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About the HART Protocol

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    About the HART Protocol

    The HART Protocol was developed in the mid-1980s by

    Rosemount Inc. for use with a range of smart measuringinstruments. Originally proprietary, the protocol was soon

    published for free use by anyone, and in 1990 the HART

    User Group was formed. In 1993, the registered trademark

    and all rights in the protocol were transferred to the HART

    Communication Foundation (HCF). The protocol remains

    open and free for all to use without royalties.

    This section focuses on providing information that isrelevant to the various aspects of the HART Protocol. We will

    discuss what it is, how it works, and the benefits of using the

    HART Protocol.

    How HART Works

    HART is an acronym for Highway Addressable Remote

    Transducer. The HART Protocol makes use of the Bell 202Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) standard to superimpose

    digital communication signals at a low level on top of the 4-

    20mA.

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    Figure 1. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

    This enables two-way field communication to take place and

    makes it possible for additional information beyond just the

    normal process variable to be communicated to/from asmart field instrument. The HART Protocol communicates at

    1200 bps without interrupting the 4-20mA signal and allows

    a host application (master) to get two or more digital

    updates per second from a smart field device. As the digital

    FSK signal is phase continuous, there is no interference with

    the 4-20mA signal.

    HART technology is a master/slave protocol, which meansthat a smart field (slave) device only speaks when spoken to

    by a master. The HART Protocol can be used in various

    modes such as point-to-point or multidrop for

    communicating information to/from smart field instruments

    and central control or monitoring systems.

    HART Communication occurs between two HART-enabled

    devices, typically a smart field device and a control ormonitoring system. Communication occurs using standard

    instrumentation grade wire and using standard wiring and

    termination practices.

    The HART Protocol provides two simultaneous

    communication channels: the 4-20mA analog signal and a

    digital signal. The 4-20mA signal communicates the primary

    measured value (in the case of a field instrument) using the4-20mA current loop - the fastest and most reliable industry

    standard. Additional device information is communicated

    using a digital signal that is superimposed on the analog

    signal.

    The digital signal contains information from the device

    including device status, diagnostics, additional measured or

    calculated values, etc. Together, the two communication

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    channels provide a low-cost and very robust complete field

    communication solution that is easy to use and configure.

    Figure 2. Two Communication Channels

    The HART Protocol provides for up to two masters (primary

    and secondary). This allows secondary masters such as

    handheld communicators to be used without interfering with

    communications to/from the primary master, i.e.

    control/monitoring system.

    Figure 3. Primary and Secondary Masters

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    The HART Protocol permits all digital communication with

    field devices in either point-to-point or multidrop network

    configurations:

    Figure 4. Point-to-Point Configuration

    Multidrop Configuration

    There is also an optional "burst" communication mode

    where a single slave device can continuously broadcast a

    standard HART reply message. Higher update rates are

    possible with this optional burst communication mode and

    use is normally restricted to point-to-point configuration.

    Figure 5. Multidrop Configuration

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    Benefits of Using HARTCommunication

    Engineers operating in analog automation environments no

    longer need utter the words "if only" as in "if only I could get

    the device information without going into the field" or if

    only I could get this configuration information

    from thatpressure transmitter into my PC."

    Users worldwide who have realized the benefits of HART

    Communication know that they can gain quick, easy

    visibility to devices in the field when using HART-enabled

    handheld test, calibration devices and portable computers.

    In fact, device testing, diagnostics and configuration has

    never been easier!

    However, many have yet to realize HART technologys

    greatest benefits which come from full-time connections

    with real-time asset management and/or control systems.

    HART technology can help you:

    Leverage the capabilities of a full set of intelligent

    device data for operational improvements.

    Gain early warnings to variances in device, product or

    process performance.

    Speed the troubleshooting time between the

    identification and resolution of problems. Continuously validate the integrity of loops and

    control/automation system strategies.

    Increase asset productivity and system availability.

    Increase Plant Availability

    Integrate devices and systems for detection of

    previously undetectable problems.

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    Detect device and/or process connection problems real

    time.

    Minimize the impact of deviations by gaining new, early

    warnings.

    Avoid the high cost of unscheduled shutdowns or

    process disruptions.

    Reduce Maintenance Costs

    Quickly verify and validate control loop and device

    configuration.

    Use remote diagnostics to reduce unnecessary field

    checks. Capture performance trend data for predictive

    maintenance diagnostics.

    Reduce spares inventory and device management

    costs.

    Improve regulatory compliance

    Enable automated record keeping of compliance data.

    Facilitates automated safety shutdown testing.

    Raise SIL/safety integrity level with advanced

    diagnostics.

    Take advantage of intelligent multivariable devices for

    more thorough, accurate reporting.

    The standard features of HART technology range from

    simple compatibility with existing 4-20mA analog networks

    to a broad product selection:

    Compatibility with standard 4-20mA wiring

    Simultaneous transmission of digital data

    Simplicity through intuitive menu-driven interfaces

    Risk reduction through a highly accurate and robust

    protocol

    Ease of implementation for maximum up-front cost

    effectiveness

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    Broad product selection, with compatible devices and

    software applications from most process automation

    providers

    Platform independence for full interoperability in multi-

    vendor environments

    Worldwide support by leading suppliers

    Most of the worlds leading process instrumentation and

    control system suppliers, comprising most of the industrys

    solutions, actively support HART technology. There are 990+

    registered devices in 20 device categories manufactured by

    230+ members of the HART Communication Foundation.

