Abstract

35th Conference of

Latin Americanist Geographers

May 20-22, 2018 | San José, Costa Rica

clag2018costarica.ku.edu

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Program: Geographic Research in 21st Century Latin America 35th Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers May 20-22, 2018 San José, Costa Rica

Programa: La Investigación Geográfica del Siglo XXI en América Latina 35a Conferencia de Geógrafos Latinoamericanistas 20-22 de mayo de 2018 San José, Costa Rica

Edited by | Editado por Taylor A. Tappan Peter H. Herlihy Lilliam Quirós Arias

Program Committee | El Comité del Programa Lilliam Quirós Arias (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Isabel Avendaño Flores (Universidad de Costa Rica) Peter H. Herlihy (University of Kansas) Kendra McSweeney (Ohio State University) Patricia Solís (Texas Tech University) Matthew Taylor (University of Denver)

Organizing Committee | El Comité Organizador Lilliam Quirós Arias (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Isabel Avendaño Flores (Universidad de Costa Rica) Peter H. Herlihy (University of Kansas) Taylor A. Tappan (University of Kansas)

Technical Support | Apoyo Técnico Ana Yancy Vargas Barquero (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Jenny Díaz Tercero (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica)

Special Thanks | Agradecimientos Special thanks is given to Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, the University of Kansas, and the American Geographical Society for supporting the 35th CLAG. Se otorga un reconocimiento especial a Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, la Universidad de Kansas, y la Sociedad de Geógrafos Americanos por su apoyo a la 35ª CLAG.

All text appears exactly as submitted by the authors. | Todo el contenido textual aparece tal como fue presentado por los autores.

2018: Heredia, Costa Rica and Lawrence, Kansas

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CLAG Governance

Chair Kendra McSweeney The Ohio State University

Vice Chair Brad Jokisch Ohio University

Executive Director Michael Steinberg University of Alabama

Treasurer Rob Kent CAL State-Northridge

Secretary Rebecca Clouser Washington University in St. Louis

JLAG Editor Christopher Gaffney University of Zurich

Communications Coordinator Timothy Norris University of Miami

Board Members

Christian Abizaid Brad Jokisch Martha Bell Rob Kent Sarah Blue Matthew LaFevor Christian Brannstrom Catherine Nolin Rebecca Clouser David Robinson Kristen Conway-Gomez David Salisbury Oliver Coomes Luis Sánchez Nathan Einbinder Patricia Solís Andrés Guhl Matthew Taylor

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35th CLAG ABSTRACTS Christian Abizaid (University of Toronto), Oliver T. Coomes, Yoshito Takasaki, and Lesley Johnson Risk and Opportunity in Riverine Amazonia: A Regional Analysis of the Peruvian Amazon Email of presenting author: christian.abizaid@utoronto.ca In the Peruvian Amazon, settlement is concentrated along rivers. The lowland is recognized for its soil fertility, wildlife resources and ease of transportation, but is also risky due to flooding and riverbank erosion; adjacent upland (terra firme) areas above floodwaters are less fertile but more secure. Much research suggests that complementary use of upland and lowland resources is common, but surprisingly our understanding of risk and opportunity for riverine communities is limited. This paper reports on a study that combines data from a large-scale community survey (n=919) with remote sensing and geological data to understand local agricultural risk and opportunities among rural communities in four major river basins in the Peruvian Amazon. Given the challenges of accurately identifying a clear line that divides the lowland and the terra firme, we use site-specific characteristics to capture risk and agricultural potential separately. Specifically, we draw on fine-scale inundation data from GIEMS-D15 to identify areas more susceptible to flooding around communities; geological data are used to identify areas of greater agricultural potential based on the age of soil parent material. Particular attention is given to differences in the distribution of risk and opportunity among communities based on ethnicity, river type, distance to city and community age. Implications for riverine settlement and Amazonian cultural ecology, and for agricultural development are discussed. Keywords: Amazon basin; cultural ecology; upland-lowland distinction; riverine settlement; agriculture; Peru; indigenous peoples; ribereños. Genaro Aguilar Sánchez and Alexis López-Navarro (Universidad Autónoma Chapinga) Unidades de Paisaje Locales en el Noreste de Michoacán Email of presenting author: g_aguila@correo.chapingo.mx El objetivo fue elaborar un mapa de unidades de paisaje combinando un enfoque experto y local, para la planeación del territorio en el Noreste del Estado de Michoacán. El enfoque experto uso la metodología de los paisajes físico-geográficos, obteniendo unidades del paisaje, las cuales fueron interpretadas por los actores locales, mediante la aplicación de herramientas participativas; donde se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, transectos en campo; se realizaron mapas mentales, y se emplearon los Sistemas de Información Geográficos. Se obtuvo que ambos enfoques tienen diferencias contrastantes. Por un lado, el enfoque experto define las unidades de paisajes por rasgos biofísicos; en cambio, las personas mediante el conocimiento que tienen, reconocen los atributos y delimitan las unidades de paisaje, por los usos del suelo que les dan. Se concluye, que es importante del uso de métodos híbridos para el estudio de las prácticas comunitarias en el manejo de los recursos de uso común. Keywords: Planeación participativa, Conocimiento local, Paisajes, Sistemas de Información Geográficos Participativos Bernardo J. Aguilar-González (Fundación Neotrópica) Drug Trafficking and Central American Protected Areas: Focusing on Participatory Governance to Conserve Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity

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Email of presenting author: baguilar@neotropica.org Our team has identified that as much as 60% of total deforestation that occurred between 2000 and 2014 in the protected areas (PAs) in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor can be associated with the international cocaine trade (Sesnie et al. 2017; McSweeney et al. 2017; McSweeney et al. 2014). We have quantified monetary losses in ecosystem services to be close to $44 million per year, which represents 93% of the total national budgets dedicated to regional PA systems. These costs do not include social and other human and natural consequences of the rising number ecological conflicts that relate to the appropriation of environmental space by drug trafficking. These conflicts present high levels of intensity, violence and the establishment of territorial control in rural areas close to PAs (Aguilar-González, et al., 2017). Through a Pegasus grant, we seek today to further evaluate these impacts and better characterize the threats to PA governance. In the process we will engage PA managers, stakeholders, researchers, policy makers at several regional meetings to refine our assessment. Finally, we hope to catalyze an Observatory on the consequences of drug trafficking in PAs in Central America./ Nuestro equipo ha determinado que hasta 60% del total de deforestación ocurrida entre los años 2000 y 2014 en las áreas protegidas (APs) en el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano pueden atribuirse al tráfico internacional de drogas (Sesnie et al. 2017; McSweeney et al. 2017; McSweeney et al. 2014). Hemos cuantificado pérdidas monetarias por pérdida de servicios ecosistémicos de cerca de $44 millones por año, lo cual representa el 93% del presupuesto anual dedicado a las APs regionalmente. Estos costos no incluyen las consecuencias sociales, humanas y naturales del número creciente de conflictos ecológicos que se relacionan con la apropiación del espacio ambiental por el tráfico de drogas. Estos conflictos presentan altos niveles de intensidad, violencia y el establecimiento de control territorial en áreas rurales cerca de las APs (Aguilar-González, et al., 2017). Mediante una beca del programa Pegasus, buscamos hoy evaluar con mayor profundidad estos impactos y caracterizar en mejor forma estas amenazas a la gobernanza de las AP. En el proceso involucraremos manejadores de AP, actores sociales, investigadores y creadores de políticas en varias reuniones regionales para refinar nuestra evaluación. Finalmente, esperamos ser catalizadores de un Observatorio de las consecuencias del tráfico del tráfico de drogas sobre las AP de Centroamérica. Keywords: Narcodeforestation, Ecological Economic Impacts, Environmental Governance, Political Ecology, Environmental Conflicts/Narcodeforestación, Impactos Económico-Ecológicos, Gobernanza Ambiental, Ecología Política, Conflictos Ambientales Brenda Alcalá Escamilla (Instituto de Geografía, UNAM) Efectos Espaciales del Turismo en Mazatlán a Partir de su Integración Carretera con Durango: Interpretación del "Rejuvenecimiento" de un Centro Turístico Litoral Email of presenting author: dotsinha@hotmail.com En la década de los sesentas Mazatlán surgió como uno de los principales centro turístico de litoral en México, pero a través de los años la afluencia turística ha tenido altas y bajas por diferentes circunstancias. Sin embargo, a partir del 2013, la actividad turística del puerto se vio revitalizada por la inauguración de la autopista Durango-Mazatlán, la cual mejoro la accesibilidad de la zona permitiendo el arribo de turistas provenientes de centros urbanos del norte y la altiplanicie mexicana. La presentación tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sobre la realidad turística actual y las principales transformaciones territoriales que ha enfrenta el puerto de Mazatlán a partir de la apertura de la autopista Durango-Mazatlán. Keywords: Mazatlán, turismo litoral, rejuvenecimiento, accesibilidad

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Marvin Alfaro Sánchez (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) La Amigabilidad de las Ciudades con los Ancianos Email of presenting author: marvin.alfaro.sanchez@una.cr En las ciudades hay cada día más población y la población es cada día más anciana, lo que supondría que las ciudades deberían estar modificando sus estructuras y adaptándolas a las capacidades de uso de los ancianos, es decir deberían de ser cada día más amigables con ellos. Una forma de determinar si las ciudades están cambiando su configuración, según las necesidades de los ancianos, es midiendo su amigabilidad con ellos y aunque hacer esto es complejo, se puede hacer a partir de la identificación de los factores o elementos de la geografía urbana que la determinan. La amigabilidad de las ciudades con los ancianos fue medida en las ciudades de Malmö y Heredia (Suecia y Costa Rica) y para ello fue necesario desarrollar una metodología basada en variables e indicadores, los resultados obtenidos son los que se podrían esperar en países con tradiciones de políticas sociales muy diferentes. Keywords: Amigabilidad con los ancianos, indicadores, envejecimiento Nikolai Alvarado (University of Denver) Política de los Inmigrantes: la Lucha de los Nicaragüenses en la Carpio Contra la Basura, el Excremento y la Injusticia Ambiental Email of presenting author: pibe_101@yahoo.com Este papel se enfoca en un aspecto de la vida de los residentes de La Carpio: su situación ambiental. La Carpio es una comunidad binacional que es percibida como una pequeña Nicaragua, no precisamente como algo positivo, sino como foco de todo aquello que se ve como externo a la nación (blanca) costarricense: violencia, pobreza, Nicas, y además, los desechos que produce la ciudad. Usando el concepto de "otros amenazantes" de Carlos Sandoval como guía, argumento cómo una construcción negativa de la Carpio como asentamiento Nica ha permitido e impulsado la concentración de cargas ambientales en el lugar sin consecuencias ni remordimientos. No es de sorprender que la Carpio esté rodeada de dos de los ríos más contaminados del GAM, el basurero más importante de la ciudad, una planta regional de tratamiento de aguas y a pesar de esto, irónicamente, la comunidad se hunde en basura en sus calles y no posee conexiones de aguas residuales, las cuales van a dar a los ríos, a unos pocos metros de la planta que limpia las aguas (y la cara) del país. Podemos hablar de un racismo ambiental en La Carpio? Son los residentes de esta comunidad víctimas pasivas de esta acumulación de desechos? Usando específicamente el caso del "relleno sanitario" finalizo dando cuenta de las luchas contra su instalación, contra su funcionamiento hasta el día de hoy y las contradicciones que producen este tipo de instalaciones en espacios urbano de carencia pues otorgan, también de manera irónica, oportunidades para que los habitantes negocien mejoras de otros aspectos importantes de su vida urbana. Keywords: La Carpio, Justicia Ambiental, Asentamientos Informales, Migración, Política Urbana Meylin Alvarado (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) De un Turismo Rural, Hacia un Turismo Rural Comunitario: El Caso de Costa Rica Email of presenting author: malvara@una.cr En Costa Rica, la promoción de políticas públicas orientadas al sector turístico y adaptado a la demanda y estándares internacionales, contribuyó a que el turismo permaneciera como una de sus principales actividades económicas en los últimos 30 años. En este proceso de adaptación, el modelo de turismo masivo (Turismo de Sol y Playa) fue superado por un turismo más orientado a

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los recursos naturales denominado Ecoturismo, que luego evolucionó a un segmento basado en las buenas prácticas de sostenibilidad, bajo el nombre de turismo sostenible, para finalmente llegar a lo que hoy en día se ofrece como turismo de experiencia, que fomenta el estilo de vida local, que involucra la cultura y la naturaleza. Fue en este proceso, que el turismo permeó en las comunidades rurales del país, específicamente en los años 90s, a través de las organizaciones de base comunitaria que tenían como fin la conservación de sus recursos naturales, en áreas protegidas comunales. Y que sin percibirlo, crearon un atractivo para el segmento de ecoturismo, que había surgido en la década anterior como demanda de las áreas protegidas estatales. Hecho que les generó visitación turística, llevándolas a adoptar al turismo como una alternativa complementaria a sus tareas tradicionales, poniendo en valor tanto, a su patrimonio natural como cultural, a través del Turismo Rural, que al ser ofertado por sus organizaciones locales, se le denominó Turismo Rural Comunitario (TRC). El presente trabajo, muestra las principales características del desarrollo de este tipo de Turismo en Costa Rica, las principales políticas públicas, la legislación y los actores involucrados y su relación con el desarrollo comunitario en los espacios rurales. Keywords Turismo Rural, Turismo Rural Comunitario, Costa Rica. Alina Álvarez Larrain and Michael K. McCall (CIGA UNAM) ¿Quién es Dueño del Pasado?: Mapeo Participativo/SIG-P y Arqueología en América Latina, una Revisión Crítica de una Práctica en Crecimiento Email of presenting author: alinaalvarezlarrain@gmail.com En América Latina el estudio del pasado por parte de la arqueología se convirtió en una construcción narrativa funcional a los intereses de los Estados Nación con consecuencias políticas para las poblaciones nativas. En muchos países de la región, al tiempo que se valoraba la majestuosidad de ciertas ruinas arqueológicas y se las usaba como símbolo identitario, se desconocía a las comunidades indígenas contemporáneas como legítimas herederas de ese patrimonio cultural, desestimando asimismo su conocimiento como interpretaciones válidas de ese pasado. En las últimas décadas el mapeo participativo/SIG-P ha crecido dentro de la práctica arqueológica como un enfoque que podría acortar la brecha entre los estudiosos, las comunidades y los estados, así como valorar y considerar las necesidades de las comunidades locales respecto a ese patrimonio. En esta ponencia realizamos una revisión crítica de dicha práctica hasta la fecha a partir de la revisión de casos de estudio en la región y de nuestra propia experiencia en el Noroeste Argentino. Keywords: Arqueología, Comunidades indígenas, Mapeo participativo/SIG-P, Patrimonio cultural Xavier Amat-Montesinos (Universidad de Alicante) Emigrantes Latinoamericanos en España: un Presente Incierto Email of presenting author: xavier.amat@ua.es La emigración latinoamericana hacia España ha acumulado stocks muy significativos durante las últimas dos décadas, favorecida por los lazos coloniales, culturales y los acuerdos bilaterales. Una parte importante de esta población emigrada mostró vocación de permanencia en el país, al menos hasta la crisis financiera de 2008. Desde entonces los flujos migratorios se han estabilizado, y a partir de 2010 se observan nuevas tendencias que revelan un cambio en las circunstancias socioeconómicas y políticas en los países emisores y en el destino. Desde inicios del siglo XX, la investigación geográfica en América Latina y España ha convertido este fenómeno en tema mediático y objeto de estudio, cimentando una bibliografía amplia en

