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ABIJAH KING OF JUDAH

2 Chronicles 13:1-22

Landmark Publications, Inc., 1045 Maynor Avenue, Nashville, TN 37216, U.S.A., John C. Sewell, Ph.D., Editor.


ABIJAH KING OF JUDAH Text: 2 Chronicles 13:1-22, 1. In the eighteenth year of the reign of King Jeroboam, Abijah became king over Judah. 2. He ruled for three years in Jerusalem. His mother was Michaiah, the daughter of Uriel from Gibeah. There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. 3. Abijah launched the attack with 400,000 well-trained warriors, while Jeroboam deployed against him 800,000 well-trained warriors. 4. Abijah ascended Mount Zemaraim, in the Ephraimite hill country, and said: “Listen to me, Jeroboam and all Israel! 5. Don’t you realize that the Lord God of Israel has given David and his dynasty lasting dominion over Israel by a formal agreement? 6. Jeroboam son of Nebat, a servant of Solomon son of David, rose up and rebelled against his master. 7. Lawless good-for-nothing men gathered around him and conspired against Rehoboam son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was an inexperienced young man and could not resist them. 8. Now you are declaring that you will resist the Lord’s rule through the Davidic dynasty. You have a huge army, and bring with you the gold calves that Jeroboam made for you as gods. 9. But you banished the Lord’s priests, Aaron’s descendants, and the Levites, and appointed your own priests just as the surrounding nations do! Anyone who



comes to consecrate himself with a young bull or seven rams becomes a priest of these fake gods! 10. But as for us, the Lord is our God and we have not rejected him. Aaron’s descendants serve as the Lord’s priests and the Levites assist them with the work. 11. They offer burnt sacrifices to the Lord every morning and every evening, along with fragrant incense. They arrange the Bread of the Presence on a ritually clean table and light the lamps on the gold lampstand every evening. Certainly we are observing the Lord our God’s regulations, but you have rejected him. 12. Now look, God is with us as our leader. His priests are ready to blow the trumpets to signal the attack against you. You Israelites, don’t fight against the Lord God of your ancestors, for you will not win!” 13. Now Jeroboam had sent some men to ambush the Judahite army from behind. The main army was in front of the Judahite army; the ambushers were behind it. 14. The men of Judah turned around and realized they were being attacked from the front and the rear. So they cried out for help to the Lord. The priests blew their trumpets, 15. and the men of Judah gave the battle cry. As the men of Judah gave the battle cry, the Lord struck down Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. 16. The Israelites fled from before the Judahite army, and God handed them over to the men of Judah. 17. Abijah and his army thoroughly defeated them; 500,000 well-trained Israelite men fell dead. 18. That day the Israelites were defeated; the men of Judah prevailed because they relied on the Lord God of their ancestors.



19. Abijah chased Jeroboam; he seized from him these cities: Bethel and its surrounding towns, Jeshanah and its surrounding towns, and Ephron and its surrounding towns. 20. Jeroboam did not regain power during the reign of Abijah. The Lord struck him down and he died. 21. Abijah’s power grew; he had fourteen wives and fathered twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters. 22. The rest of the events of Abijah’s reign, including his deeds and sayings, are recorded in the writings of the prophet Iddo. (NET) Introduction: I. Parallel Reference:

A. 1 Kings 15:1-8, In the eighteenth year of the reign of Jeroboam son of Nebat, Abijah became king over Judah. He ruled for three years in Jerusalem. His mother was Maacah, the daughter of Abishalom. He followed all the sinful practices of his father before him. He was not wholeheartedly devoted to the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had been. Nevertheless for David’s sake the Lord his God maintained his dynasty in Jerusalem by giving him a son to succeed him and by protecting Jerusalem. He did this because David had done what he approved and had not disregarded any of his commandments his entire lifetime, except for the incident involving Uriah the Hittite. Rehoboam and Jeroboam were continually at war with each other throughout Abijah’s lifetime. The rest of the events of Abijah’s reign, including all his accomplishments, are record-



ed in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Judah. Abijah and Jeroboam had been at war with each other. Abijah passed away and was buried in the City of David. His son Asa replaced him as king. (NET)

1. 2 Chronicles 13 records Abijah’s speech while 1 Kings 15 omits this speech.

B. Coffman wrote, “There are a number of variations here (between 1 Kings 15:1-8 and 2 Chronicles 13:1-22) for spellings of the king’s name and the names of his mother and of her father; and we have no good explanation for this. . . . many people in that day were known by more than one name. His mother’s name, as given here, is that of a man.”

II. The biographical accounts of various kings given in 2 Chronicles often included these facts: (See Hicks.)

A. Dating the beginning of the king’s reign.

B. Length of reign.

C. Mother’s name.

D. Theological evaluation.

E. Supplemental information pertaining to the reign.

F. Death and burial.

G. Successor.



II. 2 Chronicles 13 can be outlined as follows:

A. 2 Chronicles 13:1-2, In the eighteenth year of the reign of King Jeroboam, Abijah became king over Judah. He ruled for three years in Jerusalem. His mother was Michaiah, the daughter of Uriel from Gibeah. There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. (NET)

1. Beginning, place and length of Abijah’s reign.

2. Maternal parentage.

B. 2 Chronicles 13:3-12, Abijah launched the attack with 400,000 well-trained warriors, while Jeroboam deployed against him 800,000 well-trained warriors. Abijah ascended Mount Zemaraim, in the Ephraimite hill country, and said: “Listen to me, Jeroboam and all Israel! Don’t you realize that the Lord God of Israel has given David and his dynasty lasting dominion over Israel by a formal agreement? Jeroboam son of Nebat, a servant of Solomon son of David, rose up and rebelled against his master. Lawless good-for-nothing men gathered around him and conspired against Rehoboam son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was an inexperienced young man and could not resist them. Now you are declaring that you will resist the Lord’s rule through the Davidic dynasty. You have a huge army, and bring with you the gold calves that Jeroboam made for you as gods. But you banished the Lord’s priests, Aaron’s descendants, and the Levites, and appointed your own priests just as the surrounding nations do!



