13. Public Records Office - War Office/32/0149/9253 No. 8A and 10.

Curzon's order came from San Remo on 23 April; the report to the War Office describing what British forces were actually doing was dated 29 April. London was having difficulty controlling its commanders in the Black Sea. This has been noted by George Brinkley, The Volunteer Army, p. 251, but overlooked by Richard Ullman in The Anglo-Soviet Accord, ch. 2.

14. Although Soviet forces withdrew from Enzeli shortly thereafter indicat-ing the diplomatic purpose behind the raid, 'the humiliating defeat they inflicted on the small British garrison ... was a shock whose spreading waves marked the ruin of British policy in Persia'. See Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 349-50.

15. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, vol. II (The Hague: 1971) p. 209. (Copies were also sent to Lenin and members of the Politburo.)

16. Norman Davies, 'Lloyd George and Poland, 1919-1920', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. VI, no. 3 (1971) p. 137.

17. Lloyd George Papers, F /46/9/6. (From 'a person in Krasin's con-fidence'.)

18. Ibid, F/202/3/4 (5 May report). 19. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, pp. 161-2. 20. Zarnitskii and Trofimova, Sovetskoi strany .. . , pp. 70-l. 21. Lloyd George Papers, F I 58/1 110. 22. Lubov Krassin, Leonid Krassin, p. 17; Zarnitskii and Trofimova, pp. 66,

76-7. 23. Lloyd George Papers, F /202/3/3. 24. Ibid, F/58/l/13 (this note was marked 'Most Secret'). 25. Zarnitskii and Trofimova, p. 81. After this meeting, Churchill, who had

not attended, came up to Lloyd George asking: 'I suppose you have shaken the baboon's hairy hand?' - a question which typified his view of the Bolsheviks. See George A. Riddell, Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary (New York: 1934) p. 225.

26. The Allied role in arming the Poles was indeed significant. Although France and Italy supplied the bulk of the weapons, such as 100000 Mannlicher rifles, Churchill did his share by sending fifty airplanes in February 1920. See Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, pp. 84-5.

27. DBFP, First Series, VII, pp. 280-306. 28. Ibid, p. 283. 29. Lloyd George Papers, F/58/l/15. Krasin privately described Lloyd

George as a 'very able man ... of imagination and foresight; above all, gifted with the capacity for grasping a situation in a flash without any necessity for lengthy explanations. All in all, a man of human under-standing with whom it is a pleasure to work.' See Lubov Krassin, Leonid Krassin, p. 125.


30. Public Records Office- Cab, 23/21/248-50. 31. This was how Karl Radek described British policy in Pravda. See the

collection of articles in Voina Pol 'skikh belogvartsev protiv Sovetskoi Rossii (Moscow: 1920) p. 13.

32. Lloyd George Papers, F/31/1/25 (a IOJune report from the Admiralty describing the de facto blockade and support for W range!).

33. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 215. 34. H. Kissinger, A World Restored (New York: 1964) p. 20. 35. Lubov Krassin, Leonid Krassin, p. 125. 36. E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism, p. 90 (how Churchill described

the Soviet Trade Delegation). 37. Quoted in R. Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 79-80. 38. Lloyd George Papers, F/12/3/50. 39. Ibid, F /202/3/19. 40. Ibid, F/58/1/18. 41. Ibid, F/58/1/19. 42. Quoted in R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 118. 43. Mrs Philip Snowden, wife of the English Labour leader, made somewhat

the same observation while visiting Moscow at this time, p. 84. See the Preface.

44. Lloyd George Papers, F /58/I /18 (from a June 17 report to the British government by someone in Krasin's confidence, pointing to the possibil-ity that the Soviets might send this evidence to the pro-Soviet paper, the Daily Herald).

45. Sochineniia, XVII, pp. 423-4. 46. TA 533. See also R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 162-3. All

emphases are Trotsky's and Lenin's. (An exchange of 4 June.) 47. R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 122-3. 48. Lloyd George Papers, F /34/1/26 (a note from Long to Lloyd George on

18 June urging an end to negotiations and release of prisoners). A week later, when it appeared Krasin would return, Long urged that he be detained as hostage. See Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 130fn. Also DBFP, VIII, pp. 381-5 for record of this meeting.

49. Lloyd George Papers, F /202/3/24. This highly charged confrontation, unaccountably, was ignored by Ullman in his study. It makes his argument that Lloyd George 'appeased' Moscow rather untenable.

50. DVP, III, pp. 17-18; Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 129-130fn. 51. Lubov Krassin, Leonid Krassin, pp. 126-7. 52. Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary ... , pp. 206-7, 227. 53. Zarnitskii and Trofimova, pp. 97-8. On the Spa conference and how the

Soviet acceptance divided the Allies, see Ullman, chapter 4. 54. Zarnitskii and Trofimova, p. 25. 55. Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary ... , p. 199.

4 Karl Radek and Soviet War Aims: National Defence and Early Peace

I. DM, II, pp. 557-8 (1 March 1920 speech to the First All-Russian Congress of Toiling Cossacks).


2. Voina Pol'skikh belogvardtsev ... p. 17. 3. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, pp. 138-9. 4. Warren Lerner, Karl Radek: The Last Internationalist (Stanford: 1970)

pp. 1-46; M. K. Dziewanowski, The Communist Party of Poland: An Outline of History (Cambridge, Mass.: 1959) p. 78.

5. Lerner, Radek, pp. 47-53, 92; Dziewanowski, Communist Party, p. 36. 6. Lerner, Radek, pp. 76-90. 7. Ibid, pp. 85-6; also E. H. Carr, German-Soviet Relations Between the

Wars (Baltimore: 1951) pp. 13, 37. 8. G. Hallgarten, 'Gerneral Hans von Seeckt and Russia, 1920-1922',

Journal of Modern History, vol. XXI, no. I (March 1949) p. 29. 9. DM, II, p. 509.

10. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 242; /zvestiia, 16 March. II. M. K. Dziewanowski, The Communist Party of Poland, p. 78. 12. Ibid, p. 82. 13. Ibid, pp. 82-3; P. S. Wandycz, 'Secret Soviet-Polish Talks m 1919',

Slavic Review, vol. XXIV (September 1965) pp. 425-37. 14. Roman Solchanyk, 'The Foundation of the Communist Movement in

Eastern Galicia, 1919-1921 ', Slavic Review, vol. XXX, no. 4 (December 1971) pp. 781-2.

15. DM, II, pp. 396-8. 16. Ibid, p. 425 (5 December 1919). 17. For instance, see Radek's article, 'The Comintern as a Factor m

International Politics', in /zvestiia, 5 March. 18. A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor: 1969) p. 76. 19. DM, II, p. 520 (10 February). 20. Ibid, pp. 515, 523. 21. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, p. 80. 22. Warren Lerner, Karl Radek, p. 98. 23. His Voina Pol'skikh belogvardtsev protiv Sovetskoi Rossii, published m

1920, consists of the articles he wrote for Pravda. 24. Ibid, p. II. 25. /zvestiia, 30 April (emphases in original). 26. Voina ... p. 16. 27. Ibid, pp. 14-15. 28. Quoted in E. H. Carr, German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World

Wars, 1919-1939, p. 38. 29. Pravda, 9 May, quoted inN. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 136. 30. DM, III, p. 29. Shortly after the war began, Lenin told the Secretariat to

screen all chauvinism out of the Soviet press. 31. /zvestiia, 4 May; Voina ... p. 22. 32. Voina . .. pp. 22-3. 33. Ibid, pp. 22, 17 (emphases Radek's). 34. /zvestiia, 30 April (emphases Radek's). 35. Voina ... pp. 15-16. 36. /zvestiia, 30 April. 37. /zvestiia, 30 April. As an indication of how historical complexities can be

over-simplified to the point of distortion, Radek's prolific prose regard-ing the Polish War was boiled down by on otherwise careful historian to


mean that Moscow 'would only negotiate with a peasant and workers' government of Soviet Poland'. M. K. Dziewanowski, The Communist Party of Poland, p. 90.

38. Voina . .. p. 21. 39. /zvestiia, 30 April. 40. 'If White Guard Poland cannot coexist with Soviet Russia, then a Soviet

Poland will. .. ' /zvestiia, 4 May. This is quite different from saying Moscow would only negotiate with a Soviet Poland.

41. Lerner, Radek, p. 100; S. Page, Lenin and World Revolution, p. 173; N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, pp. 140-1.

42. K. Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin (London: 1929) p. 20. 43. W. Lerner, 'Attempting a Revolution from Without: Poland in 1920',

Studies on the Soviet Union (December 1971) pp. 55-6. In point of fact, Radek wrote eight articles for /zvestiia in June and nine in July. Many of these dealt with the Polish War and developed the perspectives outlined earlier. Seven articles written between 6 and 16 July replaced the daily editorial usually written by Steklov.

44. DM, III, p. 29. This order warned against putting chauvinistic 'salt' into articles dealing with Poland.

45. See the item at the top of the page in /::.vestiia, 16 May. 46. W. Lerner, Karl Radek: The Last Internationalist, p. 102. 47. Julius Braunthal, History of the International: 1914-1943 (Bristol: 1967)

p. 186, where Martov is quoted as saying that 'the opinion of the Third International was never sought. The Soviet Government alone decided on this question.'

48. DM, III, pp. 299-300, 316. Also, S. Grabski, The Polish-Soviet Frontier (New York: 1944) pp. 24-5.

49. L. Trotsky, My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography (New York: 1970) p. 475.

50. J. Marchlewski, Pol'sha i mirovaia revoliutsiia (Moscow: 1920) pp. 29-34. (All succeeding quotes are taken from this section.)

5 Leon Trotsky and the Soviet Military Response to Poland's Invasion

I. KVR, II (2), p. 91 (29 April). 2. Sovetskaia Rossiia i burzhuaznaia Pol'sha, pp. 3, 5-6 (10 May). 3. For a good account of the military side of the war, see J. F. C. Fuller, A

Military History of the Western World, vol. III (New Y Ol'k: 1956) ch. 9. Also Zamoyski, The Battle . ..

4. DGKKA, pp. 678-9. 5. GVU, III, p. 275. Signed by Budenny, Voroshilov, Minin and Bardin-

the commander and his commissars - it is quoted fully in Appendix 2 of the present volume.

6. L. Trotsky, Sochineniia, XIII, pp. 14-30; Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (New York: 1954) p. 455.

7. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, pp. 456-7. 8. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 470-1; N. Davies, White Eagle, Red


Flag, p. 145. Compare this with Trotsky's reference to the 'corpse' of Poland cited at the beginning of this chapter.

9. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command, pp. 784-5, for full text. 10. Quoted in N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, p. 132. 11. The Second Congress of the Communist International (Washington: 1920)

p. 36. 12. My Life, pp. 456-7. 13. I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, pp. 266-7. 14. Bertram Wolfe, Marxism: 100 Years in the Life of a Doctrine (New York:

1965) pp. 1-125; also F. Engels, The German Revolutions, ed. L. Krieger (Chicago: 1967) pp. 175-6.

15. Stanley Page, Lenin and World Revolution, p. 113. 16. L. Trotsky, The Permanent Revolution and Results and Prospects (New

York: 1969) p. 105 (emphasis Trotsky's). 17. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works in Two Volumes, val. I (Moscow:

1955) pp. 109-10. See also Thomas C. Fiddick, 'Marx's Theory and Strategy of Permanent Revolution', Social Theory and Practice (Fall, 1978).

