’s of Science
Kimberly Graf
July 15, 2012
ELED 412
A Assessing the Science Curriculum
It is essential that teachers monitor and assess
students’ understanding of concepts and skills on a
regular, consistent basis and use this information to
adjust instruction. Develop brochures
Verbal reports
Story writing
Concept maps
Put on a skit
Create models or drawings
Essays
BBloom’s Taxonomy for Science
• Teacher’s can guide students at various levels of development to observe events; and through questioning, teachers can help students develop high-order thinking skills. Knowledge
-Recall of factual information
Comprehension-Communicate an idea in a different form
Application -Use what is known to find new solutions or apply in new situations
Analysis-Break things & ideas down into component parts & find their unique characteristics
Synthesis-Use what is known to think creatively & divergently; make something new or original;
pattern ideas or things in a new way
Evaluation-Use what is known to make judgments & ratings; accept or reject ideas; determine
the worthiness of an idea or thing
CCell Structure & Function
• The cell is the basic unit of living organisms & the simplest living unit of life. Characteristics
-membrane that regulates the flow of nutrients & water that enter & exit the cell
-genetic material DNA allows for reproduction
-supply of energy
-basic chemicals to make metabolic decisions for survival
-reproduce & are the result of reproduction
Types-prokaryotic cells
-eukaryotic cells
Animal cells-uses aerobic respiration
Plant cells-uses process called photosynthesis
DDNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid is a hereditary material of
living organisms.
Smallest component called nucleotideConsists of sugar deoxyribose, phosphate molecule, & nitrogen base molecule
Four nitrogen bases that are paired in the double-helix structure
Adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine.
Adenine always pairs with a nucleotide having
thymine as its nitrogen base (A-T)
Guanine always pairs with a nucleotide having
cytosine as its nitrogen base (G-C)
Chromosomes vary from one species to another but it is the same
for all members of that species
EEnergy
• Energy is available in many forms: Kinetic
-ability to move
Potential
-energy that an object has as the result of its position
Activation
-transfer potential energy into kinetic energy
Heat transfer
-conduction, radiation, & convection
Light
-travels in waves & in a straight-line path
Sound
-travels in waves & caused by vibrations
FFive (5-E) Model of Science Teaching
Learning Cycle Phases
-Exploration Phase
(5-E) Engage & Explore
-Concept Invention Phase
(5-E) Explain
-Application Phase
(5-E) Elaborate
Evaluation, Evaluation, Evaluation
GGravity & other universal forces
• Universal forces include gravity, electricity, & magnetism. Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion between objects
that results from the positive & negative ionic charges of the objects.
-Objects are metals, such as iron, nickel, & cobalt
Gravity is the force of attraction that exists between objects.
-Gravity keeps the Earth in its orbit by establishing a balance between the
attraction of the sun and the speed at which the Earth travels around it.
Force is defined as the action of moving an object by pulling or pushing.
Newton’s laws of motion
-1st law called inertia meaning an object at rest will remain at rest
& an object in motion will stay in motion.
-2nd law is that acceleration is produced when a force acts on
mass.
-3rd law is that for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
HSystems of the Human Body
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Circulatory
Immune
Respiratory
Digestive and Excretory
Reproduction
IInner Core
• Layers of the Earth
The average circumference of the Earth at the equator is
25, 902 miles, and its radius is about 3,959 miles.
The Earth is divided into three main parts:
Crust is the outer portion of the Earth where we live
-Thickness varies from 3 to 40 miles
-Contains various types of soil, metals, & rocks
-Floating tectonic plates
Mantle is the thickest layer of the Earth
-Composed mostly of rocks and metals
-Magma is created resulting in lava
Core is the inner part of the Earth
-Inner core is solid iron and nickel
-Outer core is mostly liquid
JJewelry
Minerals are the most common form of solid material found in the Earth’s crust. It has never been a part of any living organism. They can be soft or hard.
Things we use minerals for:
Jewelry
Gemstones such as amethysts, opals, diamonds, emeralds, topazes, &
garnets are examples of minerals commonly used to create jewelry.
Construction
Gypsum boards (drywall) are made of a mineral of the same name-
gypsum. The windows in homes are made from another mineral,
Personal Use
Talc is the softest mineral and it is commonly applied to the body in
powder form.
KKingdoms
Living things are divided into five groups.
Monera consists of unicellular organisms.
Bacteria, blue-green algae, & spirochetes.
Protista contains a type of eukaryotic cell
with a more complex organization system.
Amoeba, Paramecium, & Euglena.
Fungi are multicellular organisms with a
sophisticated organization system.
Mushrooms, mold, mildews, & yeast.
Plantae are multicellular organisms with chloroplasts. Moss & ferns fall into this
category.
Animalia are multicellular with multiple forms and shapes, & with specialized
senses and organs. Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals.
