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Mutagenesis: exploring novel genes and pathways 457

About the editors

Dr. Nasya Borisova Tomlekova (editor)

Dr. Tomlekova is currently Associate Professor, Head of Molecular Biology Laboratory in the Department of Breeding, Variety Maintenance and Introduction at the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She graduated from Sofia University ‘St. Kliment Ohridski’ in Biology and did her Masters with specialization in genetics and biochemistry. She has been employed in the Institute in 1990; trained in the area of her research interests by 11 international fellowships; and has a long postgraduate experience in research on the application of induced mutagenesis, molecular and in vitro techniques and other relevant biotechnologies related to crop improvement. Mrs. Tomlekova obtained her PhD at the Commission on Plant-Growing and Biotechnologies and her Habilitation at the Commission on Breeding and Seed Production. She has edited a book, and published a methodological recommendation, 9 book chapters, more than 60 scientific papers in peer reviewed journals and dozens in international conference proceedings. Dr. Tomlekova teaches on several topics related to biotechnology and she has trained many students and fellows from different countries at PhD, post- and undergraduate levels. Dr. Tomlekova is a member of the editorial board of an international journal, a reviewer of more than 30 international bioscience related journals and projects, and a member of 5 professional scientific societies, such as EUCARPIA, International Carotenoid Society, and International Pepper Network. The successful participation of Dr. Tomlekova in 5 different IAEA projects as a scientific holder, consultant, counterpart, and coordinator supported her research in mutation breeding of vegetable crops and potato and proved her ability for a work in a multicultural and multilanguage environment from and outside Europe. Furthermore, she participated in many national and international research projects.

458 Mutagenesis: exploring novel genes and pathways

About the editors

Dr. Mohammad Imran Kozgar (co-editor)

Dr. Kozgar obtained his PhD from the Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, for the work on Induced Mutagenesis of Chickpea through Chemical and Physical Mutagens. He has also obtained a MSc in Botany (specialization Plant Biotechnology) from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and P.G. Diploma in Chemoinformatics from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India. At present Dr Kozgar is associated to the Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India and is actively engaged in research on biodiversity studies, genetics and plant breeding in pulses and medicinal crops. All the research activities of Dr. Kozgar are being conducted through the platform of KERB Biotech, LLP, Srinagar, J&K, India as a Research Analyst. Dr. Kozgar is a member of various educative societies and associations’, e.g. the Association of DNA Fingerprinting and other related technologies (ADNAT), Environmental Mutagen Society of India (EMSI), Advanced Society of Biotechnology (ASB), National Environmental Science Academy (NESA) and had been an active member of the interdisciplinary societies like the Indian Society of Chemists and Biologists (ISCB) and Italo-Latin American Society of Ethnomedicine (SILAE). He has a sound knowledge of bioinformatic and chemoinformatic approaches used for the improvement of crops. He has co-edited four books and published more than 20 research papers, popular science articles, review papers and other reports. He has presented a number of papers in various national and international conferences and symposiums. Dr. Kozgar had been an active and core team member of the pilot project for ‘Development of e-Contents’ sponsored by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Due to his achievements, Dr. Kozgar has not only been included in the 30th Edition of Who’s Who (2012), but has also been conferred with Junior Scientist Award by National Environmental Science Academy, New Delhi, India and Bharat Excellence Award by Friendship Forum of India, New Delhi in December 2013.


About the editors

Dr. Mohd Rafiq Wani (co-editor)