Anyone who comes to consecrate himself with a young bull or seven rams becomes a priest of these fake gods! But as for us, the Lord is our God and we have not rejected him. Aaron’s descendants serve as the Lord’s priests and the Levites assist them with the work. They offer burnt sacrifices to the Lord every morning and every evening, along with fragrant incense. They arrange the Bread of the Presence on a ritually clean table and light the lamps on the gold lampstand every evening. Certainly we are observing the Lord our God’s regulations, but you have rejected him. Now look, God is with us as our leader. His priests are ready to blow the trumpets to signal the attack against you. You Israelites, don’t fight against the Lord God of your ancestors, for you will not win!” (NET)

1. Abijah’s speech.

C. 2 Chronicles 13:13-19, Now Jeroboam had sent some men to ambush the Judahite army from behind. The main army was in front of the Judahite army; the ambushers were behind it. The men of Judah turned around and realized they were being attacked from the front and the rear. So they cried out for help to the Lord. The priests blew their trumpets, and the men of Judah gave the battle cry. As the men of Judah gave the battle cry, the Lord struck down Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. The Israelites fled from before the Judahite army, and God handed them over to the men of Judah. Abijah and his army thoroughly defeated them; 500,000 well-trained Israelite men fell dead. That day the



Israelites were defeated; the men of Judah prevailed because they relied on the Lord God of their ancestors.Abijah chased Jeroboam; he seized from him these cities: Bethel and its surrounding towns, Jeshanah and its surrounding towns, and Ephron and its surrounding towns. (NET)

1. Report of the battle.

D. 2 Chronicles 13:20-21, Jeroboam did not regain power during the reign of Abijah. The Lord struck him down and he died. Abijah’s power grew; he had fourteen wives and fathered twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters. (NET)

1. Results of the battle.

E. 2 Chronicles 13:22, The rest of the events of Abijah’s reign, including his deeds and sayings, are recorded in the writings of the prophet Iddo. (NET)

1. Other events of Abijah’s reign written by Iddo the prophet.

Commentary:

Vast Armies Confront Each Other 2 Chronicles 13:1, In the eighteenth year of the reign of King Jeroboam, Abijah became king over Judah. (NET) I. In the eighteenth (18th) year of the reign of Jeroboam, . . .



A. Jeroboam had completed seventeen (17) years as king, The Pulpit Commentary states.

II. Abijah became king of Judah, . . .

A. Abijah is also designated Abijam and Abia (in the New Testament).

1. Abijah (the Lord is my Father) was a king of Judah and son of Rehoboam and Maacah, the granddaughter of Absalom. (Youngblood)

a. 2 Chronicles 11:20, 22, He later married Maacah the daughter of Absalom. She bore to him Abijah, Attai, Ziza, and Shelomith. Rehoboam appointed Abijah son of Maacah as the leader over his brothers, for he intended to name him his successor. (NET)

2. Abijam (the sea is my father) is the same person as Abijah above. (Youngblood)

3. Abi, a form of Abijam is specified as an ancestor of Jesus Christ in the KJV. (Youngblood)

a. Matthew 1:7, Solomon the father of Rehoboam, Rehoboam the father of Abijah, Abijah the father of Asa, (NET)

2 Chronicles 13:2, He ruled for three years in Jerusalem. His mother was Michaiah, the daughter of Uriel from Gibeah. There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. (NET)



I. and he reigned in Jerusalem three years. II. His mother’s name was Maacah (Michaiah), a daughter of Uriel of Gibeah.

A. Maacah was the favorite wife of Rehoboam and mother of Abijah. (Youngblood)

1. Maacah was a strong-willed woman who maintained her position as queen mother until her grandson Asa removed her from that position. (Youngblood)

a. 1 Kings 15:8, Abijah passed away and was buried in the City of David. His son Asa replaced him as king. (NET)

b. 2 Chronicles 14:1, King Hiram of Tyre sent messengers to David, along with cedar logs, stonemasons, and carpenters to build a palace for him. (NET)

2. Maacah fell from favor “because she had made an obscene image of Ashrah (a Canaanite goddess).” (Youngblood)

a. 1 Kings 15:13, He also removed Maacah his grandmother from her position as queen mother because she had made a loathsome Asherah pole. Asa cut down her Asherah pole and burned it in the Kidron Valley. (NET)



b. 2 Chronicles 15:16, King Asa also removed Maacah his grandmother from her position as queen mother because she had made a loathsome Asherah pole. Asa cut down her Asherah pole and crushed and burned it in the Kidron Valley. (NET)

B. Uriel (God is my light), was father of Maacah, and a resident of Gibeah (hill with a round top). (Youngblood)

1. There were several Gibeahs.

2. The exact location of this particular Gibeah is not known with certainty.

C. “Maacah,” daughter of Absalom” (Abishalom) is the reading of 1 Kings 15:2, He ruled for three years in Jerusalem. His mother was Maacah, the daughter of Abishalom. (NET)

1. The word “daughter” stands for “granddaughter”. (The Pulpit Commentary)

2. “Thus, the father of Maacah was Uriel of Gibeah, and her mother Tamar, daughter of Absalom,” The Pulpit Commentary reads.

III. There was war between Abijah and Jeroboam. 2 Chronicles 13:3, Abijah launched the attack with 400,000 well-trained warriors, while Jeroboam deployed against him 800,000 well-trained warriors. (NET)



I. Abijah went into battle with a force of four-hundred thousand (400,000) able fighting men, and . . .

A. These huge numbers of soldiers, (400,000) for Rehoboam and (800,000) for Jeroboam, may be considered a hyperbole, a figure of speech involving exaggeration, or, as Coffman wrote, a thousand could be a military unit consisting of less than a thousand soldiers, four-hundred (400) units against eight-hundred (800) units.

1. Of course, these numbers could be correct and taken literally, which is Coffman’s position.

2. “Jeroboam’s army outnumbered Abijah’s two to one,” and this is the main point here, Coffman wrote.

