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SHEIKH TECHNICAL VETERINARY SCHOOL (STVS)
Sheikh Technical Veterinary School
Field work Report in Hargeisa, Wajaale and Berbera
Period: from 23, June to 12 July 2009
Name: Abdirahman Said AbdirahmanStudent No: 0043 Date 24/07/2009
1
Acknowledgement
First praise is due to Allah who made it possible for this field report to be completed.
After Allah I also extend to my thanks to all people who have helped me in the
preparation of this field report.
The people listed are to be thanked for their contributions and more importantly their
sharing thoughts. The list includes but is probably not limited to the following people.
Dr: Ibrahim OsmanDr: Ahmed HaibeDr: Hassan OsmanMr.Benson WafulaMr. yousuf Jama
2
DECLARATION
I, Abdirahman Saeed Abdirahman here to declare that this work is my original work, and
has not appeared anywhere else in any other form.
Student signature ………………………………………………
Date: 25-07-2009
Supervisor signature …………………………………………
Date: 25-07-2009
3
Table of contents
Content Page number
Chapter one: Introduction……………………………………………...1
1.1 introduction of the field work……………………………………………………...1
1.2 background of the study areas……………………………………………………..1
1.2.1 Wajaale district………………………………………………………………......2
1.2.2 Hargeisa City…………………………………………………………………….3
1.2.3 Berbera town…………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter two: Aim, Objective and Methodology………………………5
2.1 Aim………………………………………………………………………………...5
2.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………….5
2.3 Methodology………………………………………………………………………5
Chapter three: Activities carried out…………………………………..6
3.1 FMD vaccination program in Somaliland…………………………………………6
3.1.1 Inspection of the animal before vaccination……………………………………..7
3.1.2 FMD vaccination performance in Wajaale district……………………………...7
3.1.3 FMD vaccination in Alla-ibaday village………………………………………...8
3.1.4 Certification procedure in Wajaale………………………………………………9
3.1.5 Constraints of vet activities……………………………………………………...9
3.2 clinical examination and treatment in Wajaale……………………………………9
3.2.1 Clinical examination on cattle…………………………………………………...9
3.2.2 Treatment of the animals………………………………………………………...10
3.3 Veterinary infrastructures at Wajaale…………………………………………….11
3.4 Hargeisa slaughter house…………………………………………………………11
3.4.1 Role of Maandeeq enterprise in the slaughter house…………………………...12
3.4.2 Meat inspection in the slaughter house………………………………………...12
4
3.4.3 Hygiene analyzes of the slaughter house………………………………………13
3.4.4 Animal welfare of the slayers…………………………………………………..14
3.4.5 Constraints of the slaughter house……………………………………………..14
3.5 Hargeisa milk markets……………………………………………………………14
3.5.1 Handling of milk in the markets………………………………………………..15
3.5.2 Sources of the milk……………………………………………………………..15
3.5.3 Price of the milk………………………………………………………………..15
3.5.4 Milk adulteration……………………………………………………………….16
3.6 Hargeisa livestock market………………………………………………………..16
3.6.1 Composition of the market……………………………………………………..17
3.6.2 Main players of the market……………………………………………………..17
3.6.3 Infrastructures and operational capacity of the market………………………...18
3.7 Berbera veterinary infrastructures………………………………………………..18
3.7.1 Berbera quarantine station……………………………………………………...18
3.7.2 Berbera livestock laboratory…………………………………………………...19
3.8 livestock shipping system………………………………………………………...20
3.9 Certification procedure…………………………………………………………...21
3.10 Experienced gained from the attached areas……………………………………22
Chapter four: Conclusion and recommendations…………………...23
4.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..23
4.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………24
Annexes…………………………………………………………………25
5
Chapter one: Introduction
1.1 Introduction of the field work
Sheikh technical veterinary school is an institution based on learning by doing, practical
activities are continuous and they are related to the lectures. By the end of each academic
year is assigned a field work to apply the learned skills as well as the improvement of
writing and reporting system. On 23/06/2009 STVS second year students composed of
fourteen members have entertained the fulfillment of this accumulated activity, the
learners were equipped protective aprons, long boots, gloves, disinfectants, first aid and
post mortem kits and drugs used for the treatment activity. The towns of hargaisa, berbera
and wajaale were analyzed, mainly clinical examination, treatment, vaccination, milk and
livestock markets and veterinary infrastructures have been emphasized, and the
assignments were concluded on 12/07/2009 by operating about a week in each town.
1.2 Back ground of the study area
Unlike previous field activities three different areas were studied; Hargeisa which is the
city of Somaliland, Wajaale (also Tog Wajaale) along the border of Ethiopia and under
the administration of Gebilay region of Somaliland and the seaport town of Berbera.