Dr. Wani is currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Government Degree College (Boys), Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Dr. Wani did his Masters in Botany in 2003 with specialization in ‘Genetics and Plant Breeding’ from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. After obtaining his PhD in 2008 for his research work on ‘Chemical Mutagenesis in Mungbean’ at the same University, he joined the Department of Higher Education, Jammu and Kashmir Government, in 2009. He teaches a range of bioscience related subjects at undergraduate and post graduate levels. At present, his research interests are mainly focused on the improvement of pulses through induced mutations and exploring the physiological and biochemical responses of crop plants to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses. As a part of his research endeavour, Dr. Wani has extensively studied and written on the issues of induced chemo-mutagenesis among the food crops, with special reference to pulses. He has published around 30 research papers in peer reviewed journals and 12 book chapters in various research oriented volumes. Dr. Wani also edited 5 book volumes on the subjects of Plant Stress Physiology, Induced Plant Mutagenesis, and Crop Improvement with reputed international publishers like Springer New York, USA and Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. In addition, he is an editorial member and reviewer of several online journals pertaining to plant sciences, besides being the life member of various scientific societies, such as the Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development (ISPRD) and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding (ISGPB).


Index

Index

AAAS – See: atomic absorption

spectrophotometerAASA – See: alpha-aminoadipic

semialdehydeAATF – See: African Agricultural Technology

Foundationabiotic stress 17, 43, 173, 215ACCase – See: acetyl-CoA carboxylaseacentric fragment 343acetyl-CoA carboxylase 205acid phosphatase 56aconitase 56AFLP – See: amplified fragment length

polymorphismAfrican Agricultural Technology Foundation

129agent

– alkylating 47, 308, 369– chemical 128– physical 128

aging of seeds 358Agrobacterium

– mediated transformation 56– rhizogenes 58, 62, 349

agro-biological trait 424agronomic trait 43, 115Agropyron repens 204, 208aleurone 187alkaloid 149alkylating agent 47, 308, 369allele-specific

– associated primers 317– marker 444

allelic variations 428allergen 143Allium 148, 345

– fistulosum 356allotetraploid 106

alpha– aminoadipic semialdehyde 151– carotene 437– glucans 252– zeins 152

Amaranthus 109amino acid sequences 442amplification

– primers 440– process 261

amplified fragment length polymorphism 54, 318

– marker 411amylopectin 239, 253

– structure 267amyloplast 265amylose 239

– extender 256analysis of variance 109, 221, 385ana-telophase 360, 382aneuploid 55ANOVA – See: analysis of varianceantheraxanthin 442anther culture 26anthocyanin 145

– biosynthesis 155anticarcinogenic activity 146anti-nutrient 143anti-nutritional factor 43, 138, 157antioxidant 83, 146

– activity 148, 439– defence 51– effect 434

apoptosis 80, 83, 86, 335Arabidopsis thaliana 192, 310, 346, 444Arachis hypogaea 156arrayed gene 309Arrhenatherum elatius 384aryloxyphenoxypropionates 205


Index

ASAP 317 – See: allele-specific associated primers

Ascochyta– blight 47, 292– rabiei 220

ascorbate peroxidase 47ascorbic acid 439aspartate amino transferase 56assay 319atics 174atmospheric nitrogen 292atomic absorption spectrophotometer 133autoradiography 340auto-regulating mechanism 379autotetraploids 55autoxidative chain reaction 83auxins 48Azolla-Anabaena symbiotic system 23Azolla variants 23

Bbacterial wilt 128ball milling 240base pair transitions 40bc mutation 449bead array 318Bernoulli experiment 361beta-carotene 88, 94, 145, 433, 436, 437, 448,

449, 450– hydroxylase 443

beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial 88beta-cryptoxanthin 437, 443beta-ODAP – See: seed neurotoxinbeta-ring 444BHA – See: butylated hydroxyl anisoleBHT – See: butylated hydroxy toluenebioactivity 434bioassay 380biochemical quantification 438biodiversity 169, 239biofortification 50, 143bioindication 386

– of genotoxicity 379

bioindicator 395bioinformatics 96biological function 307biomonitoring 76, 385bioremediation 184biosafety bill 129biotechnology 127biotic stress 43, 173Brasicca napus 156brewing

– industry 27, 29– process 240

bridges 382bromodeoxyuridine 360butylated hydroxyl anisole 84butylated hydroxy toluene 84

Ccalcium oxalate 157calli 413Calluna vulgaris 385, 393calorie restriction 80calorimetry 260Calystegia sepium 384cancer 74, 81