18. The Permanent Revolution, pp. 108-9 (emphasis Trotsky's). 19. I. Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, p. 383; My Life, p. 388. 20. My Life, pp. 463-4. The vote was 11 to 4 against Trotsky. 21. See chapter 2 above. 22. Quoted in L. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence,

p. 328. 23. KVR, II, (2), p. 116. 24. P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921, p. 205. 25. My Life, pp. 455-6. 26. KVR, II (2), pp. 93-7. (These 16 theses were adopted as resolutions of

the CC on 23 May.) See IGV, III, p. 165. 27. N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 139. This work also contains a full

translation of the 'Theses'. 28. KVR, II (2), pp. 119-20. 29. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, vol. II, p. 161. 30. My Life, p. 457. 31. KVR, II (2), p. 153. The article which led to the journal's being shut

down had compared the 'honorable and open spirit of the Great Russian race' to the 'inborn Jesuitism of the Lyakhs' (a derogatory name for Poles). See N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, p. 136.

32. KVR, II (2), pp. 119-20. 33. Sovetskaia Rossiia, pp. 13-15. 34. M. K. Dziewanowski, The Communist Party of Poland, p. 326fn. 35. VSB, pp. 476-7. 36. /zvestiia, 3 June; Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 475-6; Fedotov-White,

The Growth of the Red Army, p. 90; Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, p. 142. 37. Iurii Petrov, Voennie kommissary v gody gra:::.hdanskoi voiTry (Moscow:

1956) pp. 110, 135. 38. Fedotov-White, The Growth of the Red Amry, p. 88. 39. The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 197-8 (emphasis in original). 40. T A 535. This information was not altogether accurate and may have


been disseminated by Wrangel to get the Soviets to move first, thereby putting his own offensive in a more defensive light.

41. DGKKA, p. 686 (2 June telegram from Lenin to Stalin). 42. Ibid, p. 683 (Protocol of the 15th Session of the Politburo). This

document, only recently published, did not describe what situation on the Polish front would require an offensive into the Crimea.

43. The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 199-201 (3 June). The first sentence was even more insulting: 'I see that you have not read my cypher message of yesterday ... '

44. The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 207 (telegram dated 3 June). 45. Ibid, pp. 211-13 (4June). This exchange coincided with, and may have

been prompted by, the sharp differences regarding British policy. Trotsky may have desired Lenin's approval as assurance that his authority was not impaired.

46. Earlier that day Trotsky had complained of Stalin's backbiting to Lenin: 'why does Yegorov not report directly to Glavkom? ... such a round-about way disturbs all steady relationships'. Lenin replied: 'Not without caprice here ... But it is necessary to talk things over hastily.' Trotsky, in effect, demanded and received Lenin's vote of confidence against Stalin's 'caprice' (TA 535).

47. TA 536. 48. Trotsky's proposals were accepted, despite Stalin's opposltlon, and

&udenny's cavalry proceeded to push the Poles out of the Ukraine while ignoring Wrangel in June and July. This corresponded with the desires of General Yegorov and Glavkom. See their exchange, in DGKKA, p. 689.

49. The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 149-69. To bolster morale, Trotsky sent to the front such things as bath-trains, gramophones, movies, theatres and musical instruments, 'to shake up and put life into this inert, stagnant front'.

50. Ibid, p. 212. Germany actually followed a neutral policy in 1920. 51. Ibid, pp. 185-91. Trotsky received lengthy reports on the progress of

peace negotiations with the Baltic states. 52. DGKKA, pp. 613-14. 53. TA 542 (8July memorandum ot the Politburo). 54. DGKKA, p. 614. 55. Quoted in E. Wollenburg, The Red Army, p. 146. Marx had referred to

the process of revolution as the birth of a new society, and Napoleon compared preparations for a battle to a woman in labour.

6 George Chicherin and the Soviet Response to Lord Curzon's Note

I. DM, III, p. 95 (17 June report to the Central Executive Committee). 2. DVP, III, p. 51 (his reply to Curzon's note, 17 July). 3. DBFP, VIII, p. 490. 4. Ibid, p. 530. 5. W. Sworakowski, 'An Error Regarding Eastern Galicia in Curzon's Note

to the Soviet Government', journal of Central European Affairs, vol. IV, no. I (April 1944) pp. 3-26.


6. S. Grabski, The Polish-Soviet Frontier, pp. 22-3. 7. T. H. Von Laue, 'Soviet Diplomacy: G. V. Chicherin, Peoples' Commis-

sar for Foreign Affairs, 1918-1930', in G. Craig and F. Gilbert (eds), The Diplomats, 1919-1939 (New York: 1965) p. 239, passim.

8. G. V. Chicherin: Stat'i i rechi po voprosam me::,hdunarodnoi politiki (Moscow: 1961) pp. 139-40.

9. I. Gorokhov, et al., G. V. Chicherin: diplomat Leninskoi shkoly (Moscow: 1966) p. 55.

10. DM, III, p. 78. 11. G. V. Chicherin, Stat'i i rechi .. .. 12. DVP, III, pp. 21-5. 13. l::.vestiia, 18 July; R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 166. 14. DVP, II, p. 698 (from Chicherin's December 1920 report to the Eighth

Congress of Soviets reviewing past Narkomindel policy). 15. DVP, III, pp. 54-5. 16. R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 156-7. 17. DVP, II, pp. 699-700. 18. V.I. Lenin, PSS, Ll, p. 238 (12 or 13July; emphasis Lenin's). 19. E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism ... , p. 119. (This has been

standard interpretation in the West, and Soviet historians implicitly agree.)

20. The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 183; DGKKA. p. 611. 21. The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 219. 22. IGV, III, p. 381. 23. DGKKA, pp. 609-10 (12 or 13 July) 'Grodno, Yalovka, Nemirov,

Brest-Litovsk, Dorogusk, Ustilug, Krylov. This line intersects Galicia between Peremysl and Rava-Russkaia up to the Carpathian mountains. Everything to the East remains to us.' If he intended to disregard the line, why did he go to pains to describe it?

24. T A 543 ( 12 July memorandum to Chicherin and ·the Politburo). 25. TA 544 (13 July). See also The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 229. 26. TA 545. (The Foch line referred to is the same as the Curzon line.) 27. R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 166; also L. Fischer, Russia Revisited:

A New Look at Russia and Her Satellites (Garden City: 1957) p. 59. 28. DVP, III, p. 48. A partial translation of Chicherin's reply is in Jane

Degras (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, vol. I, p. 196. 29. DVP, III, p. 49 (emphasis added). This significant passage was not

translated by Degras and has been ignored by historians. 30. G. V. Chicherin: Stat'i i rechi .. . , p. 283. 31. My Life, p. 457. 32. E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism ... , pp. 118-9. 33. Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary ... , p. 221. 34. For instance, Titus Komarnicki, Rebirth of the Polish Republic, passim. 35. E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism ... , p. 118. 36. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 475-6. 37. DGKKA, pp. 641-2. 38. DGKKA, pp., 610-12. 39. Aside from Tukhachevsky's order of 2 July, this appears to be the first

written reference to taking Warsaw made by a Soviet leader.


40. My Life, p. 457 (emphasis added). 41. D VP, III, pp. 55-9 for text of the Appeal. By publicly referring to the

border as the 'Foch line' Soviet leaders may have been trying to drive a wedge between France and Poland.

42. L. Trotsky, Sochineniia, XVII, pp. 424-30; Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 169-70.

43. DVP, III, p. 59; Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 170. 44. V.I. Lenin, PSS, pp. 240-2. He told Kamenev that he was particularly

interested in John Maynard Keynes and 'the new economics', based on his reading of Keynes's The Economic Consequences of the Peace.

45. DVP, III, pp. 62-3. 46. DM, III, p. 183 (emphases Lenin's). 47. DVP, III, pp. 61-2. 48. DM, III, p. 190. 49. DGKKA, pp. 614-5. 50. My Life, p. 457.

7 Lenin and the Second Comintern Congress: Revolution or Retreat?

I. Left-Wing Communism -An Infantile Disorder (Moscow: n.d.) p. 71; also V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, p. 61 (emphasis Lenin's).

2. PSS, XLI, p. 227. 3. The 'main objective', according to Radek, was 'the destruction of the

Second International'. See A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. 58. 4. Jane Degras (ed.), The Communist International in Documents, vol. I

(London: 1960) pp. 2-16. 5. Left-Wing Communism ... p. 43. 6. Ibid, pp. 48-59, 64. Balabanoffreferred to Lenin's new attitude as one of

'uncompromising compromise'. Impressions of Lenin, p. 64. 7. Left-Wing Communism, p. 78. 8. Ibid, pp. 64-5 (emphasis Lenin's). 9. Quoted in Lionel Kochan, The Struggle for Germany, 1914-1945 (New

York: 1961) pp. 18-19. 10. A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. 109. II. Ibid, p. 110; J. W. Hulse, The Forming of the Communist International

(Stanford: 1964) p. 192. Other gimmicks used were mass demonstra-tions, theatrical performances, athletic contests, etc.

12. h.vestiia, 21 July. 13. The list of the conditions may be found in Jane Degras, Communist

International, vol. I, pp. 2-16. 14. Hulse, Forming of the Communist International, p. 191. 15. Ibid, p. 189. 16. V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, pp. 222-7. 17. Ibid, p. 227; also The Second Congress of the Communist International

(Washington, D.C.: 1920) pp. 23-4. 18. V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, pp. 219-24. 19. A phrase attributed to Karl Radek by Victor Serge, Memoirs of a

Revolutionary, 1901-1941 (New York: 1963) p. 108.


20. V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, pp. 217, 227. 21. Ibid, pp. 234, 247. 22. See, for instance, Stanley Page, Lenin and World Revolution, chs II and 12. 23. Ibid, p. 178-9. Page argued that 'his main reason for desiring Soviets in

Asia' was 'to establish early control over the Asian masses'. 24. V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, pp. 178, 169 (emphasis Lenin's). 25. Polish nobles still held estates farmed by Ukrainian peasants. 26. The Second Congress of the Communist International, p. 33. 27. Ibid, pp. 33-4. 28. Ibid, p. 15. 29. My Life, p. 427. 30. L. Trotsky (ed.), The First Five Years of the Communist International,

vol. I (New York: 1945) p. 122. 31. Ibid, p. 72. 32. L. 0. Frossard, De Jaures a Lenine: Notes et Souvenirs d'un Militant

(Paris: 1930) p. 137. 33. The way in which he phrased his questions about France indicates he

did not share Zinoviev's optimistic hopes for a Soviet Paris. 34. A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. Ill. 35. Frossard, De Jaures a Lenine, pp. 136-9.

8 M. N. Tukhachevsky and the Decision to Invade Poland

I. Left-Wing Communism ... , p. 72; also V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, p. 62. 2. Quoted in J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 232. 3. P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921, pp. 200, 213. 4. Alfred E. Senn, The Great Powers, Lithuania and the Vilna Question

(Leiden: 1966) ch. I. 5. P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921, pp. 112, 213. 6. P. V. Suslov, Politicheskoe obespechenie sovetsko-pol'skoi kampanii 1920

goda (Moscow: 1930) p. 86. 7. N. I. Koritskii, et al., Marshal Tukhachevsky, pp. 126, 142, 150. 8. DGKKA, pp. 639-40 (direct conversation of II July). 9. Quoted in Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, pp. 230-2. These and succeeding

passages were edited out of Tukhachevsky's selected works. 10. L'annee 1920, pp. 230-2. II. Richard M. Watt, Dare Call in Treason (New York: 1963) p. 29. 12. Richard Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 171-2. (The telegram to

Rumbold was sent from the Prime Minister's office, not Curzon's.) 13. Quoted from A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava: 1920 god, vzaimodeistvie

frontov (Moscow-Leningrad: 1929) pp. 41-2. (This wire is not included in documentary collections.)