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contenido y diversa en enfoques. Aquí se propone la revisión de algunos de los estudios que, desde la investigación geográfica de uno y otro lado del Atlántico, están aportando algo de luz al conocimiento de los nuevos escenarios migratorios entre América Latina y España. La revisión bibliográfica se complementará con el análisis cuantitativo a partir de diversos parámetros que evidencian un cambio de tendencia. Keywords: Emigración, Latinoamérica, España Marcus Vinícius Albrecht Anversa (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia – INT) Os Centros Regionais Inovativos de Tecnologia Assistiva do Brasil Email of presenting author: marcus.anversa@int.gov.br A situação do Brasil, segundo o Censo do IBGE 2010 (BRASIL, 2012), é de 23,9 % dos brasileiros apresentam ao menos algum tipo de deficiência que se pode enquadrar como: visual, motora, auditiva ou mental. Destes, cerca de 18,6% possuem deficiência visual, 7% motora, 5,10% auditiva, e 1,40% mental. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (2011) concluiu que no decorrer da vida humana, em algum momento, ocorrerá algum tipo de deficiência, sendo a mais provável por processo de envelhecimento. Em vista deste quadro, a busca por uma sociedade mais inclusiva se tornou uma das prerrogativas das Políticas Públicas de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação Brasileira, principalmente a partir da 4ª Conferência Nacional de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (4ª CNCTI), realizada em 2010. Esta conferência leva a questão da inovação em atender parte da população com algum tipo de deficiência através das Tecnologias Assistivas, assim como as Sociais. O mapeamento desta territorialidade, como a determinação dos Centros Regionais Inovativos de Tecnologia Assistiva urge como necessidade em fornecer instrumentos para tais políticas. Keywords: Centros Regionais Inovativos, Patentes, Inovação Tecnológica, Tecnologia Assistiva Iliana Araya Ramírez (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Representaciones del Espacio Concebido y Vivido: una Aproximación desde las Prácticas Socioespaciales de la Juventud Herediana Email of presenting author: iliana.araya.ramirez@una.cr La comprensión del simbolismo que evoca el espacio urbano de Heredia, Costa Rica, implica un proceso de construcción social permanente, que articula la dimensión material y sensible del espacio desde la trialéctica de la espacialidad propuesta por Soja (1996), la cual integra las representaciones del espacio percibido, concebido y vivido. El objetivo de la investigación consiste en indagar las representaciones del espacio concebido y vivido, así como las prácticas socio-espaciales de la juventud herediana, para la comprensión de las transformaciones urbanas inducidas en el contexto de la globalización neoliberal, en el periodo 1990 a 2017. La investigación es de tipo cualitativa, se utiliza la técnica del relato de vida. El procedimiento analítico está orientado en la "Teoría Fundamentada" (ground theory). Los datos fueron recolectados entre 2015 y 2017 a través de relatos de vida, a la juventud herediana entre 19 y 34 años y fueron procesados en Atlas-ti, versión 7. Keywords: tialéctica de la espacialidad, Heredia, Juventud, imaginarios geográficos, representaciones espaciales Eugenio Arima (University of Texas-Austin) Indirect Land Use Change in Brazil: New Evidence from Land Prices and Remote Sensing

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Email of presenting author: arima@austin.utexas.edu Expansion of intensive cropping systems such as soybeans and sugarcane in south-central Brazil has encroached on existing pastures, displacing them to the Amazonian and cerrado frontiers. This phenomenon, known as indirect land use change (iLUC), has been examined with the use of governmental official data through statistical and computational models. This paper shows empirical evidence of iLUC by combining Landsat-based land use and land cover data with countrywide land prices dataset from 2001-2016. Pasture land appreciation caused by alternative, more profitable agricultural use and huge price differentials between pasture lands in south-central Brazil and forests in Amazonia is likely the main cause of iLUC. Rents obtained from the agricultural sector in the past few decades in Brazil represent a tremendous amount of new landesque capital that were likely used to advance the cattle frontier into Amazonia. Land price differentials between intensive and extensive regions are decreasing through time, suggesting that the agricultural frontier is catching up with the cattle ranching frontier. Keywords: land system science, Amazon, cerrado, agriculture Lucinda Arroyo Arcos (Universidad de Quintana Roo), Romano Gino Segrado Pavón, Oscar Frausto Martínez, and Cristopher Arturo González Baca Email of presenting author: larroyo@uqroo.edu.mx El presente tiene como objetivo explicar la organización territorial y diagnóstico del aprovechamiento turístico en el Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel (PNAC), resultado parcial del proyecto límite de cambio aceptable del PNAC subsidiado por la Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) del municipio de Cozumel en Quintana Roo, México y el Programa para la Integración o Modificación de los Programas de Manejo de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) Competencia de la Federación (PROMANP). A partir del decreto del 19 de julio de 1996 este espacio se declaró ANP con el carácter de Parque Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel y en el 7 de julio del año 2000, la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Pesca determinó la recategorización como PNAC, en consecuencia el uso del territorio se modificó a través del programa de manejo en el cual se establece el siguiente ámbito geográfico, la Zona I. De uso restringido, la Zona II. De uso de baja intensidad y la Zona III. Uso intensivo. La metodología consistió en la revisión de literatura vinculada con el tema, normativa ambiental, realización de talleres con usuarios, permisionarios y cooperativistas, entrevistas a informantes clave, recorridos en la zona de estudio y área de influencia para levantamiento de datos georreferenciados y llenado de fichas de observación. Los resultados presentan las unidades funcionales para actividades turísticas y recreativas con base en las principales zonas arrecifales, así como el diagnóstico sobre el aprovechamiento turístico actual con una clasificación de nodos en principales, primarios y secundarios de acuerdo con criterios de concentración y selectividad espacial para la realización de las actividades de ocio y turismo de forma sustentable, finalmente destacan fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas en el PNAC. Keywords: Aprovechamiento turístico sustentable, Área Natural Protegida, Cozumel. Samantha Atkins (Metropolitan State University of Denver) and Amelia Campbell Hydrologic and Climate Trends in the Mataquito River Basin Email of presenting author: satkin11@msudenver.edu

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This study assesses water vulnerability driven by climate change, climate variability, and higher demand for water in central Chile, looking specifically at the Mataquito River Basin. The effects of decreasing precipitation, reduced streamflow, agricultural expansion, and rising water demands are studied to assess the water vulnerability of the basin using trend analysis of hydro-climatic data. Glacier melt from permafrost landforms will be more important as a contribution to surface runoff in a warmer and drier future climate on the watersheds of the central Andes and a reduction of the snowpack and an earlier spring melt might reduce water availability. Reduced streamflow in the Maule river basin will impose a substantive challenge to meet water needs in the region. New policies are needed to improve the region’s water resilience and this study seeks to offer options for mitigation. Keywords: Water scarcity in Matiqueto River Basin Daniel Avendaño Leadem (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) and Daniela García Sánchez Path Dependency in Costa Rica’s Energy System from an Economic Geography Point of View Email of presenting author: davenda@una.cr Evidence has demonstrated the progressive exhaustion of Costa Rica’s renewable energy model largely based on hydroelectricity. Despite an increasing perception of problems and limitations regarding conventional technologies, other technologies such as solar energy have repeatedly been considered unsuccessful and without a clear future within the country’s energy system. Within this research, a ‘case-centric’ study is framed over the base of alternative renewable energy transitions that are challenging the electricity sub-sector of Costa Rica, a country considered a leader in sustainable practices and policy. Critical junctures have sent the country down a repeating path supporting traditional hydroelectricity generation and thus creating a path dependent trajectory. Parting from evolutionary economic geography tendencies, this research sketches actor’s interactions based on different forms of mechanisms of path dependency: power, legitimation and functional explanations, and their subsequent effects upon the country’s landscape and development. Keywords: renewable energy, path dependency, evolutionary economic geography Isabel Avendaño Flores (Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Costa Rica) Perspectivas Subjetivas y Objetivas de la Organización Social y Comunal en una Ciudad Segregada: el Caso del Sector Sur del Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica, 2016-2018 Email of presenting author: isabel.avendano.flores@gmail.com Esta ponencia tiene como objetivo compartir algunos resultados de un proyecto de investigación en desarrollo (2016-2018) cuyo carácter es multidisciplinario e interinstitucional. El proyecto comprende 33 distritos de cinco cantones del Área Metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica (Alajuelita, Curridabat, Escazú, Desamparados y San José). La ponencia expone algunos sentimientos de los residentes del área de estudio en su vivencia en una ciudad segregada. Asimismo, se repasan las capacidades organizativas locales más relevantes, que procuran enfrentar tal segregación. A partir de entrevistas y de una encuesta, se revelan controversias, conflictos pero también, existen claras alusiones a anclajes territoriales. La exposición acude a una variedad de escalas analíticas, a la vez, entrevé la disparidad y la diversidad socioespacial que es propia de toda ciudad que se viene enrumbando hacia la segregación y fragmentación urbana. Keywords: organización social, percepción, segregación socioespacial, ciudad

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Técia Regiane Bérgamo (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) and Regina Célia de Oliveira A Evolução da Paisagem nas Áreas de Mineração no Município de Santos, Litoral Sul do Estado de São Paulo Email of presenting author: tecia.bergamo@unimes.br O termo paisagem apresenta uma variação conceitual dentro da ciência geográfica. Neste trabalho abordaremos o enfoque antropogênico a respeito dos problemas das modificações e transformações ocorridas na paisagem devido às atividades de mineração no município de Santos. A mineração consiste numa atividade essencial para o progresso e desenvolvimento econômico. No entanto a atividade apresenta diversos impactos levando a alteração e a degradação da paisagem. Utilizaremos a análise espaço temporal para compreender as tendências históricas do desenvolvimento nestas áreas, além de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da sua estrutura e função, bem como o seu estado e os processos de formação e transformação. O presente trabalho busca realizar uma leitura da paisagem, verificando as mudanças temporais ocorridas desde a década de 1960 aos dias atuais nas áreas de mineração, buscando identificar o estado de desenvolvimento das modificações graduais ocorridas ao longo do período, propondo assim, uma reflexão a respeito do desenvolvimento sustentável das atividades de mineração existentes no município de Santos. Keywords: Paisagem, Mineração, Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Teo Ballvé (Colgate University) Narco-Frontiers: a Spatial Framework for Drug-Fueled Accumulation Email of presenting author: tballve@colgate.edu The drug trade has found fertile ground in frontier zones because they are already spaces in which the rule of law is contested, political authority is explicitly in question, and economic relations are already wrought by violence. And yet, paradoxically, drug trafficking networks often end up bolstering legal circuits of power and profit in these hinterland spaces. Drawing on historical and ethnographic research in Colombia, this paper develops the concept of the “narco-frontier,” arguing it can help disentangle the confusing political economy of agrarian spaces wracked by the violence of the drug trade. From the countrysides of Colombia to Honduras, Afghanistan to Burma, narco-frontiers exhibit a common set of violent contradictions: perceptions of statelessness coexist with hyper-militarization, the law gets suspended to quell lawlessness, grinding poverty coincides with spectacular wealth, gangsters turn philanthropists, and governments become criminals. Welcome to the narco-frontier. Keywords: Drugs, frontiers, Colombia, political ecology, geography Sage Bard Gilbert (University of Denver), Matthew Taylor, and Wendy Jepson Salt in the Wells: A Household View of Water Insecurity in Nicaragua Email of presenting author: s.r.bard.gilbert@gmail.com Playa Gigante is a community on the southwestern coast of Nicaragua. Gigante is in an area with the lowest precipitation in the country, coupled with the highest tourism growth in the last 10 years. This research examines the experience of water insecurity in Playa Gigante from a household perspective. Over a two month period in 2017, I administered 46 surveys to find how individual households were obtaining water, and their subjective experiences of water stress. I also performed 20 interviews to fill out the community-level context surrounding the household information. Analysis of the data collected differentiates levels of water access within the community, with 35% of respondents saying that their water quality had been unacceptable for

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consumption within the prior month. Moreover, 51% had issues with quality or access within the previous 3 months. These results begin to reveal the complexity of the subjective experience of water security. Keywords: Water Security, Nicaragua, Tourism, Human-Environment Interaction, Land Gustavo Barrantes Castillo (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) and Annie Vargas Hernández Impacto de la Construcción de la Terminal de Contenedores (APM Terminals) Sobre la Playa de Mohín Email of presenting author: gbarrantes@una.cr Se han identificado afectaciones en playa Moín, ubicada en la Costa Caribe de Costa Rica, que están relacionadas con la construcción de la nueva terminal de contenedores APM Terminal, en particular cambios en la línea de costa, relacionados con procesos de erosión y sedimentación. Entre las causas de estos impacto esta el corte que la obra provoca sobre la distribución de los sedimentos (corte de la corriente de deriva litoral) y la práctica de lanzar los sedimentos extraídos en el fondo de la bahía artificial sobre una sección de la playa (curiosamente la que no se está viendo afectara por la erosión). Estos proceso de erosión y engrosamiento artificial de playa se acompañan de la colocación de obras para contención de la erosión costera (tubos de geotextil) que causan un serio impacto visual. El objetivo de la investigación es documentar los cambios sobre playa por medio del análisis de imágenes satelitales, la elaboración de perfiles de playa y por inspecciones de campo, para comprender la respuesta de la geomorfología litoral ante las presiones provocadas por la actividad humana. Keywords: Erosión Costera, Impacto Ambiental, Moín, APM Terminals Megan D. Baumann (Penn State University) Irrigation Megaprojects in Tolima Valley, Colombia: A Feminist Decolonial Methodology Informs Feminist Political Ecology and Feminist Geopolitics Email of presenting author: meganbaumann@psu.edu In the arid Tolima Valley, indigenous Pijao communities are negotiating the arrival of water to an irrigation megaproject, marked by investors as an ideal site for intensive rice production. Women are especially resisting dispossession and loss of traditional agricultural practices through local social movements. Responding to calls for research on the everyday realities of uneven impacts of water development, I investigate the differentiated experiences of the recent arrival of irrigation water, with particular attention to gender and ethnicity. I bring together theoretical frameworks of feminist political ecology to attend to questions of environmental justice and intersectionality, and feminist geopolitics to complicate views of scale and politics. Through these two lenses are complemented by a methodology informed by Latina feminist thinkers. I articulate how a feminist decolonial methodology can strengthen the engagement of frameworks feminist political ecology and feminist geopolitics in relation to women’s agrarian social movements. Keywords: feminist political ecology; Colombia; irrigation megaprojects; feminist decolonialism; feminist geopolitics Martha Bell (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú) Drinking Water Infrastructure and Climate Risk: Constructing a Relationship in Lima, Peru (1578-2017)

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Email of presenting author: mbell@pucp.edu.pe This paper presents preliminary results from a historical-geographic research project studying the development of the drinking water system of Lima, Peru, from the earliest colonial period installations (1550s-1570s) to the massive expansion and modernization of this system in the 20th century (1950s-1970s), with consideration for the current situation. It traces the spatial orientation of the drinking water system centered on the site of La Atarjea, which was the location of the first springs exploited by Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, and the site of the first modern water treatment plant installed in the mid-20th century. It concludes by demonstrating how the vulnerability of Lima’s drinking water supply to climate events (specifically El Niño related, but also more generally linked to global climate change) is the result of an infrastructural inertia stemming from a chain decisions made by Lima’s leaders since the 1550s. Keywords: Water infrastructure, Climate Change, El Niño, Vulnerability, Peru Antonio Bellisario (Metropolitan State University of Denver) Trends in Precipitation and Streamflow Under Drought Conditions in the Aconcagua River Watershed in Central Chile Email of presenting author: abellisa@msudenver.edu This study assesses precipitation and streamflow trends and the impact of drought and on water availability in the Aconcagua River Basin (32°S), in central Chile. This region holds not only the majority of the country’s population, but also a large percentage of its key economic activities, including agriculture and mining. Each is highly dependent on water supplied by rivers originating in the high Andes cordillera. The basin has experienced water stress due to the simultaneous rising demand and decreasing water availability due to drought. The effects of decreasing precipitation, reduced streamflow, agricultural expansion, and rising water demands are studied to assess the agricultural vulnerability of the basin. The Aconcagua is an economically important basin due to the dynamism of its agricultural sector. Despite the relative aridity of the climate, the Aconcagua basin holds 60,000 ha of irrigated land. The basin’s agriculture depends almost exclusively on surface water for irrigation (very dry summers). The Aconcagua does not have major reservoirs. Discharge during the growing agricultural season (October-April) is driven by snow- and ice-melt. Since 2010, central Chile has experienced a prolonged multi-year drought. The rise of the snowline and the current drought has caused an average reduction of streamflow of 40%. In the last 15 years the irrigated land in the Aconcagua has increased by 15%. A deficient irrigation infrastructure and an inefficient management of the resource worsen the situation. This study is important because climate change scenarios for central Chile predict increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitations. The study of the current multi-year drought could be used to plan for the effects of climate change on water resources in central Chile. Glacier melt from permafrost landforms will be more important as a contribution to surface runoff in a warmer and drier future climate on the watersheds of the central Andes. A reduction of the snowpack and an earlier spring melt might reduce water availability. Reduced streamflow will impose a substantive challenge to meet water needs. New policies are needed to improve the region’s water resilience. Keywords: Agricultural vulnerability, Snow- glacier fed watershed, multi-year drought, Aconcagua River Basin Sarah A. Blue (Texas State University) and Alisa Hartsell Outcome Disparities among Chinese and Latin American Asylum Seekers in the United States

