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19 April 2023
Absent Talent: Women’s Participation in Higher
Education Leadership and Research
Professor Louise MorleyCentre for Higher Education and
Equity Research (CHEER)University of Sussex, UK
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/education/cheer
19 April 2023
Snapshot Statistics: Women Vice-Chancellors
Aust EU HK India JP Mal Kuw Swe Tur UK
18% 13% 0% 3% 2.3% 15% 2% 43% 7% 14%
19 April 2023
Some Provocations
• The global academy prides itself on innovation and hypermodernism (Morley,
2011).
• The archaism of male-dominated leadership remains.
• Does fair participation in the knowledge economy overlap with gendered social hierarchies (Walby, 2011)?
• Female undergraduate enrolment in HE has risen almost twice as fast as that of men over the last 4 decades (UNESCO,
2012).
• Is this translating into enhanced career opportunities for women in academia?
19 April 2023
Missing Senior Women
• Are women desiring, dismissing or being disqualified from academic leadership?
• Who self-identifies/ is identified by existing power elites, as having leadership legitimacy?
• Is leader identity still constituted through gendered power relations?
• Do cultural scripts for leaders coalesce or collide with normative gender performances?
• How does gender continue to escape organisational logic/rationalities?
19 April 2023
Consequences of Absence of Leadership Diversity
Employment/ Opportunity Structures
Democratic Deficit
Distributive injustice/ Structural Prejudice.
Depressed career opportunities.
Misrecognition of leadership potential/ wasted talent.
Service Delivery
Knowledge Distortions, Cognitive/ Epistemic injustice (Fricker, 2007)
Reproduction of Institutional Norms and Practices.
Margins/ Mainstream hegemonies, with women, minority staff seen as Organisational ‘Other’.
19 April 2023
Impeding Diversity in Senior Leadership
• Are certain groups, styles, talents and potential mis-recognised/ perceived as too risky? (Fitzgerald, 2011).
• Do dominant groups continue to appoint in own image/ clone themselves? (Gronn & Lacey, 2006).
• Is leadership still synonymous with structural positions and traditional types and displays of masculinity (Davies & Thomas, 2002).
• Are informal practices e.g. networks, head-hunters’ searches reproducing privilege? (Watson, 2008).
• Does decision-making lack transparency/ accountability? (Rees,
2011).
19 April 2023
Gendered Narratives of the ‘Ideal Leader’
• Maleness = resource
(productivity, competitiveness,
hierarchy, strategy, authority) (Hearn, 2009).
• Femaleness = negative equity
(‘other’)/ difference /spoiled
identity (Fitzgerald, 2011).
• Practices/norms/performances
reflect the life situations/
interests of men? (Billing, 2011).
19 April 2023
Focus on East Asia
19 April 2023
Fastest Growing Higher Education Sector in the World
• Gross undergraduate
enrolment ratio of men
increased from 11% in 1970 to
26% in 2009.
• The ratio for women in the
same period tripled from 8% to
28%, now exceeding male
participation.
19 April 2023
Quality not Equality
Hong Kong
• 8 universities
• 3 in Global Top 50
• No Female vice-chancellor
Japan
• 86 (national) universities
• 3 in Global Top 50
• 2 Female vice-chancellors
(1 women-only)
19 April 2023
Collecting New Evidence: British Council Global Education Dialogue Workshops in Hong Kong and Tokyo
• 47 Workshop Participants (China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand, UK, Vietnam).
• 13 Questionnaire Respondents (Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Thailand)
• 9 Panel discussants (Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, the Philippines,
Thailand, UK)
• 4 papers (the Philippines, Malaysia Japan x2)
The rationale, attractions/ deterrents, enablers, impediments for women entering senior leadership.
19 April 2023
Why Diversify Leadership?
• Extending the Leadership Repertoire We do need different kinds of voices,
different kinds of leadership to be accepted (Japanese discussant).
• Widening the Talent Pool for Sustainability We have to draw on the whole talent pool to
have sustainability. We have to ... bring different ways of knowing and different ways of interpreting language and interpreting discourse to the table will provide us with many opportunities to fully understand problems and achieve greater sustainable solutions (UK discussant).
• Global Solutions The society won’t be able to survive in
globalization (Japanese respondent).
• Modernisation To be the leader in higher education is
something to show everyone that the world is now changing (Thai respondent).
19 April 2023
Identity Simply as a Demographic Variable?
Representation:
• Not always transformative
• New constituencies expected to
assimilate and conform to
normative practices
• Not all women are gender sensitive
• Do women continue to lack capital
(economic, political, social and
symbolic) to redefine the
requirements of the field (Corsun & Costen, 2001)?
19 April 2023
What Makes Senior Leadership Attractive to Women?
Social and Organisational Responsibility
• Desire to diversify leadership/ make it more representative of the wider population.
• Opportunity to modernise, influence, transform the academy.
Personal Rewards
• Achievement/ career progress/ financial gain.
• Flexible working arrangements.
19 April 2023
Why is Senior Leadership Unattractive to Women?
• The expanding, audited, neo-liberalised, competitive, performance-driven, globalised academy.
• Male-dominated culture.
• Oppositional relationship between leadership and scholarship.
• Affective load e.g. managing occupational stress, conflict, anxiety, morale, disappointment, resistance, pessimism and recalcitrance (Acker, 2012).