The map of the study area
Wajaale (tog wajaale) Hargeisa city Berbera seaport
6
1.2.1 Wajaale district
Wajaale is fur from Hargeisa about 80km of the west ward; the district is not so large it
has an area of 4km2 with population above 20,000 persons. It lies in the valley of Oogo
high land which receives large amount of rain and characterized by cold and windy
climate, the temperature ranges between 11and 300C.
The district has a suitable soil for the agriculture; several types of food are produced like
maize, sorghum, beans, onion and watermelon.
Although there is available electricity unfortunately there is no suitable water supply, the
water is taken from large pools and shallows which are uncovered and exposed for
contamination.
In Wajaale the most species reared is cattle but it is subsistence for families’ lives instead
of commercial purpose. The exporting cattle from the region (Gebilay) and its neighbors
are inspected and vaccinated in wajaale district.
Wajaale is a major hub town that links between Ethiopia and Somaliland. All imports
destined to Ethiopia from the major port of Berbera go through this strategic border, with
a twin Ethiopian [sister town] on the other side of the bordered also called Wajaale.
Veterinary institution in Wajaale
There is one doctor and four vet assistants who operate in wajaale, they are public staffs
responsible for veterinary activities in the area, though their main duty is inspection and
vaccination of the exporting cattle some times they perform passive surveillance, clinical
examination and treatment of their surroundings.
Figure one: veterinary institution in Wajaale
Vet. Doctor
Vet assistant Vet assistant Vet assistant Vet assistant
7
1.2.2 Hargeisa city
Hargeisa is the city of Somaliland (the northwestern) regions of Somalia. It was the
colonial capital of British Somaliland from 1941 to 1960, when it united with Italian
Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Hargeisa is the largest city in the Somaliland
regions and the second largest city in Somalia after Mogadishu, the nation's capital.
Hargeisa is located in a valley in the western section of the country. The city is in a
mountainous area because it is situated in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Oogo)
highlands, at an elevation of 1,334 meters (4,377 ft) above sea level. The temperature
ranges between 13 and 32 degrees Celsius (55 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit).
Hargeisa is the financial hub to many entrepreneurial industries ranging from food
processing, fully operational slaughter house, livestock and milk markets, gem
stonecutters, construction, retail, import and export, Internet cafes, and companies that
process remittances from relatives abroad who send money. Some families have moved
back to the city, living in mansions in the hills during the summer.
Hargeisa receives larger amounts of rain, and used to be surrounded by forest when the
city was smaller but the countryside around the city still has small juniper forests.
Due to its fertility and greenery, wild animals (e.g. zebras) come to the Hargeisa area to
either breed or graze on the grassland savannah. Animals that can be found in Hargeisa
include the Kudu, wild boar, Somali Wild Ass, warthogs, antelopes, the Somali sheep,
wild goats, camels, cattle and many different types of birds. South of Hargeisa is a
grassland savannah, which attracts many types of wildlife to the area including lions and
leopards.
1.2.3 Berbera town
Berbera is the main port of Somaliland and the center of Sahil region, it is situated the
northern direction of the country and it is along the red sea of Gulf of Aden. The coastal
belt is usually cold between the months of October and January while may to September
is normally hot and windy weather condition, in the summertime (June - September)
temperature rises up ward 45oC which causes residents to move during that season.
8
The coastal belt around Berbera (Guban) is desert or semi-desert which receives rain ones
or twice in the year.
The economic sources of Berbera depend on the port activities which is the largest which
is the largest income generation for the whole of the country. Thousands of livestock are
exported every week from Berbera port to the Arabian countries like SAUDI-ARABIA,
QATAR, KUWEIT, BAHREIN and EGYPT.
Veterinary institution in Berbera
Since Berbera is the capital of Sahil region and the base of regional veterinary
coordinator, it has district veterinary office, port section and quarantine and laboratory
departments. Several activities are carried in Berbera like inspection, Brucella test and
certification of the exporting animals. The organizational chart below illustrates the
hierarchy and the connection of the veterinary institution.
Figure two: veterinary institution in Berbera
Regional veterinary coordinator
Berbera district veterinary office
Quarantine sectionBerbera laboratory
departmentPort section
9
Chapter two Aim, Objectives and Methodology
2.1 Aim
The aim of the field work was to promote students’ practical skills in the veterinary
profession.
2.2 Objectives
To apply the various skills and knowledge acquired in assessment of livestock
To analyze the various veterinary services in the attached areas
2.3 Methodology of the field work
In order to achieve the above objectives the following methods were used
Interview method
Observation and Inspection
Physical examination
Sampling and Testing method
Treatment and Vaccination
10
Chapter three: Activities carried out
3.1 FMD vaccination program in Somaliland
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an acute infectious viral disease causing fever,
followed by the development of vesicles (blisters) chiefly in the mouth and on the feet. It
is probably more infectious than any other disease affecting animals or man and spreads
rapidly if uncontrolled. It affects cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats. Wild and domestic cloven-
hoofed animals are also susceptible, including a significant number of zoo animals and
animals such as the hedgehog.