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Email of presenting author: sblue@txstate.edu During fiscal years 2012 to 2016, asylum was granted to 17 percent of asylum petitioners in the United States. Mexican and Central American applicants make up a majority of petitioners but are only granted asylum 2.7 percent of the time. In contrast, 69 percent of Chinese petitioners—who also apply at high rates—received asylum during the same period. The great differences in Chinese and Latin American rates of asylum granting indicate that immigrants are not receiving impartiality before the law. Where asylum seekers live and their access to resources determines their access to legal representation and which judges are presiding over their cases. This paper will map the uneven outcomes for Chinese and Latin American asylum petitioners based on where they originally filed their petitions. Utilizing statistics from the Department of Justice and Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University, we will visualize in ArcGIS the immigration court locations where Chinese, Mexican and Central American migrants are petitioning and outcomes of their trials. Keywords: asylum, migration, U.S. courts, China, Mexico, Central America Andrew Boni Noguez (Universidad de Guanajuato) A Review of Policy Approaches Regarding Mining in México’s Federal Natural Protected Areas Email of presenting author: andrew.boni@ugto.mx In this presentation I examine the differing conceptual bases that underpin conservation planning and practice in Mexico’s federally managed natural protected areas. In previous work I have detailed the nature, scale and extent of mining within natural protected areas in Mexico. Here I focus on the different policy approaches regarding mining within NPAs in terms of how this issue is dealt with in each NPA’s management program (the instrument in which zoning scheme and land use/access rules are established). The differing approaches (from full rejection to diverse modes of inclusion) are framed and discussed under competing views regarding the compatibility or incompatibility of mining and conservation. The work leading to these results consisted mainly in a critical and systematic reading of the NPAs' management programs along with emerging and ongoing discussions regarding mining and sustainability and conservation. Keywords: mining, conservation, natural protected areas, Mexico Kelsey Brain (Penn State University) The Role of Gender and Race in Emerging Livelihood Opportunities in Costa Rica’s Afro-Caribbean Tourist Destination Email of presenting author: kjb5816@psu.edu Preliminary results from my current fieldwork on Costa Rica’s Caribbean coast suggest that gendered and raced ideologies shape emerging livelihood opportunities for local community members within a primarily tourist-based economy. My research indicates that the recent dramatic increase of foreigners in this region, both as tourists and residents, creates new livelihood opportunities for local community members, but that these opportunities are frequently tied to the perceived race and gender of the community members’ bodies. As a culturally iconic Afro-Caribbean location within Costa Rica, many foreigners come seeking cultural experiences which range from listening to reggae musicians to having biracial sexual encounters (Frohlick 2016). Drawing on feminist and critical race approaches to tourism and livelihood change, I probe how foreigners’ demands, and the broader transition to a tourist-based economy in coastal Talamanca,

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have impacted the gendered and raced ways in which local community members perceive and present themselves in order to make a living. Keywords: livelihood change, tourism economies, critical race theory, feminist political ecology Hildegardo Córdova-Aguilar (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú) La Planificación Urbana en América Latina. Mito o Realidad Email of presenting author: hcorcdov@pucp.edu.pe Alrededor de la mitad del siglo XX apareció un movimiento intelectual que consideraba que el desorden en las formas de ocupación de territorios era por falta de organización en la toma de decisiones y que la planificación era el instrumento que se necesitaba reforzar para entrar en la ruta del desarrollo en general. Al referirse a aspectos urbanos se pensó en la planificación urbana, entendida como la “disciplina con propósito de previsión, orientación y promoción de acondicionamiento físico y regulación de usos del suelo en centros urbanos” (MVC, 1985) Se tomaba como ejemplos los programas de construcción de ciudades nuevas en Europa y algunos éxitos en América Latina como es el caso de Brasilia. Sin embargo, una mirada reciente a las ciudades latinoamericanas muestra que casi todas tienen problemas de hacinamiento, tugurización y desorden en sus crecimientos periféricos que aumentan, en la gran mayoría, los riesgos a desastres. Tal es el caso peruano donde las invasiones de terrenos para uso urbano se han multiplicado y hoy aparecen asentamientos a lo largo de las vías de comunicación en donde la planificación municipal nunca fue pensada. Entonces, esto nos lleva a preguntarnos ¿qué pasó con la planificación? Esta presentación tiene por objeto buscar respuestas a esta pregunta y averiguar si es posible retomar los lineamientos de política que permitan ordenar mejor nuestras formas de uso de suelos. Keywords: Planificación urbana, ciudades, asentamientos, América Latina. Julisa G. Cabrera Borraz (Universidad de Quintana Roo), Lucinda Arroyo Arcos, and Romano Gino Pavón Participación Social e Instrumentos para a Gestión del Territorio En Áreas Naturales Protegidas Email of presenting author: julicabo_18@hotmail.com El presente tiene el objetivo de analizar la gestión del territorio a partir de la participación social e instrumentos legales en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka´an (RBSK). La metodología para la obtención de información se consistió principalmente en la revisión bibliográfica acerca de los instrumentos dictados por la legislación ambiental mexicana para la gestión de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, y la aplicación de 30 guías de entrevista semi-estructuradas a actores clave de la comunidad Punta Allen, la cual se ubica dentro de la RBSK con actividades económicas basadas en el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales. Como principales hallazgos se identificaron dos actividades económicas que juegan un papel importante para la cohesión de la población local, la labor de los actores externos involucrados en la gestión y el aprovechamiento de la RBSK, asimismo se presentan los elementos paisajísticos con potencial turístico y la zonificación como estrategia para realizar pesca sustentable. Keywords: participación social, gestión del territorio, Áreas Naturales Protegidas

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Natali Cáceres Arteaga and K. Maria D. Lane (Universidad Central del Ecuador / University of New Mexico) Climate Scenarios and Implications for Ecuadorian Highlands Communities Email of presenting author: caceresnatali@hotmail.com The natural and anthropogenic variations of climate systems are increasingly evident. Climate change has become the central theme of research for decision making at the global, regional, national, and local levels. The principal objective of the current research is to identify the evidence of change in certain climatic elements, such as precipitation (quantity, frequency, and intensity) and temperature (average, maximum, and minimum) at the local scale in Pedro Moncayo Canton, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Emphasis is placed on the data from the 126 meteorological stations of the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology closest to the study area and their records from 1981 to 2017. GIS is used for statistical analysis and geographical representation of the study area. This study will produce the first local-level climate scenarios for the Ecuadorian highlands, allowing vulnerable communities to undertake more detailed planning processes. Keywords: Climate change, climate variability, local scales, Ecuador, GIS Katherine Cann (The George Washington University) Understanding and Uniting Diverse Stakeholder Interests Towards Successful Co‐Management of a Coastal/Marine Protected Area in Panama Email of presenting author: kcann@gwu.edu In 2016, the national government of Panamá passed a law allowing for co-management of protected areas, revitalizing the dialogue of community-based conservation programs and inducing decentralization of national conservation strategies. This study examines one such co-management project in the coastal/marine Pablo Arturo Barrios Wildlife Refuge in the district of Pedasí, Panamá. Through a dual framework of political ecology and social-ecological systems theory, this study examines the community contexts, implicit power networks, and planning processes that propelled this community to apply for co-management of a local protected area. It will also evaluate the potential efficacy of the shared management venture given existing community structures and economic activities. The presence of a local environmental non-governmental organization, robust pre-existing community organizations, particularly in the fishing industry, and a strong cultural-environmental identity have led to the formation of a Committee for Shared Management and will contribute to its success. However, weak environmental enforcement at various levels of government coupled with pressures from a growing tourism industry and intensive coastal real estate development, are possible roadblocks to the success of the co-management of the refuge. Keywords: Conservation, coastal development, tourism, political ecology, social-ecological systems Gabriel C. Carrero (University of Florida) and Robert T. Walker Deforestation among Small Farmers in the Brazilian Amazon of the 21st Century: Evidence Suggests that Spatial Patterns Change with Frontier Time Span Email of presenting author: gcarrero@ufl.edu I present a spatial econometric analysis for household surveys (n=243) from a settlement project in Apuí, Southern Brazilian Amazon. Focused on a ten-year period (2007 to 2016) deforestation, I compare OLS and three spatial models (Spatial Autoregressive-SAR, Spatial Error-SEM, Spatial Durban-SDM) in order to reduce biases to respond what has recently driven deforestation by peasants of the region. Contrasting with previous studies, household time of occupation was

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negatively correlated to deforestation for all models (~0.5 ha less deforestation per extra year of occupation). The area deforested by households was ~0.3ha more per each kilometer farther away from town (OLS, SEM, and SAR), while not significant in SDM. Counterintuitively, higher deforestation rates occurred in households with larger cumulated prior deforestation and in recent households more distant from Apuí town. This suggests that spatial patterns of deforestation and its allocation among peasants vary according to the age of the frontier. Keywords: Land use change, agricultural frontiers, spatial econometric models, spatial-temporal dynamics, peasants. Bepsy Cedeño-Montoya (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) and Ricardo Orozco-Montoya Servicio de Mapoteca Virtual de la Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas, Universidad Nacional Email of presenting author: bepsy.cedeno.montoya@una.cr Desde el 2007, la Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas (ECG) de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA) ha apoyado una actividad académica denominada “Servicio de mapoteca virtual para la incorporación de las TIC en las actividades académicas”. Sin embargo, el rápido avance de las herramientas para la publicación de información geográfica en la Web, la consolidación de la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Costa Rica (IDECORI) y del Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SNIT) como portal de datos geográficos oficiales, últimos dos puntos liderados por el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) del Registro Nacional de Costa Rica, ha obligado a que se reoriente el quehacer de la Mapoteca Virtual. En este trabajo se presenta la nueva propuesta que guiará el desarrollo de la plataforma de Mapoteca Virtual, con lo que se busca ofrecer acceso a datos geográficos generados en la UNA, iniciando con la Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar (FCTM), y otros disponibles mediante alianzas estratégicas (como el convenio suscrito con la Dirección General del Archivo Nacional para la publicación de mapas históricos), aplicando ahora los estándares definidos por IDECORI. Keywords: Mapoteca Virtual, IDE, Servicios OGC, Cartografía, Cartoteca histórica Ralph Charles (UNICAMP), Regina Celia de Oliveira, and Pedro Spanghero As Principais Consequências dos Resíduos Sólidos sobre o Meio Ambiente e a Saúde da População no Município de Cabaret-Haiti Email of presenting author: cralph001@yahoo.fr A gestão de resíduos sólidos para um mundo mais sustentável está presente sempre nas conferencias mundiais sobre o meio ambiente, sendo que, é uma estratégia para conciliar um desenvolvimento com proteção dos ecossistemas, considerando que a geração e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos é hoje um dos maiores problemas da sociedade moderna. Um dos reflexos dessa negligência é percebido facilmente entre a população, como no caso da carência do saneamento básico, o que prejudica além do próprio meio ambiente, a saúde humana com a contaminação do solo, dos corpos d’água, os alimentos e a qualidade do ar, implicando em inúmeros casos de doenças. Esses resíduos podem ser fontes financeiras, sendo que, podem ser reutilizados para outros fins, ao mesmo tempo, podem ser considerados como perigo para a sustentabilidade do planeta. Dessa forma, este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar cenários de eventos que tem provocado alterações ambientais na dinâmica de uso da terra no município de Cabaret-Haiti, sobretudo através da percepção da população sobre a gestão de resíduos sólidos e a deposição inadequada do lixo, visando preservar e recuperar a qualidade ambiental propicia à vida.

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Keywords: Resíduos Sólidos; Mudanças Climáticas; Sustentabilidade do Planeta; Reciclagem; Recursos Naturais. Rebecca Clouser (Washington University in St. Louis) Development and Denial: Guatemalan Post-Genocide Development Narratives Email of presenting author: rclouser@wustl.edu This paper investigates how genocide denial in Guatemala is utilized by the elites and the government to undermine indigenous pursuits of justice, not only for war-era violence but also for ongoing conflicts related to racism, violence and economic marginalization. While national lawmakers and economic elites in Guatemala insist that genocide recognition hinders economic development and national reconciliation, such denial also perpetuates the social and economic marginalization of indigenous populations as it works to maintain the status quo. Drawing from postcolonial memory studies and critical development literature, I examine the ‘no hubo genocidio’ narratives alongside contemporary development and ‘solidarity’ campaigns to highlight the discursive and material motivations and implications of these forms of memory/forgetting work. In particular, I interrogate how the denials attempt to fix a specific collective memory, identity and vision of development to the national level, which in Guatemala has always been problematic, fraught with racism, violence, and institutional forgetting. Keywords: collective memory, national development, violence, genocide denial Charlotte Connolly (University of Northern British Columbia) Tahoe on Trial: Closing the Governance Gap? A Critical Legal Geography Perspective of a Canadian Mining Conflict in Guatemala Email of presenting author: cconnolly@unbc.ca In June 2014, the Canadian Centre for International Justice and the Guatemalan Centre for Legal, Environmental & Social Action filed a civil lawsuit against a Vancouver-based mining company, Tahoe Resources, for the alleged shooting of seven protesters by Tahoe's private security personnel at the Escobal silver mine. This study critically evaluates the causes and implications of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the context of Canadian mining abuses abroad and analyzes the role of NGOs in improving access to justice for communities impacted by Canadian mining. Drawing on theories of legal geography, this thesis considers the tensions between state sovereignty, human rights law, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles, with attention to the meaning given to these regulatory regimes in different geographical contexts. In adopting a multi-scalar approach to theorizing natural resource governance, this study explores the interactions between global, regional and local actors and legal institutions involved in mining conflicts in Guatemala. Keywords: legal geography, international human rights, mining conflict, Guatemala, Canada Kristen Conway-Gomez (California State Polytechnic University, Pomona), Matthew Taylor, Timothy Norris, and Kathleen Schroeder Panel Session: Pondering on the Pace of the Academy: Are we Setting Students and New Colleagues on Right Path? Email of organizing author: kconwaygomez@cpp.edu

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We have all seen it. Graduate students experience it as they near the job search process. That is, publications and expectations “creep.” We see this creep in the CV’s of applicants to assistant professor positions. To stay competitive, applicants for these positions must already count with three or four publications, several more submitted, teaching experience, and perhaps even success securing external funding. This panel session explores that “expectations creep” and what it means for the students who study Latin America. Can students still spend as much time in the field? Do they read as much because they now spend more time writing? What of their commitments to the places and people upon which their studies are based (see, for example the sentiments and style of Bernard Nietschmann and Michael Watts who called for “slower” research)? Are CLAG faculty doing anything to slow down the acceleration of the academy (Berg and Seeber, 2016)? Should we begin to temper expectations or do we accept and perpetuate the new norm? If we accept the new norms, are we preparing our students to “soar” (Hanson 1988)? Keywords: job search, graduate school preparation Brian W. Conz (Westfield State University) Permaculture Demonstration Sites in Central America: Innovation and Imitation at the Crossroads of Sustainability Email of presenting author: bconz@westfield.ma.edu Permaculture projects have grown considerably in recent decades in Central America, an important region for small-holder agrarian social movements and farmer-to-farmer programs, and a proving ground for agroecology. In some senses, permaculture may be seen is a complementary and effective strategy for achieving and expanding agroecologies in Central America. However, contrasting the discourses and practices of projects that self-identify as permaculture sites, with agroecology sites that do not, is revealing, and raises important questions. Specifically, how is permaculture positioned relative to the rich traditions of indigenous agroecological and conservation practices in Central America? How do permaculturalists understand environmental change in the region and how does this inform their pedagogical approach? In order to address these questions, I draw on data gathered during visits to permaculture and agroecology sites in Guatemala and Belize. I conclude that permaculture approaches often foster agroecological innovation, but some of the important knowledge claims associated with it are problematic. Keywords: Central America, agrarian social movements, agreocology, permaculture Dayna Cueva Alegría (University of Kentucky) Is Fair Trade coffee enough for development? El café de Comercio Justo alcanza para el desarrollo? Email of presenting author: dayna.ca@uky.edu Peru's Café Femenino (CF), a women-only FT coffee cooperative, is celebrated for addressing unfair trade relations between North and South, as well as widespread gender inequality within the cooperative. However, despite its above-market value minimum price, a premium, the securing of female land ownership, and the incorporation of a women-only, local cooperative participatory governance model, I argue that FT coffee is becoming less central to CF cooperative development. Based on ethnographic field research carried out in CF caserios of La Florida, Cajamarca, I show that in recent years state political institutions have come to play an increasing and critical role in CF cooperative development. As state expansion and greater state accountability reaches historically isolated rural communities, CF has sought out and benefited from much-needed economic, social, and infrastructural support of state institutions. These recent ties to state institutions also overlaps with the emergence of a new economic natural resource landscape, which is further indicative of