14. DGKKA, pp. 643-4. (Unlike most directives, postmarked 'Minsk'.) 15. Boris Shaposhnikov, Na Visle: k istorii kampanii 1920 goda (Moscow:

1924) pp. 119-20, 129-30. Shaposhnikov, as a member of the Field Staff, participated in drawing up the directive.

16. S. S. Kamenev, Zapiski o grazhdanskoi voine i voennom stroitel'stve (Moscow: 1963) pp. 164-5 ('Bor'ba s beloi Pol'shei' - originally published as a series of articles in Voennii vestnik in 1922). These


explanations strongly suggest hypocrisy on Kamenev's part, for they imply that the Red Army would have halted if: (I) Polish workers were not in danger of being suppressed, and (2) the Polish army was not 'incurring crushing defeats'. The crude little axiom which he invokes indicates his actual impulse - to simply cut down as many Polish soldiers as possible, rather than capturing and converting them to communism, as Trotsky wished.

17. DGKKA, p. 644. It is possible that Tukhachevsky never went to Smolensk on 20 July, but forced Kamenev to come to him in Minsk.

18. DGKKA, p. 644-5 (added emphasis). 19. DM, III, pp. 193-4 (telegram to Rozwadowski on 24 July). 20. Cur;:;on: The Last Phase, 1919-1925 (Boston: 1934) p. 205. 21. A. L. Kennedy, Old Diplomacy and New (London: 1922) p. 325. 22. S. S. Kamenev, Zapiski o gra;:;hdanskoi .. . , pp. 164-5. 23. Viscount E. V. D'Abernon, The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World:

Warsaw, 1920 (London: 1931) pp. 23, 33, 37, 35, 103. 24. Ibid, pp. 38, 44-5, 67. 25. DVP, III, p. 63. 26. Ibid, p. 67. 27. TA 546 (undated exchange of notes). 28. DVP, III, p. 66 (Ganetsky's note to the Riga government, 24 July). 29. TA 554, 547 (Lenin first suggested fraternisation on 20July). 30. T A 553, 558. 31. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 293. 32. Ibid, p. 230. 33. L'annie 1920, pp. 290-1 (emphasis Pilsudski's). 34. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 484. 35. Ibid, p. 297fn. These orders and Tukhachevsky's reply have been

deleted from more recent documentary collections. 36. TA 553. 37. The first order, on 1 August, was signed by Kamenev, Lebedev (Chief of

Staff) and Vasilev (RVSR); the second was signed by Danishevsky, another member of the RVSR; Tukhachevsky's reply was only counter-signed by his Chief of Staff, Vinogradov. See VSB, p. 297fn.

38. J. Pilsudski, L'Annie 1920, pp. 297, 293. 39. DGKKA, p. 645. 40. Quoted in Henry Kissinger, A World Restored, p. 18. 41. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 230. This directive, No. 613/sek/411/op

of24July is omitted from DGKKA for some reason. Qn 28July the order was reiterated, with 30 July mentioned as the outsi& temporal limit (p. 239). The orders were actually sent by Yegorov, but in response to Glavkom directives.

42. VSB, p. 238. 43. Ibid, pp. 241-3. 44. S.M. Budenny, Proidennyi put', II, p. 246. 45. Ibid, p. 240. 46. S. S. Kamenev, Zapiski o gra;:;hdanskoi ... , p. 165. 47. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 297, 279. 48. TA 558; also Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 241.


49. TA 552. (Notes exchanged between Lenin and Sklyansky.) These instructions were also given 'to the military command'.

50. L. Trotsky, Sochineniia, XVII, pp. 430-1; also KVR, II (2), pp. 162-3, and /::.vestiia, I August.

51. DM, III, p. 213. From the protocol of a session of the Polish Council of Ministers, signed by Premier Witos. (emphasis added.)

52. PSS, Ll, p. 247. 53. DM, III, p. 246. 54. Ibid, pp. 246, 269-70. 55. Viscount E. V. D' Abernon, Eighteenth Decisive Battle, p. 54. 56. DBFP, VIII, p. 664. See also the Gibson Papers, Box 8, File 5A, where

Moffat, acting US Minister, pointed out that the Poles 'had no full powers to conclude peace, and a military delegation ... had been chosen so that the question of peace would not be broached at all'.

57. General Sergeev, commander of the IV Army, later wrote that 'nobody except for some divisional commanders thought about stopping'. N. Sergeev, Ot Dvinsk k Visle (Smolensk: 1923) p. 109.

58. D'Abernon, Eighteenth Decisive Battle, pp. 62-3. 59. John Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 94.

9 Leo Kamenev, Lloyd George and the Attempt to Arrange an Armistice

I. DVP, III, p. 84 (note to Lloyd George on 5 August). 2. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 249 (note to Kamenev on 5 August). 3. Lloyd George Papers, F/46/9/7. 4. Norman Davies, 'Lloyd George and Poland', Journal of Contemporary

History, vol. VI, no. 3 (1971) p. 147. 5. Lloyd George Papers, F /57/6/9. 6. Quoted in E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism, pp. 129-30. 7. L. B. Krasin, Voprosy vneshnei torgovli (Moscow: 1970) p. 270. 8. See the two works by H. H. Fisher: America and the New Poland (New

York: 1928) pp. 256-8; The Famine in Soviet Russia (New York: 1927) p. 38. The two Americans, Maurice Pate and Herschel Walker, had earlier tried to accompany the Polish 'delegates' to the meeting at Baranovichi on 1-2 August. They made the trip up to the outskirts of the armistice site, when suddenly a 'bridge collapsed after three cars got across'. Pate and Walker were 'left on the Polish side and returned to Warsaw' (see the 3 August cable to Hoover in Palo Alto, Calif., in the ARA collection at the Hoover Library, Stanford, AC 17-01591-85). It is quite possible that the Poles blew up the bridge to prevent the Americans from accompanying the delegation to Baranovichi, for this then made it easier to convince Western diplomats of Bolshevik insincer-ity, given the absence of more neutral witnesses. See Pate's account, describing the Polish habit of blowing up bridges during their retreat. (The Hugh Gibson Papers, Box 7, File 5.) The bridge 'near Baranovichi ... had evidently been blown up prematurely'.

9. DVP, III, pp. 70-1. 10. Quoted in R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 202.


11. Joseph Korbel, Poland Between East and West (Princeton: 1963) p. 87.

12. H. Gatzke, 'Russo-German Military Collaboration During the Weimar Republic', American Historical Review, vo!. LXIII, no. 3 (April 1958).

13. DVP, III, pp. 67-8, 80-l. 14. TA 561 (Trotsky's Memorandum to the Politburo of 4 August). 15. V.I. Lenin, PSS, Ll, p. 236; Zarnitskii and Trofimova, Sovetskoi

strany . .. , p. 100. 16. In 1907 he attacked Lenin for reversing the Party's policy of boycotting

the Duma; in early 1917 he was ribbed by Lenin for taking a 'defencist' posiJion on the war; later that year he opposed the call for an armed uprising. See Adam Ulam, The Bolsheviks (New York: 1971) pp. 265, 329, 366.

17. b:.vestiia, 18 May. 18. Ibid, IOJuly (emphasis Kamenev's). For more on Kamenev's views, see

his pamphlets, Reck' k rabochim i krestianam (Moscow: 1920), and /// Intematsional: populiamyi ocherk (Prague: 1920).

19. Lloyd George Papers, F/48/3/17. 20. DVP, III, pp. 78-9 (emphasis added). 21. Lloyd George Papers, F/57/6/15-16 (4 and 6 August reports). 22. DVP, III, p. 81, for text of this note. 23. What Kamenev may have meant was that he believed Lloyd George was

willing to work secretly to arrange a peace settlement and would not brazenly try to claim the historical credit as Warsaw's Saviour.

24. DBFP, VIII, pp. 670-4. 25. Sir C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries,

vol. II (London: 1927) pp. 256-7. (He elsewhere described his P.M.'s diplomacy as 'political funk'.)

26. DBFP, VIII, pp. 676-80. 27. IGV, III, p. 340. 28. La Russie et la barriere de l'est (Paris: 1937) p. 187. 29. For instance, see R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 454-73; also

Norman Davies, 'Lloyd George and Poland, 1919-1920', p. 142. 30. Titus Komarnicki, Rebirth of the Polish Republic, p. 549. 31. 8 August issue. 32. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 250. 33. Ibid, p. 441. (Stalin's words were similar to those used by German

militarists and Nazis to explain the loss of The First World War.) 34. Lloyd George Papers, F/58/1/28. 35. Ibid, F/58/1/29. 36. Ibid, F/57/6/14. 37. Quoted in E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vo!. III, p. 216fn. 38. Sir C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, pp. 256-7; Ullman,

Anglo-Soviet Accord, ch. 7. 39. DBFP, VIII, p. 685-8. 40. Ibid, p. 681. (It is not clear whether Kamenev brought these conditions

with him or received them by wire after arriving.) 41. Ibid, p. 707. 42. Ibid, p. 682.


43. Ibid, p. 694. 44. Ibid, p. 695. 45. Ibid, pp. 699, 702-3, 705. 46. Lloyd George Papers, F/34/l/37 (5 August). 47. Ibid, F/58/1/31. 48. See R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, ch 7, for a discussion of the so-called

'Intercepts'. 49. Lloyd George Papers, F/58/1/30. 50. DBFP, VIII, p. 722. 51. DVP, III, p. 98; Lloyd George Papers, F/58/l/35. 52. Baron George A. Riddell, Lord Riddell's Inti".ate Diary, p. 229. Accord-

ing to Riddell, Lloyd George's reason for rejecting the Soviet reply was because 'the Russians insisted upon direct negotiations with the Poles'.

53. DBFP, VIII, p. 723. 54. DVP, III, pp. 98-9. 55. Baron Riddell, Intimate Diary, p. 230. 56. DBFP, VIII, pp. 745-8. 57. Ibid, pp. 754-5. 58. DVP, III, pp. 100-1. 59. DBFP, XI, p. 546; R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, pp. 230-5. 60. P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921, p. 175. 61. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, pp. 254-5. 62. Ibid, pp. 255-6 (emphasis added). 63. For instance, R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, ch 6; this interpretation

has been standard among Western writers and ignored by the Soviets. 64. Louis Fischer has implied that Kamenev omitted the phrase on his own

initiative, for he 'wished to prevent British interference' and 'felt that Russia's relations with the British Government ... were too weak to stand the announcement of the workers' militia demand'. The Soviets in World Affairs, p. 191. Kamenev later confided to Lloyd George that 'inside the Russian Government a certain struggle went on regarding the exact formulation of the terms'. He personally 'took part in that struggle' on the side of the faction which wanted to 'smooth the way to peace'. DBFP, VIII, p. 789.