– prostate 88canning industry 448capillary electrophoresis 175capsanthin-capsorubin synthase 433, 442carcinogen 73carcinogenic action 80cardiovascular disease 74CARET – See: beta-carotene and retinol

efficacy trialcarotene 135, 449

– alpha-carotene 437– beta-carotene 88, 94, 145, 433, 436, 437,

443, 448, 449, 450carotenogenesis 444carotenoid 47, 86, 94, 125, 135, 434, 439

– biosynthesis 154, 441– biosynthetic pathway 438– cycle 442


Index

– pathway 441, 449catalytic activity 273CCS – See: capsanthin-capsorubin synthasecell

– culture 87– differentiation 86– transformation 349

cellular– injury 18– signalling 86, 92– signalling pathway 89– structure 374

Cercospora leaf spot 47Cerinthe minor 384cetyl trimethylammonium bromide 296CFS – See: Committee on Food SecurityCGIAR 38Chelidonium majus 384chemical

– agent 128– modification 308– mutagen 308

chemoprevention 85, 94Chenopodium 109childhood blindness 146chilling resistance 51chimeric mutations 223chi-squared test 360chlorophyll

– content 219– mutation 223

chlorosis 215cholesterol 172chromosome 54

– aberration 74, 341, 345, 358, 369– damage 341– dicentric 343– manipulation 150– rearrangement 333, 343– structure 341

Cicer– arietinum 216, 280, 283, 292– reticulatum 216

– wild 231clastogenic effect 341, 392clastogenicity 345cluster

– analysis 298– structure 259, 262

CMV – See: cucumber mosaic virusCocoa Swollen Shoot Virus 130coefficient of variation 281cold tolerant mutant 227comet assay 333, 335Committee on Food Security 167Consultative Group in International

Agricultural Research 38Convolvulus arvensis 209cosmetic industry 119crinkle leaf 47crop improvement 307cross-breeding 115cross-pollination 108CSSV – See: Cocoa Swollen Shoot VirusCTAB – See: cetyl trimethylammonium

bromideCTM – See: cycloxydim tolerant maizecucumber mosaic virus 435Cucurbita pepo 153culture filtrate 294Curcuma alismatifolia 133cutting-edge technology 128CV – See: coefficient of variationcyanogenic glucoside 157

– dhurrin 157cyclohexanediones 205cycloxydim 203cycloxydim tolerant maize 203, 205, 208,

209– gene 206, 211– hybrid 209– hybrid heterozygous 211– line 206– tolerance 206

Cynodon dactylon 204, 208cytogenetic


Index

– analysis 386– damage 396– test 334

cytoplasmic– male sterility 435– osmolarity 193

DDactylis glomerata 384DarT – See: diversity arrays technologyDatura 356Daucus carota 384dendrogram of genotype 300deoxytimidine 360DEPC – See: diethyilpyrocarbonateDES – See: diethyl sulfatedesmutagen 75DH – See: double haploiddicentric chromosome 343dicotyledonous 204dietary

– deficiency 74– habit 77– mineral 136– staple 130– supplement 81

diethyilpyrocarbonate 296diethyl

– sulfate 49diploid 380direct breeding approach 216disease 87

– resistance 319diversity arrays technology 318DNA

– cleavage 335– damage 74, 333, 349, 371– deletion 22– double-strand breaks 22, 341, 357– lesion 75, 80– marker 313, 406, 407, 428– migration 338– repair 355

– repair mechanism 358– sequencing 307

DNA-based molecular markers 293dominant mutant alleles 308dominant mutation 23double haploid 407double helices 253, 259double-trisomics 54drought 405