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the declining impact of FT coffee. Albeit, such transformations need to be combined with local and extra-local democracy if CF is to truly make development gains. El Café Femenino del Perú (CF), una cooperativa exclusivamente de mujeres, es reconocida por su capacidad de abordar el problema de las relaciones comerciales injustas entre el Norte y el Sur así como la desigualdad de género dentro de la cooperativa. Sin embargo, aunque se garantiza un precio mínimo con un valor por encima del mercado convencional, una prima, el procuramiento por mujeres a la propiedad de la tierra, y la incorporación de un modelo femenino de gobernanza local de la cooperativa, argumento que el CJ se vuelve cada vez menos central para el desarrollo del CF. Mientras que la expansión estatal y el incremento de la responsabilidad estatal aumenta y alcanza a comunidades rurales históricamente aisladas, CF ha buscado y se ha beneficiado de un apoyo económico, social, e infraestructural muy necesitado proveniente de las instituciones del estado. Estos nuevos vínculos con las instituciones del estado también coinciden con la aparición de un nuevo paisaje económico basado en un nuevo recurso natural, lo cual demuestra el impacto disminuyente del café del PJ. No obstante, estos cambios requieren ser combinados con la democracia a nivel local y a niveles más allá de lo local si se espera que CF pueda realmente impulsar el desarrollo. Keywords: Fair Trade, coffee, development, Peru, state institutions, democratic governance (Comercio Justo, cafė, desarrollo, Perú, instituciones estatales, gobernanza democrática) Miroslawa Czerny (Universidad de Varsovia, Facultad de Geografia y Estudios Regionales) Las Ideas sobre Ciudades Latinoamericanas de Milton Santos - 50 Años Después Email of presenting author: mczerny@uw.edu.pl La inspiración detrás de la adopción de este tema de la presentación, ha basado en la idea de regresar a la vieja discusión sobre la conformación y remodelación del espacio funcional y social y sobre la fragmentación en las ciudades latinoamericanas. Esta se ha dado gracias al "redescubrimiento" - por varios geógrafos (especialmente anglosajones) de la obra del destacado geógrafo brasileño Milton Santos (1926-2001) (ver Santos 1979, Melgaço y Prouse 2017). Más ampliamente, la geografía occidental ha experimentado, en general, un creciente interés por las obras y las ideas de autores originarios del "Sur Global", llegando así a apreciar las ideas de estos últimos e incorporarlas a una discusión mundial sobre desproporciones en desarrollo que se basa en la teoría postcolonial y global. El objeto principal entonces es revisar cuales son las ideas todavía actuales de Milton Santos y por qué? Keywords: desarrollo urbano, modelos de las ciudades latinoamericanas, Milton Santos, fragmentación espacial Jennifer Devine (Texas State University), David Wrathall, Nathan Currit, Yunuen Regadas Langarica, and Beth Tellman Narco-Cattle Ranching in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve Email of presenting author: devine@txstate.edu In Central America, drug traffickers are deforesting the region’s remaining forests and protected areas through a process locally known as narco-ganadería, narco-cattle ranching. Drawing on the case study of Laguna del Tigre National Park, this article argues that narco-cattle ranching is driving deforestation in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve, not subsistence farming practices by “squatting” landless peasants. Using ethnographic and remote-sensing methods, we describe narco-cattle ranching’s money laundering practices, its territorial dynamics, and its environmental impacts. We draw on theorizations of “political forests” (Vandergeest and Peluso 2015) to explain

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how drug trafficking organizations transform land use in the reserve, and along the way, remake its ecology, territories and subjects. Our work illustrates that drug policy is inextricably linked to conservation policy in the Americas (McSweeney et al. 2014). More specifically, we argue that community-based resource management improves regional security by strengthening local governance and land tenure regimes. Keywords: drug trafficking, conservation, community forestry, Guatemala Jennifer Devine (Texas State University), Erik Nielsen, Bernardo Aguilar-González, David Wrathall, and Fernando Mora Panel Session: Narco-Frontiers and Drug War Conservation: Civil Society Perspectives Email of organizer: devine@txstate.edu Cocaine trafficking is transforming protected areas and frontiers in transit and storage nodes across Central America. In this panel, civil society and non-profit representatives discuss how narco-driven land use changes, like large-scale forest loss and agro-business expansion, occur alongside violent practices of land dispossession, economic coercion, and transformations in governance relations. The panel discussion draws on the experiences of the panelists’ organizations and the “Narco-frontiers” and “Drug War Conservation” paper sessions. Keywords: narco-trafficking, cocaine, conservation, frontiers, Central America Claudia Diaz-Combs (University of Arizona) “Fluye el Petroleo, Sangra la Selva” (As Petroleum Flows, so Bleeds the Jungle): Ecuador vs. Chevron Email of presenting author: claudia5@email.arizona.edu In 1993, 30,000 Ecuadorians filed a class-action lawsuit against Chevron Oil Company for extensive damage to ancestral lands because of petroleum extraction in the Amazon. More than 20 years later the lawsuit continues. This mixed-methods study considered the trajectory of the case through interviews with plaintiffs, lawyers, and Indigenous and campesino activists in order to understand how and why the plaintiffs prevailed in the highest court in Sucumbios, Ecuador. In addition to qualitative interviews, water samples were collected from 60 homes to measure for persistent contamination. Initial data reveals the presence of microbial and chemical contaminants. I approached this research with a political ecology lens, documenting how social marginalization has occurred and is reproduced in Sucumbios, as the current government in Ecuador appears to be reviving the extraction of the country’s natural resources. This is an important discussion to have, as we see a ‘new socialism’ arising in Ecuador. Keywords: Ecuador, Indigenous communities, oil extraction, water contamination Carlos Dobler-Morales (Clark University), Rinku Roy Chowdhury, and Birgit Schmook Climate Change Meets the Land-Sparing vs. Sharing Debate: Emergent Interactions Among Drought, Land Policy, and Smallholder Vulnerability in the Southern Yucatan, Mexico Email of presenting author: cdoblermorales@clarku.edu Tropical forests of the Southern Yucatan (SY) have been under competing land-use interests for decades, particularly between swidden agriculture and conservation. Despite once constituting a regional deforestation hotspot, today forest loss rates in the SY are practically negligible. Forest-

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cover stabilization can be explained by the gradual sedentarization of shifting agriculture across this region, driven itself by government incentives for temporal intensification and restrictions on its expansion. While such land-use regime may have positive outcomes in terms of biodiversity conservation, the consequences for local smallholder livelihoods are less obvious, especially considering the prominent exposure of SY to drought occurrence. By integrating precipitation time-series analysis, multi-temporal remote sensing, and 69 household interviews, this study explores the socio-ecological implications arising from the interaction between rainfall deficits and the apparent segregation between agricultural and conservation-oriented land uses. Findings reveal the role of government programs, first in exacerbating intra-community social inequalities, and second in undermining the flexibility of agricultural livelihoods traditionally underpinned by a diverse portfolio of activities and resource sources. Keywords: rural livelihoods, smallholders, land-use, climate change, vulnerability, Mexico Jerome E. "Jerry" Dobson (University of Kansas) The American Geographical Society in Latin America Email of presenting author: dobson@ku.edu The American Geographical Society advances and promotes geography in business, government, science, and education. Our commitment to Latin America dates from our first “public sitting” on Paraguay (1852); papers and moderation of the debate over the Panama Canal (1854-1914); exploration of the Amazon (1907-1913, 1925), Andes (1913), and Orinoco (1937); and “Millionth Map” of Latin America (1925-1945). Since 2005, our Bowman Expeditions, in concert with numerous universities, have sponsored teams of geography faculty and students in Mexico, the Antilles Region, Colombia, Honduras, and all of Central America. Our goal is to improve geographic information for each region, build lasting relationships among American and foreign scholars and institutions, conduct geographic research on issues of national interest to the U. S. and host countries, train a cadre of regional experts, disseminate GIS data freely to the public, publish our results in scholarly journals and popular media, and revitalize world regional geography in the age of GIS. Keywords: History of Geography, Regional Geography, Bowman Expeditions, Centroamerica Indígena Adam Dohrenwend (University of Kansas) Plowing into the Anthropocene Email of presenting author: dohrenwend@ku.edu The landscape of the Argentine Pampas has been fundamentally transformed from human activities— with the most radical changes occurring over the last 150 years. As cultivation encroached on the Pampa prairies, vast expanses of semi-natural and wild grasslands were converted to new anthropogenic land-use types— namely croplands and rangelands. In 1870, before the opening of the Pampas for agriculture, formal croplands and rangelands were the dominant land-use type in less than 1% of areas. By 2010, this number was 96%— with the remaining area consisting of urban land. This transformation goes far beyond land-cover as it has significant effects on other ecosystem populations and natural services— including on habitat fragmentation, species distributions and extinction, groundwater hydrology, soil salinity, and erosion rates. In the Pampas, the Anthropocene has arrived— as humans have become the dominant player in shaping environmental change.

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Keywords: Anthropocene, agriculture, land-use change, Argentina, grasslands William E. Doolittle (The University of Texas at Austin) Portuguese Origins of a 16th Century Aqueduct in Mexico Email of presenting author: dolitl@austin.utexas.edu Many aqueducts built during the Spanish colonial era remain standing in Mexico, albeit not functioning. A few date to the 16th century. Some of these early aqueducts are quite spectacular and highly visible. Others are small and are located in places not easily found. Despite their size, small aqueducts are important for understanding knowledge pertaining to technology transfers from the Old World to the New. One such aqueduct is on the property of the Hacienda de Pacho, near Xalapa in the state of Veracruz. One of its highly unusual characteristics is that its construction involved Gothic arches. No other colonial aqueduct in Mexico has such features. According to documentary sources dating to AD 1591, it was built by the hacienda's original owner who was from the Portuguese island of Madeira. This paper reports on field activities involved in verifying the Madeiran origins of this unique aqueduct. Keywords: Aqueducts, Mexico, Madeira, technology transfers Alejandro Ángeles Dorantes (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) La Ciudad Puerto de Salina Cruz, México, en el Contexto de das Zonas Económicas Especiales Email of presenting author: dorantes12unam@gmail.com La ciudad portuaria de Salina Cruz localizada en la Región del Istmo de Tehuantepec en el Pacífico sur mexicano, se ha caracterizado por altibajos en su actividad portuaria, hasta la década de los 80s del siglo pasado se encontraba entre los puertos mexicanos más importantes como Guaymas, Manzanillo y Lázaro Cárdenas, actualmente el puerto es manejado como perdedor. No obstante, en el presente gobierno ha sido considerado dentro del proyecto de las Zonas Económicas Especiales (ZEE) como un polo para impulsar el desarrollo económico de la localidad y el contexto regional del Istmo de Tehuantepec que presenta índices de marginación y pobreza elevados. El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar el papel estratégico del puerto. Se inicia con las perspectivas teóricas de análisis, continua con las condiciones geográficas y socioeconómicas de la localidad y la evolución del puerto, finaliza con su relevancia para el proyecto de las ZEE. Keywords: Ciudad-Puerto, Zona Económica Especial, actividad portuaria Sisimac A. Duchicela (University of Texas at Austin), Francisco Cuesta, Esteban Pinto, William Gosling, Kenneth R. Young Ecological Restoration for Sustaining Alpaca Pastoralism in the Andean Highlands Email of presenting author: sisaduch@utexas.edu Strategies for human adaptability to global change, such as ecological restoration, are becoming increasingly important in mountainous environments due to rising temperatures. Effectiveness of restoration practices in grasslands, targeted at increasing grassland palatability and biomass accumulation, was evaluated in this study using indicators appropriate for mountain environments. We focused on four communities in the department of Huancavelica in Peru, which are currently undergoing restoration practices in order to improve grazing quality for alpacas. Three restoration practices were installed to increase vegetation biomass and palatability of the vegetation. The

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effects of these restoration practices were assessed using six biophysical variables and these were analyzed using mixed-effects models. The results from the analysis suggest that some restoration practices are positively affecting vegetation coverage while negatively affecting species richness. However, more time may be needed to understand the full effect of the restoration practices on carbon allocation and plant cover and diversity. Keywords: indicators of restoration, grassland, mixed-effects model, sustainability Nathan Einbinder (Colegio de la Frontera Sur) and Helda Morales Agroecology on the Periphery: a Case from the Territorio Maya-Achí, Guatemala Email of presenting author: nathaneinbinder@gmail.com In this paper we attempt to illuminate the potential for the scaling of agroecological practices in the Maya-Achí territory of Guatemala. Not unlike other Indigenous groups in the region, the Maya-Achí people are still in recovery from the violence and repression of the 1980s, where up to 25% of the population was kidnapped and assassinated by military and paramilitary forces. Thirty years later, the community struggles with recurring conflicts over land, climate change/drought, increasing out-migration, and environmental and cultural degradation. Agroecology is viewed as a potential strategy to help mend the broken social fabric and attend to the many problems facing the region, and is based on the restoration of native seeds and ancestral practices, local innovation, and the development of economic opportunities and empowerment of youth and women; and is promoted by campesino organizations, often supported by foreign-based NGOs, as well as multinational institutions. While cultural recuperation and/or desperation due to the current agricultural paradigm (dependency on chemical inputs, loss of seeds and knowledge, food security and health concerns) are hypothesized to be the primary cause for the adoption of agroecological practices, a range of complex factors are likely at play, for example the expectation of economic benefits, as well as the complicated role of aid and/or local political organizations. By taking a participatory approach, this research details the unique geographical context while identifying some of the key barriers, and drivers, behind the current process, thus contributing to the ongoing debate over how agroecological practices can be better developed and “scaled-out,” particularly in regions where conditions are less than ideal for a large scale movement. Keywords: Agroecology, Development, Guatemala, Maya, Subsistence Agriculture Ana Mesquita Emlinger (Salem State University) ‘I just drink more coffee and stay late': challenges to address climate change in small coastal communities of New England, U.S. Email of presenting author: aemlinger@salemstate.edu Unlike what most people would guess, coastal communities have not advanced much in their preparedness for a climate that is changing fast, despite their extensive exposure to climate hazards. If not true worldwide, at least that is what is happening in the majority of small and medium communities in the coast of New England, US. A series of in-person semi-structured interviews and a web-survey were conducted with city officials, mostly planners, of coastal communities in the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine, aiming to verify the barriers and opportunities to address climate change adaptation at the local level. This poster presents the major themes arising from the interviews and the main results from the web-survey, including particular attention to the attitudes of the individual planners and how those can contribute to creating more climate-adapted communities.

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Keywords: Climate change, local government, adaptation, New England, planning Ana Mesquita Emlinger (Salem State University) and Rita de Cássia Bruno (Bahia, Brasil) "Juntando a Fome com a Vontade de Comer": Reconhecendo o Papel de Infraestrutura Cicloviária como forma de Promover Equidade Social, Justiça e Sustentabilidade - Um Estudo de Caso em Prado, Brasil Email of presenting author: aemlinger@salemstate.edu O uso de bicicleta na mobilidade urbana é um hábito benéfico de transporte ativo. Pesquisas afirmam que o ciclismo urbano está associado não apenas à disponibilidade de infraestrutura, topografia favorável, forma urbana e clima ameno, mas principalmente à vontade da população em adotá-lo em seu cotidiano. Em Prado, pequena cidade turística no nordeste brasileiro, a bicicleta é usada intensamente pelos moradores como um dos principais meios de transporte, apesar da total falta de infraestrutura cicloviária. Em Prado, onde a maioria da população vive abaixo da linha da pobreza, as pessoas vão trabalhar de bicicleta, levam seus filhos para a escola de bicicleta, fazem compras de supermercado de bicicleta. Turistas invadem esta pequena cidade duas vezes ao ano, trazendo receitas e atraindo melhorias nas áreas urbanas onde eles costumam se concentrar, ficando esquecido o restante da cidade. Com base nos resultados de uma pesquisa com moradores e em observação local, apresentaremos Prado como um beneficiário elegível para uma rica infraestrutura cicloviária, beneficiando o residente comum durante todo o ano, bem como turistas que, esporadicamente, visitam a cidade. Essa abordagem, ao divergir da tradição de melhorias urbanas frequentemente destinadas as áreas centrais das cidades americanas e brasileiras, torna-se um bom exemplo de equidade social, justiça e sustentabilidade. Keywords: Mobilidade Urbana, bicicleta, justiça social, sustentabilidade, transporte urbano Sara Eshleman (University of Texas at Austin) and Timothy Beach Soil Fertility Characteristics Associated with Cohune Palm (Attalea Cohune) Forests: Implications for Resource Heterogeneity in Mesoamerican Ecosystems Email of presenting author: eshlemansa@gmail.com Cohune palms (Attalea cohune) form monodominant stands within subtropical mixed forests, and consequently affect forest composition, forest heterogeneity, and soil morphology throughout Mesoamerica. Previous research has shown that local farmers associate these palm stands with more fertile land. Yet, we know little about the provenance and broader ecological implications of the soils underlying cohune palm forests. We used intensive soil sampling of cohune palm stands in northwestern Belize to investigate the impact of cohune palm forests on soil characteristics. We analyzed soil factors connected to soil fertility; including, organic matter content and elemental composition. Through the examination of monodominant stands’ effect on associated environments, we can contribute to broader questions concerning tropical forest composition and function, particularly in Central America. Keywords: forest dynamics, plant-soil interactions, monodominance Edgar Espinoza-Cisneros (University of Costa Rica) Optimizing Social-Ecological Analysis of Coupled Human-River Systems through the Integration of Conceptual Frameworks: the Case of the Savegre Watershed, Costa Rica Email of presenting author: edgar.espinoza@ucr.ac.cr