65. DVP, III, p. 147; also Jane Degras (ed.), Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, vol. I, p. 203.

66. R. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 261. 67. Lloyd George Papers, F /31 /1/39 (Intercept no. 003814). 68. Intercept no. 003808 (12 August telegram). 69. Intercept no. 003809 (13 August telegram). 70. Intercept no. 003813 (14 August telegram). 71. Intercept no. 003816 (15 August). 72. Intercept no. 003813 (14 August). Lenin later castigated Kamenev for

trusting in British promises, telling him by telegram on 20 August: 'It is clear that Lloyd George, under cover of pacifist phrases, supports the actual policy of the French and of Churchill.' Ibid, F /46/9/9.

73. DVP, III, pp. 131-5; also Jane Degras, ed., Soviet Documents, pp. 198-200.

74. Lloyd George Papers, F/58/1/38 (11 August note to Kamenev).


75. DVP, II, p. 706 (Chicherin's report to the Party, December 1920). 76. Lloyd George Papers, F I 58/I /39. 77. /zvestiia, 12 August and 10 August. 78. V.I. Lenin, PSS, Ll, pp. 259-60; also DM, III, pp. 292-3. 79. Lloyd George Papers, F/31/1/39 Intercept no. 003814. (Unfortunately

only the translation provided by British Intelligence is available.)

10 Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Polrevkom and the Tactics of Political War

I. Kon's letter to Dzerzhinsky's wife, quoted in Sophia S. Dzerzhinskaia, V gody velikikh boev (Minsk: 1964) pp. 328-9.

2. A composite ofletters to his wife and to Lenin on 17 August, in DM, III, pp. 299-300.

3. E. M. Sergeev, Ot Dvinsk k Visle (Smolensk: 1923) p. 119; see also Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 219. (Sergeev commanded the IV Army until 6 August, when he was relieved from his duties for reasons which remain unclear.)

4. John Erickson, Soviet High Command, p. 101. 5. Ibid, p. 101. 6. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 219. 7. Ibid, pp. 485-8, for tables and charts showing various estimates on the

number of troops on both sides. The figure quoted is the estimate made by the Field Staff of the RVSR as of ll August. Shaposhnikov places the total number of troops on the Soviet side at a mere 80 950 for both fronts.

8. Hans Sutter, 'Further Reports From Russia', Living Age, vol. CCCVI (7 August 1920) p. 337.

9. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 320. 10. Merle Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule (New York: 1963) p. 41. 11. A. Gukovskii, 'Pol'sha i iuzhno-russkaia kontrrevoliutsiia', Krasnyi

Arkhiv, XLVII, p. 108-10. 12. Hans Sutter, 'Further Reports', p. 337. 13. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, vols II, p. 235. 14. Dzerzhinsky later wrote his wife on 25August, when his duties on the Polish

front were nearing completion: 'In generalthere was no pillaging ... (with a few exceptions).' See S. S. Dzerzhinskaia, V gody velikikh boev p. 325.

15. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed, p. 423. 16. Alexander Rabinowitch, Prelude 'to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks

and the july 1817 Uprising (Bloomington: 1968) passim. 17. Leon Trotsky, My Life, p. 358. 18. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 155; N. Zubov, F. E.

D;:;m;hinsky: biograjiia (Moscow: 1965) pp. 3-126. 19. S. S. Dzerzhinskaia, V gody .. . , p. 333. This was the appellation given

him by the 'bourgeois press of the whole world', according to the Soviet journalist, Ivan Stepanov.

20. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 155. 21. Zubov, D;:;er;:;hinsky, pp. 228-9. 22. A. F. Khatskevich, Pol'skie intematsionalisty v bor'be ;:;a vlast' sovetov v

Belorussii (Minsk: 1967) pp. 126-7.


23. S. S. Dzerzhinskaia, V gody velikikh boev, pp. 324-5. 24. Ibid, p. 326. 25. IGV, III, pp. 329-30 for text of the manifesto. 26. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty .. . , p. 128. The decision to form a

Polrevkom may even have been 'news' to Lenin, for on 30 July Dzerzhinsky wired Sk1yansky: 'Give Lenin: the manifesto and news of the formation of the Polrevkom'.

27. V.I. Lenin, PSS, XLI, P. 650. (The Problem of Economic Policy under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat.}

28. Ibid, XLI, p. 651; LI, pp. 252, 247. 29. Ibid, LI, pp. 247-8. 30. A. F. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty .. . , p. 141; alsoP. V. Suslov,

Politicheskoe obespechenie sovetsko-pol'skoi kampanii, 1920 g., p. 104. 31. Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov, S krasnoi armei na panskuiu Pol'shu (Moscow:

1920) p. 87. 32. S. S. Dzerzhinskaia, V gody .. . , pp. 325-6. 33. DM, III, p. 238. 34. J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 179. Although Pilsudski had long been in

the Polish Socialist Party, as chief of state he tended to remain aloof from parties, and even alienated some socialists.

35. A. F. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty, pp. 138-9. Most Chekists were sent to Belorussia and Lithuania, and the remainder to Belostock.

36. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, /;:,brannye proizvedeniia, vol. I (Moscow: 1967) pp. 291-3.

37. A. F. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty, p. 142. 38. Ibid, pp. 134-5; also P. A. Golub, 'Pol'skie revoliutsionnye voiska v

Rossii v 1920 godakh', Voprosy Istorii, no. 3, 1958. 39. Khatskevich, p. 142. 40. E. Sergeev, Ot Dvinsk .. . , p. 82. 41. For example, J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 182; Joseph Korbel, Poland

Between East and West, p. 61; P. S. Wandycz, Soviet-Polish Relations, p. 231.

42. IGV, III, p. 340. 43. Zubov, Dzerzhinsky, p. 232. 'The maJonty of the members of the

committee' felt that there was 'a numerous enough agrarian proletariat' to justify 'communal' ownership.

44. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty, p. 134. 45. DM, III, p. 266. 46. IGV, III, p. 355. 47. Khatskevich, Pol'skie internatsionalisty, p. 139. 48. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, Dnevnik zakliuchennogo pis'ma (Moscow: 1966) p.

263. 49. A. F. Khatskevich, Po/'skie internatsionalisty, p. 143. 50. TA 539; also Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 249. 51. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, pp. 263-4. 52. DM, III, p. 293. 53. J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 182. 54. P. V. Suslov, Politicheskoe .. . , p. 141. 55. K1ara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, p. 20.


56. DM, IIL, p. 294. 57. NA 760c.61/200. 58. Charles Phillips, The New Poland, pp. 223-4. 59. DM, III, pp. 299-300. 60. Although by 15 August Polish Catholicism was rem1mscent of the

'Church Militant', on the two previous Sundays, I and 8 August , Polish piety and fatalism semed to have predominated. Those days saw scenes of 'remarkable supplication to God for deliverance. Prayers were chanted all the time.' See A. L. Kennedy, Old Diplomacy and New, p. 327, for a good eye-witness account.

61. F. E. Dzerzhinsky, /::;brannye proi;;,vedeniia, vo!. I, p. 297. 'The question about land policy will be examined in full measure in Warsaw, where we are going today.' This was the first indication ofDzerzhinsky's intention, established in published sources, of wanting to attain Warsaw.

62. DM, III, p. 316 (20 August). 63. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 255-7. 64. Kenneth Murray, Wings Over Poland (New York: 1932) pp. 348-9. 65. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 277. (This undated note was

sent some time in late August.)

11 Sergei S. Kamenev, Glavkom and the Struggle Over Red Army Strategy

I. DGKKA, p. 652. (From a telephone conversation with Tukhachevsky shortly after midnight, 10 August.)

2. Ibid, p. 657. (From another telephone conversation early in the morning of 15 August.)

3. Norman Davies, 'The Soviet Command and the Battle of Warsaw', Soviet Studies, vol. XXIII ( 1972) p. 581.

4. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 220. 5. Ibid, p. 359. 6. TA 558. 7. J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 299. 8. A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava, p. 141. 9. Stalin, p. 284.

10. My Life, p. 439. 11. Ibid, pp. 451-2. 12. Stalin, p. 314. 13. N. N. Azovtsev, et al. (eds), Direktivy komandovaniia frontov krasnoi armii

(1917-1922) vol. I (Moscow: 1971) p. 395. 14. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 275; also /GV, III, p. 341. 15. DGKKA, P. 647; VSB, p. 275; Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava, p. 67. 16. /GV, III, p. 340; Yegorov, pp. 76, 67. 1 7. DGKKA, pp. 708, 641. 18. Ibid, p. 645. 19. Ibid, p. 649 (this was all included in one directive, No. 4700/op). 20. Ibid, pp. 650-2 for a partial reproduction of the conversation. Parts of

the conversation omitted here are found in Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 284.


21. He may have referred to the RVS apparatus, which was no doubt carefully monitoring this conversation and prompting Kamenev.

22. Tukhachevsky's decision may have been derived from a desire to prevent the elan of his troops from dissipating, for he told Glavkom: 'I cannot abate three armies for nothing.'

23. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 317. 24. See DGKKA, pp. 806-7, for a summary of the contents of this telegram,

which the editors of this collection did not reproduce, even though it was numbered as a directive, No. 1025/g.

25. Tukhachevsky had earlier said the Poles had withdrawn from the Bug; he was using 'facts' to justify his predetermined purposes.

26. /GV, III, pp. 347-8. 27. See Louis Fischer, The Soviets in World Affairs, p. 192. 28. TA 551; Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 255. 29. TA 548;Jan Meijer (ed.)., ibid. 30. Meijer, ibid; Meijer believes that all these notes exchanged between

Lenin and Sklyansky should be dated 17 August. 31. Meijer, ibid. 32. My Life, p. 457. 33. KVR, II (2), pp. 164-5; /zvestiia, II August. 34. He once stated: 'Everything depends on circumstances', whether in

'peace or war'. My Life, p. 429. 35. Leon Trotsky, Sochineniia, XVII, p. 435. ('Order of the Chairman of the

RVS of the Republic for the Red Forces in Poland'.) 36. DGKKA, pp. 652-3. 37. Pilsudski's counter-attack was originally scheduled for 17 August, but he

moved the date up one day at the last minute.

12 The Lenin-Stalin Telegrams and Budenny's Failure to Aid Tukhachevsky

I. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 247. 2. J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, p. 140. 3. /zvestiia, 15 August. Nearly all articles dealing with the Polish War

appeared under the headline 'Defence of Worker-Peasant Russia'. 4. V. Putna, K Visle i obratno (Moscow: 1927) pp. 137-8, 129-30. 5. The Hugh Gibson Papers, Box 7, File 5. 6. Ibid, Box 8, File 5A. 7. NA 760./61/207. 8. Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov, S krasnoi armei .. . , p. 42. 9. J. Pilsudski, L'Annee 1920, pp. 157-8.

10. The Hugh Gibson Papers, Box 9, File I. II. E. Malcolm Carroll, Soviet Communism, p. 105. 12. Sochineniia, XVII, p. 436. 13. /zvestiia, 18 August. 14. L'Annee 1920, pp. 161-2. 15. DGKKA, pp. 659-61 (emphasis added). 16. ' .. . s Varshavoi likvidiruite v 4-5 dnei' - meaning liquidate the Warsaw

operation. See Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 319fn. This portion of the conversation was omitted from DGKKA.


17. DGKKA, pp. 659, 661. Tukhachevsky in his account later wrote that he was promised reinforcements only on condition of 'a painless exit of our armies' from Poland. See his /zbranniie proi;;,vedeniia, I, p. 157.

