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About the HART Protocol

The HART Protocol was developed in the mid-1980s by

Rosemount Inc. for use with a range of smart measuringinstruments. Originally proprietary, the protocol was soon

published for free use by anyone, and in 1990 the HART

User Group was formed. In 1993, the registered trademark

and all rights in the protocol were transferred to the HART

Communication Foundation (HCF). The protocol remains

open and free for all to use without royalties.

This section focuses on providing information that isrelevant to the various aspects of the HART Protocol. We will

discuss what it is, how it works, and the benefits of using the

HART Protocol.

How HART Works

HART is an acronym for Highway Addressable Remote

Transducer. The HART Protocol makes use of the Bell 202Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimpose

digital communication signals at a low level on top of the 4-

20mA.

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Figure 1. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

This enables two-way field communication to take place and

makes it possible for additional information beyond just the

normal process variable to be communicated to/from asmart field instrument. The HART Protocol communicates at

1200 bps without interrupting the 4-20mA signal and allows

a host application (master) to get two or more digital

updates per second from a smart field device. As the digital

FSK signal is phase continuous, there is no interference with

the 4-20mA signal.

HART technology is a master/slave protocol, which meansthat a smart field (slave) device only speaks when spoken to

by a master. The HART Protocol can be used in various

modes such as point-to-point or multidrop for

communicating information to/from smart field instruments

and central control or monitoring systems.

HART Communication occurs between two HART-enabled

devices, typically a smart field device and a control ormonitoring system. Communication occurs using standard

instrumentation grade wire and using standard wiring and

termination practices.

The HART Protocol provides two simultaneous

communication channels: the 4-20mA analog signal and a

digital signal. The 4-20mA signal communicates the primary

measured value (in the case of a field instrument) using the4-20mA current loop - the fastest and most reliable industry

standard. Additional device information is communicated

using a digital signal that is superimposed on the analog

signal.

The digital signal contains information from the device

including device status, diagnostics, additional measured or

calculated values, etc. Together, the two communication

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channels provide a low-cost and very robust complete field

communication solution that is easy to use and configure.

Figure 2. Two Communication Channels

The HART Protocol provides for up to two masters (primary

and secondary). This allows secondary masters such as

handheld communicators to be used without interfering with

communications to/from the primary master, i.e.

control/monitoring system.

Figure 3. Primary and Secondary Masters

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The HART Protocol permits all digital communication with

field devices in either point-to-point or multidrop network

configurations:

Figure 4. Point-to-Point Configuration

Multidrop Configuration

There is also an optional "burst" communication mode

where a single slave device can continuously broadcast a

standard HART reply message. Higher update rates are

possible with this optional burst communication mode and

use is normally restricted to point-to-point configuration.

Figure 5. Multidrop Configuration

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Benefits of Using HARTCommunication

Engineers operating in analog automation environments no

longer need utter the words "if only" as in "if only I could get

the device information without going into the field" or if

only I could get this configuration information

from thatpressure transmitter into my PC."

Users worldwide who have realized the benefits of HART

Communication know that they can gain quick, easy

visibility to devices in the field when using HART-enabled

handheld test, calibration devices and portable computers.

In fact, device testing, diagnostics and configuration has

never been easier!

However, many have yet to realize HART technologys

greatest benefits which come from full-time connections

with real-time asset management and/or control systems.

HART technology can help you:

Leverage the capabilities of a full set of intelligent

device data for operational improvements.

Gain early warnings to variances in device, product or

process performance.

Speed the troubleshooting time between the

identification and resolution of problems. Continuously validate the integrity of loops and

control/automation system strategies.

Increase asset productivity and system availability.

Increase Plant Availability

Integrate devices and systems for detection of

previously undetectable problems.

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Detect device and/or process connection problems real

time.

Minimize the impact of deviations by gaining new, early

warnings.

Avoid the high cost of unscheduled shutdowns or

process disruptions.

Reduce Maintenance Costs

Quickly verify and validate control loop and device

configuration.

Use remote diagnostics to reduce unnecessary field

checks. Capture performance trend data for predictive

maintenance diagnostics.

Reduce spares inventory and device management

costs.

Improve regulatory compliance

Enable automated record keeping of compliance data.

Facilitates automated safety shutdown testing.

Raise SIL/safety integrity level with advanced

diagnostics.

Take advantage of intelligent multivariable devices for

more thorough, accurate reporting.

The standard features of HART technology range from

simple compatibility with existing 4-20mA analog networks

to a broad product selection:

Compatibility with standard 4-20mA wiring

Simultaneous transmission of digital data

Simplicity through intuitive menu-driven interfaces

Risk reduction through a highly accurate and robust

protocol

Ease of implementation for maximum up-front cost

effectiveness

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Broad product selection, with compatible devices and

software applications from most process automation

providers

Platform independence for full interoperability in multi-

vendor environments

Worldwide support by leading suppliers

Most of the worlds leading process instrumentation and

control system suppliers, comprising most of the industrys

solutions, actively support HART technology. There are 990+

registered devices in 20 device categories manufactured by

230+ members of the HART Communication Foundation.