The disease is caused by Aphthovirus in the family of picorna viridae and has seven
serotypes, A, O, C, Sat1, Sat2, Sat3, and Asia sat1.
Although FMD is not common in the region thus it is the only vaccination program
currently going on in the country.
Only exporting bulls are vaccinated from FMD due to a request from the Arabian
countries especially Yemen republic since the most bulls are exported to it.
The used vaccine in Somaliland is inactivated known as fotivax, which is produced by
Kenya agricultural institute, veterinary vaccine production center and it is effective
against A and O serotypes.
The vaccine was bought by the ministry of livestock of Somaliland which is kept under
refrigeration in a temperature of 4oC and it is shaken before inoculation.
Fotivax is administered 3ml/animal subcutaneously in cattle with no regard of sex, age
and weight, but it needs to repeat after six month as booster.
The main sites in which the vaccination is conducted are Wajaale district and some
villages near to it since a large number of the exporting cattle are from those zones.
11
3.1.1 Inspection of the animal before vaccination
Inspection is the first technique used to identify the sick animals from the herd, before the
vaccination the whole animals are inspected by the veterinary officers, body condition
and health status are focused during inspection.
The easily observable signs are rough hair coat, poor body condition (emaciation), nasal
and ocular discharge, profuse salivation, dullness and depressed appearance, lack of
rumination, diarrhea, and coughing, heavy infestation of ecto-parasites and swelling of
external lymphanodes.
Any presence of the mentioned signs can enforce the inspector to isolate that animal and
not to vaccine because the vaccine it self can detorierate the condition if the animal is
immuno-suppressed.
All suspected animals are separated from the herd and studied their case specially; the
patient animals are treated and returned to their owners.
3.1.2 FMD vaccination performance in Wajaale district
Wajaale is the center of vaccination in Somaliland, more than 500 bull are vaccinated per
week in Wajaale, the vaccinating animals are owned by local traders and they inform the
veterinary officers before they bring their animals to the crush pens, then the vaccine
vials are taken from the ministry of livestock in Hargeisa and it is preserved with ice box.
During the vaccination the animals are lined in the crush and they are performed on
vaccination and ear tag.
Ear tag is an important symbol conducted to differentiate vaccinated and non vaccinated
animals, both vaccine inoculation and eartag is charged for $1.5 and$1 respectively.
The role of veterinary personnel is not only administering of the vaccine but the animals
are inspected thoroughly before they are vaccinated, if there is any clinical signs it is
forbidden to vaccinate the animal as it will lead to further deterioration.
Both 24/06/2009 and 29/06/2009 more than seven hundreds of bulls were vaccinated in
Wajaale, the students took part the inspection, inoculating of the vaccine and eartags
under the supervision and guidance of the supervisor.
12
The significant role played by the students during the hard work is an evidence showing
how they are talented performing of veterinary practices.
The following table illustrates vaccination activities done by the students in Tog wajaale
district.
Table one: FMD vaccination in Wajaale
Date Species Sex No of animals Dosage rate Route of
administration
No of owners
24/06/2009 Cattle male 179 3ml/animal subcutaneous 8
29/06/2009 Cattle male 526 3ml/animal subcutaneous 1
3.1.3 FMD vaccination in AllA-ibaday village
Alla-ibaday village is about 33km south east of wajaale; it is under the administration of
Gebilay district and lies along the border of Ethiopia.
Alla-ibaday has an old crush used to vaccinate the livestock from its surrounding areas.
On Saturday 27/06/2009 Alla-ibaday village was visited by the students and their
supervisor, they have participated vaccination of 508 bulls.
Prior of the vaccination it was done general inspection of the animals, fortunately no
clinical signs appeared. Inspection is the first technique used before the vaccination to
identify the sick animals, mostly the vaccinating animals are bulls selected for export,
body conditions of the animals were good and fair and the health status seemed to be
normal. The table below is summarized FMD vaccination conducted in Alla-ibaday
village.
Table two: FMD vaccination in Alla-ibaday village
Date Species Sex No of
animals
Dosage
rate
Route of
administration
No: of
owners
27/06/2009 Cattle male 508 3ml/animal subcutaneous 27
13
3.1.4 Certification procedure in Wajaale
After inspection and vaccination activities, it is mandatory to clarify the animals were
inspected. In wajaale the vaccinated animals are attached with inspection form which
declares that the animals are examined according to the veterinary laws and regulations
of the republic of Somaliland, the certificate is confirmed that the animal did not show
any signs of infectious disease and the were no reports of notified diseases in the area of
origin of the animal, the statements of the certificate is signed by Gebilay region
veterinary coordinator. After the attachment of the inspection form the animals are
transported to Berbera port through Hargeisa city were is taken from the movement
permit which is described that the animals were inspected and they can be moved from
one region to an other.