3. Clarke was of the opinion that the numbers should be 40,000 for Abijah and 80,000 for Jeroboam and 5,000 for Jeroboam slain due to the inadvertent addition of a zero in each attributable to scribal errors.

4. The Pulpit Commentary reads, “At present the numbers (as shown in the text) can be shown to be consistent with other numbers, such as the entire man-population and this seems the best that can be said in support of them.”

a. 1 Chronicles 21:5, Joab reported to David the number of warriors. In all Israel there were 1,100,000 sword-wielding soldiers; Judah alone had 470,000 sword-wielding soldiers. (NET)



b. 1 Chronicles 11:13-17, He was with David in Pas Dammim when the Philistines assembled there for battle. In an area of the field that was full of barley, the army retreated before the Philistines, but then they made a stand in the middle of that area. They defended it and defeated the Philistines; the Lord gave them a great victory. Three of the thirty leaders went down to David at the rocky cliff at the cave of Adullam, while a Philistine force was camped in the Valley of Rephaim. David was in the stronghold at the time, while a Philistine garrison was in Bethlehem. David was thirsty and said, “How I wish someone would give me some water to drink from the cistern in Bethlehem near the city gate!” (NET)

II. Jeroboam drew up a battle line against him with eight-hundred thousand (800,000) able troops.

Abijah’s Address Before the Army of Jeroboam 2 Chronicles 13:4, Abijah ascended Mount Zemaraim, in the Ephraimite hill country, and said: “Listen to me, Jeroboam and all Israel! (NET) I. Abijah stood on Mount Zermaraim, in the hill country of Ephraim, and said, . . .

A. “By penetrating that far into Israel’s territory, Abijah had made a very stupid move, giving Jeroboam the opportunity



to surround him and cut him off from retreat,” Coffman wrote.

1. “Abijah’s victory was solely due to God’s intervention,” Coffman stated.

B. Hicks notes, that Mount Zermaraim was located in the original territory of Benjamin next to Ephraim.

1. At this point Jeroboam was on the defensive as Abijah invades the territory.

2. Mount Zemaraim is mentioned nowhere else in the Bible and may have been located between the Jordan Valley and Bethel.

3. Joshua 18:22, Beth Arabah, Zemaraim, Bethel, (NET)

C. Hicks views this speech as an effort by Ahijah to bring about a reconciliation between north and south on the basis of the Davidic dynasty, Jerusalem as the city where God had placed his Name and worship at the temple according to the commandments of God in the Torah.

1. Abijah is calling for the north to return to God and to God’s way.

II. “Jeroboam and all Israel, listen to me!”

A. The question naturally arises, “How could eight-hundred thousand (800,000) people, without amplification, hear Abijah’s speech.



1. Perhaps all could not hear his speech, but those who heard were affected by this masterful technique of psychological warfare.

2. Those who heard surely passed the message and their fear on to others in Jeroboam’s army.

B. All speakers first seek the attention of their listeners and that is what Abijah did here.

1. “Abijah was probably engaging in the ancient art of “flyting” where hostiles trade insults in order to provoke the other,” Hicks wrote.

2 Chronicles 13:5, Don’t you realize that the Lord God of Israel has given David and his dynasty lasting dominion over Israel by a formal agreement? (NET) I. Don’t you know that the Lord, the God of Israel, has given the kingship of Israel to David and his descendants forever . . .

A. Abijah urges the northern tribes to return to following David’s kingly successors as the way to reunite the country.

B. This speech was marvelously designed and delivered to the enemy troops as a masterful example of psychological warfare which evidently had a significant positive effect on4 Judah and a significant negative effect on Israel.

1. Abijah pointed out how right he was and how wrong Jeroboam was, but Abijah failed to mention his and Judah’s faults.



C. Without mentioning the condition upon which God promised the kingship to David and his descendants forever, Abijah spoke what served his purposes.

1. 2 Samuel 7:13-16, He will build a house for my name, and I will make his dynasty permanent. I will become his father and he will become my son. When he sins, I will correct him with the rod of men and with wounds inflicted by human beings. But my loyal love will not be removed from him as I removed it from Saul, whom I removed from before you. Your house and your kingdom will stand before me permanently; your dynasty will be permanent.’” (NET)

2. 2 Chronicles 6:16, Now, O Lord God of Israel, keep the promise you made to your servant, my father David, when you said, ‘You will never fail to have a successor ruling before me on the throne of Israel, provided that your descendants watch their step and obey my law as you have done.’ (NET)

3. 1 Kings 8:25, Now, O Lord, God of Israel, keep the promise you made to your servant, my father David, when you said, ‘You will never fail to have a successor ruling before me on the throne of Israel, provided that your descendants watch their step and serve me as you have done.’ (NET)



4. Psalm 89:28-37, I will always extend my loyal love to him, and my covenant with him is secure. I will give him an eternal dynasty, and make his throne as enduring as the skies above. If his sons reject my law and disobey my regulations, if they break my rules and do not keep my commandments, I will punish their rebellion by beating them with a club, their sin by inflicting them with bruises. But I will not remove my loyal love from him, nor be unfaithful to my promise. I will not break my covenant or go back on what I promised. Once and for all I have vowed by my own holiness, I will never deceive David. His dynasty will last forever. His throne will endure before me, like the sun, it will remain stable, like the moon, his throne will endure like the skies.” (Selah) (NET)

5. Psalm 132:12, If your sons keep my covenant and the rules I teach them, their sons will also sit on your throne forever.” (NET)

II. by a covenant of salt?

A. “A covenant of salt” is a metaphor for a binding and immutable obligation, an eternal commitment, a solemn unbreakable covenant.

1. Leviticus 2:13, Moreover, you must season every one of your grain offerings with salt; you must not allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be missing from your grain offering—on



every one of your grain offerings you must present salt. (NET)

2. Numbers 18:19, All the raised offerings of the holy things that the Israelites offer to the Lord, I have given to you, and to your sons and daughters with you, as a perpetual ordinance. It is a covenant of salt forever before the Lord for you and for your descendants with you.” (NET)

3. Ezekiel 43:24, You will present them before the Lord, and the priests will scatter salt on them and offer them up as a burnt offering to the Lord. (NET)

4. The Targum via Clarke reads, “For as the waters of the sea never grow sweet, neither shall the dominion depart from the house of David.”