18. L'Annie 1920, pp. 144-5, 148; also Major Elbert E. Farman Jr, 'The Polish-Bolshevik Cavalry Campaign of 1920', The Cavalry Journal, vo!. XXX, no. 124, pp. 225, 227.

19. E. E. Farman, ibid, pp. 233-9, for a vivid description of Budennny's tactics, written by one who fought against him.

20. General Maxime Weygand, Memoirs: Mirages et rialitis, vo!. II (Paris: 1957) p. 157.

21. K. M. Murray, Wings Over Poland (New York: 1932) p. 349. 22. L. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 328-32. 23. Ibid, pp. 295, 291-3. A few months earlier Stalin had been recalled to

Moscow from Tsaritsyn, where he had refused direct orders. 24. DGKKA, pp. 689-90. 25. See Stalin, p. 296, where Trotsky explains this division of responsibility. 26. J. V. Stalin, Works, IV, pp. 341-5. 27. Ibid, pp. 345-6. 28. See, for instance, his speech of 15 December 1918; ibid, p. 186. 29. His 'conspiracy view' was exemplified by the way he characterised the

San Remo conference in April 1920, in which he saw no divisions between France and England but only 'a broadly conceived plan for a combined campaign' being hatched. Ibid, p. 339.

30. Ibid, p. 347. 31. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 140. 32. J. V. Stalin, Works, IV, p. 336. 33. Ibid, pp. 352-3. These phrases echoed Lenin's oft-used term, komchan

stvo, meaning 'communist boastfulness'. See A. Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin, p. 123.

34. Ibid, p. 331. 35. Oka I. Gorodovikov, Vospominaniia (Moscow: 1957) pp. 159-60. The

author later led the Second Cavalry Army, just being formed for use against Wrangel.

36. J. V. Stalin, Works, IV, pp. 357, 451 (later half of July). 37. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 247. 38. N. Davies, 'The Soviet Command and the Battle of Warsaw', p. 579. 39. V. I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 441. 40. S. Budenny, Proidennyi put', II, p. 304. 41. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 248. 42. Ibid, p. 249. 43. IGV, III, p. 338. (This lengthy reply, also dated 4 August, for some

reasons was never included in either Stalin's or Lenin's collected works.) 44. There were times when Stalin did take, and stick to, a position in

opposition to Lenin, such as during the debates on the nationality question and the foreign trade monopoly, but he ended up by confessing his 'error'. See Robert Tucker, Stalin As Revolutionary, 1879-1929 (New York: 1973) ch. 7.

45. The omission was made by the editors of the collection, IGV. 46. Budenny and Voroshilov survived the purges of the 1930s, the latter


being Stalin's Commissar of War. Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Timoshenko and Khrushchev also rose to fame from the ranks of the First Cavalry Army. Edgar O'Ballance, The Red Amry (New York: 1964) p. 67.

47. IGV, III, p. 340. 48. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 247-8. 49. Major E. E. Farman, 'Polish-Bolshevik Cavalry Campaign', p. 231; S.

Budenny, Proidennyi put', p. 205. 50. A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava, p. 76 (Order No. 4636/op/1003/sh).

This directive is missing from documentary collections. It is summarised by Budenny in his account, but he fails to mention that the Cavalry was to be replaced by infantry and placed in reserve.

51. TA 539; Jan Meijer (ed.), Trotsky Papers, p. 579; V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 258 (undated note to Sklyansky- emphasis in original).

52. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 250. 53. S. Budenny, Proidenrryi .. . , p. 305. 54. A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava, p. 67. 55. 'In the last analysis,' General Yegorov later wrote (ibid), 'it did not

matter whether' control over the Southwestern front armies 'remained in the hands of the Southwestern front or was transferred to the Western front ... the situation on the Wrangel front demanded serious attention.' It is more accurate to say that Lenin demanded that Wrangel be given 'serious attention'.

56. S. Budenny, Proidenrryi .. . , p. 307; also DGKKA, pp. 705-6. These orders, No. 4738/op/1041/sh and No. 4752/op/1044/sh, were sent at 3.00 a.m. and 1.05 p.m. respectively. The conditional nature of the first is also noted in Istoriia gra::.hdanskoi voirry v SSSR, vol. V (Moscow: 1960) p. 156.

57. S. Budenny, Proidenrryi .. . , p. 308; lstoriia .. . , vol. V, p. 156. 58. V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, pp. 254-5. 59. S. Budenny, Proidenrryi .. . , p. 308. 60. Ibid; also A. I. Yegorov, L'vov-Varshava, p. 117; IGV, III, p. 350. 61. DGKKA, p. 710. (It is not clear who received this mysterious directive or

to whom it was sent.) 62. S. Budenny, Proidenrryi .. . , p. 311. 63. Ibid; IGV, III, pp. 351-2; E. I. Bugaev et al., Istoriia kommunisticheskogo

partii sovetskogo soiu::.a, III (2) (Moscow: 1968) pp. 488-9fn. (Each of these sources only quotes part of Stalin's reply.)

64. S. Budenny, Proidennyi .. . , pp. 311-12. 65. L. L. Kliuev, Pervaia konnaia armiia na pol'skom fronte v 1920 gody

(Moscow: 1932) p. 115. 66. DGKKA, pp. 656-7 (emphasis added). 67. L. L. Kliuev, Pervaia konnaia .. . , p. 117; Kakurin and Melikov, VSB,

pp. 301-2. 68. Kliuev, ibid, p. 121. 69. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 346-7. 70. Quoted in L. L. Kliuev, Pervaia Konnaia .. . , p. 121. 71. Ibid, p. 121. 72. S. S. Kamenev, M. N. Tukhachevsky et al. (eds), Gra::.hdanskaia voina,

1918-1921 (Moscow-Leningrad: 1930) (vol. III) p. 405. 73. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 358-9.


74. Ibid, p. 324. 75. Two orders given on 14 and 15 August carried only the names of

Kamenev's Chief of Staff, Lebedev, not members of the RVSR. See DGKKA, p. 655.

76. The estimates of number of Russian troops captured are so varied and exaggerated that they sometimes exceed the number in Poland.

77. On 19 August, for instance, Trotsky questioned Tukhachevsky not about his retreat but about why he was caught by surprise. See Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, p. 358.

78. I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (New York: 1960) p. 204. 79. L. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 329. 80. Quoted in lstoriia grazhdanskogo voiny, vol. V, pp. 157-8. 81. GVU, III, pp. 367-71. 82. Ibid, pp. 377-9. 83. IGV, III, p. 359; also P. Suslov, Politicheskoe .. . , p. 93. 84. DGKAA, p. 659; also V.I. Lenin, PSS, LI, p. 263. 85. TA 570; also jan Meijer (ed.), Trotsky Papers, p. 263. 86. J. V. Stalin, Works, IV, pp. 358-60 (emphasis Stalin's). 87. Ibid, pp. 360-1. 88. E. I. Bugaev et al., Istoriia kommunisticheskogo .. . , pp. 488-9fn (emphasis

Stalin's).

Conclusion: Victory for Peaceful Coexistence and Defeat for World Revolution

1. V.I. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXXII, p. 129; XXXI, p. 457. 2. M. N. Tukhachevsky, /zbrannye proizvedeniia, II, p. 167. 3. S. S. Kamenev, M. N. Tukhachevsky et al., Grazhdanskaia voiha .. . , vol.

III, p. 469. 4. Quoted in B. Shaposhnikov, Na Visle, p. 21. 5. This account is based on Pate's reports from Minsk between 16 and 22

August. See The Hugh Gibson Papers, Box 7, File 5. 6. The Hugh Gibson Papers, Box 7, File 5. 7. S. S. Kamenev, M. N. Tukhachevsky et al., Grazhdanskaia voina .. . , III,

p. 469. 8. Kakurin and Melikov, VSB, pp. 358-9 (emphasis added). 9. Quoted from a speech of March 1921, in B. Shaposhnikov, Na Visle

p. 22. 10. See the works by Louis Fischer, Isaac Deutscher, W. H. Chamberlin,

Adam Ulam, Norman Davies and P. S. Wandycz, all cited earlier. They all accept Trotsky's account in Stalin, pp. 328-32. Soviet historians do not differ substantially in their accounts, simply assuming that Tukhachevsky's actions were backed by Lenin.

11. The closest Trotsky ever came to admitting that the Red Army was not under his firm control was where he wrote: 'The responsibility for the disaster to the Red Army' was 'predetermined by the absence of an uprising ... and made worse by [its] his own independent strategy.' Stalin, p. 332. The translator was unsure whether it was the Army's strategy or Stalin's activity (which as also being discussed) which was 'independent'.


12. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 269-71. 13. Ibid, pp. 273-5. For the actual order of the Politburo condemning the

action of the Western front, see V.I. Lenin, PSS, LIV, p. 413. 14. A Field Correspondent, 'With the Retreating Bolsheviki', Living Age,

vol. CCCVII, pp. 325-32. 15. Leonard Horst, 'The Russian Debacle', Living Age, vol. CCCVII, pp.

152-3. 16. V. Putna, K. Visle i obratno, pp. 137-8. This author also noted that it

was 'necessary to take into account dangerous developments on the Eastern front- from the Urals to the Volga' (p. 140).

17. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov, S Krasnoi armei .. . , p. 42 (emphasis in original). 18. Ibid, pp. 41-3. 19. Gerald Freund, Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin (New York: 1957) p. 52. 20. L. I vanova ( ed.), Partiia v period inostrannoi voennoi interventsii i

gra::;hdanskoi voiny, 1918-1920: dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: 1962) pp. 514-6.

21. Jane Degras (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, I, p. 218 (from a speech to leather-workers on 10 October).

22. L. Ivanova (ed.), Partiiia v period inostrannoi .. . , p. 515. 23. Ibid. (Gangs of pro-Tsarist, ultra-nationalistic elements.) 24. V.I. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXXI, p. 444. 25. L. Trotsky, Lenin (New York: 1971) pp. 107-8. 26. L. Ivanova (ed.), Partiia v period inostrannoi .. . , p. 516. 27. Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, pp. 321, 331. 28. L. Ivanova, ed., Partiia v period inostrannoi .. . , p. 515. 29. Collected Works, XXXI, p. 411 (emphasis added). 30. Stephen F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York:

1973) pp. 91-101. 31. The four-part series appeared in l:::.vestiia, 7-14 May, entitled 'Joseph

Pilsudski: The Ideology of the Polish Offensive'. 32. Adam Zoltowski, Border of Europe (London: 1950) pp. 212-3. 33. Raymond Buell, Poland: Key to Europe (New York: 1939) p. 80; S.

Dabrowski, 'The Peace Treaty of Riga', The Polish Review, vol. V, no. (Winter 1960) p. 34.

34. Klara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, pp. 21-2. 35. Stalin, p. 332. 36. Klara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, p. 22. 37. DVP, III, pp. 412-13; also Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, p.

139fn. 38. The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World, p. 171. 39. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. III, p. 218. 40. Lord Riddell's Intimate Diary, pp. 249-50. 41. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, p. 109. 42. Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin (New York: 1962)

p. 231. 43. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Flag, p. 275. 44. Leon Trotsky, My Life, p. 405. 45. Richard Ullman, The Anglo-Soviet Accord, p. 207.


46. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command, p. 99; Klara Zetkin, Reminiscences of Lenin, p. 20.