– resistance score 219– tolerance 405, 406, 422

DSB – See: DNA double-strand breaksduplication 344

EEDTA – See: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acideffective tool 37EI – See: ethyleneimineelectron microscopy 192electrophoresis 241, 280Elymus caninus 383Elytrigia intermedia 384EMAIL – See: endonucleolytic mutation

analysis by internal labellingembryo mutant 323EMS – See: ethyl methanesulphonateendonucleolytic mutation analysis by internal

labelling 60, 167, 174, 175endosperm 190

– mutation 241energy excitation 51ENU – See: ethyl nitroso ureaenvironmental impact 395epidemiological evidence 145epigenetic 192EST – See: expressed sequence tagsesterase 56ethanol production 240ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 296ethyleneimine 334ethyl methanesulphonate 156, 308, 334ethyl nitroso urea 47, 49, 334euclidean genetic distance 300


Index

expressed sequence tags 52

FFACE – See: fluorophore-assisted

carbohydrate capillary electrophoresis method

FAO/IAEA 52– mutant variety database 40

fast-neutron 309FDA – See: Food and Drug AdministrationFe-deficiency chlorosis 221, 228Fe-efficiency mutation 225fertility 21

– restorer 172Festuca pratensis 384Feulgen staining 343fingerprint 296FISH – See: fluorescence in situ hybridisationflavones 84flavonoid 147, 148flower bud 382flowering 49

– mutant 225fluorescence in situ hybridisation 333, 338,

346, 349fluorescent staining 346fluoride compounds 385fluorodeoxyuridine 360fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate capillary

electrophoresis method 268FNCA 175 – See: Forum for Nuclear

Cooperation in Asiafood

– allergen 149– crop 29– insecurity 125– safety 125– security 24, 167

Food and Drug Administration 84Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia 175forward genomics 58fragment 382free radicals 83, 87

functional– food 144, 438– genomics 52, 57, 307– marker 54

fusariosis 292, 294Fusarium

– oxysporum 292– solani 198– wilt 47, 292

Ggamma

– induced mutagenesis 293– irradiation 183

gamma-ray mutagenesis 310garlic extract 148GBSS – See: granule-bound soluble starchgelatinization 427gel documentation 296gene

– discovery 319– expression 57, 86, 92, 143– function 37, 39– mapping 48, 232– mutation 192, 349– pool 39, 131– product 74– regulation 48– sequence 58– silencing 58

gene-modified mutants 264genetic

– analysis 443– biofortification 50– component 128– constitution 83– damage 369, 381– diversity 131, 168, 176, 280– effect 111, 334– engineering 18, 193, 406– fortification 279– improvement 52, 107, 174– information 339


Index

– loci 153– makeup 168– manipulation 155– marker 317– modification 128– mutation 46– polymorphism 73, 78, 301– recombination 369– similarity 296– variability 119, 128, 167

genetically modified organism 128genome

– damage 83– diversity 293– sequencing 60

genomic 57– analysis 158– era 39– pathway 89– sequence 441– variation 37

genomics-based technologies 52genotoxic 73

– testing 392genotype 239, 298genotyping analysis 303geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate synthase

433, 442germination capacity 297ggpps – See: geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate

synthasegibberellin 48glucan primer 262, 270glucose 172

– polymerization 253glucosinate 149glutathione-deficient mutant 47glutathione-overproducing dwarf mutant 47glutathione transferase 147glycogen granules 252GMO – See: genetically modified organismGolden Gate 319Gramineae 171

granular structure 259granule-bound soluble starch 254

– isozyme 258

HHA – See: heterocyclic amineshairy root

– line 349– transformation 58

half-life 206harvesting process 118Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation 93hepatocellular carcinoma 75herbicide 380

– tolerant 203heritability 136heritable trait 428hermaphrodite 106heterocyclic amines 82hetero-oligomer 260hetero-tetrameric structure 254heterozygous 115HHP – See: high hydrostatic pressurehidden hunger 50, 143high hydrostatic pressure 175high performance liquid chromatography

60, 437high-throughput

– functional genomic 79– screening 59, 310– sequencing 427

Hoagland’s medium 414homeostasis 19, 89, 91homologous recombination 22homo-oligomer 260homo-polymers 252homozygosis 115HOPE – See: Heart Outcomes Prevention

