1) A- Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle B- Ultrasonography in cattle C-Sonar application, ovary and pregnancy in cattle By Dr Hassan Abd El-Sabour 2) A. Clincal exam. for pregnant and non pregnant mare B. A guide for ultrasonographic examination of the mare reproductive system By Dr. Derar Refaat Ibrahim 3) CLINICAL EXAMENATION OF THE FEMALE By Prof.Dr.Kamal metwally 4) A) Movie about pedagogues for Gynaecological examination B) Movie about training cycle at Assiut (Training center for Veterinarians At Rifa 2005) By Pro.Dr.M.A.El-Naggar 1 c c o o p p y y r r i i g g h h t t @ @ E E V V E E T T C C - - O O 5 5 9 9 - - I I 0 0 P P r r o o f f . . D D r r . . M M . . E E l l N N a a g g g g a a r r ( ( P P M M ) )
Transcript
1) A- Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle B- Ultrasonography in cattle C-Sonar application, ovary and pregnancy in cattle
By Dr Hassan Abd El-Sabour
2) A. Clincal exam. for pregnant and non pregnant mare B. A guide for ultrasonographic examination of the mare reproductive system
By Dr. Derar Refaat Ibrahim
3) CLINICAL EXAMENATION OF THE FEMALE
By Prof.Dr.Kamal metwally
4) A) Movie about pedagogues for Gynaecological examination B) Movie about training cycle at Assiut (Training center for Veterinarians At Rifa 2005)
By
Pro.Dr.M.A.El-Naggar
1 ccooppyyrriigghhtt@@ EE VV EE TT CC --OO5599--II00 PPrrooff..DDrr..MM..EEll NNaaggggaarr ((PPMM))
Pregnancy diagnosis: By
Dr Hassan Abd El-Sabour Day 35: 1-CL on the ovary 2-Asymmetry. 3-Amniotic vesicle (one cm). 4-fetal membrane slip (very gently)
The size of the fetus is One finger width Day 45: 1-CL on the ovary 2-The vesicle is palpable as a turgid-filledlumen. 3-the gravid horne is 4-5 cm in diameter. 4-fetal membrane slip
2 copyright @EVET C-O59-IO P
Fetal membrane slip (at the bifurcation, tip of the horn)
structure within the uterine
rof .Dr. M.A.El-Naggar (PM)
Day 50-60: 1-CL on the ovary 2- Assymetry 3- Fluctuation 4- gravid horn 3-4 fingers 5- Fetus about 2 fingers 6- Fetal membrane slip
Day 52 = 3 finger width
Day 60-90: 1-CL on the ovary 2- Assymetry 3- Fluctuation 4- Thinning of the wall 4- gravid horn of volly ball size 5- Fetus about 3 fingers 6- Fetal membrane slip (urinary bladder) Day 90-120: 1- Fluctuation 2- Thinning of the wall 3- gravid horn in the abd. Cavity (descending stage) 4- Fetal ballotment (rabbit) 5- Fetal membrane slip 6- Placentones
Day 120-180:*** 1- Fluctuation 2- Thinning of the wall 3- The uterus in the abd. cavity (descending stage) 4- Placentones (2-4 cm φ)5- Fetal membrane slip 6- Fremitus of the middle ut. a. Day ↑180: 1- The fetal parts in the pelvic cavity (aescending stage) 2- Placentones (↑ 5 cm φ)3- Fetal membrane slip 4- Fremitus of the middle ut. a. Differential diagnosis:
History 1. What is her age? 2. What is her reproductive status? 3. Is she a maiden, barren, or foaling mare? 4. Has the mare ever aborted? 5. Is there any record of postpartum complications 6. Has she ever had abnormal cyclic patterns?
Physical examination
o Is there any discharge? o How is the vulvar conformation? o The vulva should be perpendicular to
the ground with >70% of the vulva below the ischium. The labia should form a good seal and close completely
Treatment 1-Penicillin 5-10 million I.U. daily for 5-7 days (IM) 2-scrubbing the clitoris and sinuses daily with Nitrofurazone antiseptic. 4- Uterine lavage (normal saline or distilled water or physiological solutions) 5- Intrauterine antibiotic infusion (according to the size of the uterus) Penicillin is the drug of choice 6- Antiseptics 7- Plasma infusion 8- Oxytocin and prostaglandins (effect, dose and adverse effects) Caslik operation
• Day 21-30: embryonic development • Day 36: allantoic sac • Day 40: umbilical cord • DAY 45-150 - Firm attachment of allantochorion to
uterine epithelium • DAY 90 - Endometrial cups degenerate • DAY 150 - Firm placental attachment
Pregnancy Determination • Failure to come into estrus • Ultrasound • Rectal palpation • PMSG detection in blood (45-140 days) • Urinary estrogen after 120 day
Clinical examination is done either for normal animal to control breeding or diseased animal to treat it.