Types of HART-enabled

Devices

Device Category No. of Companies No. of Devices

Actuator 2 9

Analytical 29 152

Calibrator 4 6

Control 3 6

DCS 4 4

Density 5 5Development Services & Tools 8 25

Flow 24 159

Handheld 8 9

I/O System 11 32

IS Barrier 7 25

Isolators (IS) 5 46

Level 34 153

Modem 8 15

Modem IC (chips) 1 3Loop monitor 3 6

Multiplexer / Gateway 7 7

Positioners - Valve 16 47

Pressure Transmitters 37 110

Software 14 25

Total 238 990

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Hart specifications

The HART Protocol was developed in the late 1980's andtransferred to the HART Foundation in the early 1990's.

Since then it has been updated several times. When the

protocol is updated, it is updated in a way that ensures

backward compatibility with previous versions. The current

version of the HART Protocol is revision 7.3. The "7" denotes

the major revision level and the "3" denotes the minor

revision level.

The HART Protocol implements layers 1,2, 3, 4 and 7 of the

Open System Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer protocol model:

The HART Physical Layer is based on the Bell 202

standard, using frequency shift keying (FSK) to

communicate at 1200 bps. The signal frequencies

representing bit values of 0 and 1 are 2200 and 1200Hz

respectively. This signal is superimposed at a low level on

the 4-to-20mA analog measurement signal without causing

any interference with the analog signal.

The HART Data Link Layer defines a master-slave protocol

- in normal use, a field device only replies when it is spoken

to. There can be two masters, for example, a control system

as a primary master and a handheld HART communicator as

a secodary master. Timing rules define when each master

may initiate a communication transaction. Up to 15 or moreslave devices can be connected to a single multidrop cable

pair.

The Network Layer provides routing, end-to-end security,

and transport services. It manages "sessions" for end-to-end

communication with correspondent devices.

The Transport Layer:The Data-Link Layer ensurescommunications are successfully propagated from one

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device to another. The Transport Layer can be used to

ensure end-end communication is successful.

The Application Layer defines the commands, responses,

data types and status reporting supported by the Protocol.In the Application Layer, the public commands of the

protocol are divided into four major groups:

1. Universal Commands - provide functions which must be

implemented in all field devices

2. Common Practice Commands - provide functions

common to many, but not all field devices

3. Device Specific Commands - provide functions that areunique to a particular field device and are specified by

the device manufacturer

4. Device Family Commands - provide a set of

standardized functions for instruments with particular

measurement types, allowing full generic access

without using device-specific commands.

WirelessHART Technology

WirelessHART technology provides a robust wireless

protocol for the full range of process measurement, control,

and asset management applications. Based on the proven

and familiar HART Communication Protocol,WirelessHART

enables users to quickly and easily gain the benefits of

wireless technology while maintaining compatibility withexisting devices, tools, and systems.

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The HART Communication Foundation, its member

companies and the industry leaders

developed WirelessHART technology to meet the unique

requirements of wireless networks operating in process

plants.

Key Capabilities:

Reliability even in the presence of interference,

thanks to technology like mesh networking, channel

hopping, and time-synchronized

messaging. WirelessHART coexistence with other

wireless networks is assured.

Security and privacy for network communications

through encryption, verification, authentication, key

management, and other open industry-standard best

practices.

Effective power management through Smart Data

Publishing and other techniques that make batteries,

solar and other low-power options practical for wireless

devices.

Wireless HART - How it works

WirelessHART is a wireless mesh network communications

protocol for process automation applications. It adds

wireless capabilities to the HART Protocol while maintainingcompatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and

tools.

Each WirelessHART network includes three main elements:

Wireless field devices connected to process or plant

equipment. This device could be a device with

WirelessHART built in or an existing installed HART-

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enabled device with a WirelessHART adapter attached

to it.

Gateways enable communication between these

devices and host applications connected to a high-

speed backbone or other existing plant communications

network.

A Network Manager is responsible for configuring the

network, scheduling communications between

devices, managing message routes, and monitoring

network health. The Network Manager can be

integrated into the gateway, host application, or

process automation controller.

The network uses IEEE 802.15.4 compatible radios operating

in the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio band.

The radios employ direct-sequence spread spectrumtechnology and channel hopping for communication security

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and reliability, as well as TDMA synchronized, latency-

controlled communications between devices on the network.

This technology has been proven in field trials and real plant

installations across a broad range of process control

industries.

Each device in the mesh network can serve as a router for

messages from other devices. In other words, a device

doesn't have to communicate directly to a gateway, but just

forward its message to the next closest device. This extends

the range of the network and provides redundant

communication routes to increase reliability.

The Network Manager determines the redundant routes

based on latency, efficiency and reliability. To ensure the

redundant routes remain open and unobstructed, messages

continuously alternate between the redundant paths.

Consequently, like the Internet, if a message is unable to

reach its destination by one path, it is automatically re-

routed to follow a known-good, redundant path with no loss

of data.

The mesh design also makes adding or moving devices

easy. As long as a device is within range of others in the

network, it can communicate.

For flexibility to meet different application requirements,

the WirelessHART standard supports multiple messaging

modes including one-way publishing of process and control

values, spontaneous notification by exception, ad-hoc

request/response, and auto-segmented block transfers of

large data sets. These capabilities allow communications to

be tailored to application requirements thereby reducing

power usage and overhead.

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