47. Lionel Kochan, Russia and the Weimar Republic (Cambridge: 1954) p. 35; Sir Lewis Namier, Facing East: Essays on Germany, the Balkans and Russia in the Twentieth Century (New York: 1966) p. 87.

48. Edgar O'Ballance, The Red Army (New York, 1964) p. 67. 49. Erich Wollenberg, The Red Anny (London: 1940) pp. 262-4. 50. The Eloquence of Winston Churchill, ed. F. B. Czarnomski (New York,

1957) pp. 80-1.

Historiographical Note I. Good summaries of Soviet historiography may be found in John Erickson,

Soviet High Command, pp. 90-100; N. F. Kuz'min, Krushenie poslednego ... , pp. 263-6; L. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 327-34; Anatole G. Mazour, The Writing of History in the Soviet Union (Stanford: 1971) pp. 259-66.

2. Maxime Weygand, Memoirs, II, p. 157. 3. M. Kukiel, Polish-Soviet Campaign, p. 18. 4. L. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 329. 5. History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): Short

Course (New York: 1939) pp. 241-3. 6. Stalin, pp. 328-9. (Trotsky did not accuse Stalin personally in his earlier

account of the war in My Life.) 7. '0 neketorykh voprosakh istorii grazhdanskoi voiny', pp. 71, 68-70. 8. Krusheniie poslednego pokhoda antanty (Moscow: 1958). 9. See Konstantin F. Shteppa, Russian Historians and the Soviet State (New

Brunswick: 1962) pp. 276-8. 10. P. Banenko, /.E. Yakir: Ocherk boevogo puti (Moscow: 1963) p. 57; A. I.

Todarsky, Marshal Tukhachevsky (Moscow: 1963) pp. 66-7; Lev Nikulin, Tukhachevsky: biograficheskii ocherk (Moscow: 1964) p. 125.

11. N. A. Zegzhda, Kommunisticheskaia partiia - organizator razgroma tret'ego pokhoda antanty (Moscow: 1959) pp. 160-1, 154.

12. One exception is S.l. Murashov (ed.), Kurs lektsii po istorii KPSS (Moscow: 1965) pp. 458-61. The authors mention that a separate front was set up under Stalin, but fail to mention the unification of the fronts, which was also decided.

13. V.I. Lenin, Sochineniia, XXV, p. 261; also Stanley Page, Lenin and World Revolution, p. 239fn.

14. Peter Kruzhin, 'Lenin and the Soviet Armed Forces', Studies on the Soviet Union, vol. X, no. 1 (December 1970) p. 35.

15. Russia Revisited: A New Look at Russia and Her Satellites (Garden City: 1957) p. 61.

16. Adam Ulam is an exception. See his Stalin: The Man and His Era (New York: 1973) p. 186fn.

17. TA 490; Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 133.

Appendix 1 I. From L. Trotsky, Sochineniia, XVII, pp. 423-4. The reports which he

received were apparently greatly exaggerated. One eyewitness, the


anarchist, Emma Goldman, visited Kiev expecting to see great destruc-tion. But aside from some bridges and railroads on the outskirts of the city, Kiev was 'in even better condition than Petrograd'. See her book, My Disillusionment in Russia (New York: 1970) pp. 133-4.

Appendix 3

1. This speech at Gomel was reprinted as Sovetskaia Rossiia i hur;:.hua;:.naia Pol'sha (Moscow: 1920) (pp. 13-15).

Appendix 4

1. From the appendix of Kakurin and Melikov, Voina s Belopoliakami (Moscow: 1925) pp. 476-7.

Appendix 5

I. Quoted from G. V. Chicherin: Stat'i i rechi po voprosam me;:.hdunarodnoi politiki (Moscow: 1961) pp. 144-5, 170; also DM, III, p. 99.

Appendix 6

I. From a lecture delivered by Tukhachevsky to the Soviet Military Academy in 1923, entitled Pokhod ;:.a Vislu. The section quoted here was omitted from Tukhachevsky's selected works, published in 1964, but it has been preserved in Pilsudski's L'annee 1920, pp. 230-2.

Appendix 8

I. These policy recommendations were accepted by the Central Committee on 5 August. See Jan Meijer (ed.), The Trotsky Papers, II, p. 241.

Appendix 9

1. As reported to Lenin, Krestinsky, Chicherin, Zinoviev, Bukharin and Steklov in the Moscow committee of the Party. KVR, II (2), PP. 164-5.

Bibliography

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Index

advance to Warsaw and negotiations 143, 15 7, 213 orders for 133 see also Red Army

Afghanistan 40, 50 agitation from aircraft see air power;

propaganda aid

Polish request to Catholics 198 see also Allies; Crimea; Poland; West

air power and propaganda 187, 193, 199,

257 Western 199

Alexander I I, 27, 277 Alexander II I, 2 All-Russian Central Executive

Committee 25, 93 Allied Council, Supreme 37

and Soviet trade 24 Allies 60-1

aid to Wrangel 163; threatened 169

blockade 42,44,45, 155,156, 157, 161

and peace talks 33 support for Poland 91, 101, 127 see also Britain; France

American Relief Administration 152, 252, 253 Anglo-Soviet see Britain; Soviet Arakcheev, A. A. 27 Aralov, S. I. 245 Armenia 30 armistice

Lloyd George and Kamenev and 150-80

Polish request for !51 see also negotiations

army see Polish; Red Army; volunteer Austria 225

and Imperialist struggle 116 and Polish freedom 2

Azerbaijan 30

Bainville, Jaques !59 Bakhunin, Michael 131 Baku 30,43 Balabanoff, Angelica 113 Balkan states 122 Baltic states 50, 180 'bandits' 185 Baranovichi meeting 136, 140, 141,

143, 147, 168,284 Polish walk out 156, !57

Batum 43,44 British in 40

Bauer, Colonel Max 55 Bavaria 72 Beatty, Admiral 167 Belorussia 2, 4, 63, 119

land in 120 peasants in 227; mobilisation

of 193,235,257 Poland's acquisition 251, 268 Polish occupation of 22, 23 separation from Russia 5

Belostock 185, 191 Berdichev 49 Berezina River 72 Berzin, V.I. 239, 246, 276 blockade, Allied 42, 44, 45, 155,

!56 resumption of 157, 161

borders agreements 150 Polish, Allies delineation of 96-7,

99, 101 Borisov 32 Boulogne conference 148 Brest-Litovsk 54, 234, 269

fall of 19 Treaty of 3

Britain 24, 39, 45, 46 aid to Poland 35, 41, 49, 50, 51,

91,92,98,137 demands on Soviets 43, !51 eventual communism in 116 and France 52

337

338 Index

mediation 93, 96, 104, 108, 129, 160, 228, 283; conditions of acceptance 97, 98-9, Soviet request for 103

meeting with Soviets 43-51 negotiations in 158 and Pilsudski 44 policy 48-9, 92; in Crimea 97 proletariat 155, 262 support for Poland 157 support for Wrangel 50, 51, 128,

166, 167, 168, 226 threats 159, 160-1 trade with Russia 34-5, 38-9, 41,

69, 78 Brody 234 Brown, Walter L. 152 Brusilov, General Alexei 61 Budenny, Simon 28, 49, 276, 280

at Warsaw 10, 13-14 battle methods 222-3 Cavalry's failure to aid

Tukhachevsky 218-50 memoirs 230

Bug River 142, 143, 207-9, 254-5 Cavalry on 240-1, 242 as goal 245-6 as moral barrier 254-5

Bukhara 40 Bukharin, Nikolai 55, 76, 266, 276 Bulgaria 116 Bull, Sir William 164

Cachin, M. 123 Carnot, Lazare 184 Catholicism

Belorussian 68 Polish 6, 198

Caucasus 25-6 and Soviet concern 30, 31

Cavalry Armies First 20, 206-7, 208, 221, 222-3,

236-7; in Crimea offensive 230, 231; looting 223; retreat of 13; and Stalin 234, 235, 239; tasks of 240, 241; telegram from 290; Tukachevsky's request for 216; weariness of 233; see also Budenny

Second 230 Third 221

Charles XII of Sweden 11 Cheka 183, 184, 188 Chicherin, George 22, 279, 283-4,

293 and Anglo-Soviet agreement 50,

51, 52 and Curzon 226, 228; note 91-

109 on Estonia 36 on Germany 55 Lenin's instructions 133 and Lloyd George 158, 167, 168 note 295 peace proposals 23, 24, 64, 128;

negotiations 156, 32-3 and Soviet Trade Delegation 38 and trade 42, 43, 138 and workers' militia 172, 173

Chiva 40 Cholm sector 238, 245 Churchill, Winston 52, 92, 109, 146,

265, 276, 279 on Battle of Warsaw 8, 9 desire for war 261 and France 44 on Russia 4, 278 and Soviet proposals 1 7 5 and Soviet success 153 and Trade Delegation I 72 war preparations 150

class conflicts 67 reinforcement and recruits 130 war 28,61-3, 73, 74, 89, 115, 117,

193 Clemenceau, Georges 24 Comintem 58, 73, 74

First Congress 110-14 Second Congress 71 see also Third International

Communist Party Polish 7; Workers 56, 57 Russian, and conflict with

army 27 Congress, Ninth Party 27 cordon sanitaire 5, 43, 139, 154 course of war see war

Index 339

Crimea 5, 83-4, 224-5, 230-7, 239-40, 246-50

amnesty 39 concentration on 140, 141, 165,

179 concern about 20, 94, 199 Curzon and 225-6, 228 Denikin's retreat into 30, 31 diverting troops to 202, 207, 216-

17, 218 threat from 31, 32, 85, 206, 257,

264-5 transfer of troops to 182 Volunteer Army in 30, 31 see also W range!