• Clinical examination includes:
I. Case history II. Visual examination III. Vaginal examination IV. Rectal palpation I. Case history:
It is collection of information from records or owners. 1. Age of the animal (reach puberty or not). 2. Information about estrous cycle. 3.Information about last parturition. 4. Information about the bull or the semen. 5. Information about any signs found on the animal. 6. Complain of the owner. II. Visual examination: What we see or smile
1. Mammary gland. 2. Distribution of fat. 3. Sterility hump.
4. Conformation of external genitalia. 5. Condition of pelvic ligaments. 6. Vulval discharge
III. Vaginal examination: It is not routinely used. Instruments: 1. Speculum (Vaginoscope). 2. Source of light (Battery or head lamp)
• Procedures: 1. Securing of the animal. 2. Cleaning and drying of preneal region. 3. Separate the vulva lips. 4. Introduce the sepculum. 5. Examine with source of light. 6. Examine the extenal os of cervix, then withdraw the speculum poste- riorly to examine the vaginal m.m.
• Importance: 1. External os is opened at estrus and parturition only, otherwise indicate affections. 2. Colour of vaginal m.m.: Hyperaemic, congested or pale. IV. Rectal palpation: It is routine examination to collect information about the genital organs. 1. Securing of the animal in a stanchion or tieing in a tree. 2. Clothes of examiner: a. In hand: gloves with sleeve. b. Easily cleaned rubber apron or disposable apron. c. Rubber boots. 3. Back racking: It means removal of fecal matter from the rectum by the hand. Precautions: 1. Absence of finger nails and rings. 2. The manibulation must be done carefully and in short time. 3. Use left or right hand but the left is preferable to manibulate the tools or write notes by right hand. 4. Avoid rectal trauma
In normal non pregnant animal: Size: length: 7-10 cm diameter 3-4 cm tapers toward the internal os Form: Semiconical Consistency: Firm nodular Location: In midline of pelvic floor Motility: Motile in all direction.
• Normal changes in Cervical size: 1. Growing period (between puberty and maturity) 2. During pregnancy.
Abnormal size:
1. Very small, hardly to palpate (Freematinism) 2. Absent cervix (White heifer disease) 3. Increased in case of cervicitis.
• Changes in form: 1. Constrictions in case of chronic cervicitis 2. S-shape 3. Double cervical canal or double external os.
• Abnormal consistency:
Hard consistency indicate cervical fibrosis, presence of abscess or tumour.
• Location and motility: Change in location (tensed on the pelvic prim) and cervical fixation normally occur due to uterine contents that tens the cervix forward: 1. After 3rd month of pregnancy. 2. postpartum period (presence of lochia).
If the urinary bladder is full by urine causes change in the location of the cervix.
• Uterus Located in pelvic floor It is bicornuate type Short body: 2-3 cm. Long horn: 30-40 cm Characterized by: 1. Cylenderical 2. Slightly conical taper toward the oviduct. 3. Coiled ventrally.
• Physiological increase in size: 1. Growing period 2. Pregnancy 3. Puerperim
Changes in uterine size lead to changes in its location
• Examine the uterus till tip of the uterine horn by grasping from the intercornual ligaments (dorsal at first to reach the ventral).
• Make rolling up to know: 1. If the uterus is retractable or not (has content or not) 2. Examination of the uterine horn from its beginning to its end. 3. It is a way to reach the ovaries. 4. Uterine contractility
1. Tonic under effect of estrogen (Follicular phase of estrous cycle). 2. Flaccid under effect of progesterone (Luteal phase of estrous cycle).
• Congenital affections of uterus: 1. Uterus unicornis. 2. Uterus didelphys. 3. Segmental aplasia of uterus and cervix (Whit heifer disease).
• Examination of oviducts: Clinically, the oviducts can not be palpated in normal cases but in cases of salpingitis or pyosalpnix it can be palpated
• Examination of the ovaries • It is located anteriolateral to internal os of the cervix at the tip of the
uterine horn in pelvic floor.