3.1.5 Constraints of vet activities
There are several obstacles which are encountered by veterinary staffs; the first one is
transportation problem because there is no especial vehicle for the vaccination activity, it
is contacted to the ministry of livestock in Hargeisa if vaccine vials needed which can
take several days to arrange.
The crush pens used for vaccination are two old and broken and need to repair. And other
important barrier is the delay of the animals; it is possible that the owners bring their
animals several days after the time they appointed.
3.2 Clinical examination and treatment in Wajaale
3.2.1 Clinical examination on cattle
On 28/06/2009, 13 sick animals were visited, whole of them were cattle and it was
complained that all animals have been in a poor body condition for several months, in
addition to that one of the animals showed serious condition of emaciation, diarrhea,
anorexia and dullness appearance during the last two weeks and no previous medications
used as it has been cleared by the owner.
14
Both visual appraisal and physical examination were performed deeply; the emaciated
caw had the signs mentioned in the case history and others like rough hair coat,
depression, cough and decreased temperature of 34oC.
There were other two animals those had purulent ocular and nasal discharge and
temperature of 38.70C and 39.3oC respectively.
Most of the animals were thin and rough hair coat, there were no infestation of ecto-
parasites, the farm and the environment were grassland with good pasture, respiratory and
pulse rate them selves were assessed and indicated to be normal.
3.2.2 Treatment of the animals
After clinical examination tentatively it was concluded that all animals are common in
helmenthiasis according to the case history and clinical signs.
All the animals were administered Albendazole orally in a dosage rate of 14ml/50kg
since it is very effective anti-helmentic drug recommended the treatment of different
worms infections such as round worms, tape worms, lung worms and liver flukes in
cattle, sheep and goats and it was shaken well before the administration.
The owner was informed not to slaughter the animals for human consumption for two
weeks after treatment and not to milk the lactated ones until 5days.
The severe emaciated one who had diarrhea, depression, anorexia, and decreased
temperature was treated with Pen & Strep (combination of penicillin and dehydro
streptomycin) after consultation with the field supervisor.
Pen&Strep is effective against infections and agents sensitive to penicillin and
streptomycin and the recommended dosage rate is 1ml/25kg body weight intramuscularly
for up to three consequence days.
In addition to that the two caws showed purulent nasal and ocular discharge and evidence
of fever with temperature around 39oC were used for CILAMYCIN long acting in deep
intramuscular in a dosage rate of 1ml/10kg body weight.
15
Each 1ml of Clamycin is contained by 100mg of oxytetracycline. This compound is
suitable for the treatment of acute infections and the other hand it is formulated to
provide a prolonged action resulting in a sustained anti-bacterial activity.
The treated caws were not lactated and the owner accepted not to use their meat for 28
days after the administration of the drug.
Table three: animal treatment in Wajaale
Date Species Number of
animals
Drug used Dosage rate Route of
administration
28/06/2009 Cattle 10 Albendazole 14ml/50kg Oral
Cattle 2 Albendazole &
cilamycin
14ml/50kg and
1ml/10kg
Oral and
intramuscular
Cattle 1 Albendazole and pen &
strep
14ml/50kg and
1ml/25kg
Oral and
intramuscular
The total number treated is 13
3.3 Veterinary infrastructures at wajaale
There are view old infrastructures in wajaale and its surroundings; wajaale and Alla-
ibaday crush pens are too old and broken which is difficult to work, although huge
number of animals are inspected there is no laboratory center if there is need of further
confirmation, there only three vet offices and two ramps at wajaale livestock market and
no sheds for the animal.
3.4 Hargeisa slaughter house
Hargaisa is laughter is located in the east ward of the city and it has an area of 2km2, the
slaughter house functions from 1:00AM up to 9:00PM.
An average of 950 small ruminants and more than 85 animals of cattle and camel are
slaughtered per night.
Hygiene, transportation and distribution of meat are sponsored by mandeq enterprise
which is based on the principles of public private partnership (PPP).
16
Maandeeq takes incentive for the hygiene and transportation of carcass, 6000 s/land
shilling and 42500 s/land shillings are charged the small and large ruminants
respectively.
3.4.1 Role of the Maandeeq enterprise in the slaughter house
Maandeeq was the fist company service, which has been set up in Hargeisa to improve
health status in hargaisa slaughter house. It transports the carcass by using a covered van
vehicles instead of uncovered donkey carts and wheel barrows.
The liquid and the solid wastages such as dirty used water, animal fluids, abdominal
remainders and bones are removed and transported to designated dump site, and pores
with special trucks of both liquid and solid wastages.
These dump sites are dug for every three months where the full ones are covered.
