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TOGAINHANDS-ONEXPERIENCERELATEDTO
WORKINGWITHINDIVIDUALSSTRUGGLINGWITH
MENTALHEALTHISSUES... These are some volunteering opportunities to
explore during the semester:
Institute of Mental Health:
https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=539 Singapore Mental Health Association:
http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/
Not required, but encouraged
https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=539http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/http://www.samhealth.org.sg/volunteers/https://www.imh.com.sg/form.aspx?id=463&ekfrm=5398/10/2019 Abn Psych Lecture 1_s1
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Lecture 1
An Introduction to Abnormal Psychology: Historical
and Modern Perspectives
2013
PearsonEducation,I
nc.All
rightsreserved.
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NORMALVS. ABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Being different
Individuals possessing abilities that distinguish
them from the general public
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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NORMALVS. ABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Deviant behavior
Behaviors straying from societal normsor
standards
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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DEFINITIONOFABNORMALBEHAVIOR
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
AbnormalBehavior
Emotional
Distress
Interferes with
daily
functioning
Inconsistent
with societal
norms
Inconsistent
with cultural
norms
Inconsistent
with
developmental
norms
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DEFINITIONOFABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Behavior that is inconsistent with the
individuals developmental, cultural, and
societal norms; creates significant emotional
distress; and/or interferes with daily
functioning.
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RESEARCHHOT TOPIC: APPROACHES
TOABNORMALBEHAVIOR
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Do you meet diagnostic criteria
or not?
Things to consider:-Just as people are different and
unique, so are symptoms
-At what point is enough
enough regarding onessymptoms?
Abnormal behavior is
constantly changing
Things to consider:-Abnormal behavior can be
placed on a continuum
-Incorporates quantitative
criteria versus an all ornothingway of thinking
Categorical vs. Dimensional
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FACTORSTOCONSIDERWHEN
ADDRESSINGABNORMALBEHAVIOR
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Personal
characteristics,
such as sex, race,or ethnicity
Age
Socioeconomic
status (SES)
Education levelBiological
changes
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HISTORYANDABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Ancient Theories
-Ancient cultures, such as ancient Egypt,
believed that spirits control aspects of a persons
behavior.
-Treatment
-Trephination
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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HISTORYANDABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Classical Greek and RomanViews-Hippocrates (460377 BC), father ofmedicine
- Identified the followingpsychological symptoms: hallucinations,delusions, melancholia, hysteria, and
mania- Environmental factors, physical
factors, and four humours (yellowbile, black bile, blood, phlegm)
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HISTORYANDABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Middle Ages through the
Renaissance
-Influence of the Roman Catholic Church-Abnormal behavior = work of the devil/
witchcraft
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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HISTORY AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Renaissance period (14thto 17thcentury):
Enlightenment by
Johann WeyerDutch physician
ParacelsusSwiss physician
16thcentury
Emergence of asylums
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HISTORYANDABNORMALBEHAVIOR
Nineteenth Centurymoral treatment
characterized by:
-The removal of patients from warehouseasylums into specializedfacilities devoted to the care and treatment of the mentally ill
-More humane method of treatment
-Use of respect, kindness, religion, and vocation
-Key founders: Philippe Pinel, William Tuke, Benjamin Rush,Dorothea Dix
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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HISTORY AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
Animal magnetism
Demonstrated the power of placebo effect
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HISTORY AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Work of Emil Kraepelin
(1856-1926), German
psychiatrist
Developed a classification
system for mental disorders
Identified Dementia praecox
modern day schizophrenia
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2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contemporary Views of
Abnormal Behavior andTreatment
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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS
Psychoanalysis
- Founder: Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939)
- Three regions of the mind: id, ego,
and superego
- Defense mechanisms
- E.g., denial, sublimation, projection,rationalization, repression
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Psychoanalysis
- Psychosexual stages of
development
- Treatment strategies: dreamanalysis, free association,
interpretation, insight, etc.
- Goal: unearth intrapsychic
conflicts
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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS
Modern Psychoanalytic Theories
- Carl Jung and the development of analytic
therapy
- Alfred Adler and the development of individual
psychology
- Contemporary models of psychoanalysis
- Ego psychology- Object relations theory
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS
Behavioral Model
- We are Products and Producersof our environment
- Behavior is learned in a variety of fashions, such as
- operant conditioning
- classical conditioning
- reinforcement
- punishment- social learning
- Key figures: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Joseph
Wolpe, Albert Bandura 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS
Cognitive Model- Founder: Aaron Beck (1921- )
- Perception is our Reality
- -Distorted views exist for someone with depression:negative view of self, the world, and the future
- Treatment: focused on changing distorted cognitions or
thoughts through behavioral experiments and traditionalnarrative or talktherapy
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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COMMONCOGNITIVEDISTORTIONS
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
After reviewing
these terms,
think of a time
when you
personally
adopted one of
these negative
assumptions.
Where did this
faulty belief
come from?
How would youstop this way of
thinking in the
future?
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PSYCHOLOGICALMODELS
Humanistic1. Founder: Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
2. Client-centered therapy
Genuineness Empathic understanding
Unconditional positive regard
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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BIOLOGICALMODELS
Assumes that abnormal behavior results from biological
processes
Hereditary factors
Biological scarring Brain malfunctioning or structural abnormalities
Viral infection theory
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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COMBINE ISSUES
SURROUNDING
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender roles
Socioeconomic
status
Race and ethnicity
Interpersonal
resources
Social norms
Cultural
expectations
Presence or
absence of socialsupport
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HOW EACH PIECE OF THE
PUZZLE WORKS
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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THEDIATHESIS-STRESSMODEL
2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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HOWITALLCOMESTOGETHERANADOLESCENTHAS
BEENDIAGNOSEDWITHANOREXIANERVOSA
Biological model Cognitive model
There is an imbalance of Distorted thoughts about
serotonin in the brain ones body weight and
appearance
Sociocultural model Psychological model
Societal and familial Inability to cope with
influences on the view of stress
beauty, emphasizing thin ideal
2014 2012 2010 by Pearson Education Inc All rights reserved
A biopsychosocialway of thinking!