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Social-ecological systems pose complex management challenges derived from their immanent complexity and unpredictability. Conceptual/analytical frameworks that consider social and biophysical components and their interactions are key to better design management strategies and research initiatives. Such efforts have aided through joint consideration of the multiple interacting processes involved, including distal and more proximate factors, as well as how they manifest and evolve in space and time. In this paper, we characterize the Savegre river watershed in central Costa Rica, a recently designated UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, as a coupled Social-Ecological System (SES), with complex inter-connections between social, ecological and biophysical components as a backdrop for developing research agendas or specific normative efforts. We focus this characterization around human-induced impacts on riverine water quality and associated ecosystem services within the watershed. We believe that diagnoses like the one presented here are very useful for more in-depth explorations of social-ecological problems, particularly for the analysis and treatment of collective action problems derived from human-environment interactions at various scales. Thus, we see these exercises as means to design solutions for particular socio-environmental issues. Keywords: social-ecological systems, watersheds, Savegre, sustainability Mariela Estrella Hernández (Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México) Tancítaro en el Siglo XVI: un Análisis Geohistórico Email of presenting author: pegomz014@gmail.com Esta investigación de Tancítaro en el Siglo XVI, propone un análisis Geohistórico que estudie los antecedentes prehispánicos y colonial de este municipio con relevancia para México en general (principal productor de aguacate a nivel mundial), desde un análisis conjunto espacio- temporal. En el estudio se genera una reconstrucción cartográfica sobre la distribución y nuevos usos del territorio de los pueblos de Tancítaro entre 1528 y 1620. Son explicadas las formas de apropiación, significación y resignificación del paisaje mostradas por los pueblos de indios de Tancítaro. En su metodología se emplea la Historia Ambiental para analizar la relación de los procesos históricos con el medio ambiente del antiguo Tancítaro, los vínculos entre las formaciones sociales con la naturaleza circundante y las transformaciones ecológicas producto de los cambios sociopolíticos, además de la Geografía cultural berkeliana para cartografiar e interpretar las representaciones simbólicas del espacio y sus transformaciones. Keywords: Geohistoria, Tancítaro, Cartografía histórica, Historial ambiental, Escuela de Berkeley Maria Fadiman (Florida Atlantic University) and Kenneth Broad Conservation, Outreach and Inter-Generational and Inter-Ethnic Communication in Blue Holes National Park, Bahamas Email of presenting author: mfadiman@fau.edu Conservation relies on local populations understanding their own environments. The Bahamas Blue Holes National Park on the Big Island of Abaco is working to create a connection and environmental awareness with their own residents. Working with the Blue Holes National Geographic Mapping and Exploration Team, we conducted outreach with local schools. This paper focusses on the ethnobotanical aspect. The goals were: 1) Learning local plant use and specimen identification, 2) Fostering inter-generational and inter-ethnic connections between youth and local elders, and 3) Conducting a cross cultural study of plant use. Students rubbed, ate and drank plants, learning how to identify and collect their own specimens. The children and adults gained a deeper understanding

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of their own ecosystem and of each other. This human connection to the land and knowledge can foster preservation of the forest and underground waterways. Keywords: Outreach, Ethnobotany, Conservation, Bahamas, Caribbean Matthew L. Fahrenbruch (University of Kansas) "Nobody Ever Came”: Communal Governance and Jellyfish Fisheries in Post-Law 445, Nicaragua." Email of presenting author: mlfahrenbruch@gmail.com The Miskito Coast is a historically marginalized region of Nicaragua. Since the colonial period, the Coast has been culturally and physically isolated from the dominant mestizo Pacific. For years, the ‘costeño’ population has demanded greater autonomy over local governance. The passage of Law 445 has devolved, on paper, some governance responsibilities to communal and territorial governments, however, many challenges remain. I focus here on the challenges faced by communal governments when dealing with externally generated extractive projects. I consider specifically the development of the jellyfish fishery that began in 2008. My results suggest that communal governments still play only a minor role in the development of their natural resources, lack advocacy, and are at a significant power and knowledge disadvantage when it comes to negotiations with external actors. Even after approval, communities lack systems of accounting for extracted resources and have few avenues for capturing proceeds from extraction activities. Keywords: Fisheries, Governance, Miskito, Nicaragua, Autonomy Rebecca Ferris (University of Northern British Columbia) and Catherine Nolin Poster: The Q’eqchi’ Resistance: The Impact of Indigenous Women in Land Defense Against the Violence of Canadian Mining Email of presenting author: rferris@unbc.ca In 2013, Mayan Indigenous land defenders made history in a precedent-setting case when Ontario Supreme Court Justice Carole Brown ruled in favour of allowing three lawsuits against Ontario-based mining company HudBay Minerals for alleged human rights violations committed in Guatemala to stand in Canadian court. Canadian exploitation of Guatemalan land, as well as the infringement of indigenous rights in areas of resource extraction, has been ongoing since the 1960s, but this is the first case in which a Canadian company has been pursued in domestic court for human rights violations committed abroad. This presentation depicts the preliminary stage of thesis proposal research and seeks to explore the role of Q’eqchi’ women involved in these cases against HudBay Minerals as activists and members of their community. Keywords: Guatemala, Canada, resource extraction, Social Justice, Resistance, Testimonio Saulo De Oliveira Folharini (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), Regina Celia De Oliveira (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), and J. Christopher Brown (University of Kansas) Estimate of Housing and Population in Landslide Risk Areas in Coastal California (USA) and São Paulo (Brazil) Email of presenting author: sfolharini@gmail.com The States of California, USA and São Paulo, Brazil experience landslides associated with large forest fires and high precipitation, respectively. These natural events result in numerous deaths

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and have high financial and social costs. Even with the potential for loss of life, people insist on living in high risk areas, which are valued for their scenic beauty and exclusiveness (California) and lack of planning (São Paulo). The aim of this study is to estimate the number of people and houses within landslide risk areas in the coastal zones of California and São Paulo, using satellite image classification, Aster DEM, and Census Data. The results indicate that in California, from 2000 to 2016, the natural vegetation has been replaced for human occupation in landslide risk areas. In São Paulo there has a decrease in human occupation on slopes above 30°, but the number of people living in these risk areas is higher than in California. Keywords: Landslide, Risk, Satellite Image, Urban Area Ivan Franch-Pardo (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Integrando Metodologías para una Óptima Gestión del Paisaje: una Experiencia en el Municipio de Morelia, México Email of presenting author: ifranch@enesmorelia.unam.mx En los ordenamientos territoriales mexicanos que han trabajado cartografía del paisaje, los planteamientos metodológicos se han basado en criterios biofísicos y deterministas. Sin embargo, si atendemos a la legislación ambiental de los estados mexicanos, se observa que el paisaje se define como un ente que se observa y que se debe proteger de la contaminación visual, razón por la cual actualmente se están proponiendo técnicas que permitan analizar las posibilidades visuales de un territorio y sus procedimientos para determinar la calidad o la fragilidad visual de sus paisajes. En esta presentación explicamos la integración metodológica entre los mapas de unidades de paisaje físico-geográfico que tradicionalmente se vienen realizando, y los análisis de visibilidad aplicados sobre cada unidad. El estudio de caso del que nos valemos fue incorporado en el ordenamiento territorial realizado en el municipio de Morelia (Michoacán, México) en 2017. Keywords: Cartografía del paisaje, análisis de visibilidad, paisaje geosistémico, ordenamiento territorial Oscar Frausto Martínez (Universidad de Quintana Roo), María Luisa Hernández Aguilar, Bonnie Lucia Campos Cámara, and Norma Angélica Oropeza García Indicadores de Resiliencia Urbana Costera ante Huracánes en Ciudades del Caribe Mexicano Email of presenting author: ofrausto@uqroo.edu.mx El monitorio de indicadores sobre resiliencia urbana ante huracanes se fundamenta en el análisis de procesos de gestión de la información para la toma de decisiones, con el fin de prevenir y manejar contingencias ante desastres. La aplicación del monitoreo se lleva a cabo en las ciudad costeras de Playa del Carmen, Tulum y Chetumal, en el Caribe Mexicano. Ciudades urbanas medianas. Así, los indicadores se definieron bajo los principios del sistema socioecológico resiliente. Se identificaron siete temas (social, económico, natural, construido, organizacional, cultural y espacio-temporal) que comprenden 79 indicadores. Los indicadores se diferenciaron en clave y listas de verificación. El tiempo de cohorte es el año 2000, basado en los últimos huracanes de alto impacto para la ciudad (Emily y Wilma, 2005). Así, se analizan los cinco principios del monitoreo: pertinencia, la calidad de la información, objetivos, tendencia y significancia del sistema de indicadores de resiliencia urbana ante huracanes, confrontando los resultados con los usuarios directos de la gestión del riesgo local (Proyecto CONACYT – Problemas Nacionales 2014: 248375). Keywords: Gestión de riesgo, calidad de datos, gestión local, peligros, desastres.

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Sophie Fuchs (University of Texas at Austin) “Exploitation or Empowerment? A Case Study of Women’s Experiences in the Cut-Flower Industry in Cayambe, Ecuador” Email of presenting author: sophiemfuchs@utexas.edu This paper summarizes fieldwork conducted in Cayambe, Ecuador exploring the varied experiences of women working in the cut-flower export industry in this Andean region. While past literature has highlighted either the exploitation or the economic empowerment of female flower workers, this project discusses their more nuanced experiences that reflect aspects of both, in which women strategically navigate the industry to reap the benefits and to minimize the challenges. A case study community outside Cayambe illuminates one strategy – a community tourism initiative as an additional source of income, a space to preserve tradition, and a counternarrative to flower work. Keywords: Flowers; Andes; Ecuador; Women; Experience Mariana Lorena García Estrada (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) Accesibilidad al Agua en Espacios Periurbanos a través del Ciclo Hidro-Social: El Caso de la Localidad de la Aldea, 1997-2017 Email of presenting author: mariana.lorena.ge@gmail.com La accesibilidad al agua es uno de los principales temas por atender del siglo XXI, si bien esta situación forma parte del derecho humano desde 2010, los esfuerzos han sido insuficientes para lograr una accesibilidad equitativa. Siendo las periferias urbanas espacios donde la accesibilidad al agua se ve limitada. Es por lo anterior que el presente trabajo analiza, cómo es la accesibilidad al agua en la localidad de La Aldea ubicada en la periferia de la ciudad de Morelia, será a través del enfoque integral del ciclo hidro-social que se estudiarán cuáles son los procesos y factores sociales, económicos y ambientales que están incidiendo sobre la accesibilidad, mismos que influyen en la distribución del recurso. Esto permitirá identificar los cambios que se producen en el espacio y tiempo. Con lo anterior se pretende generar instrumentos que ayuden al análisis del servicio del agua en la ciudad y a su mejoramiento. Keywords: Accesibilidad al agua, ciclo hidro-social, periferia urbana. Cristina Gauthier (Michigan State University), Linda Zihan, Brad Peter, and Emilio Moran The Spatial Organization of Groundwater Contamination Risk in Altamira, Pará: Hydrologic Infrastructure and the Belo Monte Dam Email of presenting author: gauthi79@msu.edu Heavy investments in hydroelectric development are occurring throughout the Amazon Basin, which holds 42.2 percent of Brazil’s hydroelectric potential. The Belo Monte dam is the most recent and largest in this region. The prevalence of septic systems in the Amazon, coupled with the widespread use of water wells and rising water table from filling the reservoir, create sanitation and health concerns for communities upstream from the dam. Using spatial analytical data and terrain analyses, we identify high-risk locations within the most densely populated neighborhoods in Altamira, Belo Monte’s host city. The purpose of this research is to develop a heuristic for identifying areas susceptible to groundwater and well contamination in relation to existing and proposed hydroelectric projects. Altamira’s city center persists as a high-risk location for contamination of wells because of its population density and relatively low elevation compared to

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other parts of the city. The methods, tools, and analyses presented in this paper provide a framework that can be used to identify vulnerability to groundwater and drinking well contamination. The results presented here can guide implementation of public health and sanitation efforts in areas impacted by large hydroelectric projects to avoid future water quality crises. Keywords: Hydroelectric infrastructure; Groundwater contamination; Risk assessment Pedro Gómez Molina, Pedro Sergio Urquijo Torres, Gerardo Bocco Verdinelli (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Redes De Estructuración Territorial Históricas: El Caso de la Ruta de la Cíbola, en la Época Colonial Email of presenting author: pegomz014@gmail.com La llamada Ruta de Cíbola es el resultado de una serie de expediciones emprendidas desde el siglo XVI –aprovechando antiguos caminos y senderos prehispánicos–, que permitió la incursión y expansión colonial hacia el septentrión noroccidental novohispano. La ruta fue estudiada, entre otros, por Carl O. Sauer, quien la dio a conocer a nivel internacional. Nuestro propósito en esta ocasión es analizar cartográficamente este camino y las implicaciones territoriales que de él derivaron. De manera complementaria, analizamos los cambios geográficos y ambientales que se suscitaron con el avance fronterizo colonial. Es de resaltar que este camino de profundo raigambre es una de las vías que permitieron la expansión territorial novohispana por el Noroccidente mexicano. Para ello, nos valemos de las fuentes documentales primarias y su procesamiento a través de sistemas de información geográfica en su orientación histórica (SIG-H). Keywords: Estructuración territorial, Nueva España, caminos, septentrion, frontera Aaron Groth (University of Texas at Austin) Piloting the Forest Watcher App in Amazonas, Peru Email of presenting author: aaron.a.p.groth@utexas.edu Global Forest Watch/World Resources Institute launched their Forest Watcher mobile app in September 2017. The app allows users to monitor areas of interest (AOIs), view deforestation and fire alerts, navigate to alert points, and collect information offline, using Android and iOS smart phones. In addition, the desktop version’s capabilities include receiving and viewing reports, creating and assigning AOIs, and uploading contextual data. Amazonas, Peru has 15 private areas of conservation (ACPs): nine under community property regimes and six under private ownership. During October and November 2017, the Peruvian Society of Environmental Law (SPDA) and I piloted use of this app with five community ACPs in Amazonas. We conducted a workshop with community monitors, and subsequently conducted visits to four of the ACPs. This paper outlines the app’s potential for empowering communities to monitor their territory, problems encountered using the app in the field, and recommendations for improving the app. Keywords: Forest Monitoring, Andes, Community Conservation Carlos A. Guerrero Elemen (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía-México) Marco Geoestadístico: Infraestructura de información del SNIEG Email of presenting author: carlos.elemen@inegi.org.mx

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"Para entender la importancia del Marco Geoestadístico se exponen los aspectos históricos y sus contribuciones en el levantamiento de los censos y las encuestas. Además de detallar los elementos que componen el Marco Geoestadístico, se exponen algunos de los retos que éste enfrenta, como son: la consistencia, actualidad y disponibilidad de su información. Debido a la necesidad de contar con mayor detalle en la información geográfica, y reducir los periodos de actualización de la cartografía, el proceso tradicional de actualización del Marco Geoestadístico, asociado a los operativos censales, ha evolucionado a un esquema de actualización permanente, apoyado por otros proyectos institucionales como el de la Base Cartográfica Única, así como el uso de registros administrativos. Con el objetivo de formalizar la generación y actualización del Marco Geoestadístico, el INEGI se dio a la tarea de elaborar los principios y fundamentos técnicos y normativos que facilitan su acceso, uso y difusión." Keywords: marco, actualización, historia, normatividad, censos. Chris Hair (The University of Southern Mississippi) View from Above: Alternative Perspectives of Agrobiodiversity Conservation in Small-Scale Indigenous Agriculture Email of presenting author: c.hair@usm.edu In the canton of Cotacachi, Ecuador, recent efforts have been made to document the agrobiodiversity and traditional techniques found on small-scale indigenous farms. The goal of these efforts is to identify traditional agriculture in Cotacachi as cultural patrimony, thus providing indigenous agriculture with a protected status, as well as much needed government funding for the conservation of a myriad of cultivar species. Drawing from political and cultural ecology frameworks and the concept of legible landscapes, this research explores the potential benefits of using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) for mapping and rapid inventories of agrobiodiversity in small-scale agriculture. History has proven that maps can at times be detrimental to rural populations as they are used by governments to turn illegible landscapes into legible, taxable, and governable spaces. I explore how sUAS can be used to create interactive maps which will help to preserve agrobiodiversity, educate future generations in rural societies, bolster the case for cultural patrimony, and advance the pursuits of female farmers as they carve out niches in various economic markets. Keywords: Agriculture, Drones, Agrobiodiversity, Conservation, Ecuador Colleen Hammelman (University of North Carolina at Charlotte) and Alexis Saenz-Montoya Invoking the Environment to Maintain Territory: Investigating Environmental Projects in Medellín, Colombia Email of presenting author: colleen.hammelman@uncc.edu The local government in Medellín, Colombia, has embarked on several big infrastructure projects in the past decades as part of a strategy to transform it into a ‘world-class city’. These projects – such as gondola-style mass transit, architecturally-striking libraries, and eco-parks –contribute to a neoliberal sustainability agenda that seeks to entice wealthy investors, residents, and tourists into the city. In doing so, they frequently exclude affected communities. This exclusion is evident in conflicts that arise between large-scale urban development projects and the everyday work of economically- and socially-marginalized residents to make and remake urban space on the edges of the city. This paper argues that the city has relied on these large infrastructure projects as a strategy of territorialization, which seeks to control space in the periphery of the city by assembling certain approved actors inside the urban borders of the city while excluding the less powerful. Relying on data created in community meetings during 2015-2017 with displaced people utilizing