3.4.2 Meat inspection in the slaughters house
About one thousand and two hundred of sheep, Goat, Cattle and camels are slayed in the
slaughter house for local consumption. There are only 3 meat inspectors for this huge
activity which is difficult to inspect thoroughly. On first and second July 2009 the
students participated inspection of more than 500 animals, after slaughtering and skinning
of the animal; the lungs, visceral and mediastinal organs are removed then the carcass is
carried in to plastic containers which is written by the symbol of its owners.
Both carcass and removed organs were observed to find any gross lesions, color,
consistency and texture of organs and tissues were considered, some of the of the
removed organs like liver, lung, kidney and heart were palpated and cut sectioned, any
swollen lymphanodes were inspected.
During the examination of the carcass several abnormalities were found and they are
listed below.
17
Table four: abnormalities found in Hargeisa slaughter house
Species Inspected
number
Number of animals grossly infected Types of abnormalities
Goat 290 3 Swollen of the mediastinal lymphanode,
effusion of yellowish fluid in the
pericardium, scattered patechial
hemorrhages in the small intestine
Sheep 160 2 Fatty degeneration of the liver, emphysema
of the left lung
Cattle 32 3 Milliary nodules of both right and left
lung, cyst at the pancreas, adhesions
between parietal and visceral pleura
Camel 30 1 Generalized abscess in the liver
Total animals inspected 512 Total number grossly infected 9
3.4.3 Hygiene analyzes of the slaughter house
Prior of the slaughtering, the slayers are distributed in to sterile knives to slaughter the
animals, after the skinning; lungs, visceral and mediastinal organs are removed from the
carcass and it is covered to its skin.
The carcass is carried on plastic containers which have especial symbols for their owners.
The fresh meat is transported with covered van vehicles to protect it from dirty and
environmental Hazards.
All blood, bones, and remained fluids are transported with especial trucks and poured on
dump sites away from the town. All though the slayers were equipped with protective
aprons, and long boots, unfortunately they had no gloves which were important for them
selves as well as the product.
Hargeisa is laughter house has sufficient drainages and water pipes, by the end of the
activity the slaughter house is cleaned with water and detergents.
18
3.4.4 Animal welfare of the slayers
The slaughters are untalented for the animal welfare, the animal is slayed in front of the
life ones, the camels are beaten on the neck, and occipital regions with huge sticks until
the animal falls down then it is slaughtered.
The small ruminants are drugged on the ground till they are brought to the slaughtering
places. The space for the slaying animals (all species) is too small according to the
number of animals.
3.4.5 Constraints of the slaughter house
More than one thousand animals are slaughtered per night; only three inspectors are
involved the examination of this large number, both inspectors and the slayers do not use
gloves to protect them selves and the products from contamination. The operation area is
too small compared to the capacity of the animals and no suitable cleaning solutions for
the slaughterhouse, only detergents are used for hygiene instead of chlorine and other
preferable substances, it is claimed that chlorine can be used for other purposes like
explosive materials and the government banned it due to a terror precautions.
3.5 Hargeisa milk markets
There are two common milk markets in hargaisa; one is in the center of the town and it is
kwon WAAHEEN, the other one is located the north of the city and is named
GOBANIMO. Both of them are highly crowded and operate between 9:00AM and
5:00PM, by considering species it is understandable that there is difference between the
regions of the country, mainly camel and cattle milk are sold in Hargeisa markets,
although goat milk may be found thus they are view and are merely consumed.
While the eastern regions of Somaliland camel and goat milk are the most abundant types
used and cattle milk rarely consumed.
19
3.5.1 Handling of milk in the markets
Unlike the other towns, the milk is sold in large halls with sufficient sheds to protect it
from the sun light. Unfortunately, the selling milk is stored in uncovered vessels and is
exposed to the dust and the other environmental contaminants.
3.5.2 Sources of the milk
Hundreds of Jerrycans are brought to the markets per day, during the summer time an
average of 700 liters are sold by each seller and can exceed in the spring (the rainy
season).
Most of the milk in the market is transported from areas a way from Hargeisa; some of
them are from the northwest like Geed-ballaar, Gebilay and Alla-ibaday others from the
north ward such as Illimaha, Faraweyne and Balligacas. In the west it transported from
Quraca abriin and Waddo miikaahiil. Balli-gubadle of the south ward and Haro-haadlay
of the east them selves are taken from huge amounts.
3.5.3 Price of the milk
Whole of the milk are consumed by Hargeisa local community and are priced according
to the demand and their availability. Both cattle and camel milk are highly consumed and
are sold 3000 S/L shillings per milk cup; they are measured a cup of 7500ml which
means each liter is about 4000 S/L shillings.
Goat milk is rarely preferred, each cup is sold about 1500 S/L shillings and sheep are not
milked because of the culture of the Somali communities.
The below table is summarized types of milk and their prices of both milk cup and liter.