LLaboratory Safety
Use appropriate protective gear.
Use appropriate procedures for cleaning and disposing of materials.
Substitute less hazardous equivalent materials when possible.
Use polyethylene or metal containers in place of glass.
Label containers appropriately.
Control the use of sharp objects.
Supervise the use of living organisms and the cleaning of instruments.
Use a safety contract requiring parent/guardian signature.
Prepare and practice an emergency plan with students.
Document all accidents.
Science requires the use of standard measuring devices to be sure that the information is clear, accurate, & able to be
replicated in experimental settings.
MMetamorphosis
Life traditionally begins with a seed or a fertilized
egg, which goes through metamorphosis until the
organism is fully formed.
Creation
Maturation
Reproduction
Death
NFitNess
A significant impact of science on daily life relates
to student fitness and health.
Science has brought society many advantages that
have served to increase health and longevity of
humans, and to improve the quality of life for all.
Students need to learn about factors that impact
physical and psychological health and about how to
make good choices when it comes to nutrition,
hygiene, physical exercise, smoking, drugs, &
alcohol.
OOur Solar System
The solar system consists of the sun, inner planets,
outer planets, dwarf planets, satellites, asteroids,
comets, & meteoroids.
Our solar system is part of the Milky Way.
PPlanning & Implementing Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry is promoted through students engaging in hands-on activities & experimentations.
Science Thinking Skills
Observing: using the senses to get information.
Communicating: talking, drawing, & acting.
Comparing: pairing & one to one correspondence.
Organizing: grouping, seriating, & sequencing.
Relating: cause & effect & classification.
Inferring: super-ordinate/subordinate classification, if/then
reasoning, & developing scientific laws.
Applying: developing strategic plans and inventing.
QQuestions
Very Important Process
Questioning is the hallmark of science inquiry and
should be used throughout the inquiry instruction.
It must be designed to lead students toward being
able to state the concept.
RRenewable & nonrenewable energy
Renewable
Wind & solar energy
Nonrenewable
Natural gas, coal, & oil
All sources of energy are used to produce a common
result- to turn a turbine that generates electricity.
Electricity that is generated can be transformed into
sound, light, heat, & force.
SSurvival
Genetics plays an important role in the ability of organisms
to be able to survive and thrive in their environment.
Adaptations are inherited traits that can either support the
organism to thrive or be the demise. Adaptations are
developed in the lifetime of the organism gradually.
Changes in the environment force living organisms to modify
their ways and even develop new physical features for
survival.
TTilt
The tilt of the Earth itself - as a planet – is
responsible for weather & climate.
The Earth is on a 23 degree tilt on its axis in space.
This tilt of the Earth results in the seasons, with
extreme changes being in locations closer to the
North & South Poles.
UUnifying Concepts & Processes in Science
Science is a way of knowing, a process – it is a
systematic way of looking at the world and how it
works.
Science embraces a broad spectrum of subject
matter:
Life science
Physical science
Earth science
Regardless of location on earth they share unifying
components & characteristics. Teachers must
understand this unity.
VVolcanoes
Volcanoes are formed by the constant motion of
tectonic plates. This movement creates pressure that
forces magma from the mantel to escape to the
surface, creating an explosion of lave, fire, & ash. The
pressure of the magma & gases creates a monticule
or a small cone, that eventually grows to form a
mountain-like volcano.
WWeathering
Weathering is the process of breaking down rocks,
soils, & minerals through natural, chemical, &
biological processes.
Exfoliation
Desert (high temperatures), expands
then contracts, stress causes outer
layers of rock to peel off.
Freeze-thaw
Water in rock joints, freezes & expands
breaking the rock.
XGalaXies
Galaxies are large collections of stars,
hydrogen, dust particles, & other gases.
The universe is made of countless galaxies.
The solar system that includes Earth is part of
the galaxy called the Milky Way.
YHumiditY
• Humidity is a measure of the pressure of water that
is in the air. Dew point is the temperature at which
the air needs to be for the water to condense out of
the air in liquid form as precipitation or dew.
ZZr
There are 112 basic kinds of matter, called elements, which are organized into the periodic table.
Element
is composed of microscopic components called atoms.
Atoms
are made up of particles called electrons, neutrons, & protons.
Molecules
are two or more atoms bonded
together in a chemical bond.
Compounds
are when you have two or more
different kinds of atoms in the
molecule.
Citations
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July 2012. <http://images.google.com/advanced_image_search?hl=en>.
Rosado, Ed.D., Luis A. "Science." The Best Teachers' Test Preparation for the TExes 191
Generalist EC-6. Piscataway: Research & Education Association, 2010. 261-328. Print.
"Clip Art." - Word. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 July 2012. <http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-
help/CH010174625.aspx>.