EvaluationHOPE-ongoing outcomes 93Hordeum vulgare 172host-pathogen interaction 128, 323


Index

HPLC – See: high performance liquid chromatography

HR – See: homologous recombinationhuman interference 379hunger 167HVR – See: hypervariable regionhybrid

– molecule 439– tolerant 208– variety 20

hybridization, in situ 57hydration 356hydrolytic enzyme 374hyper-accumulator 191hypervariable region 318hypodermic inoculation 198

IIAEA – See: International Atomic Energy

AgencyIBPGR – See: International Board for Plant

Genetic ResourceIBT – See: ion beam technologyICARDA 38, 219ICP-MS – See: inductively coupled plasma-

mass spectroscopyICRISAT 38, 132image analysis 336immune

– property 197– trait 199

immunological– analysis 291, 300– reaction 294

indicator 397inductively coupled plasma-mass

spectroscopy 192industrial purpose 156inflorescence 106insertional mutagenesis 58insertion-induced mutagenesis 310integrated weed management system 204interacting reaction 270

interaction 280interchromosomal translocation 343International

– Atomic Energy Agency 175, 232, 279– Board for Plant Genetic Resource 132– Center for Agricultural Research in the

Dry Areas 38, 219– Conference on Nutrition 126– Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid

Tropics 38inter simple sequence repeat 317, 440

– DNA sequence 317– molecular analysis 301

inter-specific incompatibilities 43intracellular translocation 183intrachromosomal translocation 343introgression 138introns 442in vitro

– mutagenesis 56– selection 56– study 147, 268

iodine– deficiency 127– solution 252

ion beam 22– technology 175

ionizing radiation 131, 197iron deficiency 127ISAP-PCR 441isoamylase 253isoform 262isothiocyanate 145, 146, 147isozyme 56, 251, 255, 263, 264

– multiple 267ISSR – See: inter simple sequence repeatIWMS – See: integrated weed management

system

Kkafirin

– protein 193– suppression 192


Index

KAPP – See: kinase associated protein phosphatase

kernel lysine content 28kinase associated protein phosphatase 54kiwicha 105, 112, 117

LLabiatae 148lactase phlorizin hydrolase 147Lamium

– maculatum 384– purpureum 384

Lathyrus sativus 301Launaea

– capitata 388– mucronata 388

leaf– apical primordial 48– injury 47– meristem 396– rust 27

Lens culinaris 301Lepidum sativum 133leucine amino peptidase 56LF – See: floweringLi-Cor 60light microscope 190Linaria vulgaris 384linkage

– group 433– map 56, 152

lipid– micelles 240– oxidation 83

lipophilic antioxidants 153lodging resistance 27loose smut 27low-cost tools 37low phytic acid 158LPA – See: low phytic acidLPH – See: lactase phlorizin hydrolaselutein 437lycopene 94, 145, 147, 437

lymphoma cells 90Lysimachia nummularia 384

Mmacromolecule 438macronutrient 127, 143macrophomina blight 47macrosperma 217MALDI-TOF 60maleic hydrazine 357male sterility 46, 108

– cytoplasmic 435– nuclear 435

malnutrition 125, 167malting industry 29maltodextrins 262, 270maltooligosaccharides 268Manihot esculenta 129, 151marker

– assisted selection 54, 174, 405, 406, 428– assisted selection programme 448– facilitated selection 150

MAS – See: marker assisted selection; See: molecular absorption spectroscopy

maternal mortality 127maximum root length 422MDG – See: Millennium Development GoalMelilotus albus 384membrane permeability 374mesothelioma 87metabolite profiling 57methyl methanesulfonate 338, 357MH – See: maleic hydrazinemicroanalysis 185microarray technology 57microgametogenesis 46micronuclei 343, 345, 382micronucleus assay 348micronutrient 82, 127, 130, 143, 176, 183

– deficiency 191microsatellite 293

– fingerprinting 291


Index

microscope technique 333microsperma 217microsporogenesis 46Millennium Development Goal 126MIPS – See: myo-inositol-1-phosphate

synthasemitochondria 254mitotic chromosomes 341MMS – See: methyl methanesulfonateMNU – See: N-methyl-N-nitrosoureamodel legume 60modification