Table five types of milk and their price
Milk type Price/milk cup Price/liter
Camel milk 3000 S/L shillings 4000 S/L shillings
Cattle milk 3000 S/L shillings 4000 S/L shillings
20
Goat milk 1500 S/L shillings 2000 S/L shillings
3.5.4 Milk adulteration
Milk adulteration test was performed to find out milk viscosity, camel and cattle milk
were taken to identify the denser one.
First 250ml of camel milk was poured in a beaker and put a lactometer; it was found that
the density of the milk is 1.026g/ml. And other time 245ml of camel milk was diluted
with 5ml of distilled water to make them 250ml, it was read a density of 1.024g/ml.
After that 250ml of cattle milk were inserted the lactometer, it showed a density of
1.0279g/ml, secondly 245ml of cattle milk was added to 5ml of distilled water which
produced a density of 1.265g/ml.
It is clear that cattle milk is denser and more viscous than the camel milk and camel milk
can be adulterated easily compared to the cattle ones.
The following table is summarized types and amount of milk, the amount of water used
for the dilution and the lactometer reading.
Table: six milk adulteration test.
Types of milk Amount of milk Amount of water used Lactometer reading
Camel milk 250ml No water used 1.026g/ml
Camel milk 245ml 5ml of distilled water 1.024g/ml
Cattle milk 250ml No water used 1.0279g/ml
Cattle milk 245ml 5ml of distilled water 1.0265g/ml
3.6 Hargeisa livestock market
Hargeisa livestock market is located the south east of the city and it occupies an area of
1.5km2. The livestock in the market are brought from different regions like Gebilay,
Awdal, Sahil, Hawd and rural areas surrounding Hargeisa.
Although some of the animals seemed good body condition most of them were fair and
no emaciated animals were seen, the hair coat appeared as shiny, and the posture and gait
were almost normal.
21
3.6.1 Composition of the market
The common four species of the ruminants (sheep, goats, cattle and camels) are sold in
the market. Sheep and goats are the majority ones brought to the market, they are
classified in to three categories; one group is the exporting Billy goats and rams, locally
known as AHMI, the second group is locally consumed shoats (sheep and goat) mainly
are females locally called DAABAX, the third group is for farming purpose and they are
known DHAQAN. Camels are for farming and meat consumption purposes while cattle
are only for meat consumption.
Although there is price difference with in the species because of the status of the animal
every species has a fixed amount of taxes with no regard of their condition weather they
are for export or local consumption.
The following table is the concise of the average price and the taxes of the livestock.
Table seven: price and taxes per animal
Animal Average price per animal Tax
Exporting goats & ships 260,000 S/L shillings 1000 S/L shillings
Local consumption goats &
sheep
235,000 S/L shillings 1000 S/L shillings
farming goats & ship 125,000 S/L shillings 1000 S/L shillings
Meat consumption camel 2,100,000 S/L shillings 5000 S/L shillings
farming camel 1,400,000 S/L shillings 5000 S/L shillings
Cattle 1,000,000 S/L shillings 4000 S/L shillings
3.6.2 Main player of the market
The livestock in the market come in to two ways; either from the producer or they are
brought by middle traders locally known as JEEBLEEY who collects the animals from
the rural areas and villages.
Although view exporters and farmers who were seeking exporting and farming animals
were present in the market, there were too many producers those brought the animals and
many butchers since most of the animals were for local consumption.
22
The selling and buying activities were facilitating by brokers those certifies that the
owner is trustful and the animals were not stolen as well as mediating of the price.
3.6.3 Infrastructure and operational capacity of the market
More than 1500 and small ruminants and over 200 camels and cattle are brought to the
market every day which is too many compared to the area of the market. The livestock
market operates starting from 6:00am and ends around 5:00pm.
The market infrastructures are view, it has 6 shades those are insufficient to the livestock,
7 ramps made of soil and they are used to load or unload the animals and several private
pens around the market with small amount of grass.
3.7 Berbera veterinary infrastructures
Berbera is the center of the veterinary activities in Somaliland; thousands of animals are
diagnosed and transported from it every week, in Berbera there is a fully operational
quarantine station which is used to rehabilitate the exporting animals for a specific period
and a laboratory center for the confirmation of the diseases.
3.7.1 Berbera quarantine station
Berbera quarantine station was invested by AL-JABIRI Company of SAUDI-ARABIA to
feed, rest and inspect the animals before they are transported. The quarantine station is
fully operational consists of two main sections one part is for the suspected animals after
general examination of the inspectors, the other part is for the grossly inspected animals
which have no clinical signs but they will be confirmed with laboratory test if there is
required disease to detect.
Each section has shades, long water troughs for the irrigation of the animals, feeding
systems and other facilities. The quarantine station also has crush pens and two large
ramps for loading and unloading of the animals. Berbera has too hot and windy climate
and the quarantine was not planted to reduce the effect of the winds and the climate.
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Not all of the animals are brought to the quarantine station; the animals exporting to
Yemen, Djibouti, Egypt and Libya are inspected and transported directly from the port
with out quarantine because it is not a condition from the exported countries.