2 Chronicles 13:6, Jeroboam son of Nebat, a servant of Solomon son of David, rose up and rebelled against his master. (NET) I. Yet Jeroboam son of Nebat, an official of Solomon son of David, . . .

A. “Jeroboam I first appears in the biblical record as Solomon’s servant: “the officer over all the labor force of the house of Joseph.” (1 Kings 11:28) (Youngblood)

B. “Ahijah the Shilonite told Jeroboam the Kingdom would divide and that Jeroboam would be king over ten (10) tribes.” (Youngblood)



C. Solomon heard of this prophecy and set about to kill him. Jeroboam fled to Egypt, where he was granted political asylum by Shishak I, the king of Egypt.” (Youngblood)

D. Jeroboam remained in Egypt until after the death of Solomon.

II. rebelled against his master. 2 Chronicles 13:7, Lawless good-for-nothing men gathered around him and conspired against Rehoboam son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was an inexperienced young man and could not resist them. (NET) I. Some worthless scoundrels gathered around him and opposed Rehoboam son of Solomon . . .

A. The people who gathered around Jeroboam are said in the AKJV to be “vain (empty) men, the children of Beliel”, (people without profit).

1. “Children of Beliel (were) men of the most abandoned principles and characters; or men without consideration, education, or brains,” Clarke wrote.

II. when he was young and indecisive and not strong enough to resist them.

A. Abijah misrepresented the situation as Rehoboam was forty-one (41) years of age when he became king. (See Coffman.)



1. Evidently Rehoboam was ignorant, inexperienced and unstable even though he was forty-one (41) years of age when he became king.

2. 2 Chronicles 12:13, King Rehoboam solidified his rule in Jerusalem; he was forty-one years old when he became king and he ruled for seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city the Lord chose from all the tribes of Israel to be his home. Rehoboam’s mother was an Ammonite named Naamah. (NET)

3. The falsehood was Abijah’s.

a. The Chronicler recorded the speech as delivered, Coffman observed.

B. Otherwise Abijah spoke the truth as all who heard him well knew!

1. Abijah was a wicked person, but he spoke significant truth generally known by all.

a. 1 Kings 15:3, He followed all the sinful practices of his father before him. He was not wholeheartedly devoted to the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had been. (NET)

C. Clarke took the position that “young and indecisive and not strong enough to resist them” to mean that Rehoboam was much younger than forty-one (41) when he became king.



2 Chronicles 13:8, Now you are declaring that you will resist the Lord’s rule through the Davidic dynasty. You have a huge army, and bring with you the gold calves that Jeroboam made for you as gods. (NET) I. And now you plan to resist the kingdom of the Lord, . . . II. which is in the hands of David’s descendants. III. You are indeed a vast army and . . .

A. “Your big army won’t save you,” Abijah told Jeroboam. IV. have with you the golden calves that Jeroboam made to be your gods.

A. Jeroboam’s army had brought along to battle their idolatrous golden calves, their “gods”.

1. These “gods” were of no help in Jeroboam’s war with Abijah.

B. “Your fancy idols won’t save you,” Abijah told Jeroboam.

2 Chronicles 13:9, But you banished the Lord’s priests, Aaron’s descendants, and the Levites, and appointed your own priests just as the surrounding nations do! Anyone who comes to consecrate himself with a young bull or seven rams becomes a priest of these fake gods! (NET) I. But didn’t you drive out the priests of the Lord, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, . . .



A. Abijah urges the northern tribes to return to following God’s ordained priests, and to worship in Jerusalem at God’s temple.

B. “Because you rejected God’s ordained priests and anointed totally unqualified priests, God will defeat you,” Abijah told Jeroboam.

II. and make priests of your own as the peoples of other lands do? III. Whoever comes to consecrate himself with a young bull and seven (7) rams may become a priest . . .

A. Anyone who could provide the animals for his consecration could become a priest in Jeroboam’s domain.

B. Some understand that anyone who could give a young bull and seven (7) rams to Jeroboam was accepted as a priest.

1. Clarke considered [A] above as the more likely correct meaning of this passage.

C. Jeroboam’s requirements of priestly candidates were greater than the Mosaic requirements.

1. Exodus 29:1, 15, 29, “Now this is what you are to do for them to consecrate them so that they may minister as my priests. Take a young bull and two rams without blemish; “You are to take one ram, and Aaron and his sons are to lay their hands on the ram’s head, “The holy garments



that belong to Aaron are to belong to his sons after him, so that they may be anointed in them and consecrated in them. (NET)

2. Leviticus 8:2, “Take Aaron and his sons with him, and the garments, the anointing oil, the sin offering bull, the two rams, and the basket of unleavened bread, (NET)

IV. of what are not gods.

A. Israel was no true people, had no true priests and had no gods at all, Abijah declared.

2 Chronicles 13:10, But as for us, the Lord is our God and we have not rejected him. Aaron’s descendants serve as the Lord’s priests and the Levites assist them with the work. (NET) I. As for us, . . . II. the Lord is our God, . . .

A. “We, Abijah said, have not abandoned the Lord; and we will serve him according to his own law,” Clarke wrote.

1. The Pulpit Commentary states, “The professions summarized in these two verses (vs. 10, 11) were confessedly formally true of the king and priest and nation, although Abijah and kingdom certainly did not carry a clean conscience in them.”



a. Matthew 15:8, ‘This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me, (NET)

b. 1 Samuel 15:22, 23, Then Samuel said, “Does the Lord take pleasure in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as he does in obedience? Certainly, obedience is better than sacrifice; paying attention is better than the fat of rams. For rebellion is like the sin of divination, and presumption is like the evil of idolatry. Because you have rejected the word of the Lord, he has rejected you as king.” (NET)

c. Isaiah 1:11, 16, 19, “Of what importance to me are your many sacrifices?” says the Lord. “I am stuffed with burnt sacrifices of rams and the fat from steers. The blood of bulls, lambs, and goats I do not want. Wash! Cleanse yourselves! Remove your sinful deeds from my sight. Stop sinning! If you have a willing attitude and obey, then you will again eat the good crops of the land. (NET)