– chemical 308modified food 144molecular

– absorption spectroscopy 438– biomonitoring 96– breeding 293– genetic characterization 303– genetics 138– mapping 293– marker 37, 54, 280, 293, 433

monocotyledonous 205monogenic 49

– trait 19morphogenesis 48morphological

– mutant 218– mutation 223– trait 46

MOS – See: maltooligosaccharidesMRL – See: maximum root lengthMS medium 413multiallelic microsatellite loci 302multiple

– isozyme 267– mutation 264– tillers 125

mung bean yellow mosaic virus 47mutagen

– chemical 308– physical 308

mutagen dosage 345

mutagenicity 355mutant

– chlorophyll 112– cold tolerant 227– discovery 20, 60– gene 433, 449– high yielding 46, 279– morphological 218– plant 413– population 21– screening 324

mutated allele 22mutation

– breeding 30, 167, 176– detection 21– fixation 438– frequency 75– gene 192, 349– rate 73

mycotoxin 75MYMV – See: mung bean yellow mosaic

virusmyo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase 57

NNational Centre for Biotechnology

Information 442natural

– antioxidant 84– mutant 39– mutation 307

NCBI – See: National Centre for Biotechnology Information

near isogenic lines 435necrosis 198neglected crop 52neuroblastoma 87NHEJ – See: non-homologous end-joiningniacin 95NIL – See: near isogenic linesnitrogen 292nitrogen-fixing capability 172N-methyl-N-nitrosourea 334, 347


Index

N-nitroso 82non-alkylating agent 357non-enzymatic ascorbate 47non-genotoxic 73non-homologous end-joining 22NPP – See: nuclear power plantnuclear

– cleavage 334– male sterility 435– microprobe 185– power plant 383– receptor 86– winter 384

nucleotide– excision 22– polymorphism 91– sequence 74

nulli-tetrasomic 54nutraceutical 144nutrient

– enhancement 279– imbalance 216– metabolism 78

nutrigenetic 77, 78nutrigenomic 78, 79, 143nutrition 17, 125

– science 77nutritional

– biomarker 77– epigenomic 78– genomic 73, 77– quality 50– security 145– stimuli 79– trait 183– transcriptomic 78

OODAP – See: oxalyl diamino propionic acidOFAB – See: Open Forum on Agricultural

Biotechnology in Africaoleic acid 156oligomeric 260

omega-3 fatty acids 81omics 57, 174oncogene activity 85Opaque-2 28Open Forum on Agricultural Biotechnology

in Africa 129Origanum vulgare 148Ornithogalum longibracteatum 341orphan crop 25Oryza sativa 155, 308out-crossing 172oxalyl diamino propionic acid 50, 57oxidative

– metabolism 80– phosphorylation 254– proces 83

oxygen radical 82

PPAGE 60PAH – See: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPastinaca sativa 384pathogen 128PCR 57

– based marker 313, 410PEG – See: polyethylene glycolPEM – See: protein energy malnutritionpepper 433, 450pericarp 436Peronospora farinosa 108peroxidase 56pest 128pharmaceutical industry 119Phaseolus vulgaris 283phenolic 149

– acid 184phenotype 191phenotypic

– effect 438– selection 428– variability 108, 409

phenotypical data 308Phleum pratense 384


Index

phosphoglucomutase 56phosphorylation 273photochemical smog 380photoperiod 49physiological

– damage 381– efficiency 118

phytate 138, 184phytochemical 84, 144

– constituent 145phytoextraction 184phytoglycogen 259, 266phytoimmunity 197phytonutrient 145, 146phytopathogenic 197Phytophthora capsici 445phytoremediation 184, 191Picris babylonica 390pigment mutation 119PIM 49 – See: proliferating inflorescence

meristemPinus

– nigra 381– sylvestris 381

pistillate 106PIXE – See: proton induced X-ray emissionplant

– architecture 39, 118– genomics 128– immunity 197– secondary metabolism 149

pleiotropic 48, 157– expression 193

Poaceae 171, 204Poa pratensis 384pod borer 128point mutation 40, 174, 308, 310, 334pollen