The livestock exporting to SAUDI-ARABIA, EMARATES, QATAR, KUWEIT,
BAHRAIN, and OMAN is obligatory to inspect, investigate and quarantine according to
their requirement. Like SAUDI-ARABIA animals are detected from brucellosis while
OMAN does not accept if the animal is castrated. The period of the quarantine ranges
from 7 to 21 days.
Figure three: Berbera quarantine station
3.7.2 Berbera livestock laboratory
The lab was built and equipped by AL-JABIRI Company and it is in the compound of the
quarantine station it composes of several departments like; bacteriology which is used
for the identification, classification and characterization of the bacterial species, virology
department which is detected the viral diseases and serology department to detect the
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presence of antibodies against a microorganism. The common diseases diagnosed in the
lab are FMD, Rinderpest, PPR (Peste des petite ruminants) rift valley fever and
Brucellosis.
Different diagnosing methods are performed in the lab such as, Direct Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (direct ELISA) for FMD, competitive ELISA for rinderpest and
PPR, detection of antigens or antibody to the virus in the blood (serology) like rift valley
fever and rose pengal test which is the most widely and simplest test used for brucellosis.
The lab performs other diagnostic methods if they are required like direct microscopic
examination, complement fixation test and culturing method. In serology antigen has an
international standard of dilution of serum which separates whether the animal is positive
or negative, e.g brucellosis if the antigen dulutes1/47.5 or less than the serum, it is an
international standard of a positive reaction.
Berbera livestock laboratory is well equipped, after diagnosing sections it has
management, secretary and technician offices.
Figure four: Berbera livestock laboratory
3.8 livestock shipping System
During shipping it is crucial to consider several important components; capacity, speed,
hygiene, ventilation, light, separation of the pens, feed and water in the ship are checked.
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On July 11 2009 two ships named martial star and sea star were visited to analyze the
decks, pens, feeding, watering system, and spaces for the animal.
The following table shows the area suitable for each species.
Table six: suitable area for each species
Species Number of animals Suitable area
Camel One animal 2.5m2
Cattle One animal 1.5m2
Goat Four goats 1m2
Sheep Four sheep 1m2
3.9 Certification procedure
It is necessary to certify that the exporting animals were inspected either in Berbera
quarantine or any other points like wajaale and they are examined according to
Somaliland rules and the requirement of the exported countries. There are three types of
certification as detailed below.
Inspection form: - which declares that the animal was examined according to veterinary
rules and regulations of the republic of Somaliland and it has neither signs of infectious
diseases nor reports of infectious disease notified in the area of the origin of the animal.
In this certificate, it is mentioned inspection point, region, trader name, previous
certification numbers if any, origin of the animals and supplementary sheet is used if
required other identifications.
The inspection form is not sent to the exported countries, the original sheet is given to the
livestock owner and other two copies are left from the inspection book and regional
veterinary co-coordinator office.
Heath certificate: - by referring the inspection form the port veterinary officer inspects
the animals and attaches with health certificate which is mentioned that he examined the
livestock and the animal has neither signs nor report of infectious diseases in the place of
the origin of the animal and port area.
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If the animals were vaccinated or detected from specific diseases a supplementary letter
is attached. The name of the port, the name of the vessel, destination and the number of
the animals, the species and sex are listed in the certificate.
Vessel certificate: - it is used to certify that the vessel according to the spaces, design,
feeding and drinking water, construction materials of the pens and disposal system is
suitable for carrying the livestock. The name and the type of the vessel, the name and
address of the owner and the agent and the number of animal schedule for this particular
voyage are mentioned
.
Both health and vessel certificate are signed by port veterinary officer and received by the
owner or agent of the livestock owner.
3.10 Experiences gained from the attached areas
During the field activities in Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera the following experiences
were gained
The relationship between livestock stakeholders like livestock producers, traders
and veterinarians
Inspection of the exporting animals and the signs which can be observed during
the inspection
Preparing and administering of FMD vaccine and performing of eartags
Testing of milk adulteration and viscosity of different species
Understanding the sections and functions of Berbera quarantine station and
laboratory
Analyzing of the certification procedure like inspection form, health certificate
and vessel certificate
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Chapter four: Conclusion and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusion
More than one thousand and two hundreds of animals were vaccinated in Wajaale and
Alla-ibaday village, the crushes were broken and it was difficult to work.
Hargeisa livestock market was visited to analyze the market composition, main players
and the operational capacity of the market; there were a lot of animals in the market
which seemed beyond the capacity of the market and the animals had no sufficient sheds
and feeds except for a little amount in private pens around the market.
In Hargeisa milk market, it is easy to find several types of milk like camel, cattle and goat
milk but they are stored in uncovered vessels which are exposed for contamination.