Curzon, Lord George N. 85-6 and Crimea 225-6, 228 demands of 43 line xiv, 91, 101, 102, 108, 132,

136-7, 143; and negotiations 167, I 70; in Second World War 276

note 128-9, 132, 140, 283-4; and march on Warsaw 127; Soviet response to 91-109

and trade delegation 138

D'Abernon, Viscount E. V. 6, 137, 138, 151, 161, 270

Daily Telegraph 100 Danishevsky, Karl 171, 179, 190,

212, 257, 296 Danzig

and conflicting orders 208 supplies in 210

Daszynski, lgnacy 146, 179, 188 debts, Russian 43, 47, 50, 51, 61 Denikin, General Anton 25, 145,

240 French support for 41 retreat into Crimea 30, 31

Deutscher, Isaac 7 Dmowski, Roman 67, 68 Dniepr River 207 Dniestr River 206 Don region 231 Donets basin 219 Dzerhinsky, Felix 54, 252, 274,

279

Polrevkom and political war 181-200

economy, Soviet 23, 34, 41, 248 Engels, Frederick 2 Enzeli, occupation of 40 Erickson 182 Estonia 37, 276

and prisoner exchange 139 Soviet treaty with 25, 98 as venue for talks 32

Europe, revolution readiness 6 European Children's Fund 253 exporting revolution 27, 30, 36, 74-

5, 105, 250 into Germany 253, 262-3 into Poland 65

fascism 263, 275 Fauntleroy, Sir Cedric 199 XV Army 127, 207, 221

and Battle of Warsaw 12-13, 15, 16, 17

strength of 182 Tukhachevsky's orders to 212

5th Army, Polish 16, 17 Finland 50, 78, 87, 93, 140, 218,

276 possible entry into war 102

First International 2 Fischer, Louis 10, 283 Foch, Ferdinand 3, 91, 146, 167 foreign policy, Soviet

and Estonia 36 and strategy 28-9

fortifications, Polish 18 XIV Army 13, 234, 242

and Crimea offensive 230 IV Army 127, 207, 210, 220, 221

and Battle of Warsaw 12-13, 14, 15, 16, 17

political agents in 188 Tukhachevsky's orders to 212

France 92, 260-1, 265 aid to Poland 49, 210, 244 and Britain 52 conflicting support 5 cordon sanitaire 43, 139, !54 eventual communism in 116

340 Index

and peace negotiations I 06, 148, 165, 166-7

recognition of Wrangel 171 and Soviet desire for peace 157-8 support for Denikin 41 support for Poland 3, 18, 24, 42,

159; and Ukraine 22 support for Wrangel 5, 154, 169,

179, 226 fronts 281, 282

Crimea as primary 24 7 unification of 202, 205, 223,

229-31, 235, 273 see also Crimea; Southern;

Southwestern; Western Frossard, L. 123, 124 Frunze, General Michael V. 202,

207 Fuller, W. F. 253

Gai·Khan, General G. D. 13 Galicia 13, 18, 88, 93, 140, 143,

234 peasants in 199 recruits from 130 revolutionary movement 57 Galician Provisional Committee

(Halorkom) 57 Garwolin 12 Georgia 25, 30, 169

repression in 272 treaty with 98

Germany 24, 30, 41, 56, 87, 122, 153-~ 220, 22~ 275

exporting revolution to 253, 262-3

and Imperialist struggle 116 and Polish freedom 2 proletariat 263; revolution in

74 relations with Soviets 37 and Soviet military agreement 55 volunteers 191

Gibson, flugh 219, 252, 253 on Polish imperialism 2-3

Glavkom 73 and Army strategy 201-17

Grodno 135, 137, 191 Gukovsky, I. E. 52

Haller, General Joseph 15 Halorkom 57 'Hands Off Russia' movement 174,

262 Hankey, Maurice 151 Harding, Warren 152 Herzen, Alexander 2 Hindenberg, General Paul von 20 historiography 78, 280-5 Hitler, Adolf 275-6, 277, 278-9 Hoare, R. H. 46 Hoover, Herbert 151-2 Hulse, James 114 Hungary 34, 72, 122, 225

and imperialist struggle 116 Hythe meeting 167, 168-9, 170, 210

imperialism, Polish 2-3 India 40, 41, 47, 60, 72, 118 industrial concessions, Soviet 25 insubordination

of Budenny 20 of Tukhachevsky 20

invasion of Poland see Poland Italy 122, 157, 251

workers in 211 Ivangorod sector 212, 238 /zvestiia 218, 26 7

Japan 41, 152 eventual communism in 116

Jaures,Jean 172

Kaganovich, Lazar 48 Kalinin, Michael I. 185, 218 Kalinkovichi 209 Kamenev, Leo 273

Lloyd George and armistice arrangement 150-80

in Show Trial with Zinoviev 276

visit to England 96, 105-6, 138, 220, 260

Kamenev, Leo 226, 256, 279 and Glavkom 221, 237 and Lenin 240 and Stalin 238, 239, 240, 243, 249 telegram 289 and Trotsky 225, 242

Index 341

and Tukhachevsky 141, 236, 237, 240, 242

Kamenev, Sergei S. 273, 276 Army strategy 201-1 7 and Battle of Warsaw 19, 20 and Chicherin's and Curzon's

note 64, 101-4, 107-8 and Chicherin's peace

proposals 64 on Crimea 31, 32 and Glavkom 20 1-1 7 and Poles in Ukraine 71 and Stalin 224, 241 and Tukhachevsky 127-8, 132-5,

137, 139, 142 Kennan, George F. 271 Kerr, Philip 38-9 Keynes, John Maynard 117 Khrushchev, N. 277 Kiev 22, 45, 289

Polish evacuation 49 Polish occupation of 4, 125

Kliuev, L. L. 241 Kochan, Lionel 275 Kohn, Felix 57, 58, 59, 66, 181, 185,

198, 274 Kolchak, Admiral Alexander 41,

204 Kopp, Victor 56 Kork, General A. L. 13, 82, 276 Kowalsky, Edward 58, 66, 274 Krasin, Leonid 36-52, 226, 269,

279, 289 and Allies 96, l 00 and foreign policy 53 and peace negotiations 158,

161-3, 164, 169, 220 and trade delegation 105-6, 138,

151, 155, 156 Kuban region, peasant

disturbances 200, 202, 230, 231 Kun, Bela 218 Kuz'min, N. N. 245, 280-l

Laffon, Ernest 146 land

ownership 119-20 redistribution of, in Poland 198-9 Russian, given to Poles 77

Lapinskii 138 Lashevich, M. M. 204, 276 Latvia 36, 37, 78, 87, 93, 139-40,

276 possible entry into war 102 and prisoner exchange 139 threat from 140 treaty with 180

Lazarevich, General V. S. 82 League of Nations 61, 94, 96, 98 Lenin, V.I. 2, 26, 214, 226, 251,

254-7, 279 'Appeal' 104 on art of politics Ill and border agreements 150 and British aid to Wrangel

128 and Cheka 200 and Chicherin 99, 100, 133 on class war 3, 120 and Crimea 94, 95, 217 and Curzon's note 101, 103 and Denikin 30 and negotiated settlement 198,

199 desire for peace 109, 147, 153 and diplomatic victory 141,

171-2, 178 on Dzerzhinsky 184, 185 and Estonia 25, 36-7 exporting revolution 3, 113-16,

118, 122-3, 261-3 on Germany 56, 75 historiography 280, 281, 282-3,

284, 285 and Latvia 139 on Lloyd George 45, 112 as moderate 51 and negotiations 24, 33, 105, 106,

107, 128 objectives 274-5 on Poland 29, 53, 193; Red

Army 183, 189 and prisoner exchange 138 and propaganda 186 and Radek 65 on Red Army 116, 195 on result of war 261-3 role of 155

342 Index

and Second Comintem Congress 110-24

Stalin and Budenny 218-50 telegram to 289 and trade 42, 43, 154 on Tukhachevsky's order 212-13 on victory 265-6 and workers' militia 173

Levi, Paul 123 Liebknecht, Karl 55 Lied, Jonas 38 Listowski, General Antoni 252 Lithuania 2, 36, 37, 87, 93, 141,

276 threat from 127 treaty with 98, 126

Litvinov, Maxim M. 37, 55, 226 exclusion of 38, 39, 42, 51 and US offer 153

Lloyd George, David 5, 48, 52, 157, 289

and armistice attempts 150-80 'deception' by 45, 46 demands of 43, 44, 46, 47 as mediator 132 and peace negotiations 149, 160 preconditions for trade talks 93 pressure on Poland 160, 161 risks taken 260-1 as 'saviour' of Warsaw 159,

160 and Soviet intentions 150 on Soviet trade 24;

Delegation 24, 38 threats to Soviets 157-8

Lomonosov (engineer) 77 Long, Walter 50, 166 Lublin 238, 242 Ludendorf, General Erich von 55 Luxemburg, Rosa 54, 67, 69, 79,

184 Lwow 18, 19, 91, 143, 222, 232, 239,

240-1, 243 defence of 137 looting 242 offensive 238, 249

Mackinder, Sir Halford 31 Makhno, Nestor 184, 185

Marchlewski, Julian 54, 57, 274, 279

on class war 67-8, 120 negotiations with Soviets and Polish Communists and Polrevkom 190-1 and Radek 66-7

Marne, Battle of 9, 20

23 185, 186

Marx, Karl/Marxism 2, 272-3, 282

and Comintem Congress 119 in Europe 87 on liberation of Poland 56 and military strategy 73 and Soviet foreign policy 1 72

Menshevik republic 272 Menzhinsky V. 188 Mesopotamia 50 Metternich, Prince Clemens von 45,

143 Millerand, Alexandre 24, 163, 167,

170 Minsk 176, 212

negotiatiOns at 12, 18, 156, 252; Danishevsky and 190; foreign correspondents at 196; Poles at 152, 161, 168, 170, 177,218, 220, 251; Radek at 66; Soviet demands 163

occupation of 126, 127 Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von 153

Modlin 16, 219 Moffat, Jay Pierrepont 7, 218-19

morale Polish 16, 196 Soviet 19

Mozyr 29 Group 12, 208, 212, 238

Muraviev, General M.A. 205

Namier, Sir Lewis 275 Napoleon 272-3

on battle II as inspiration 26, 28, 90, 131

Narkomindel 95-6, 167, 228 Nasielsk 16, 17 Nation 101 National Democrats 197

Index 343

nationalism Polish 62, 68, 69, 77 Soviet 52, 63, 65, 80, 271

negotiations, peace 96, 105, 147-9, 252, 273

with Estonia 36 Lenin's desire for 199 Poles and 37, 140, 156-7, 158,

218, 220; delay 208, 209, 212, 214, 295; desire for 18, 24, 32, 33, 34, 74, 132; intentions 147; refusal 250

Soviets and 170, 175, 179, 257; demands 163; desire for 33-4, 147-8; rejection of 132

Trotsky on 89 'while advancing' 143, 213 see also war

New Economic Policy (NEP) 21, 77, 113, 269, 272

Nicholas I I Nicolson, Harold 136 Nogin, V. P. 37 Norway 42, 177

Observer 100 orders see Red Army; Tukhachevsky Ordzhonikidze, G. K. 30 Osinsky, V. V. 48

Paris commune (1871) Ill Pasha, Enver 154 Pate, Maurice 252, 253 Patek, Stanislas 184, 197 patriotism, Polish 81 peace see negotiations; war peaceful coexistence 93

victory for 251-79 peasantry

Polish 6 Soviet disturbances 200 see also proletariat

Perekop isthmus 93-4 Persia 40, 41, 44, 47,50 Peter the Great 36 Petliura, Simon 22 Piatakov, George L. 126, 204, 274,

276,295 and Polish delegates I 78, I 79

Pilsudski,Joseph 2, 156, 195,221, 296

battle plans 14-15, 18 British support for 49 counter attack 245, 246, 251;

reason for success 250 delay in armistice 132 exclusion from politics 188-9 federation plans 68, 139 historiography 280-1,282,283,

284,296 invasion of Ukraine 33, 34 and Marchlewski 67 on Red Army retreat 220 in Soviet press 267-8 on Soviet retreat 10-14 on Soviet strategy 142 on Wrangel 202-3

Poland 2, 4 Allied aid to 91, 98, 101, 127, 159 armistice proposals 133, 135, !51 Army: French officers in 198;

morale of 196 Catholicism 6, 198 Communist Workers Party 81,

119,187-8,199,266,276 communists 59 counter attack 223 invasion of Ukraine 4 nationalism 62, 68, 69, 77, 81 pre-partition xiv, I proletariat see under proletariat Red Army 189,190,191 Revolutionary Committee 120,

185 Socialist Party 194; and defence

ofWarsaw 197 Tsarist rule 1-2 see also negotiations

policy British 48-9 Soviet 22-35 see also under Soviet

political war 181-200 Polrevkom 67

functions of 187 and tactics of political war 181-

200 Poznan 189, 196, 197

344 Index

Pravda 226, 227 press

British 100 Soviet 178, 218, 226-7, 267

prisoners amnesty for 34 British demands 51 converting 266 exchange 138, 138-9 Polish 80, 81

proletariat British 155, 262 dictatorship of 73, 74-5 in East 115 German 263 Polish 123, 189, 197, 240, 258,