2. Abijah was telling Jeroboam, “I’m going to talk about your sins instead of mine.”

III. and we have not forsaken him. IV. The priests who serve the Lord are sons of Aaron, and the Levites assist them.



A. This was as it should be and was in keeping with the Mosaic law.

1. Exodus 30:7, Aaron is to burn sweet incense on it morning by morning; when he attends to the lamps he is to burn incense. (NET)

2 Chronicles 13:11, They offer burnt sacrifices to the Lord every morning and every evening, along with fragrant incense. They arrange the Bread of the Presence on a ritually clean table and light the lamps on the gold lampstand every evening. Certainly we are observing the Lord our God’s regulations, but you have rejected him. (NET) I. Every morning and evening they present burnt offerings and fragrant incense to the Lord. II. They set out the bread on the ceremonially clean table and. . .

A. This was the table of Shewbread, the Bread of God’s Presence.

III. light the lamps on the gold lampstand every evening.

A. “Although ten of each of these were made, only one was used, or only one at a time,” The Pulpit Commentary reads.

1. 2 Chronicles 4:8, He made ten tables and set them in the temple, five on the right and five on the left. He also made one hundred gold bowls. (NET)



2. 1 Kings 7:48, Solomon also made all these items for the Lord’s temple: the gold altar, the gold table on which was kept the Bread of the Presence, (NET)

3. 2 Chronicles 29:18, They went to King Hezekiah and said: “We have purified the entire temple of the Lord, including the altar of burnt sacrifice and all its equipment, and the table for the Bread of the Presence and all its equipment. (NET)

IV. We are observing the requirements of the Lord our God.

A. Abijah did worship Jehovah in the stipulated manner.

1. If he had kept the other aspects of God’s will he would have been a tremendous power for good!

B. We may claim to worship God in the Scriptural way, observe Biblical instructions as to church organization and teach the “plan of salvation” just right, but do we fail in other ways, like Abijah, to live up to God’s expectations?

1. Can we then with confidence tell the world, “We are right and you are wrong”?

2. . . . or, could it be that we are too much like Abijah?

V. But you have forsaken him.

A. This was certainly correct in regard to Jeroboam.



2 Chronicles 13:12, Now look, God is with us as our leader. His priests are ready to blow the trumpets to signal the attack against you. You Israelites, don’t fight against the Lord God of your ancestors, for you will not win!” (NET) I. God is with us; he is our leader.

A. God is with us, not you (Jeroboam), Abijah insisted.

B. Those who believed this, whether north or south, could not help but be influenced by Abijah’s stirring speech, the north negatively and the south positively.

II. His priests with their trumpets will sound the battle cry against you. III. Men of Israel, do not fight against the Lord, the God of your fathers, . . .

A. 1 Samuel 17:45-47, But David replied to the Philistine, “You are coming against me with sword and spear and javelin. But I am coming against you in the name of the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel’s armies, whom you have defied! This very day the Lord will deliver you into my hand! I will strike you down and cut off your head. This day I will give the corpses of the Philistine army to the birds of the sky and the wild animals of the land. Then all the land will realize that Israel has a God and all this assembly will know that it is not by sword or spear



that the Lord saves! For the battle is the Lord’s, and he will deliver you into our hand.” (NET)

IV. for you will not succeed.” The Battle, Jeroboam’s Defeat and Abijah’s Death

2 Chronicles 13:13, Now Jeroboam had sent some men to ambush the Judahite army from behind. The main army was in front of the Judahite army; the ambushers were behind it. (NET) I. Now Jeroboam had sent troops around to the rear, . . .

A. Hicks noted that the battle report falls into three parts; viz., . . .

1. Jeroboam’s pincer maneuver and Judah’s response.

a. 2 Chronicles 13:13-15a, Now Jeroboam had sent some men to ambush the Judahite army from behind. The main army was in front of the Judahite army; the ambushers were behind it. The men of Judah turned around and realized they were being attacked from the front and the rear. So they cried out for help to the Lord. The priests blew their trumpets, and the men of Judah gave the battle cry. (NET)

2. Judah’s victory.



a. 2 Chronicles 13:15b-18, As the men of Judah gave the battle cry, the Lord struck down Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. The Israelites fled from before the Judahite army, and God handed them over to the men of Judah. Abijah and his army thoroughly defeated them; 500,000 well-trained Israelite men fell dead. That day the Israelites were defeated; the men of Judah prevailed because they relied on the Lord God of their ancestors. (NET)

3. Annexation of additional territories.

a. 2 Chronicles 13:19, Abijah chased Jeroboam; he seized from him these cities: Bethel and its surrounding towns, Jeshanah and its surrounding towns, and Ephron and its surrounding towns. (NET)

B. Jeroboam had no intention of giving up his power and position and submitting to Abijah’s rule.

1. He attached Judah front and rear.

II. so that while he was in front of Judah . . . III. the ambush was behind them.

A. This positioning of forces by Jeroboam and his huge numerical advantage would surely have given the North the victory had God not intervened on the side of Abijah and the South.



2 Chronicles 13:14, The men of Judah turned around and realized they were being attacked from the front and the rear. So they cried out for help to the Lord. The priests blew their trumpets, (NET) I. Judah turned and saw that they were being attacked at both front and rear. II. Then they cried out to the Lord.

A. This is the only use of this expression of lament in the books of 1 and 2 Chronicles. (Hicks)

1. Judah found itself in a very dangerous, precarious position.

2. They were in trouble and cried, s we often do, to the Lord for help.

a. Psalm 34:17, The godly cry out and the Lord hears; he saves them from all their troubles. (NET)

b. Psalm 77:1, I will cry out to God and call for help! I will cry out to God and he will pay attention to me. (NET)

c. Psalm 88:1, O Lord God who delivers me! By day I cry out and at night I pray before you. (NET)



d. Psalm 107:6, 28, They cried out to the Lord in their distress; he delivered them from their troubles. They cried out to the Lord in their distress; he delivered them from their troubles. (NET)

B. The first thing Judah did was to cry out to the Lord.

III. The priests blew their trumpets . . .

A. “The significance of this sacral trumpeting is to announce the presence of the holy God who battles for his people,” Hicks wrote.