On 2 and 3 July 2009 hundreds of animals were inspected in Hargeisa slaughter house
and several gross lesions were found, there is only three meat inspectors in the slaughter
house, the inspectors and the slayers do not use gloves to protect them selves and the
product from contamination.
There area of the slaughter house is too small and is cleaned with detergents instead of
other solutions like chlorides.
The animal slayers in Hargeisa slaughter house are not trained for animal welfare, they
slaughter the animal in front of the others and even the camel slayers beat the animal with
huge sticks on the head and neck region until it falls down.
In Berbera the quarantine station, laboratory and the port were visited to analyze the
infrastructures and the activities going on there. Both quarantine and laboratory are fully
functional and have their essential requirements except plantations supposed to plant
since they can minimize the effect of the windy and hot climate.
It was pointed all the certification procedures like inspection form, health and vessel
certificates and shipping system during the exporting of the animals.
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4.2 Recommendations
After the analyses of the conditions detailed in the content and summarized in the
conclusion, I suggested the following recommendations.
I would suggest to the international organizations to built new slaughter house and
livestock market in Hargeisa city since the current ones are insufficient to the
community according to the number of the animals and to improve the old
infrastructures of Hargeisa and Wajaale livestock markets like sheds, ramps and
the crush pen of Wajaale
The government should increase the number of meat inspectors and train the
slayers for the animal welfare
Both meat inspectors and slayers must use their protective equipments like gloves
to protect the product as well as them selves
The government must bring a suitable solutions for the cleaning of the slaughter
houses and encourage the milk sellers to use covered vessels instead of uncovered
ones
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Annexes
Annex one
CERTIFICATE OF VETERINARY INSPECTION
I, the undersigned declare that, according to the veterinary laws and regulations of the
republic of Somaliland, I have to day examined the under mentioned animals /animals
products and certify that they showed no signs of infectious disease and were in good
condition and that there were no reports of notified diseases in the area /area of origin of
the animals /animal product.
Inspection point ………………………………… region ………………………………
Trader name …………………………………………………………………..
Origin of animals ……………………………… By ……………………………………
Previous certificate numbers (if any) ……………………………………………………..
Proceeding to ……………………………………. By …………………………………..
Live animal (no.) Animal products ( species, quantity)
Cattle Skins
Sheep Hides
Goats Meat
Camels Butter
Others Others
Use supplementary sheet if animals are individually identified e.g. tagged.
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Remarks ……………………………………………………………………………………
Name of Vet Officer ………………………………………..
Signature ……………………………………………………
Annex two
VESSEL CERTIFICATE INSPECTION
Date: ____________________________________
Name of the vessel ______________________________________________
Type/No. of animal _____________________________________________
Vet. Port Officer
___________________
The undersigned declares that he has examined the below described vessel following
the under mentioned data.
Name of the vessel: ________________________________________________
Type: ___________________________________________________________
Name of the owner/master: __________________________________________
Address: _________________________________________________________
Name of the Agent: ________________________________________________
Address: _________________________________________________________
Space, design and construction material of the pens and stalls are:
Good _________________ Satisfactory ________________ Bad ____________
Enough hay during the voyage on board: Yes _________ No ________________
Enough drinking water voyage on board: Yes _________ No ________________
Sufficient bedding grass provided: Yes ______________ No _________________
Waste disposal system: Good __________________ Bad ____________________
The above described vessel has been thoroughly inspected and I have found it
suitable for carrying livestock, the number of animals schedule for this particular
voyage is:
Sheep and Goat ___________________________________________________
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Camel: __________________________________________________________
Cattle: ___________________________________________________________
Date: ____________________________________________
Vet. Port Officer _____________
Annex three
HEALTH CERTIFICATE (Export)
Name of port ………………………………… Name of vessel ………………………..
Destination (country, port) ……………………………………… Date ………………….
1. Number of animals
Cattle ………………….. Camels ……………………….. Shoats ……………………
2. Animal identification numbers if required (use supplementary sheet if necessary)
Cattle ………………………………………………………………………………..
Camels ………………………………………………………………………………
Sheep ………………………………………………………………………………..
Goats ………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Origin of animals (name of previous inspection point) …………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Name, address/phone of exporter ………………………………………………..
5. Name and address of consignee (destination) ……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Health statement – I, the undersigned official veterinarian certify that :-
a) The animals indicated above and examined by me this day present no clinical signs of
disease,
b) There are no reports of transboundary diseases in the area of the port, nor in the place of
origin of the animals,
c) When required, the animals have been tested/vaccinated as follows (use supplementary
sheet if appropriate): ………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Animals are all male unless otherwise stated,
e) The above mentioned animals are authorized for export to the above destination.
Port Veterinary Officer (name and address) …………………………………………..
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………………………………………………………………………………………….
Signature …………………… stamp
The Veterinary Official and the use of this stamp are authorized by the ministry of livestock,
Somaliland republic.
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