• Co-existing and contradictory identifications.
• The signifier ‘woman’ reduces the authority of the signifier ‘leader’.
• Greedy organisations.
• Navigating between professional and
domestic responsibilities.
19 April 2023
Glass Cliffs, Poisoned Chalices: Metaphors of Danger, Precariousness and Instability
Perception that senior leadership
positions will prevent research and
teaching in their discipline;
perception of negative political
environment; fear of the ‘glass cliff’
– there are many examples of
women achieving senior leadership
only to find it a ‘poisoned chalice’ –
i.e. the role becomes available
when conditions are such that
there is no chance of success (Australian respondent).
19 April 2023
What Enables Women to Enter Leadership?
19 April 2023
Recognition
• Support
• Training/ Development/
Capacity-Building
• Mentorship, Advice and
Sponsorship
• Policy contexts
• Legislative frameworks
• Effective advocacy
• Leadership identities and
capacities = forged in relation
to how women are seen and
invested in by others.
19 April 2023
Decoding the Rules of the Game (Morley, 2013)
Build the research credentials,
experience, confidence and
acknowledgement to achieve
appointment to leadership roles
requires sustained focus within a
particular discipline over many
years. It also requires the capacity
to play politics, be aligned with the
right people, get publications in the
right journals and win research
grants…knowing how to play the
promotions process and be
recognised as being of ‘merit’ (Australian respondent).
19 April 2023
What Impedes Women from Entering Leadership?
19 April 2023
Cultural Climate/Hidden Curriculum
• Women’s aspirations/ career orientations depressed by:
• Mis-recognition • Unsympathetic classification of women’s
skills, knowledge and potential
• Hostility, discrimination, toxic social relations
• Favouring of men
• My university is an inbreeding society. And I received academic harassment and could not get professorship at then university and moved a new university and finally received professorship there. It took so long years in comparison with other male teachers
(Japanese respondent).
19 April 2023
Socio-Cultural Norms: The Educated Woman as the Third Sex
• Happiness = traditional choices/norms • Unhappiness = de-traditionalisation
(Ahmed, 2010) • Leadership/ HE = transgression • Social and affective consequences.
A saying that ‘people can be classified into three categories: male, female, and female PhD’ (Chinese respondent).
Even now, young women don’t want to go to the University of Tokyo because their parents say that if you go to the University of Tokyo you won’t be able to get married, you won’t be able to be happy (Japanese discussant).
19 April 2023
Gendered Division of Labour
• Incompatibility of women’s caring responsibilities with the temporalities and rhythms of academia (Cheung & Halpern, 2010).
• A woman in Japan has to take care of her children, as well as both her parents, and sometimes even her husband's parents, besides the domestic duties on daily life. They do not have enough time to concentrate on doing research. And the percentage female university teachers in Japan who do not marry is 47.5 per cent (Japanese respondent).
19 April 2023
Sex Role Spillover
• Women tasked with inward-facing responsibilities e.g. teaching and student support.
• Male counterparts more external-facing e.g. international networks and research.
• A rather bitter memory of a line manager (of the opposite sex) beating me out of an opportunity for funding assistance. The line manager was constantly travelling and on leave and having taken on studies was constantly away on study leave too. This gave me no space to focus on expanding my career and when opportunities arose, I was talked out of applying and no importance was placed on professional development for fear that there will be a gap and no one to man the fort so to speak (Malaysian respondent).
19 April 2023
Summary of Research Findings
• The under-representation of women leaders in higher education is a form of distributive, cognitive and epistemic injustice.
• Lack of diversity is an indicator of archaism in a hypermodernising sector.
• Diversity is important for sustainability in a globalised knowledge economy.
• Potent socio-cultural messages still exist about what is gender appropriate.
• Women are entering middle management, but are not being identified, supported and developed to become the most senior leaders in universities.
• Women are often located on career pathways that do not lead to senior positions.
• Time for action for change.
19 April 2023
Manifesto for Change: Accountability, Transparency, Development and Data
• Equality as Quality - equality should be made a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in quality audits, with data to be returned on percentage and location of women professors and leaders, percentage and location of undergraduate and postgraduate students and gender pay equality. Gender equity achievements should be included in international recognition and reputation for universities in league tables.
• Research Grants - funders should monitor the percentage of applications and awards made to women and to actively promote more women as principal investigators. The applications procedures should be reviewed to incorporate a more inclusive and diverse philosophy of achievement. Gender implications and impact should also be included in assessment criteria.
• Journals - Editorial Boards, and the appointment of editors, need more transparent selection processes, and policies on gender equality e.g. to keep the gender balance in contributions under review.
• Data - a global database on women and leadership in higher education should be established.
• Development - more investment needs to be made in mentorship and leadership development programmes for women and gender needs to be included in existing leadership development programmes.
• Mainstreaming - work cultures should be reviewed to ensure that diversity is mainstreamed into all organisational practices and procedures.
19 April 2023
Follow Up?
• Morley, L. (2013) International
Trends in Women’s Leadership
in Higher Education In, T. Gore,
and M. Stiasny (eds) Going
Global. London, Emerald Press.
• Morley, L. (2013) "The Rules of
the Game: Women and the
Leaderist Turn in Higher
Education " Gender and
Education. 25(1):116-131.
CHEER
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/education/cheer/