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Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

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Traitement du CHC inopérable : le scenario de Hong Kong Treatment of Inoperable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: the Hong Kong Scenario Philip CH KWOK Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR, CHINA
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Page 1: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Traitement  du  CHC  inopérable  :    le  scenario  de  Hong  Kong    

 Treatment  of  Inoperable  Hepatocellular  Carcinoma:  

the  Hong  Kong  Scenario      

Philip  CH  KWOK  Queen  Elizabeth  Hospital    Hong  Kong  SAR,  CHINA  

Page 2: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

HCC  in  Hong  Kong  

•  Worldwide  750000  new  cases  HCC  diagnosed  in  2008  

•  High  prevalence  in  HK  :  chronic  hepa;;s  B  infec;on  

•  Worldwide:  6th  most  prevalent  cancer,  3rd  cause  of  cancer  death  

•  3rd  leading  cause  of  cancer  death  in  HK  – 4th  commonest  cancer  in  men  – 7th  commonest  cancer  in  women  

Page 3: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Cura;ve  treatment  for  HCC  

•  HK  has  high  standard  and  advanced  skill  of  surgical  resec;on  

•  Play  a  leading  role  in  HCC  research  •  Include:  – Surgical  resec;on  – Transplanta;on  – Local  abla;on  with  various  means  

Page 4: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Treatment  for  Inoperable  HCC  

•  HCC  is  a  combina;on  of  2  diseases  :  cancer  +  liver  cirrhosis  (mostly)  

•  Successful  cura;ve  treatment  1.  remove  the  tumor  +  some  surrounding  

noncancerous  ;ssue  2.  +  Enough  and  func;oning  residual  liver  ;ssue  to  

sustain  life  

Page 5: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Treatment  for  Inoperable  HCC  

•  Inoperability  due  to:  – Too  much  tumor  ;ssue,  either  in  one  lobes,    or  in  both  lobes,  or  outside  the  liver  

–  Inadequate  func;oning  liver  ;ssue  leT  behind  aTer  tumor  resec;on/  abla;on  

Page 6: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Tools  for  inoperable  HCC  

•  Transarterial  chemoemboliza;on  (TACE)  •  Transarterial  radioemboliza;on  (TARE  or  RE)  •  External  radiotherapy  •  Target  therapy  (Sorafenib)  

Page 7: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Tools  for  Unresectable  HCC  •  Unresectable  ≠  Inoperable  

•  Tools  for  unresectable  tumors:  –  Radiofrequency  abla;on  (RFA)  

– Microwave  abla;on  (MWA)  

–  Percutaneous  alcohol  injec;on  (PEI)  

–  Cryoabla;on  

Page 8: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

More  Aggressive  way:    RFA,  ar;ficial  ascites  

Page 9: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

More  Aggressive  way:    RFA,  transpleural  with  ar;ficial  pneumothorax  

Page 10: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

More  Aggressive  way:    RFA,  transpleural  with  ar;ficial  pneumothorax  

Page 11: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

More  Aggressive  way:    RFA,  blood  flow  control,  percutaneous  or  open  

Pringle  manoeuvre  

Page 12: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Percutaneous  Alcohol  Injec;on  (PEI)  

PEI:  S'll  has  a  role  for  tumors  near  cri'cal  loca'ons  or  vital  structures  ,    where  thermal  abla'on  is  dangerous  or  ineffec've  

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Do  we  have  a  Guideline  to  follow?  

•  Currently  no  local  consensus,  we  will  have  one  very  soon  

•  Commonly  quoted  :  – Barcelona  Clinic  Liver  Cancer  (BCLC)  staging  system  and  management  

– Asian  Pacific  Associa;on  for  the  Study  of  the  Liver  (APASL)  

Page 14: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

BCLC  staging  

Page 15: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

BCLC  staging  

•  There  are  more  treatment  modali;es  available  than  men;oned  in  the  “guideline”    

•  Not  up-­‐to-­‐date  

Page 16: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

APASL  Guidelines  for  HCC  Management  

Page 17: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

APASL  guideline  

•  More  closely  reflect  the  local  prac;ce  

Page 18: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

China  An;-­‐cancer  Society  

Page 19: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

China  An;-­‐cancer  Society  

•  In  2009  

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J-­‐HCC  Guidelines  

Page 21: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

J-­‐HCC  Guidelines  

•  Different  prac;ce  in  Japan  

Page 22: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Hong  Kong  Guideline  on  Treatment  of  HCC  

•  Consensus  Mee;ng  in  2013  •  Will  come  out  soon  •  A  group  of  local  specialists  led  by  Prof  Ronnie  TP  POON  – Surgeons  – Oncologists  –  Interven;onal  Radiologists  – Hepatologists  

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Treatment  aim  

•  For  inoperable  HCC,  the  treatment  aim  is  mainly  pallia;ve  

Page 24: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  Pallia;ve  – Transarterial  chemoemboliza;on  (TACE)  •  lipiodol  +  chemotherapeu;c  agent(s)  •  Drug  elu;ng  beads  