– abortion 380– as an indicator 381– irradiation technique 26

pollination 172pollutant 380

pollution impact 385polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 82, 345polyethylene glycol 413polygenic 49polymers 380polymorphism 56, 279, 444

– amplified fragment length 54, 318, 411– restricted fragment length 313

polypeptides 284polyphenols 84, 145, 434polyploid 62pre-amylopectin 262primer pair 302processing industry 29progeny 115proliferating inflorescence meristem 49proline 422promoter 91promyelocitic leukemia 87protein

– body 192– content 292– energy malnutrition 130– enrichment 279– matrix 192– polymorphism 184, 192– polypeptide 280– profiling 279– sequence 442

protein-protein interactions 272proton induced X-ray emission 184, 185,

192proton radiation 26prototype of amylopectin 261pullulanase 253pulse 172putative

– coding 54– mutant 114, 223, 309

QQTL – See: quantitative trait lociquality protein maize 25


Index

quantitative trait 114– loci 405, 407

quinoa 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 117

RRACE – See: rapid amplification of cDNA

endsradioactive

– contamination 386, 396– spot 386

radiobiological 199raffinose family oligosaccharides 50random

– amplified polymorphic DNA 54– mutagenesis 29– mutant 307

randomized complete block design 280RAPD – See: random amplified polymorphic

DNARaphanus raphanistrum 384rapid amplification of cDNA ends 57RBS – See: Rutherford proton backscattering

spectrometryRCBD – See: randomized complete block

designrDNA 346

– sequence 339– signal 339

reactive oxygen species– mediated diseases 94– scavenging enzymes-superoxide

dismutase 47recessive

– gene 232– mutation 22, 218, 308

reciprocal translocation 55recombinant

– inbreed 407– pathogen 292

repair proces 356repetitive sequence 293RESCAN – See: restriction enzyme sequence

comparative analysis

resistant– starch 257– variety 215

restricted fragment length polymorphism 313

restriction enzyme 412– sequence comparative analysis 324

resveratrol 149retinoic acid 86, 88retinoid 86reverse

– genetics 58– genomics 58

RFLP – See: restricted fragment length polymorphism

RFO – See: raffinose family oligosaccharidesRhizobiaceae 292RI – See: recombinant inbreedrice 308, 323

– aromatic 26– gene 308– genome sequence 308

RNAi – See: RNA interferenceRNA interference 58, 267RNA silencing 58Roegneria canina 384root rot disease 130ROS – See: reactive oxygen speciesRosmarinus officinalis 148rRNA genes 339Rutherford proton backscattering

spectrometry 185

SSABIMA – See: Strengthening Capacity for

Safe Biotechnology Management in sub-Saharan Africa

Salvia officinalis 148saponin 118sax – See: suppressed axillary meristemscanning electron microscopy 185, 189SCAR markers 441SCE – See: sister chromatid


Index

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 115scutellum 187S-dependent mutagen 355SDS-PAGE 281, 282Secale cereale 341secondary

– amine 82– metabolite 146

seed– neurotoxin 47, 50, 57– viability 374

segregation ratio 232self-fertilizing 21self-pollinating 43, 172SEM – See: scanning electron microscopysemi-dwarf mutant 323sequence information 58sequence-related amplified polymorphism

317sequence-tagged site 410, 412

– marker 411– primer 411

Setaria viridis 204short interspersed nuclear elements 441signalling transduction 319signal transduction 19, 85silver grains 371simple sequence repeat 54, 291, 313, 409

– primer 300SINE – See: short interspersed nuclear

elementssingle-cross hybrid 211single nucleotide polymorphism 313, 317sister chromatid 339, 341, 369site-directed mutagenesis 62SNP – See: single nucleotide polymorphismsodium