1. Johnston via Hicks wrote, “The trumpets announced ‘the arrival of God on the field of battle.’”

B. The second thing Judah did was to have the priests blow their trumpets.

2 Chronicles 13:15, and the men of Judah gave the battle cry. As the men of Judah gave the battle cry, the Lord struck down Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah. (NET) I. and the men of Judah raised the battle cry.

A. The battle was engaged.

1. Hicks again wrote that this “battle description has all the features of a typical “Holy War” prosecuted here on the confidence of the Davidic covenant and God’s temple presence.”



B. The third thing Judah did was to raise the battle cry and engage the enemy in combat.

II. At the sound of their battle cry, . . . III. God routed Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah and Judah.

A. Full credit is given here to God for Judah’s victory.

1. Exactly what military tactics were used by Abijah and Judah are not mentioned. (Hicks)

2. It appears clear that Judah was “fired up” and ready to fight while Israel, following Abijah’s speech, may not have had their “heart in the fight.”

2 Chronicles 13:16, The Israelites fled from before the Judahite army, and God handed them over to the men of Judah. (NET) I. The Israelites fled before Judah, and . . . II. God delivered them into their hands.

A. God came to Judah’s rescue and to him alone credit is due for this victory!

1. Two tribes fought against ten tribes.

2. Judah was surrounded.



3. Four-hundred thousand (400,000) faced eight-hundred thousand (800,000).

B. Thanks be to God!

2 Chronicles 13:17, Abijah and his army thoroughly defeated them; 500,000 well-trained Israelite men fell dead. (NET) I. Abijah and his men inflicted heavy losses on them, . . . II. so that there were five-hundred thousand casualties among Israel’s able men.

A. Hicks regards this number and the numbers of soldiers north and south as excessive, hyperbolic and observed that the total casualties suffered by the United States in World War II were less than five-hundred thousand (500,000).

1. The Pulpit Commentary concluded, “ . . . the alleged numbers of our present text are, in our opinion, incredibly enormous.”

B. The question naturally arises, but is not answered, “How many casualties did Judah sustain?”

2 Chronicles 13:18, That day the Israelites were defeated; the men of Judah prevailed because they relied on the Lord God of their ancestors. (NET) I. The men of Israel were subdued on that occasion, . . .



A. because they had forsaken God and had turned to following false gods.

1. 2 Chronicles 7:14, if my people, who belong to me, humble themselves, pray, seek to please me, and repudiate their sinful practices, then I will respond from heaven, forgive their sin, and heal their land. (NET)

B. Israel could have humbled itself and been blessed, but this did not happen and the devastating results followed.

1. Others humbled themselves and were blessed. (Hicks)

a. Rehoboam

i. 2 Chronicles 12:6-7, The leaders of Israel and the king humbled themselves and said, “The Lord is just.” When the Lord saw that they humbled themselves, he gave this message to Shemaiah: “They have humbled themselves, so I will not destroy them. I will deliver them soon. My anger will not be unleashed against Jerusalem through Shishak. (NET)

b. Manasseh

i. 2 Chronicles 33:12, 19, 23, In his pain Manasseh asked the Lord his God for mercy and truly humbled himself before



the God of his ancestors. The Annals of the Prophets include his prayer, give an account of how the Lord responded to it, record all his sins and unfaithful acts, and identify the sites where he built high places and erected Asherah poles and idols before he humbled himself. He did not humble himself before the Lord as his father Manasseh had done. Amon was guilty of great sin. (NET)

c. Future Israel

i. 2 Chronicles 30:11, But some men from Asher, Manasseh, and Zebulun humbled themselves and came to Jerusalem. (NET)

2. 2 Chronicles 7:14-22, if my people, who belong to me, humble themselves, pray, seek to please me, and repudiate their sinful practices, then I will respond from heaven, forgive their sin, and heal their land. Now I will be attentive and responsive to the prayers offered in this place. Now I have chosen and consecrated this temple by making it my permanent home; I will be constantly present there. You must serve me as your father David did. Do everything I commanded and obey my rules and regulations. Then I will establish your dynasty, just as I promised your father David, ‘You will not fail to have a successor ruling over Israel.’ “But if you people ever turn away from me, fail to obey the



regulations and rules I instructed you to keep, and decide to serve and worship other gods, then I will remove you from my land I have given you, I will abandon this temple I have consecrated with my presence, and I will make you an object of mockery and ridicule among all the nations. As for this temple, which was once majestic, everyone who passes by it will be shocked and say, ‘Why did the Lord do this to this land and this temple?’ Others will then answer, ‘Because they abandoned the Lord God of their ancestors, who led them out of Egypt. They embraced other gods whom they worshiped and served. That is why he brought all this disaster down on them.’” (NET)

II. and the men of Judah were victorious because they relied on the Lord, the God of their fathers.

A. 2 Chronicles 14:11, Asa prayed to the Lord his God: “O Lord, there is no one but you who can help the weak when they are vastly outnumbered. Help us, O Lord our God, for we rely on you and have marched on your behalf against this huge army. O Lord our God, don’t let men prevail against you!” (NET)

B. 2 Chronicles 16:7, 8, At that time Hanani the prophet visited King Asa of Judah and said to him: “Because you relied on the king of Syria and did not rely on the Lord your God, the army of the king of Syria has escaped from your hand. 8 Did not the Cushites and Libyans have a huge army with chariots and a very large number of horsemen? But when you



relied on the Lord, he handed them over to you! (NET)

C. Hicks concluded, “The message for postexilic Judah is to humble itself, seek the face of the Lord, and turn from their evil ways. In response, God will prosper them just as he prospered Judah.”