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urban agriculture for subsistence and discourse analysis of government documents, this article provides an empirical example of territorial strategies that rely on a rhetoric of sustainability to exclude marginalized groups from creating their own spaces in the city. This paper contributes to literature in critical urban theory by drawing attention to the fissures and contradictions embedded in these neoliberal urbanism projects that invoke sustainability to territorialize urban space. Keywords: Sustainability, neoliberal urbanism, territoriality, Colombia John Paul Henry (University of Kansas) Use of Participatory Video in Geography Email of presenting author: johnpaulhenry@ku.edu Geography, an inherently visual discipline, has been slow to incorporate video for research and to communicate spatial concepts, despite anthropology's long history with the medium and advances in access to video tools. This is beginning to change, however, as scholars begin to see videography as a more ethical tool that allows subjects agency over what is seen and heard, which runs counter to the academic's filtered, written word. This is especially true when combined with participatory methodologies. This article reviews the new methodologies of participatory video in geographic research and describes participatory video's means to communicate not just cultural geographies, but aural, textural, and emotional details on a scale useful for geographic analysis. Keywords: participatory video, methodology, geography, agency Peter H. Herlihy (University of Kansas) Recognizing Indigenous Territories in Central America Email of presenting author: herlihy@ku.edu Indigenous communities in Central America, while menaced by colonization fronts, drug trafficking, and mega-development projects, are receiving titles and legal control over their ancestral lands. With indigenous land dispossession still widespread, distinct territorial jurisdictions were peacefully negotiated between indigenous and state governments, ranging from single community areas to large multi-community provinces. These indigenous districts multiply as part of a “territorial turn” toward defining ethnic territories. We use census data, cadastral mapping, and land cover analysis coupled with participatory research mapping and first-hand observations to show the importance of these indigenous jurisdictions in the conservation of forest resources. They cover 85,000 km2 or 17% of Central America, with 40% of their area overlapping with state-sponsored protected areas. They include the region’s most significant forest resources and provide alternatives to state-sanctioned conservation initiatives that are no longer acceptable in most indigenous territories today. Keywords: indigenous territorial jurisdiction, forest conservation, Central America Gerardo Alberto Hernández Cendejas (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – ENES Morelia) Los Paisajes del Altiplano Potosino, México. Una Mirada desde la Ecología Cultural Email of presenting author: ghercendejas@hotmail.com Esta ponencia va dirigida a hacer una caracterización de las unidades de paisaje en un parte del desierto Chihuahuense, uno de los más grandes de América del norte. En este trabajo presentaremos un estudio de caso de una parte de esta región física-geográfica, el altiplano de San Luis Potosí. Esta región se caracteriza por su baja densidad de población en la que es de 14.2

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Hab/Km cuadrado, además de que recientemente la región ha sido escenario de conflictos ambientales por el resurgimiento de la minería. El objetivo de estudiar las unidades de paisaje está relacionado directamente con el interés de entender los siguientes aspectos: el patrón de asentamiento disperso de las localidades del altiplano potosino, las estrategias de pastoreo del ganado caprino y vacuno así como otras actividades agrícolas y de recolección en un contexto de variabilidad climática. Keywords: Dispersión demográfica, minería, ganadería y variabilidad climática. Ligia Hernando (Universidad Nacional) La Disponibilidad del Recurso Hídrico en la Microcuenca del Río Pará, Costa Rica Email of presenting author: lhernand@una.cr La microcuenca del río Pará se encuentra en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Grande de Tárcoles, principal zona de explotación hídrica en Costa Rica ya que es donde se encuentra el 53% de la población del país. En los últimos años se ha experimentado en esta cuenca una problemática de acceso al recurso hídrico. Por ello es imprescindible conocer la disponibilidad de este recurso en las áreas de recarga de esta cuenca (como es el caso de la microcuenca mencionada). Se determina que en la microcuenca se presentan zonas de disponibilidad alta en un 69,9% del área total, mayormente bajo uso de suelo bosque; así como zonas de disponibilidad media en un 19,5%, las cuales son sectores de transición entre la disponibilidad alta y la moderada y donde se evidencia la existencia de la presión del crecimiento urbano, por lo que se debe limitar este tipo de crecimiento. Keywords: Recurso hídrico, oferta de recurso hídrico, déficit hídrico, demanda de recurso hídrico, uso del suelo. Corbin Hodges (University of California-Santa Barbara) and Stuart Changing Livelihoods in the Peri-Urban Zone of Central Petén, Guatemala Email of presenting author: corbinhodges@gmail.com Rural based households in developing countries use movement between geographic locations at various spatial and temporal scales, including rural-to-urban commuting and migration, to improve and diversify livelihoods. Commuting, here defined as daily travel from rural to urban locations for work, infuses cash into subsistence farming economies, moves resources from resource-rich to resource-poor areas and is increasing rapidly with urbanization. Despite this, few studies examine commuting and even fewer examine commuting and migration jointly, leaving a knowledge gap for decision makers attempting to enhance development in rural locations. This study is quantifying commuting and migration and determining the individual and household characteristics associated with each, in rural communities around the urban area of Flores (the department capital of Petén, Guatemala). Preliminary results suggest commuting is a rapidly increasing and now common livelihood strategy and that while it is used equally by indigenous and non-indigenous households, commuters are more likely to be male than female. Keywords: livelihoods, peri-urban, rural development, commuting, migration Kaiting Hu, Cho-ying Huang, Sandra Duran, Kai-ting Hu, Brian Enquist (National Taiwan University) Remotely Sensed Observation of Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics of a Tropical Dry Forest in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

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Email of presenting author: kthu608@ntu.edu.tw Tropical dry forest (TDF) is one of the most threatened terrestrial ecosystems, and only about 2% of TDF remains undisturbed in the Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica. Meteorological records showed that precipitation has been declining since the recent decades in this region, and the threat to TDF may be unprecedented. Here we analyzed Landsat satellite acquired time-series (1985–2017) dry and wet season green and brown (e.g., bark and litter) vegetation cover of a TDF in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Results indicated that brown vegetation increased steadily (+0.28% y^-1, p = 0.006) in the dry season, which might be due to the expansion of drought resistant deciduous trees. A similar pattern was also observed for the wet season green vegetation (+0.7% y^-1, p = 0.03) reflecting the facilitation of canopy growth in a warmer environment. These may indicate the metabolic change of TDF in the era of climate change. Keywords: El Niño, deciduous forest, evergreen forest, Landsat, remote sensing, James M. Johnson, MPA (Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts, USA) Poster: Participatory Geographic Information Systems Use in Copan Ruinas, Copan, Honduras Email of presenting author: jjohnson@westfield.ma.edu Sustainable development is the challenge of the 21st century, and public administration will play a part in finding new ways of meeting human needs within the constraints of natural resource systems. The nature of sustainable development has led to expanded forms of governance and new partnerships among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), non-profits, and governments at all levels. This paper examines a participatory geographic information system project being developed in Copan Ruinas, Honduras and its effect on the community stakeholders. Specifically, the participatory geographic information system project will focus on the development of a geodatabase and usable maps that integrate: small-scale (less than five hectares on average) agroforestry projects, highland habitat restoration projects, and avian rehabilitation projects. During this research, we will focus on the geographic information system project, public participation and how the project meets the standards of the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) pillars of participation and core values. Keywords: GIS, PPGIS, PGIS, Geographic Information Systems, Copan, Public Participation Mary Catherine Johnson (University of Kansas) Racism in Costa Rica: From Racial to Regional Based Prejudice Email of presenting author: marycatj@ku.edu The following paper presents research about racism in Costa Rica to gain a better understanding of the new trends among racism and racist ideology in Costa Rica today. Containing decades of hispanophilia, mestizo culture and prejudice against indigenous peoples and Afro-Costa Ricans, Costa Rica’s history includes forced relocation and segregation of these groups away from the capital, San Jose. While the condition of racism has continued to improve in Costa Rica today, the tension between Nicaragua and Costa Rica has persisted as Nicaraguans have sought refuge and employment in Costa Rica. This has spurred increased prejudice against Nicaraguans in Costa Rica. Through the process of reviewing the change away from historical racism and the delicate relationship between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, a shift from prejudice directed at Afro-descendants and Indigenous peoples towards Nicaraguans can be observed. Keywords: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, racism, immigration, prejuicio

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Brad Jokisch (Ohio University), Claudia Radel, Birgit Schmook, and Lyndsey Carte Migration Matters: An Overview of how migration is part of Latin Americanist human-environment geography Email of presenting author: jokisch@ohio.edu Geographers, including Latin Americanists, have increasingly examined how migration is an integral part of numerous human-environment issues, including adapting to global climate change, “environmental refugees,” the gentrification of rural spaces, agricultural change, and forestry transitions. This paper presents an analysis of the literature on how geographers have included migration and migration theory in human-environment geography. It does so by classifying the literature into four major categories: how migration affects the environment; how environmental change or conditions encourage or cause migration; environmental justice; and migration and dispossession/displacement. The paper will highlight how these themes have been applied to Latin Americanist research. Keywords: migration, environment Brad Jokisch (Ohio University), Sarah Blue, Kate Swanson, and Marie Price Panel: The Crisis of U.S. Migration Polices for Latin Americans Email of organizer: jokisch@ohio.edu This panel will focus on contemporary migration issues of critical importance to Latin America and Latin Americans living in the United States. The purpose of the panel is to examine how current policies, enforcement, and actions by the United States government and other actors is influencing the well-being of Latin American migrants and their families. Of particular importance is the fate of DACA children, deportation actions (ICE), and the prospects of migration reform. The panel will discuss some overarching issues and themes and provide case studies in various locations of the United States. Keywords: Migration, DACA, Migration policy, Latinos Audrey Joslin (Kansas State University) Community Labor within Latin American Water Funds Email of presenting author: ajoslin@ksu.edu Initiated in 2000, Quito, Ecuador’s ‘water fund’ Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program now serves as the model for at least 19 other programs throughout Latin America. In this model, urban market actors and international NGOs pay into a trust that offers in-kind payment to upstream rural communities in exchange for their conservation activities. This mechanism therefore produces ecosystem services as a fictitious commodity through the labor of upstream communities, who are charged with maintaining or restoring hydrologically important ecosystems. Although Water fund PES requires the agreement of a community towards collective conservation work, the benefits of the program are rarely distributed to the entirety of a targeted community. Despite this, however, large numbers of community members dedicate labor to the conservation objectives. Drawing upon an empirical case study of the model water fund from Ecuador, this paper employs data from participant observation, key informant interviews and textual materials to examine how labor institutions support water fund PES agreements. Despite neoliberal discourse promoting financial and material incentives as the main driver of conservation action, this paper highlights how PES programs rely on pre-existing labor regimes.

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Keywords: Conservation; Andes; Payments for Ecosystem Services; Ecuador; Watershed John Kelly (University of Wisconsin – La Crosse) Forests and Farms: Claims to Territory Among Old and New Villages in Eastern Campeche State, Mexico Email of presenting author: jkelly@uwlax.edu Eastern Campeche state, Mexico comprises: 1) a forest/agricultural transition zone (Chenes) of numerous indigenous (Maya) villages and several recent (1990-2010) non-Maya settlements (mainly Mennonite); 2) an economically marginal forest frontier zone (Calakmul) with late-20th-century settlements and rapid turnover of residents. Incipient village-to-village territorial appropriation is observed in the Chenes, while state conservation programs are (with one exception, in Calakmul) not a significant mechanism of territorial appropriation. Four trends are discussed: 1) In the Chenes, tensions between Maya and Mennonite villages over forest management and agricultural practices, e.g. concerns that Mennonite pesticides (for commercial farming) may be contributing to decline in bee population (for commercial honey); 2) Entwining of stereotypically “Maya/social property” and “Mennonite/private property” spaces and territories, e.g. via Mennonite rental of Maya lands; 3) Widespread participation of Maya (Chenes) and late-20th-century (Calakmul) villages with the state’s PES (Payments for Environmental Services, a program embedded in the multinational REDD+ initiative), vs. low participation among Mennonites, who avoid state constraints on land use decisions; 4) Among PES communities, a state approach based on (social property) territory rather than landscape (McCall 2016), but with little impact on local economies or conservation practices (most PES “reserves” were unlikely to be converted to non-forest). Keywords: Yucatán, forests, environmental services, Maya, Mennonite Gregory Knapp (University of Texas at Austin) Grounding Sustainability Studies: Integrating Students, Agents, and Research in Ecuador Email of presenting author: gwk@utexas.edu Sustainability Studies is a rapidly growing theme of research and education. It is a natural fit with geography’s traditional interest in the interaction of multiple processes involving our planet and world, but has sometimes been seen as naive or compromised by corporate and/or neoliberal agendas. This paper discusses how this subject has been incorporated as a new major in the Department of Geography and the Environment at the University of Texas, has sustained a faculty-led study abroad program in Ecuador, and has facilitated research on agent-based agricultural modernization, including organic farming and export floriculture. Keywords: Sustainability Studies, Ecuador, Andes, Agriculture Kirstyn Kotwal (Metropolitan State University of Denver) and Karmen Burchett Poster: Hydroclimatic Trends in the Maipo River Basin Email of presenting author: kkotwal@msudenver.edu This study evaluates water stress due to concurrently decreasing availability and increasing demand for water within the Maipo River Basin of central Chile. Decreasing precipitation and

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streamflow, alongside increasing water demands and agricultural development, help this study assess water vulnerability being experienced within this region. Agricultural irrigation, dependent upon snow- and ice- melt during the growing season, will be affected as climate change scenarios predict a warmer and drier future climate. Reduction of snowpack and earlier spring melt in central Chile reduces water availability and causes glacier melt from permafrost landforms to have a greater contribution in surface runoff. As diminishing streamflow imposes challenges to meeting water needs, this study seeks to offer mitigation strategies necessary for improving water resilience within this region. Keywords: Maipo, precipitation, streamflow, climate Matthew C. LaFevor and David C. LaFevor (University of Alabama) Working with "Big" Archival Data in Mexico and Cuba Email of presenting author: mclafevor@ua.edu This paper explores the opportunities and challenges of identifying, recording, and disseminating primary data on births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, and burials recorded by priests and stored in churches across Cuba. The author recounts his experiences as Co-PI (with David LaFevor) on a multi-year project funded by the British Libraries Endangered Archives Programme. Substantive aspects of the project are discussed, as well as the technical, institutional, funding, service, and pedagogical issues that surround building capacity among Cuban parishes to preserve their written history and to provide resources for future generations of Cuban and international scholars to explore the island's human and environmental past. Keywords: Cuba, archives, digital historical geography Maria Lane (University of New Mexico) Connecting Havana and Key West: Cuban Sovereignty on Rails Email of presenting author: mdlane@unm.edu In 1912, a railroad terminal opened in in Key West to connect the Florida East Coast Railway with the Cuban rail system. The direct link between them was a steamer service capable of carrying railcars directly from one country to the other, allowing American railcars to "roll on Cuban rails" with relative ease. This paper examines the geopolitical impact of this new technological development, focusing specifically on Cuban descriptions of the railcar-transport scheme and how they refracted underlying notions of the relationship between Cuba and its northern neighbor. Using Cuban media reports, rail advertisements, and company records as sources, the paper explores the period both before and after the connection was established, comparing official and popular reactions in both countries. Keywords: Cuba, railroad history, historical geography, Key West Jennifer Langill (University of Toronto) and Christian Abizaid What Defines a Bad Flood? The Relative Severity and Implications of Four Flood Types for Local Livelihoods in the Peruvian Amazon Email of presenting author: jennifer.langill@mail.utoronto.ca