– nitrite 82– thiosulphate solution 281

software 336Solanum lycopersicum 283Solidago canadensis 384soluble starch 251

– isozyme 258, 266somatic mutation 338Sorghum 125

– bicolor 130, 157, 283– halepense 204, 208, 209– mutant 134

soybean mutant lines 298SP – See: space breedingspace breeding 175spatial distribution 192species evolution 39spectrophotometer 132spontaneous mutation 128SRAP – See: sequence-related amplified

polymorphismSS – See: soluble starchSSR – See: simple sequence repeatstamina pistilloida 49starch 239, 252

– biosynthesis 251, 268– biosynthetic enzyme 272– biosynthetic process 254– biosynthetic system 261– body 190– debranching enzyme 253– granule 240– synthesis 270

stem cuttings 129sticky ends 341storage

– effect 355, 356– vacuole 184

stp – See: stamina pistilloidaStrengthening Capacity for Safe

Biotechnology Management in sub-Saharan Africa 129

stress 46– abiotic 17, 43, 173, 215– biotic 43, 173

strobili 381STS – See: sequence-tagged sitesuperoxide dismutase 56suppressed axillary meristem 49


Index

Symphytum officinale 384synchronous pod maturity 46

Ttandem-cluster structure 251tannins 138, 157target

– food crop 128– mutant 405, 427

targeting induced local lesions in genomes 23, 59, 157, 167, 174, 310, 427

TBE – See: tris-borate-EDTAt-cell lymphoma 87Tek bankye 129TEM – See: transmission electron microscopyterminal deletion 348terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-

mediated dUTP nick end labeling 335

terpenoid 149tertiary butylated hydroxyl quinine 84tertiary trisomic 54tetrade 393TGW – See: thousand grain weightthin film 240thousand grain weight 132Thymus vulgaris 148tiller

– multiple 125– number 420

tillering 134TILLING – See: targeting induced local

lesions in genomesTMV – See: tobacco mosaic virustobacco mosaic virus 435tocopherol 92tocotrienol 92tolerance 17, 46tomato mosaic virus 435ToMV – See: tomato mosaic virustoxic metabolite 87trace element 183Tradescantia micronucleus 345

Tradescantia tetrads 345Trad-MCN – See: Tradescantia micronucleustrait

– morphological 46transcriptomics 57transformation 150transgenic technology 18, 20translocation 343transmission electron microscopy 185, 189Trifolium pratense 384triple mutant 267tris-borate-EDTA 296

– buffer 296tritiated thymidine 340Triticum

– aestivum 283– durum 239– turgidum var. durum 150

true mutants 219trypsin inhibitors 149TUNEL – See: terminal deoxynucleotidyl

transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling

TVHQ – See: tertiary butylated hydroxyl quinine

UUDS – See: unscheduled DNA synthesisultra maize hybrid 211ultra-performance liquid chromatography

438ultra-structure 184, 189under-utilized 52uni – See: unifoliataunifoliata 49unscheduled DNA synthesis 371UPLC – See: ultra-performance liquid

chromatographyuridine 360UV light 334

Vvariable number of tandem repeats 317, 318


Index

Verticillium lateritium 198viable seeds 21, 358Vicia faba 157Vigna

– acontifolia 283– radiata 283– unguiculata 118

violaxanthin 442vitamin 145vitamin A deficiency 127, 146VNTR – See: variable number of tandem

repeatsvolcanic deposit 356

WWHO – See: World Health Organizationwild plant species 397World Food Summit 126World Health Organization 87, 127

Xxanthophylls 135Xanthosoma sagittifolium 130xeroderma pigmentosum 87X-ray fluorescence 192xylem sap 49

Yyellow mosaic virus 47yellow rust 27yield 215yielding varieties 24YMV – See: yellow mosaic virus

Zzeaxanthin 437zein 241

– profile 243– synthesis 28

ZFN – See: zinc-finger nucleasezinc-finger nuclease 57, 62

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