2 Chronicles 13:19, Abijah chased Jeroboam; he seized from him these cities: Bethel and its surrounding towns, Jeshanah and its surrounding towns, and Ephron and its surrounding towns. (NET) I. Abijah pursued Jeroboam and took from him the towns of . . .

A. By way of this major victory, Abijah was able to “annex some Benjamite territory north of Jerusalem.” (Hicks)

II. Bethel, Jeshanah and Ephron, with their surrounding villages. A. Bethel

1. “Bethel was a cultic center for Jeroboam’s apostate religion.” (Hicks)

a. 1 Kings 12:28-29, After the king had consulted with his advisers, he made two golden calves. Then he said to the people, “It is too much trouble for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look, Israel, here are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.” He put one in Bethel and the other in Dan. (NET)



2. “This battle relates to a border dispute which disagreements continued through the history of the divided monarchy,” Hicks wrote.

B. Jeshanah

1. Jeshanah was a city in the hill country of Ephraim located about four (4) miles north of Bethel. (See Youngblood.)

C. Ephron (Ephrain, Ephraim)

1. Ephron was a ridge of mountains between Nephtoah and Kiriath Jearim on the boundary between Benjamin and Judah.

2. Ephron (NIV), Ephrain (NRSV), Ephraim (AKJV) was a city near Bethel.

2 Chronicles 13:20, Jeroboam did not regain power during the reign of Abijah. The Lord struck him down and he died. (NET) I. Jeroboam did not regain power during the time of Abijah.

A. Jeroboam lost the battle, territory, power and then died.

B. “God ultimately rejected the dynasty of Jeroboam,” Hicks observed.

1. 1 Kings 14:7-11, Go, tell Jeroboam, ‘This is what the Lord God of Israel says: “I raised you



up from among the people and made you ruler over my people Israel. I tore the kingdom away from the Davidic dynasty and gave it to you. But you are not like my servant David, who kept my commandments and followed me wholeheartedly by doing only what I approve. You have sinned more than all who came before you. You went and angered me by making other gods, formed out of metal; you have completely disregarded me. So I am ready to bring disaster on the dynasty of Jeroboam. I will cut off every last male belonging to Jeroboam in Israel, including even the weak and incapacitated. I will burn up the dynasty of Jeroboam, just as one burns manure until it is completely consumed. Dogs will eat the members of your family who die in the city, and the birds of the sky will eat the ones who die in the country.”’ Indeed, the Lord has announced it! (NET)

II. And the Lord struck him (Jeroboam) down and he died.

A. However, Jeroboam outlived Abijah, dying the year after Abijah in 909 B.C. (Hicks)

1. 1 Kings 14:20, Jeroboam ruled for twenty-two years; then he passed away. His son Nadab replaced him as king. (NET)

2. 1 Kings 15:9, 25, In the twentieth year of Jeroboam’s reign over Israel, Asa became the king of Judah. In the second year of Asa’s reign over Judah, Jeroboam’s son Nadab became the



king of Israel; he ruled Israel for two years. (NET)

B. Clarke suggested that God struck Jeroboam with a disease at this time and that he suffered from this disease for two years before expiring.

C. Clarke concluded tht Jeroboam outlived Abijah by two (2) years and expired in the second year of Asa’s reign.

D. God through Ahijah had prophesied evil for the house of Jeroboam.

1. 1 Kings 14:1-20, At that time Jeroboam’s son Abijah became sick. Jeroboam told his wife, “Disguise yourself so that people cannot recognize you are Jeroboam’s wife. Then go to Shiloh; Ahijah the prophet, who told me I would rule over this nation, lives there. Take ten loaves of bread, some small cakes, and a container of honey and visit him. He will tell you what will happen to the boy.” Jeroboam’s wife did as she was told. She went to Shiloh and visited Ahijah. Now Ahijah could not see; he had lost his eyesight in his old age. But the Lord had told Ahijah, “Look, Jeroboam’s wife is coming to find out from you what will happen to her son, for he is sick. Tell her so-and-so. When she comes, she will be in a disguise.” When Ahijah heard the sound of her footsteps as she came through the door, he said, “Come on in, wife of Jeroboam! Why are you pretending to be someone else? I have been commissioned to give you bad news.



Go, tell Jeroboam, ‘This is what the Lord God of Israel says: “I raised you up from among the people and made you ruler over my people Israel. I tore the kingdom away from the Davidic dynasty and gave it to you. But you are not like my servant David, who kept my commandments and followed me wholeheartedly by doing only what I approve. You have sinned more than all who came before you. You went and angered me by making other gods, formed out of metal; you have completely disregarded me. So I am ready to bring disaster on the dynasty of Jeroboam. I will cut off every last male belonging to Jeroboam in Israel, including even the weak and incapacitated. I will burn up the dynasty of Jeroboam, just as one burns manure until it is completely consumed. Dogs will eat the members of your family who die in the city, and the birds of the sky will eat the ones who die in the country.”’ Indeed, the Lord has announced it! “As for you, get up and go home. When you set foot in the city, the boy will die. All Israel will mourn him and bury him. He is the only one in Jeroboam’s family who will receive a decent burial, for he is the only one in whom the Lord God of Israel found anything good. The Lord will raise up a king over Israel who will cut off Jeroboam’s dynasty. It is ready to happen! The Lord will attack Israel, making it like a reed that sways in the water. He will remove Israel from this good land he gave to their ancestors and scatter them beyond the Euphrates River, because they angered the Lord by making



Asherah poles. He will hand Israel over to their enemies because of the sins which Jeroboam committed and which he made Israel commit.” So Jeroboam’s wife got up and went back to Tirzah. As she crossed the threshold of the house, the boy died. All Israel buried him and mourned for him, just as the Lord had predicted through his servant the prophet Ahijah. The rest of the events of Jeroboam’s reign, including the details of his battles and rule, are recorded in the scroll called the Annals of the Kings of Israel. Jeroboam ruled for twenty-two years; then he passed away. His son Nadab replaced him as king. (NET)

2 Chronicles 13:21, Abijah’s power grew; he had fourteen wives and fathered twenty-two sons and sixteen daughters. (NET) I. But Abijah grew in strength, (waxed mighty, waxed fat and wanton).