    Types of HART-enabled

    Devices

    Device Category No. of Companies No. of Devices

    Actuator 2 9

    Analytical 29 152

    Calibrator 4 6

    Control 3 6

    DCS 4 4

    Density 5 5Development Services & Tools 8 25

    Flow 24 159

    Handheld 8 9

    I/O System 11 32

    IS Barrier 7 25

    Isolators (IS) 5 46

    Level 34 153

    Modem 8 15

    Modem IC (chips) 1 3Loop monitor 3 6

    Multiplexer / Gateway 7 7

    Positioners - Valve 16 47

    Pressure Transmitters 37 110

    Software 14 25

    Total 238 990

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    Hart specifications

    The HART Protocol was developed in the late 1980's andtransferred to the HART Foundation in the early 1990's.

    Since then it has been updated several times. When the

    protocol is updated, it is updated in a way that ensures

    backward compatibility with previous versions. The current

    version of the HART Protocol is revision 7.3. The "7" denotes

    the major revision level and the "3" denotes the minor

    revision level.

    The HART Protocol implements layers 1,2, 3, 4 and 7 of the

    Open System Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer protocol model:

    The HART Physical Layer is based on the Bell 202

    standard, using frequency shift keying (FSK) to

    communicate at 1200 bps. The signal frequencies

    representing bit values of 0 and 1 are 2200 and 1200Hz

    respectively. This signal is superimposed at a low level on

    the 4-to-20mA analog measurement signal without causing

    any interference with the analog signal.

    The HART Data Link Layer defines a master-slave protocol

    - in normal use, a field device only replies when it is spoken

    to. There can be two masters, for example, a control system

    as a primary master and a handheld HART communicator as

    a secodary master. Timing rules define when each master

    may initiate a communication transaction. Up to 15 or moreslave devices can be connected to a single multidrop cable

    pair.

    The Network Layer provides routing, end-to-end security,

    and transport services. It manages "sessions" for end-to-end

    communication with correspondent devices.

    The Transport Layer:The Data-Link Layer ensurescommunications are successfully propagated from one

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    device to another. The Transport Layer can be used to

    ensure end-end communication is successful.

    The Application Layer defines the commands, responses,

    data types and status reporting supported by the Protocol.In the Application Layer, the public commands of the

    protocol are divided into four major groups:

    1. Universal Commands - provide functions which must be

    implemented in all field devices

    2. Common Practice Commands - provide functions

    common to many, but not all field devices

    3. Device Specific Commands - provide functions that areunique to a particular field device and are specified by

    the device manufacturer

    4. Device Family Commands - provide a set of

    standardized functions for instruments with particular

    measurement types, allowing full generic access

    without using device-specific commands.

    WirelessHART Technology

    WirelessHART technology provides a robust wireless

    protocol for the full range of process measurement, control,

    and asset management applications. Based on the proven

    and familiar HART Communication Protocol,WirelessHART

    enables users to quickly and easily gain the benefits of

    wireless technology while maintaining compatibility withexisting devices, tools, and systems.

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    The HART Communication Foundation, its member

    companies and the industry leaders

    developed WirelessHART technology to meet the unique

    requirements of wireless networks operating in process

    plants.

    Key Capabilities:

    Reliability even in the presence of interference,

    thanks to technology like mesh networking, channel

    hopping, and time-synchronized

    messaging. WirelessHART coexistence with other

    wireless networks is assured.

    Security and privacy for network communications

    through encryption, verification, authentication, key

    management, and other open industry-standard best

    practices.

    Effective power management through Smart Data

    Publishing and other techniques that make batteries,

    solar and other low-power options practical for wireless

    devices.

    Wireless HART - How it works

    WirelessHART is a wireless mesh network communications

    protocol for process automation applications. It adds

    wireless capabilities to the HART Protocol while maintainingcompatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and

    tools.

    Each WirelessHART network includes three main elements:

    Wireless field devices connected to process or plant

    equipment. This device could be a device with

    WirelessHART built in or an existing installed HART-

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    enabled device with a WirelessHART adapter attached

    to it.

    Gateways enable communication between these

    devices and host applications connected to a high-

    speed backbone or other existing plant communications

    network.

    A Network Manager is responsible for configuring the

    network, scheduling communications between

    devices, managing message routes, and monitoring

    network health. The Network Manager can be

    integrated into the gateway, host application, or

    process automation controller.

    The network uses IEEE 802.15.4 compatible radios operating

    in the 2.4GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio band.

    The radios employ direct-sequence spread spectrumtechnology and channel hopping for communication security

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    and reliability, as well as TDMA synchronized, latency-

    controlled communications between devices on the network.

    This technology has been proven in field trials and real plant

    installations across a broad range of process control

    industries.

    Each device in the mesh network can serve as a router for

    messages from other devices. In other words, a device

    doesn't have to communicate directly to a gateway, but just

    forward its message to the next closest device. This extends

    the range of the network and provides redundant

    communication routes to increase reliability.

    The Network Manager determines the redundant routes

    based on latency, efficiency and reliability. To ensure the

    redundant routes remain open and unobstructed, messages

    continuously alternate between the redundant paths.

    Consequently, like the Internet, if a message is unable to

    reach its destination by one path, it is automatically re-

    routed to follow a known-good, redundant path with no loss

    of data.

    The mesh design also makes adding or moving devices

    easy. As long as a device is within range of others in the

    network, it can communicate.

    For flexibility to meet different application requirements,

    the WirelessHART standard supports multiple messaging

    modes including one-way publishing of process and control

    values, spontaneous notification by exception, ad-hoc

    request/response, and auto-segmented block transfers of

    large data sets. These capabilities allow communications to

    be tailored to application requirements thereby reducing

    power usage and overhead.

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