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Global climate change is increasing the prevalence and severity of environmental shocks worldwide. In the Peruvian Amazon, this phenomenon is most commonly seen through greater variability in annual flooding. However, the lived implications of different flood types for local populations remains poorly understood. What defines a bad flood for riverine dwellers? Based upon a mixed-methods study conducted in two floodplain villages in the Department of Ucayali, Peru, this research complicates our understanding of ‘bad flooding’. It questions both the positive and negative impacts of four key flood types, and highlights local perceptions of the relative severity of each. Through better understanding of the nuances of different flood types, and their unique implications for local livelihoods, this discussion asks us to revisit how we conceptualize environmental shock and uncertainty. These considerations are necessary for designing relevant and effective strategies for coping and adapting to environmental hazards. Keywords: Flood variability; environmental shock; rural livelihoods; Peruvian Amazon Danielle Langworthy (University of Denver) Continuity and Change in Nicaragua Email of presenting author: dani.langworthy@du.edu Inequity in the distribution of and access to land continue to compromise rural Nicaraguan livelihoods, despite a history of land reform and a national government headed by a Sandinista revolutionary who advocated for such reforms. This paper investigates whether land redistribution has ever truly taken place along the south Pacific coast of Nicaragua, or if the current land distributions and developments in the area are manifestations of longer-term patron-client relationships that amassed land in the hands of relatively few wealthy Central American groups. The paper further interrogates whether current support for new industries, such as tourism along the Pacific coast, are the latest in a series of economic activities purported to enhance economic development in Nicaragua, but which continue to asymmetrically concentrate land and resources and thus do little to alleviate economic inequality and marginalization of rural populations. Finally, this paper provides the foundations for fieldwork to begin in 2018, which will entail analysis of land title records in the south Pacific coast department of Rivas, interviews with residents in the region living near recently luxury residential tourism developments in Rivas, and interviews with former and current officials with knowledge of the history of land tenure in the region. Such an investigation has the potential to enhance our understanding of the perpetuation of poverty and inequality in Nicaragua. Keywords: Nicaragua, land distribution, development, Rivas Thomas LaVanchy (University of Denver) Hydrogeological Assessment of the Brito Formation Sandstone, Tola, Nicaragua Email of presenting author: thomas.lavanchy@du.edu The Paleogene age Brito Formation blankets a majority of southwestern Nicaragua along the Pacific coast. The strata and geological structure of the formation support discontinuous, fractured aquifer systems that supply a major portion of water for the region. Nicaragua’s Pacific coast has experienced significant growth in tourism over the past decade—an industry particularly dependent upon water for its success and sustainability. However, little is known about the provisional capacity of the Brito Formation, and water availability has evolved as a major concern to communities, stakeholders, and researchers. In response to concerns and documented challenges of finding and sustaining reliable sources of groundwater, a focused assessment included reconnaissance, hydrochemistry analysis, well monitoring, and recharge modeling to

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better understand the Brito Formation hydrogeology. These data and results illustrate opportunities and vulnerabilities to negative impacts of overexploitation due to limited recharge and the coastal setting. Keywords: Brito Sandstone, groundwater development, rainfall recharge, water management, Nicaragua Yann Le Polain De Waroux (McGill University), M. Baumann, N.I. Gasparri, G. Gavier-Pizarro, J. Godar, T. Kuemmerle, R. Muller, F. Vazquez, J.N. Volante, and P. Meyfroidt Rents, Actors, and the Expansion of Commodity Frontiers in the Gran Chaco Email of presenting author: yann.lepolaindewaroux@mcgill.ca Theories of frontier expansion in the last four decades have been mostly shaped by studies of state-driven smallholder colonization. Modern-day agricultural frontiers, however, are increasingly driven by capitalized corporate agriculture operating with little direct government intervention. The expansion of contemporary frontiers has been explained by the existence of spatially heterogeneous “abnormal” rents, which can be caused by cheap land and labor, technological innovation, lack of regulations, and a variety of other incentives. In this paper, we argue that understanding the dynamics of these frontiers requires considering the differential ability of actors to capture such rents, which depends on their access to production factors and their information, preferences, and agency. We propose a new conceptual framework drawing on neoclassical economics and political economy, which we apply to the South American Gran Chaco, a hot spot of deforestation for soy and cattle production. We divide the region into a set of distinct frontiers based on satellite data, field interviews, and expert knowledge, to review the drivers and actors of agricultural expansion in these frontiers. We show that frontier expansion in the Chaco responded to the rents created by new agricultural technologies, infrastructure, and rising producer prices but that the frontier dynamics were strongly influenced by actors' abilities to capture or influence these rents. Our findings thus highlight that understanding contemporary commodity frontiers requires analyzing the novel ways by which the agency of particular groups of actors shapes land-use outcomes. Keywords: Gran Chaco, agricultural frontiers, deforestation, land use change, land investments. Valeria María de Souza Lima (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ) Rural no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Email of presenting author: vmslima@gmail.com Em face do legado paisagístico e histórico-cultural do seu território, o estado do Rio de Janeiro oferece ao turismo terreno fértil para a criação e consolidação de roteiros marcados por ampla diversidade de segmentos. Alguns desses segmentos firmam a sua atratividade na paisagem e no espaço rural, pelo crescente interesse do turista em experiências que possam promover a troca cultural e o contato mais próximo com a natureza. Do turismo em espaço rural emerge o Turismo Rural, sendo pouco conhecidas ou atualizadas as potencialidades regionais fluminenses em relação a este segmento, embora existam esforços e estudos nesta área. Partindo do pressuposto de que são muitas as ruralidades com potencial turístico presentes no estado, e que não conhecê-las dificulta a atenção das políticas públicas voltadas ao setor, nasce este estudo. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é mapear, à luz da Geografia, as realidades do Turismo Rural do território fluminense, como fenômeno dinâmico e inter-relacionado com outros setores. Esta investigação é orientada pela busca de novas perspectivas, propondo contribuir com

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informações que possam estimular a criação de novos mapas e roteiros turísticos no estado. O estudo toma como ponto de partida as 12 regiões turísticas fluminenses, triangulando inferências documentais e observações resultantes de pesquisa de campo. Em um primeiro momento, participam desta pesquisa representantes dos órgãos de turismo locais, devendo este estudo contemplar, posteriormente, a percepção de outros atores, tais como representantes de instâncias de governança e do trade turístico estadual. Keywords: Geografia e Turismo. Espaço rural. Turismo Rural. Políticas públicas de turismo. Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Danielle Litherland (Metropolitan State University) and Jeremy Landorf Climate Driven Streamflow Trends in Chile’s Rapel River Basin Email of presenting author: dlitherl@msudenver.edu This study assesses water vulnerability driven by climate change and increased demand for water in the Rapel River Basin, including effects of decreasing precipitation, reduced streamflow, agricultural expansion, and rising water demands to establish trends of hydro-climatic data. The basin’s agriculture depends almost exclusively on surface water for irrigation. Discharge during the growing agricultural season is driven by snow and ice-melt.  Central Chile is experiencing water stress due to the simultaneous rising demand and decreasing water availability. Climate change scenarios for central Chile predict increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitations. Glacier melt from permafrost landforms will be more important as a contribution to surface runoff in a warmer and drier future climate on the watersheds of the central Andes. A reduction of the snowpack and an earlier spring melt might reduce water availability, imposing a substantive challenge to meet water needs. New policies are needed to improve the region’s water resilience. Keywords: Climate Change, Streamflow, Chile W. George Lovell (Queen's University, Canada) Tracking the Archbishop: Draft Cartography and the Construction of Pedro Cortés y Larraz’s Descripción Geográfico-Moral de la Diócesis de Goathemala (1768-1770) Email of presenting author: lovellg@queensu.ca Housed in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, the “Mapas y Planos de Guatemala” are an attractive array of maps, painted in distinctive watercolor form, prepared in the wake of the tour of inspection undertaken between 1768 and 1770 by Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz (1712-1787) of his far-flung diocese. In three separate forays, the intrepid cleric visited often remote parts that stretch from what is now Chiapas in the northwest to the borderlands between El Salvador and Honduras in the southeast. The 113 maps that complement Cortés y Larraz’s written account of his “visita general,” the Descripcion geografico-moral de la diócesis de Goathemala, offer “bird’s eye” views of parish settlements and the diverse landscapes that surround them. A felicitous find in the Hispanic Society of America in New York unearthed 69 documents that turn out to be pen and ink sketches, veritable drafts or borradores upon which Cortés y Larraz’s watercolor maps are based. These sketches were presumably made “in situ” at strategic vantage points as the archbishop traversed the length and breadth of his jurisdiction, recording (courtesy of information provided by parish priests besides personal observations) details of the social, economic, demographic, and linguistic make-up of hundreds of communities. Discussion centers on the collective endeavor at the heart of Cortés y Larraz’s assiduous project and the presentation of several draft maps and the finished product

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Keywords: Hispanic Society of America; Guatemala; Archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz; colonial-period cartography W. George Lovell (Queen's University, Canada) Latin America on Screen: Film as a Complement to the Teaching of Regional Geography Email of presenting author: lovellg@queensu.ca In an honorary presidential address he called “The Education of a Geographer” (1956), Carl Sauer summed up the challenges of teaching a course in regional geography thus. “A good regional course is largely an individual creation out of long application, nursed on much meditation. To me it is a study in historical geography.” Ever since I began teaching at Queen’s University some four decades ago, regional courses on Latin America have figured in the curriculum. Despite the disappearance of such offerings from geography programs elsewhere, two courses in particular, one on Middle America (Mexico, Central America, and the Island Caribbean) and another on South America, have proven perennially popular among the student body. A Sauer penchant for historical geography forms the foundation of what I teach, deploying film as means of instruction a key complement as to how I teach. Here I discuss the pedagogic challenge, and for me the pedagogic reward, of screening Latin America in the classroom. Keywords: Carl Sauer; Regional Geography; Film as a Pedagogic Device Nicole MacLean (University of Denver) and Ruby Tedeschi Ethnographic Analysis of El Placer Ecuador Email of presenting author: nicole.c.maclean@gmail.com El Placer is a community located at the base of the Machay ecological reserve in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador. Traditionally an agricultural community, the organization Fundacion EcoMinga has hired members of the community as knowledgeable guides and guards for the surrounding ecological reserves. Additionally, a hosting program for students and researchers has been implemented within the last three years. In its infant stages of eco-tourism, this research aims to quantify the socio-economic implications and impacts of conservation tourism on this small agricultural community. In an ongoing survey, 25% of the residents of El Placer from various age groups, genders and occupations will/have been questioned on their experience and attitudes of the shifting ways of life. Oral interviews further understanding of personal impacts community members are experiencing. We conducted this research while participating in the hosting program as ecological researchers to provide quantitative impacts of ecotourism on the community. Keywords: Ecotourism, agriculture, EcoMinga, Ecuador, Conservation Nicholas R. Magliocca (University of Alabama), Anayansi Dávila, Jennifer A. Devine, Kendra McSweeney, Erik A. Nielsen, Zoe Pearson, Steven E. Sesnie, Elizabeth Tellman, David J. Wrathall Narcologic: Spatial Structure and Adaptation of Central American Cocaine Trafficking Networks Email of presenting author: nrmagliocca@ua.edu There is growing recognition of the importance of illicit economies and their effects on licit economies, political stability, social well-being, and even environmental conservation. Drug trafficking has received particular attention with the United States’ “war on drugs” and widely reported violence associated with Mexican drug cartel activities. An often neglected aspect of drug

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trafficking – and indeed of any illicit commodity trafficking – are the ill-effects of such activities on the spaces of transit. Understanding the current landscape of vulnerability to narco-trafficking within the transit space is essential in order to develop a method, however rudimentary, for predicting future vulnerabilities in response to interdiction efforts. Here, we present a spatially-explicit agent-based model (ABM) of the spatial organization and dynamics of narco-trafficking within Central America. This ABM is exploratory in nature given the significant knowledge and data gaps that still exist, but by formalizing a spatially-explicit decision-making logic we provide a starting point for understanding narco-trafficking from the bottom-up. Keywords: U.S. Drug Policy, interdiction effectiveness, illicit supply chain, complex adaptive system Glaucio José Marafón (IGEOG/UERJ, Brasil) Atividade Turística no Estado do Rio de Janeiro Email of presenting author: glauciomarafon@hotmail.com Qualquer tentativa de regionalização, criação de tipologias ou de zoneamento turístico do estado do Rio de Janeiro defronta-se com uma diversidade geográfica em suas dimensões física, econômica, cultural e social. Sobre as paisagens, no seu aspecto visível, é inegável a multiplicidade de elementos que as compõem, constituindo ambientes peculiares com a presença de topografias, condições climáticas, hidrográficas, pedológicas e geológicas diversas. Nestes ambientes, em constante interação com os mesmos, encontramos diferentes contextos econômicos, relações culturais e sociais. Diante de tal cenário, a atividade turística tem sido considerada um fator relevante para o crescimento econômico do estado por sua dita capacidade de atrair investimentos, fluxos de capitais, recursos financeiros, de gerar empregos e rendas e de transformar os espaços. Transformações que são influenciadas por três condicionantes: o físico ou natural, o histórico e as atividades econômicas, assim como o papel dos transportes. De forma geral, o turismo se desenvolve no estado apoiado na conjunção desses três elementos, permeando fatores econômicos, sociais, culturais e políticos. Em cada município, esse inter-relacionamento configura distintas realidades passíveis de uma compreensão mais sólida, se considerados os contextos sob os quais as mesmas são construídas, em múltiplas escalas. Keywords: Atividades turísticas; Regionalização turística; Rio de Janeiro. Maria Marcello (Louisiana State University) Non-market Valuation of Ecosystem Services, Calculation of Opportunity Costs and Land Tenure Maps in areas of High Biodiversity Conservation Value especially by Mapping Tropical Old Growth Forests Email of presenting author: maria.marello.uk@gmail.com This paper will investigate the legal frameworks, benefits and drawbacks for the international policy mechanism reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) credits to enter compliance carbon market schemes such as the California and Canadian carbon markets and their links to other carbon markets in other countries, the structure and transparency of their contracts, application and adherence to standards and proper accounting as well as safeguards implemented such as to secure land tenure rights and other lessons learned from the voluntary and public finance spheres. If legal frameworks could properly enable international REDD+ credits to be included in compliance schemes such as the linked California and Canadian carbon markets as well as the separate United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia and Chinese carbon markets, speculatively what would be the pros and cons of doing this? What legal frameworks (including standardization

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and linked registries) could enable these credits to be transferred or what would make these credits fungible between different carbon market schemes? Keywords: rules, institutions, monitoring and other lessons learned from voluntary and public redd+ finance Anita Martínez Méndez (Universidad de Quintana Roo), Oscar Frausto Martínez, Lucinda Arroyo Arcos y Herlinda del Socorro Silva Poot Email of presenting author: amm100983@gmail.com El sistema de infraestructura de agua potable es fundamental para la satisfacción de necesidades básicas y complementarias, además de ser un derecho humano y componente para lograr la prosperidad económica. En una ciudad costera, es fundamental que los que tienen injerencia en la planificación y construcción de dicha infraestructura consideren los riesgos hidrometeorológicos (huracanes) a los cuales está expuesta. Toda vez, que esto influirá en la calidad del sistema, capacidad para hacer frente al evento, costos de recuperación y tiempo de reactivación del servicio, en caso de verse afectada por un huracán. Por ello, conocer la resiliencia del sistema de infraestructura de agua potable es necesario, si bien, no se pueda asegurar que un sistema sea resiliente, porque eso dependerá de las características del evento que impacte, sin embargo, si se puede aumentar la capacidad de resiliencia, y esto, al mismo tiempo, puede funcionar como un método preventivo ante desastres por huracanes. Se analiza la ciudad de Chetumal, en el caribe Mexicano. Keywords: servicios urbanos, planificación, capacidad adaptativa, método preventivo. Diego Ariel Martinez-Lugo (University of Arizona) and Pradnya Garud Environmental Justice: Caste and Race as Critical Perspectives Email of presenting author: dmartinezlugo@email.arizona.edu In this article we are emphasizing a complementary convergence of environmental justice seen through a caste and racial lens. Postcolonial intersectionality can provide new critical perspectives on the intersection of caste and race with gender in the environment across regions. Caste and race should be explicitly recognized not merely as variables but structuring phenomenon that lead to systems of oppression through environmental inequalities and injustices. Caste and race are not simply individual attitudes and personal discrimination but are mutually constituted in economic, social, and ecological hegemonies. Drawing from Critical Race Theory and anti-caste literature in this paper we explore the intersection of caste and race in the US and India to highlight environmental inequalities and to shift the colonizer’s gaze to disrupt white and Brahminical epistemological understanding of environmental justice. Historically brown/black and Dalits (lower castes) bodies have been ‘objects’ for research, we argue that an anti-caste and anti-racist perspective have the potential for reversing the gaze to critically engage with environmental justice. Adopting a critical engagement with caste and race thus bringing them from the background to the foreground allows for a more robust and complex examination of structural inequities, violence, and power in the politics of nature. Keywords: Caste, Race, Political Ecology, Critical Environmental Justice, Intersectionality Kent Mathewson (Louisiana State University) Sauer’s Descent? Or Berkeley Roots Forever? Revisited and Updated