259; arming of 173, 193, 194-5; and land redistribution 198-9; nationalism of 6-7; and revolution 63, 78, 79, 130-l, 134; suppression of 18

propaganda 4, 29, 51, 186-7, 188, 257

aimed at Britain 49 Soviet, and British demands 43 and trade 34 Trotsky and 105, 154

Proskurov region 238 Prussia, East, threat from 127 public opinion

British 175, 228 Europe 86, 89, 97 German 220 Polish 260 Soviet 218

Purge, Military 276-7

Radek, Karl 53-69, 181, 194, 226, 274, 276, 279

on course of war 77 as Lenin's 'hatchet man' 66 and policy and strategy 29 and Radzymin 215 telegram to 289

Radzymin 194, 195, 196, 214-15, 219, 252

Rapallo, Treaty of 275 Rathenau, Walter 55 Red Army 30, 108, 124, 245

actions in Warsaw as Armies of labour

31

16-17 23, 25, 26-7'

composition of 81, 82, 187-8 conflict within 28 and conflicts with Communist

Party 27 counter attacks 4, 70 desertions 23, 82, 85, 86, 182 enemy agents in 191, 192, 240 European Children's Fund

and 253 Glavkom and struggle over

strategy 201-17 insubordination of

commanders 204, 250, 273 legacy in Poland 7 limitations on offensive 79 looting 242 march to Warsaw 126-7 morale 19, 77, 125, 197, 258 Polish 189, 190, 191 and Polrevkom 187 reason for advance 256-7 reinforcements 182, 240, 245, 246 repression by 272 role of 27, 116 shortages 182-3 strategy 134-5; and Soviet

policy 104, 121 strength of 23, 181, 182 supplies to 248

Rennenkampf, General Pavel K. von 20

revoliutsiia izvne 2 7 revolution

Europe's readiness for 6 exporting 3, 4; 24, 27, 30, 36,

74-5, 105, 250; role of Red Army 27

Polish readiness for 79 spreading 113-16, 118, 121, 181 world 71; defeat for 251-79

Revolutionary Military Council (RVS) 25

revolutionary war 131 Riddell, Baron George 167 Riga, Treaty of 24, 268, 269, 272 Rokossovsky General K. K. 277

Index 345

Roy, M. N. 118 Rozwadowski, General T. 107, 136,

146 Rumania 50, 78, 87, 88, 93, 225

and Curzon's note 101 possibly entry into war 102 threat from 139, 140, 206, 238,

247 Rumbold, Sir Horace 132 Rykov, A. I. 100

Samsonov, General Alexander 20 San River 13 Sapieha, Prince Eustachy 32, 33,

107 Scandinavia 37 Second Comintern Congress 290 Second International 58, 110

Lenin's condemnation of 110 Seeckt, General Hans von 154 self-determination, national 2, 3,

279 Polish 54, 80

Sergeev, General E. N. 82 and Polish Red Army 190

Show Trials 276 Siberia 41, 230

North, US offer to buy 152 Siedlce 194, 252, 253

Soviet delegation to 177-8 workers committee in 194, 195

Sikorski, Ladislas 13 and Red Army defeat 219 on Tukhachevsky 14, 15

XVI Army 207, 210, 218 and Battle of Warsaw 215, 219 Tukhachevsky's orders to 212 see also Tukhachevsky

Skylansky, E. M. 30, 94, 141, 183-4, 185, 239, 256, 257

and Latvia 139 on Tukhachevsky's order 212-13

Smilga, Ivan 181, 183, 187, 191, 212, 245, 257, 276

and Belorussia 193 strategy of 204

Smolensk 132, 133 Snowden, Mrs Philip x11 Sokolnikov, Gregory 62

Soldau 16 Solidarity 7 solidarity, workers 3 Sollogub, General J.D. 82 Sosnovsky, L. S. 48 Southern front

creation of 202, 205 importance of 156 Southwestern front 19, 140, 182,

274 anticipated assistance conflict of roles 31 and Crimea offensive merger with Western

205, 223, 229-31 Soviet

143

249 19, 20, 202,

desire for peace 147-8, 156, 157 German cooperation 55, 56 meeting with Britain 43-51 policy and army strategy 73, 104,

121 unpreparedness 72 war aims 53-69

soviets in Poland 254-5 Spa, meeting at 50, 52 spreading revolution 113-16, 118,

121, 181 see also revolution

Stalin,Joseph 21, 28, 158, 171,257, 271-2, 296

and advance on Crimea 83, 84, 95

character of 232, 245, 249 as Commissar of

Nationalities 248 diplomatic victory 237-8 and diverting troops to

Crimea 217 foreign policy 226-7 historiography 280-1, 282, 283,

284 insubordination by 273 and Lenin 84, 147; and

Budenny 218-50 military strategy of 223-4 and Nazism 276, 278-9 and Polish Red Army 189 Purge, Military 276-7 responsibilities of 25-6

346 Index

and retreat from Warsaw 244 Stepanov, Ivan 258-60, 258-9 strategy

and Battle of Warsaw 21 and Glavkom 20 1-1 7 inspiration for 134 Soviet 71, 73; and foreign

policy 28-9, 59 subbotniks 240 supplies, Polish 13, 14

see also Red Army

Tambov 272 Tannenburg, Battle of Third Calvalry Corps

and Battle of Warsaw 17

20 14

III Army 208, 218, 221 and Battle of Warsaw

17

12, 14, 15,

12-13, 16,

political agents in 188 strength of 182 Tukhachevsky's orders to 212

Third International 3, 57, 71, 110

and role of Red Army 27 XIII Infantry 230 Thomson, Sir Basil 150 Timoshenko, S. K. 277 trade

Anglo-Soviet 78, 156, 269-70, 272

Delegation 34, 35, 38-9, 41, 138; Churchill on 46, 172; demand for recall 50; and diplomacy 95; and mediation 96, 99, 100; and negotiations 138; and propaganda 154; return of 107

with Europe, 34, 36-7, 42 negotiatiOns 151, 159 relations I 05-6

Trotsky, Leon 26, 29, 121-2, 251, 256-7, 261, 277, 279

'Appeal' 104 and composition of Army 82 and Crimea 96-7, 225, 226;

diverting troops to 21 7, 224-5

and Curzon's note 95-6, 98-100, 10 I; reply to I 03, 104-5

and direction of revolution 72 and disobeyed orders 28 and European aid to Poland 49 historiography 280-1, 282-3,

284 on Laffon 146 and Latvia and Finland 139-40 and merger of fronts 202, 203,

229 on military intervention 89-90 order to advance 215 and peace talks 24, 32-3 and Polish peace proposals 128,

133 and political control of

Army 203-5, 206, 243-4 and prisoner exchange 138 and propaganda 76 and Red Army as labour force

27 on result of war 263-4 and Rumania 140 on Skylansky 184 and Soviet military response

70-90 and Stalin 83, 223 strategy of 206, 207, 244, 254-5;

for revolt in Poland 80-1 telegram from 289 'Theses' 78-9, 85, 202, 214; on

peace 297-8; on uniting fronts 296

and Tukhachevsky 83, 213-14 and workers' militia 172, 173

truce proposal 164, 166, 167, 168 see also negotiations

Tsaritsyn 28, 244 Tukhachevsky, Michael N. 26, 117,

200, 228-9, 251, 270, 296 at Warsaw 10, 12; account

of 18-19, 21, 294 battle orders 14-15 and Budenny 28, 218-50 on Bug River 254-5 and Comintern Congress 114 conflicting orders to 208-9 contribution to victory I 7

Index 347

conversations with Kamenev 209, 221-2

criticism of superiors 72 and Curzon's note 108, 129 and decision to invade

Poland 125-49 and diverting troops to

Crimea 202-3, 207, 230-1 historiography 281, 282, 284 opttmtsm 191, 192 orders issued by 72, 78, 212-13,

273 political control over 203 political obstacles to aid 222 preparations by 169-70 request for armies 216 responsibilities of 206, 248 and spread of revolution 27, 115,

116, 121, 125 tactics 127, 180 threats of foreign troops 210-11 transfer of 30 and withdrawal of armies 201,

217 XII Army 13, 207, 208, 234,

236-7 and Crimea offensive 230 need for reinforcements 241 orders to advance 134 and Stalin 239 Tukhachevsky's request for 216

Ukraine 2, 39, 63, 119, 125, 126, 130, 169, 175, 225

Communists 57 grain 5, 35, 45 peasants 227; revolts 86 Polish acquisition 251, 268 Polish invasion of 22-3, 32, 42,

81 Red Army's attacks 4, 71 separation from Poland 61 separation from Russia 5

United States eventual communism in 116 and peace talks 32 and trade 43

Unschlicht, Joseph 29, 185, 212, 241, 274

Vanderlip, Washington 152-3 Varga, E. 186 Vatsetis, General I. I. 204 Versailles, Treaty of 3, 109, 110,

II 7, 123, 125 Vistula river 254, 273

troops on 221 volunteer armies

in Crimea 30, 31 Polish 18, 131, 142, 189, 197 Soviet 240

von Seeckt, General Voroshilov, Kliment

55 240, 242, 244,

245, 276 non-cooperation of 28

Walker, Herschel 252 war

length of 102-3, 142-3 limited 104 Soviet concerns about possible 30 turning point 196 Soviet aims 53-69

War Communism 21, 43, 77, 269, 283

weapons, British 49 Weimar Republic 30 West/Western

aid to Soviets 35 readiness for revolt 123 Soviet desire for trade with 25 Soviet rapprochement 34 writers 281-2

Western front 182 commanders desire for peace 148 and conflicting aims 140, 141 importance of 156 merger with Southwestern 19, 20,

202, 205, 206, 223, 229-31 offensive 136 orders for 134, 136

Weygand, General Maxime 8, 17-18, 280

advice of 159 White Guards

in Red Army 44, 61, 81, 82 White, John 196 Wilno 191

348

Wilson, Sir Henry 158, 162, 165, 166, 167

winter as ally 64 effect of 102, 269

Wise, E. F. 37 Witos, Wincenty 146, 188 Wkra River 16, I 7 Wollenburg, Erich 277 workers

committee in Siedlce 194, 195 councils 6 in Europe 64 militia I 70, I 72, I 73-5, 195 solidarity 3 see also proletariat

Wrangel, Peter N. 5, 30, 187, 226, 296

Allied support 101, 163, 176; threatened 169

amnesty for 43, 98, 104 and Curzon's note 93, 99

Index

Glavkom's concern with 20 historiography 280, 281, 284 see also Crimea

Yakir, General I. E. 276, 281 Yegorov, General 19, 20, 21, 83, 85,

276, 281 and Crimea 224, 225, 246 and First Cavalry 238 orders to 207, 234, 241 on unification of fronts 203

Yudenich, General N. N. 36, 155

Zatonskii, V. P. 199 Zetkin, Klara 65, 66 Zhitomir 49 Zhukov, G. K. 277 Zimmerwald Left 110 Zinoviev, Gregory 256, 276

and civil war 73 on Comintern Congress 113 on 'national' war 61 on spread of revolution 120-1

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