• It is almond in shape has 3 dimensions: From pole to pole: 3.5-4 cm From surface to surface: 1.5-2 cm. From attached border to free border:2-2.5 cm
• Consistency of the ovaries: Smooth without ovarian structures in cases of :
1. Hypoplasia. 2. Before buberty. 3. Inactivity 4. Senile animal
• Follicle: fluctuated, has not neck or line of demarkation, size < 2.5
cm in diameter.
• Corpus luteum: firm or hepatized, has neck, size > 2.5 cm in diameter.
• It is not possible to palpate the ovaries after 135 days of pregnancy
(the ovaries become in abdominal cavity).
• Changes in ovarian size: 1. Very small: hypoplasia. 2. Redomentary : Freemartinism. 3. Abnormal increase in size: Ovaritis or tumour 4. Normal increase in size : presence of CL or follicles.
• Ovarian examination is very useful for determination of the different phases of estrous cycle:
1. Regressed CL and growing follicle of the same size either on one ovary or each one on one ovary indicate Proestrous
2. M.G.F. (2.5 cm in diameter) indicate Estrus 3. Ovulation depression (Ov.D.) indicate Metestrous (24hrs after end
of estrus). 4. Mature CL indicate Diestrous
PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS SIGNIFICANCE
1. You should sure that the animal is pregnant or not before any treatment to give suitable drug for pregnancy to avoid abortion or fetal mal-formation.
2. Differential diagnosis: pregnancy, pyometra or anestrum. 3. Early pregnancy diagnosis decrease the economic loss by
insemination of non pregnant one. 4. To know the fetus life or not.
Indications of pregnancy 1. Cessation of heat with history of known insemination. 2. Persistant CL with the same site and size by repeated examinations. 3. Laboratory test (Milk progesterone assay).
Pregnancy Diagnosis by
Rectal Palpation • Factors depend on them in pregnancy diagnosis:
Changes in the uterus:
I. Uterine size: increase with the advance of gestation. 1. Assymmetry of uterine horns. 3. Fluctuation (presence of fetal fluid). 4. Thinning of uterine wall. II. Uterine content: 1. Amniotic vesicle. 2. Fetal membrane slip (FMS). 3. Fetal parts. 4. Placentomes. III. Thrilling of middle uterine artery. IV. Uterine location: 1. Cervical fixation. 2. Descending in abdominal cavity. 3. Ascending phase. Palpation of Amniotic vesicle: - By placing the thump over uterine horn and the other 4 fingers down. - Slipping the hand backward and forward with slight pressure. - Presence of the vesicle is indicated by escaping of something between fingers. - Usually the vesicle is palpated anterior to the biforcation of 2 uterine horns. - The vesicle firstly is round after that becomes elongated.
30 days: Floating pea 35 days: Green pea 45 days: Thickness of middle finger (Marble size) 55 days: Elongated Amniotic vesicle can not be palpated after 65 days of pregnancy
• Fetal membrane slip (FMS):
By pinching the uterine wall, the chorioallantoic membrane escape from the endometrium. 30 days: not easy 35 days: onset of slipping 45 days: easy slipped The slipping continue till end of gestation.
• Uterine horns assymmetry:
45 days : start of assymmetry 60 days: clear assymmetry (Fatty banana or cucumber like) 90 days: Small sac stage 120 days: Balloon stage
• Placentom palpation:
- Placentom consists from caruncle from endometrium and cotolydon from chorioallantoic membrane. - It is palpated in the gravid horn by flat hand sliding sidewise with pressure downward.
• Size of placentoms at biforcation of the uterine horns:
- During pregnancy, MUA increase in size. - Palpation of MUA gives sensation of water stream pass in elastic
pipe (thrilling, fremitus or whirring of MUA) - Thrilling of MUA start at 80 days of gestation and progress by
advance of gestation.
• Fetal size:
The fetus can be palpated at 60-70 days of pregnancy - At 6th month: can check the fetus life or dead (reflexes) - At 7th month: Ascending phase, mouth and claws of fore limbs at
pelvic inlet - At 8th month: head and legs in pelvic cavity, no teeth - At 9th month: head and legs in pelvic cavity, presence of teeth - Ovaries can not be palpated after 135 days of pregnancy - Uterus can not be palpated at 5th month of pregnancy so, rise the
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