A. Prior to their deaths, Abijah prospered while Jeroboam languished. (See Hicks.)

B. Deuteronomy 17:17, Furthermore, he must not marry many wives lest his affections turn aside, and he must not accumulate much silver and gold. (NET)

II. He married fourteen (14) wives and had twenty-two (22 sons and sixteen (16) daughters.



A. Abijah seems to have followed in the steps of his father and grandfather in regard to his relationships with women.

2 Chronicles 13:22, The rest of the events of Abijah’s reign, including his deeds and sayings, are recorded in the writings of the prophet Iddo. (NET) I. The other events of Abijah’s reign, what he did and what he said, . . . II. are written in the annotations of the prophet Iddo.

A. Annotations are notes added by way of comment or explanation.

1. 2 Chronicles 9:29, The rest of the events of Solomon’s reign, from start to finish, are recorded in the Annals of Nathan the Prophet, the Prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and the Vision of Iddo the Seer pertaining to Jeroboam son of Nebat. (NET)

2. 2 Chronicles 12:15, The events of Rehoboam’s reign, from start to finish, are recorded in the Annals of Shemaiah the prophet and of Iddo the Seer that include genealogical records. (NET)

B. “The commentary of the prophet Iddo is lost (to history),” Clarke wrote.



Conclusion: I. God seeks those who seek him and forsakes those who forsake him. (Hicks)

A. 1 Chronicles 28:8-9, So now, in the sight of all Israel, the Lord’s assembly, and in the hearing of our God, I say this: Carefully observe all the commands of the Lord your God, so that you may possess this good land and may leave it as a permanent inheritance for your children after you. “And you, Solomon my son, obey the God of your father and serve him with a submissive attitude and a willing spirit, for the Lord examines all minds and understands every motive of one’s thoughts. If you seek him, he will let you find him, but if you abandon him, he will reject you permanently. (NET)

B. 2 Chronicles 12:5, Shemaiah the prophet visited Rehoboam and the leaders of Judah who were assembled in Jerusalem because of Shishak. He said to them, “This is what the Lord says: ‘You have rejected me, so I have rejected you and will hand you over to Shishak.’” (NET)

C. 2 Chronicles 15:2, He met Asa and told him, “Listen to me, Asa and all Judah and Benjamin! The Lord is with you when you are loyal to him. If you seek him, he will respond to you, but if you reject him, he will reject you. (NET)

D. 2 Chronicles 20:20, Early the next morning they marched out to the Desert of Tekoa. When they were



ready to march, Jehoshaphat stood up and said: “Listen to me, you people of Judah and residents of Jerusalem! Trust in the Lord your God and you will be safe! Trust in the message of his prophets and you will win.” (NET)

E. 2 Chronicles 7:13-22, When I close up the sky so that it doesn’t rain, or command locusts to devour the land’s vegetation, or send a plague among my people, if my people, who belong to me, humble themselves, pray, seek to please me, and repudiate their sinful practices, then I will respond from heaven, forgive their sin, and heal their land. Now I will be attentive and responsive to the prayers offered in this place. Now I have chosen and consecrated this temple by making it my permanent home; I will be constantly present there. You must serve me as your father David did. Do everything I commanded and obey my rules and regulations. Then I will establish your dynasty, just as I promised your father David, ‘You will not fail to have a successor ruling over Israel.’ “But if you people ever turn away from me, fail to obey the regulations and rules I instructed you to keep, and decide to serve and worship other gods, then I will remove you from my land I have given you, I will abandon this temple I have consecrated with my presence, and I will make you an object of mockery and ridicule among all the nations. As for this temple, which was once majestic, everyone who passes by it will be shocked and say, ‘Why did the Lord do this to this land and this temple?’ Others will then answer, ‘Because they abandoned the Lord God of their ancestors, who led



them out of Egypt. They embraced other gods whom they worshiped and served. That is why he brought all this disaster down on them.’” (NET)

II. 2 Chronicles 14:1a, And Abijah rested with his fathers and was buried in the City of David.



Questions

on

2 Chronicles 13:1-22 1. Both Abijah and Jeroboam were very evil people. Why did God give Abijah the victory on this occasion? ____________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Biographical accounts of various kings given in 2 Chronicles often include what facts? ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How can 2 Chronicles 13 be outlined? ____________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Clarify Abijah’s lineage. Exactly who was Maacah, her father, grandfather, etc.? What happened to Maacah? ______________



_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How big was Jeroboam’s army? How big was Abijah’s army? How many casualties did Jeroboam’s army sustain? How many casualties did Abijah’s army sustain? _______________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Abijah made a stirring speech on Mount Zemaraim. What were the main points of this speech? What were the effects of this speech? ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Was Abijah’s speech accurate, fair and unbiased?___________ Explain your answer. ___________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



8. While Abijah was talking, what was Jeroboam doing? _______ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What was the main point of Abijah’s speech? ______________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. How did Jeroboam rebel against his master, Solomon? _____ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What did Judah do when attacked front and rear? _________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What effect did these procedures/actions have on Judah? . . . on Israel? ____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Why were Abijah and Judah victorious on this occasion? If they had been fearful and hesitant to fight, would they still have won? What lesson do we learn from these events? ___________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. In addition to inflicting heavy losses on Israel, Abijah took from Jeroboam the towns of ______________, ______________ and ______________. Hicks wrote, “This ______________ relates to a ____________ ____________ which _____________ continued through the ______________ of the ______________ ______________.” 15. Give the history of Bethel as it pertains to Jeroboam. ______ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16. “______________ did not regain ______________ during the time of ______________. ______________ ______________ the ______________, ______________, ______________ and then ____________. “____________ ultimately ____________ the ______________ of ______________,” Hicks wrote.



17. When did God strike Jeroboam down and when did he die? When did Abijah die in relation to Jeroboam? ________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18. ____________ grew in ____________, (waxed ___________, waxed ______________ and ______________). 19. Define “annotations”. Who was Iddo? Tell all you can about him. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. ______________ ______________ with his ______________ and was ____________ in the ____________ of _____________.


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