– Transarterial  radioemboliza;on  (TARE)  •  Ymrium-­‐90    

HCC  Treatment  

Page 25: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  The  commonest  treatment  for  inoperable  HCC  in  Hong  Kong  

•  About  500  TACE    per  year  in  a  single  ins;tute  •  The  standard  treatment  in  most  centers  for  inoperable  HCC  

•  Emulsion  of  lipiodol  +  single/  mul;ple  chemotherapeu;c  agents  

•  Oily  emulsion  can  reach  500  um  •  Effect  proven  by  mul;ple  studies  and  2  RCT  (Llovet,  Lo)  

Conven;onal  TACE  

Page 26: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Conven;onal  TACE  

•  TACE  given  once  every  2  months  or  3  months  •  Usually  through  the  hepa;c  artery  •  Also  possible  through  other  extrahepa;c  arteries  

•  Assess  the  response  aTer  every  TACE  

Page 27: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TACE  

Defect  of  lipiodol  reten.on  

Page 28: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TACE,  inferior  phrenic  artery  

Page 29: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TACE  

Page 30: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Conven;onal  TACE  

•  Stop  TACE  –   when  the  tumor(s)  do  not  respond,  either  there  is  inadequate  uptake,  or  the  tumor(s)  enlarge  

– When  the  liver  func;on  gets  worse  aTer  TACE  – When  the  supplying  artery  is  occluded  – When  there  are  other  complica;ons  of  TACE,  e.g.  biliary  necrosis  

Page 31: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TACE  –  induced  biliary  Injury    

•  ATer  6  sessions  of  TACE  

Page 32: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Conven;onal  TACE  

•  TACE  can  be  cura;ve,  though  it  is  oTen  considered  a  pallia;ve  treatment  

•  So,  stop  TACE  also  when  –  THE  DISEASE  IS  CURED!  

•  This  is  oTen  the  situa;on  when  –   TACE  is  performed  superselec;vely  –  TACE  is  performed  for  a  small  lesion  inapproachable  by  other  local  abla;ve  treatment  e.g.  RFA  for  a  lesion  near  another  organ  (gall  bladder)  

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•  Variants:  – Superselec;ve  TACE  with  microcatheter  •  Overflow  of  emulsion  to  portal  venules  

–  (Balloon  occluded  TACE  )  •  Not  yet  available  locally  

Conven;onal  TACE  

Page 34: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  Matsui  O.  •  Superselec;ve  TACE  with  microcatheter  •  Lipiodol  flows  to  the  portal  venules  through  peribiliary  plexus  

•  Enhances  treatment  effect  

Superselec;ve  TACE  with  overflow  to  portal  venules  

Page 35: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Superselec;ve  TACE  with  overflow  to  portal  venules  

•  The  3-­‐year  local  recurrence  rate  for  grade  0,  1,  2:  74%,  42%,  19%  

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Balloon-­‐occluded  TACE  

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B-­‐TACE  

•  3Fr  microballoon  catheter  

•  Reduce  the  arterial  stump  pressure  

•  Increase  lipiodol  emulsion  accumula;on  inside  the  tumor  

Page 38: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  Side  effects  are  common  •  Related  to  early  systemic  release  of  chemo  agents  – Nausea,  vomi;ng,  alopecia,  renal  impairment,  marrow  suppression,  etc.  

•  Liver  parenchymal  damage  – Liver  func;on  impairment,  liver  failure,  liver  abscess,  biliary  duct  injury  and  biloma  

Conven;onal  TACE  

Page 39: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

Drug  elu;ng  beads-­‐TACE/DEB-­‐TACE  

•  Replace  lipiodol  with  microspheres  (100-­‐300um)  

•  Slow  release  of  drugs  •  Enhances  local  therapeu;c  efficacy  

•  Less  systemic  side  effects  

Page 40: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

– Two  randomized  controlled  trials  showed  bemer  control  of  disease  progression  but  

– no  sta;s;cal  significant  in  survival  rate  due  to  short  follow-­‐up  period  and  small  sample  size    

DEB-­‐TACE  

Page 41: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

–  PRECISION  V  study  recruited  217  pa;ent  showed  that  DEB  had  a  disease  control  rate  of  63.4%  and  conven;onal  TACE  had  a  disease  control  rate  of  51.9%  (P=0.11).    

–  Pa;ent  with  Child-­‐Pugh  B,  ECOG  1,  bilobar  disease,  and  recurrent  disease  showed  a  significant  increase  in  objec;ve  response  (P=0.038)  compared  to  cTACE.    

– DC  Bead  was  associated  with  improved  tolerability,  with  a  significant  reduc;on  in  serious  liver  toxicity  (P=0.001)  and  a  significant  lower  rate  of  doxorubicin-­‐related  side  effects  (P=0.0001).  

