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Common Crises Demographic changes
Little Ace Age Returns poor crops
Drop in Trading
Lack of communication between monarchs and subjects
Constant presence of the nobility
Warfare
Popular Revolts
Lower class
Economic based
Common Achievements1. Greater taxation
2. Growth in the armed forces
3. Larger, more efficient bureaucracies
4. Increased ability to demand obedience from subjects
5. Development of a sovereign state
The Theories of Absolutism
Break into groupsread Hobbes’ LeviathanAll groups answer questions
Review Questions as a class
Ascent to the Throne Born 1639, dies 1715
The Regent Rule (1643-1661) Kept French armies in
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
The Frondes (1648-1653) Try to increase taxes Court flees Paris in 1649
Absolute Tendencies Claims a divine right to rule
Ideas on decision making
Special police force
Select loyal officials
Builds a regime on ceremony
The Court of Louis XIV Versailles Palace, built
1669-1686
Treatment of the nobility
“Book of Manners”
Characteristics of Court life
Louis XIV’s Wars1659: Expands Military
1667: Invades Flanders
1672: Invades Netherlands
1681: invades Lorraine territory
1701-1713: War of Spanish Succession
1701: Forms a Grand Alliance
1713: Peace of UtrechtSignificance:
Politics Economics Military Culture/Society
Peter the Great
Taxes on everythingRussia divided into 8 districts
Academy of Sciences (1721)Names himself head of the Orthodox ChurchHoly SynodChanges to Western calendar
Hapsburgs
Frederick William the Great Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick William I
James I of England (r. 1603-1625)
Born 1566 in Scotland
Mother, Mary Queen of Scots, abdicated throne in 1567 and James becomes James VI of Scotland
Ascent to the English throne
Name Change: Becomes James I of England
Unprepared for the throne
Believed in the Divine Right to Rule
Conflicts with Parliament James I view of Parliament
What powers does House of Commons have? King? Justification for each? Was compromise possible?
Raising revenue
Appointments of unpopular advisors
Attempted impeachments
Charles I (r. 1625-1649) and the Fall of Absolutism
Complaints against the king Controlled by Pope Too “tax happy” Kings lieutenants are exceeding their power Merchants cannot trade freely
Divisions within society Religious divisions
Puritans Arminians
Class divisions Parliament supporters: “Country,” poor King supporters: court, titled nobles
Divisions within Parliament
1625: forced loans on landowners w/o Parliament consent
1626: jails those who do not comply with loans
1628: Petition of Right passed
1629: Parliament dissolved
1634: Ship Tax
1637: forced Prayer Book on Scotland Scots rebel
1639: Forced London to pay for war Parliament will, only if they can reconvene
1640: Parliament reconvened, refused to pay, and are dissolved again
Beginnings of the English Civil War
Parliament refuses to pass laws
Charles calls the army in
SidesCavaliersRoundheads
War of words
Parliament triumphsBattle of Marston Moore
Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army
Divisions within Parliament 1. religious
Presbyterians Independents
2. reformersLevellersDiggers
Death of the King
Restoration of the Monarchy
Government of Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649-1658) Domestic policy Foreign policy
Charles II (r. 1661-1685) Navigation Acts Dutch Wars Colonization of US and Canada
James II (r. 1685-1688) Resurgence of Catholicism Glorious Revolution
The English Bill of Rights, 1688
Handed to William and Mary (r. 1688-1702)
Limitations on the crown
Role Parliament plays
Implications for the future
Background and Structure to the Dutch State
Background Incorporated into the Holy
Roman Empire in 800 Passed off to Spanish rule in
1555 Split in 1581 Northern half recognized
independence in 1609 Southern half recognized
independence in 1648
Structure Oligarchies States General
Definition Duties
Stadholders
The Expanding Economy1609- Amsterdam Public Bank Opens
Shifting attitude towards the profession of banking
Fertile land is good for economy
Rise in population
Building of canals
Tulip production
The Role of Dutch Merchants
The Dutch East India Trading Companies
Expand markets to Europe and East Indies
Specialize in Bulk Goods
Dutch Culture1. Religion
Promote Religious tolerationHuguenot Migration Jewish migration
2. Attitudes towards…HomelessnessEconomyDutch success
Decline of Dutch RepublicWars with England drained the Dutch economy
Invasions of Louis XIV
Southern half partitioned to Austria in 1713
Shift in Government control
What made them immune to absolutism?
Government structure kept one from gaining too much power
Do not want to repeat the government of their mother country
General attitudes towards culture and humanity prevented an absolute leader from rising up
Became successful on their own – without government intervention
Major Battles with the Europeans
1350: Attempts for Hungary
1423: Venice
1462: Romania and Eastern Europe
1526: Hapsburg Empire
1672: Poland
1700s: various wars with Russia
Big PicturePrecipitated by Religious divisions and politics
Last “War of Religion”
Cripples the HRE – no united Germany
Creates better defined system of sovereign states
At the end of the war, France, Spain, and England gain prestige.
Spanish and HRE influence diminishes
BackgroundHRE is a loose confederation of over 1000 states
and cities
Federal StructureEmperor is head of state Chancery for foreign policy Imperial Diet – Parliament
Peace of Augsburg
OriginsOrder established at Peace of Augsburg is challenged by
Introduction of CalvinismKings breaking Provisions
Emperors/princes try to roll back Protestant RightsRudolf II (r. 1576-1612)Ferdinand II Archduke of Austria
Transylvania and Hungary revolt
Rudolf challenged by brother Matthias (r. 1612-1619)
Protestant League (1608) and Catholic League (1609) are formed in response to religious tension
Start of the War/Bohemian Phase(1618-1625)
Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, imposes limits on Protestants
Defenestration of Prague, 1618
Bohemian crown offered to Calvinist Frederick of Palatinate
Ferdinand II becomes emperor in 1619 Secures help from Spanish
and Catholic League Wins battle of White Mountain
1620, gaining control of Bohemia, Central and East HRE.
Danish Phase (1625-1630) Christian IV of Denmark
invades looking to help Protestants and to gain territory
Defeated by Albrecht Wallenstein, Bohemian noble and best Catholic general
Treaty of Lubeck, 1629
Ferdinand becomes even more repressive Protestants expelled/lands
confiscated Edict of Restitution, 1629
Swedish Phase (1629-1635)
Catholic successes alarm Protestant countries
Gustavus Adolphus, King of SwedenMotivated by:
FaithTerritorial gainDesire to kick butt
Gains territories back 1629-1632
Wallenstein recalledBattle of Lutzen, 1632
Adolphus dies, Catholics regain territories
French Phase (1635-1648) French had been aiding
Protestants throughout war
Finally enter war directly in 1635 by declaring war on Spain and sending troops to Germany
Cardinal Richelieu’s justification Raison d’etat
End of WarProtestants make a comeback because of the
French
Tired of war, they try to make peaceSpain bankrupt/Civil WarSweden losing troops/unhappy populationEngland in Civil War (1642)German princes, Catholics and Protestants
devastated by years of war
Treaty of Westphalia, 1648Redraws map of Europe
Dutch United Provinces recognized Switzerland recognized Sweden gains German territories France gains Alsace
Treaty reinforces autonomy of German states Decide own religion and foreign policy Holy Roman Emperor only has control over Austria
No country can declare war based on Catholicism or Protestantism
Reinforced the idea of sovereign territorial states with fixed borders