DEB-­‐TACE  

Page 42: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  Malagari  K,    et  al.  (CVIR  2012)  •  173  pa;ents,  Child  A,  B  •  Mean  lesion  diameter  7.6  +/-­‐  2.1cm  •  Mean  overall  survival  was  43.8  months  (range  1.2–64.8)  

•  Overall  survival  at  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5  years  was  93.6,  83.8,  62,  41.04,  and  22.5  %,  

DEB  5-­‐yr  survival  

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Malagari  K,  et  al  CVIR  2012  

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DEB-­‐TACE  

•  Used  more  frequently  in  private  hospitals  than  public  hospitals  due  to  the  high  costs  

Page 45: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TARE  

•  Transarterial  Radioemboliza;on  

•  Ymrium-­‐90  is  beta  emitng  

•  On  resin  or  glass  beads  (20-­‐60um)  

•  2mm  range  bachytherapy  

•  Half  life  64  hours  •  Usually  perform  once  

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TARE  

•  Can  be  performed  in  3  public  hospitals  and  2  private  hospitals  in  Hong  Kong  – Exper;se  required  – Great  demand  on  several  special;es  working  together  as  a  team  

– Currently  Hospital  Authority  only  approved  and  reimbursed  its  use  in  HCC  >  8cm  diameter,  or  there  is  portal  vein  invasion  

Page 47: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

TARE  

•  In  Western  countries,  TARE  is  used  mainly  for  liver  dominant  colorectal  metastases  

•  Not  in  HK  public  hospitals  

Page 48: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  large-­‐scale  phase  II  studies  show,  when  compared  with  cTACE,  –   less  side  effects,  bemer  tolerance,    – bemer  response  rate  and  longer  ;me  to  disease  progression  

•  No  definite  survival  benefit  when  compared  with  cTACE  

•  Maybe  related  to  its  use  in  moderate  to  advanced  disease  

TARE  

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TARE  •  Benefit  in  HCC  with  portal  vein  invasion  

•  Kulik  LM,  et  al.  (Hepatology  2008)  

•  PR:  42.2%  (WHO);  70%  (EASL)  

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TARE  

Salem  and  Lewandowski.  Clin  Gastroenterol  and  Hepatol  2013  

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TACE  +  RFA  

•  In  HB  cirrhosis,  there  may  be  lots  of  nodules  •  HCC  focus  seen  in  CT  or  MR,  but  not  seen  under  ultrasound  

•  Perform  TACE  once,  then  RFA  under  CT  guidance  

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TACE  +  RFA

S7  lesion  seen  in  MR Selec;ve  TACE  to  RHA  once

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TACE  +  RFA

CT  guided  RFA  with  mul;planar  recon CT  post  RFA  1  month

Page 54: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

•  cTACE  +  RFA  has  bemer  response  rate,  bemer  1-­‐year  and  3-­‐year  survival  than  either  monotherapy  

•  Metaanalysis  of  6  papers  – Ni  JY  et  al.  (J  Cancer  Res  Clin  Oncol  2013)  

LR  therapies  +  others  

Page 55: Abdominal imaging treatment of inoperable hcc p kwok

cTACE  +  RFA  •  TACE  plus  PRFA  had  

significantly  bemer  effec;veness  on  1-­‐  and  3-­‐year  overall  survival  rate  –  odds  ra;o  [OR]  1-­‐year  =  4.61,  

95  %  confidence  interval  [95  %  CI]  2.26–9.42,  P  <  0.0001  

–  OR  3-­‐year  =  2.79,  95  %  CI  1.69–4.61,  P  <  0.0001  

•  and  3-­‐year  recurrence-­‐free  survival  rate  –  [OR]  3-­‐year  =  3.00,  [95  %  CI]  

1.75–5.13,  P  <  0.0001  •  1-­‐year  recurrence-­‐free  survival  

rate:  no  significant  difference  

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•  cTACE  or  DEB-­‐TACE  +  Sorafenib  (kinases  inhibitor)  –  Inves;ga;onal  – Timing  and  dose  of  Sorafenib  needed  to  be  determined  with  clinical  studies  

Locoregional  therapies  +  Sorafenib  

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•  Previously  overlooked  because  of  fatal  liver  toxicity  at  doses  lower  than  therapeu;c  doses  

•  Recently,  precise  delivery  of  focused  high-­‐dose  on  targeted  volume  of  the  liver  – 3D  conformal  RT  –  Intensity  modulated  RT  (IMRT)  – Stereotac;c  body  RT  (SBRT)  –  Image  guided  RT  (IGRT)  – Proton  therapy  

Image  guided  Radiotherapy  for  HCC  

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IGRT  and  BCLC  stages  •  Stage  A:  nonsurgical  

cura;ve  therapy.  •  Stage  B:  can  be  

combined  with  other  treatments  such  as  TACE.    

•  Stage  C:  prolong  the  survival  ;me  in  selected  pa;ents  with  locally  advanced  HCC  associated  with  portal  vein  invasion  but  not  distant  metastasis.  

•  Stage  D:  pallia;on.  

Lee  IJ  et  al.  Gut  Liver  2012  

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