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Email of presenting author: kentm@lsu.edu In 1999 I co-published with Scott Brown a short article on Carl Sauer’s PhD students (and their students and those students’ students and so on out to the fifth generation) that had written dissertations on a Latin American topic. The original inspiration was Robert C. West’s 1981 lead chapter in the 1980 CLAG Benchmark volume “The Contribution of Carl Sauer to Latin American Geography,” and his table depicting “Recipients of the Ph.D. Degree with Dissertations on Latin America, Descendant through the Sauer Line, 1930-1979.” We sought to simply update West’s table and draw a few conclusions from the two subsequent decades' “descent.” By the turn of the millennium, there were over 150 dissertators in the Sauer Latin Americanist line, starting with Fred B. Kniffen in 1930. Since then, the number has more than doubled. This paper provides a second two-decadal update of the growth of the tree and an assessment of the directions that the branches have taken. Keywords: Carl Sauer, Berkeley school, Sauer Tree, Geo-Genealogy Joshua Mayer (University of California, Los Angeles) Cattle Ranchers and Afro-Indigenous Forest Rangers: Settler Capitalism and Resistance in Nicaragua's Rama-Kriol Territory Email of presenting author: joshuamayer@ucla.edu On Nicaragua's Caribbean coast, three indigenous and Afrodescendant communities in the southern portion of the Rama-Kriol Territory have formed an alliance with international environmentalist organizations to create an innovative, community-based forest ranger program. Facing the progressive, illegal advance of the mestizo agricultural frontier into their titled territory and the ecologically critical forests of the Indio-Maíz Biological Reserve, community members in the ranger program regularly trek through the forests to identify and map illegal settlements and activities. This paper traces the course of events after the rangers located an illegal cattle ranch that occupied nearly 5.5 square miles in the Rama-Kriol Territory and Indio-Maíz. The reactions of the communities and their ranching industry allies to this incursion ultimately forced the national government to partially comply with their demands, effectively resisting an immediate threat to the territory's sovereignty while highlighting the state's complicity in settler capitalism. This case study speaks to the growing literature on sovereignty in indigenous and Afrodescendant territories and the applicability of the settler colonialism framework in Latin America. Keywords: sovereignty; indigenous territorial governments; environmentalism; ranching; settler colonialism Michael K. McCall and Brian Napoletano (CIGA - UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Placing Representativity and Representativeness in PMapping/PGIS and Avoiding Fake News Email of presenting author: mccall@ciga.unam.mx Participatory Mapping/PGIS (“PM”) has emerged as an instrument for (good) governance and for critical performance of people. PM is exceptional for seeing and developing understanding of grounded spatial knowledge of local people and their interests and values. This is both a reflection and a consequence of the drivers behind PM. But, what/which local spatial knowledge? We strive to distinguish “facts” from “values” in the spatial knowledge and thus in its representation in PM. These two categories seem facile but are complex, intrinsically concatenated in both directions, the designation and interpretation of facts interwoven with the acceptance and communication of values. When handling presentation and mapping in both categories - facts and values, we need to

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recognise two dimensions of (re)presentation – “representativity”, and, “representativeness”; for instance, PM is rarely democratic, it is exceptionalist, extra-ordinary, informed, - a strength, not a deficiency. The paper looks at some grounded strategies towards dealing with representativity and representativeness of both facts and values based on practitioners’ experiences. The danger is, if we do not challenge the distinction between facts and values, PM can be used as fake news. Keywords: critical mapping, participatory mapping, representation, representativeness, values Michael K. McCall (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - CIGA) and Brian M. Napoletano Session Abstract: Territorializing Space in Latin America: Processes and Perceptions in Territorial Appropriation Email of presenting author: mccall@ciga.unam.mx Territory, territoriality and territorialisation are primary themes in spatial epistemology with decades of contestation over the frames, centres, limits of the concepts and their operating processes ; and in Latin American contexts, both generic and local, from divergent political stances. We recognize territory as ‘geographic space where a social entity, shapes, influences, and controls human activities and access to resources’ (Sack 1986), and therefore, as a locus of local / indigenous social organization, and conflicts over power and effective control. Nationally, territories are a frame for public policy and interventions. Territory embodies claims to ownership or entitlements, referencing competing authorities based in gendered, cultural, legal/customary, political or moral power, or simply blunt force. But, what is the validity of entitlements - emic and self-validating? or, requiring etic (legalistic) external authority? Territorialisation has a significant connect with performance because it entails and incorporates praxis. Embedded in the material spatialisation of territory are conceptual, symbolic, ‘virtual’ territories, often constructed upon cultural-historical landscapes.The vision behind this Session is how territory and territorialisation are materialised in practice in Latin American contexts. Topics can include, but are not restricted to: • Analysis of how power relations influence the configuration of material and symbolic landscapes. • Claims and contests over territory … internal conflicts as well as with external actors. • How do people legitimise their claims in the face of external forces – e.g. large indigenous territories with small populations under pressure? • People’s need for territory extending extant notions of belonging, ownership, and responsibilities of landscape. • Territorial construction by interstitial entities – not only states or communities, but e.g. commercial enterprises. • ‘Appropriation mapping’ as a subterfuge towards the appropriation of (indigenous) territory. Keywords: territory, territorialisation, landscape, power, conflict, appropriation Sarah McCall (University of Denver) The Nicaragua Canal: Imperialism, Rhetoric, and Resistance Email of presenting author: sarah.mccall.harris@gmail.com This research investigates the political economy of Nicaragua’s development, with specific emphasis on the Ortega administration’s selective interpretation of the concept of imperialism as it pertains to US interests, Venezuelan financing and socialist rhetoric, and China’s legal rights to build a canal across Nicaragua. The study analyzes issues surrounding the canal concession and Law 840, the non-violent resistance movement against the canal, and whether or not the canal will ever be built. It shows how opponents use discourse from the original Sandinista movement to highlight

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how Daniel Ortega’s regime has deviated from the original tenets of the revolutionary Sandinista party, and how the government’s rhetoric differs from the social, environmental, and political reality in Nicaragua. Keywords: Nicaragua, development, Ortega regime, Sandinista party Kendra McSweeney (Ohio State University), Zoe Pearson, and Erik Nielsen Narco-Capital and Rural Development in Central America Email of presenting author: mcsweeney.14@osu.edu Cocaine trafficking is transforming protected areas and frontiers in transit and storage nodes across Central America. In this panel, civil society and non-profit representatives discuss how narco-driven land use changes, like large-scale forest loss and agro-business expansion, occur alongside violent practices of land dispossession, economic coercion, and transformations in governance relations. The panel discussion draws on the experiences of the panelists’ organizations and the “Narco-frontiers” and “Drug War Conservation” paper sessions. Keywords: cocaine, narco, rural development (Kendra McSweeney), Anayansi Dávila, and Gonzalo Tapia What’s Going on with Panama? Panama is famous for its long history as a country that transits goods, among them prohibited substances. In this context, the recent pronounced ubiquity of cocaine is alarming. In this presentation, we examine Panama’s last decade of cocaine trafficking growth using literature review and decades of research in the country. While long associated with Panama’s banking and business sectors, our findings indicate the diffuse role of cocaine throughout the country, including coastal areas, protected areas, and cities. With the country located proximate to the production end of the cocaine commodity chain, trafficking does not yet result in broad landscape transformation, but that is beginning to change. In addition, increasingly used secondary roads, coastal development, and new oil palm plantations all may support cocaine trafficking and have been facilitated by recent changes to laws. Finally, we note that Panama’s economic growth correlates fairly well with cocaine interdiction data. Keywords: Panama, narco-trafficking, protected areas, cocaine Daniel Mendiola (University of Houston) Formation and Expansion of Mosquito Confederation: Consolidating Power in a Zone of Refuge, 1687-1729 Email of presenting author: danielmendiola23@gmail.com The purpose of this paper is to examine the formation and expansion of the Mosquito Kingdom: a powerful confederation of Amerindian and African-descended peoples who dominated much of Central America’s Caribbean coast throughout the eighteenth century. Significantly, the solidification of this expansionist confederation was entirely novel for Central America’s Caribbean lowlands, which had long been characterized by scattered populations and diffused power. Accordingly, this investigation elaborates the specific practices that made this radical change possible, arguing that indigenous innovations such as widespread political alliances and efficient territorial arrangements formed the basis of Mosquito collective power.

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Keywords: Mosquito/Miskitu; Central America; Caribbean; Borderlands; Eighteenth Century Roberta M De Carvalho (University of Florida) A Tailored Approach to Understanding Urban Amazon Email of presenting author: rmdecarvalho@ufl.edu Mapping urbanization in the Amazon region requires thinking outside the box of theoretical references applied elsewhere. As of today, rainforest cities still a challenge to have its profile designed. Despite the commonality of Amazonia as an area of research, research on its urbanization process remains few and far between. Considering the region's particularities, fast-paced and rather recent and intensive LULC, this paper is design to address a contemporary approach into understanding how urban form evolve in a resource frontier and proposes frameworks for three different components to answer this question: Does urban sprawl in the Amazon follows models applied elsewhere? What is the impact of an urban network on a regional landscape? And how does the government intervention in the form of infrastructure adds to the transformation of regional landscapes? Keywords: Amazon, Urban, Cities, Urbanization Marcos Mendoza (University of Mississippi) State of Popular Exception: The Autodefensa Movement and the Violent Environment in Mexico Email of presenting author: mendoza@olemiss.edu In recent years, autodefensa movements have emerged across rural Mexico to contest everyday violence, the corruption of the judicial system, and the failure of the rule of law. Autodefensa groups have developed in the wake of neoliberal transformations impacting the agrarian landscape and the increasing production of drugs by cartels. Autodefensa groups have organized to push drug-related agents out of villages, reestablish control over community land, and challenge the practices of the narco-state. This paper draws on fieldwork conducted in the region of Michoacán that examines the legal discourses of these radical social movements emerging to contest the violent environment. This paper argues that the autodefensa movement is based upon the declaration of a state of popular exception in which sovereignty devolves back to the people in situations of widespread public insecurity. In culturally specific ways, communities have mobilized the legal right to self-defense through radical enactments of popular sovereignty. Keywords: Mexico; Violence; Environment; Law; Sovereignty; Drugs Karly Marie Miller (University of California Santa Barbara) Evaluating the Relative Importance of Tourism-Driven Changes in Small-scale Fisheries Email of presenting author: karly.marie.miller@gmail.com In rural coastal areas fishing is often an essential source of food and livelihoods for local populations, and cumulatively, this small-scale fishing is estimated to account a quarter to a third of all global fisheries catches. As tourism reaches ever further into remote coastal regions, the social, economic, and political changes that accompany development also cause shifts in human-environment interactions, affecting the use and management of natural resources, including fishing. To anticipate these changes we need to understand both the mechanisms through which tourism impacts fishing, and also the relative importance of each mechanism. In this talk I will begin

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with a synthesis of the myriad pathways through which tourism development influences fishing, and then use empirical data from eight coastal communities in Valle del Cauca, Colombia to estimate the relative importance of various household and community level factors in predicting the impact of tourism on fishing. Keywords: small-scale fisheries, rural tourism development, human-environment interactions, management, Colombia, Meg Mills-Novoa (University of Arizona) Making Agricultural Entrepreneurs out of Campesinos: How Water Policy Reform is Reshaping Agricultural Systems Under Climate Change in Piura, Peru Email of presenting author: mmillsnovoa@email.arizona.edu Under ongoing neoliberal reforms and globalization across the Global South, countries are seeking to transform agrarian landscapes and the nature of campesino or smallholder farmer agriculture by promoting agro-export production. These agricultural reforms, however, do not exist in isolation. They articulate with water policy reform to reshape agricultural systems and the people who manage these landscapes. While there has been significant research on agrarian change under globalization and neoliberalism, few scholars have conducted empirical studies that examine how agricultural policy articulates with water policy reform to generate changes across agricultural landscapes. Drawing on the case study of the Piura River basin in Northern Peru, I argue that the 2009 Water Resources Law furthers the Peruvian state’s agricultural development priorities by limiting the agency of smallholder farmers, inducing campesinos to become agricultural entrepreneurs. Secondly, far from the retraction of the state, I find that the state has made its safety net programs contingent on participation in globalized commodity chains. This study contributes to the limited scholarship on the 2009 Water Resources Law in Peru and its implications for local users and agricultural landscapes. Keywords: water governance, agriculture, climate change, Peru Pablo Miranda Álvarez (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) La Planificación Territorial del Turismo en Costa Rica Email of presenting author: pmiranda@una.cr El turismo como una actividad espacial se encuentra en interacción directa con el sistema climático, dentro del cual se enmarca el cambio climático que genera impactos evidentes en cada uno de los componentes del sistema turístico, razón por lo que ha sido objeto de estudio por diversas disciplinas y áreas de conocimiento relacionadas a la actividad turística durante los últimos años. El cantón de Carrillo, uno de los principales destinos turísticos de sol y playa en Costa Rica, fue afectado por una sequía asociada al cambio climático entre los año 2013 y 2015 que afectó su ciclo de vida, generando impactos en los recursos turísticos, oferta, demanda políticas públicas y la población residente. Es por esta razón que desde la geografía del turismo se hace necesario su con el fin de aportar a la planificación territorial y como insumo en las medidas de mitigación y adaptación. Keywords: destino turístico, cambio climático, geografía del turismo, sistema climático Shawn Mitchell (University of South Alabama) Sister Cities: Havana and the Making of Mobile, Alabama

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Email of presenting author: smitchell@southalabama.edu In 1993, Mobile, Alabama, and Havana officially became sister cities, the first such pairing between the US and Cuba. While this might seem like an odd match, the relationship between these cities extends back more than three centuries. This paper explores the interactions between Mobile and Havana as they dealt with their evolving socio-political contexts. In particular, I am interested in how Havana helped shape and sustain Mobile as a place through the exchange of goods, ideas and contagion. Keywords: Mobile, Havana, yellow fever, trade José Manuel Mojica Vélez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México – CIGA) and Sara Barrasa Territorio y Paisaje en Humedales Costeros: Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, Chiapas México Email of presenting author: jmojica@pmip.unam.mx El análisis del territorio y del paisaje da cuenta de los impactos de políticas públicas en humedales costeros; esto se debe a que las intervenciones que se llevan a cabo en estos territorios, se hacen visibles en el paisaje. El objetivo es evaluar cambios del paisaje en humedales costeros, a partir de la incidencia que han tenido políticas de desarrollo y conservación. El caso de estudio es la Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, localizada en la costa del Estado de Chiapas, suroeste de México. El marco de la investigación es la geografía ambiental, la metodología ha comprendido la interpretación de cartografía histórica, el uso sistemas de información geográfica, el análisis histórico de políticas y la etnografía. La investigación ha permitido examinar problemáticas como la conversión de humedales por la agroindustria, la deforestación, la reducción de recursos pesqueros, la caza de fauna silvestre y el cambio climático. Keywords: geografía ambiental, tenencia de la tierra, conservación, políticas públicas, manglares Rosa Alejandrina De Sicilia Muñoz, Lilia Susana Padilla y Sotelo (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) El Turismo de Cruceros del Puerto de Manzanillo, México: Apreciaciones sobre su Desarrollo Email of presenting author: aledsm@igg.unam.mx Manzanillo, ciudad portuaria y turística del Pacífico Mexicano con paisaje de sol y playa, que le permitió desarrollar un turismo de relevancia a nivel nacional e internacional, en el que destacaban los cruceros. En la actualidad el sector turístico se encuentra estancado, ha sido mínima la inversión y la existente no se ha logrado capitalizar, ya que se ha enfocado en el área hotelera y no en diversificar el turismo, ni atraer más cruceros, ello ha repercutido en que no sea suficientemente competitivo en el plano nacional, menos aún en el internacional. El objetivo del trabajo es dar a conocer las causas del estancamiento del turismo en Manzanillo. Inicia con la localización y caracterización geográfica, continua con el examen de la oferta para el turismo, sigue la explicación de las causas por las cuales no ha tenido un desarrollo relevante como el que tuvo anteriormente y finaliza con reflexiones conclusivas. Keywords: Puertos, turismo, cruceros, Manzanillo, Pacífico Mexicano Osvaldo Muniz (Texas State University)

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Central American and South American Online Network: a Research Experience to Integrate Geographic Learning Email of presenting author: o.muniz@txstate.edu Online education represents a more advanced e-learning level than distance education. The former represents a networking process generated by members that integrate a community of practice. This article describes the development of an online education research based on a dynamic network of nodes with a Pan American dimension by its geographic extension. The nodes represented in-service high school geography and social science teachers from eight countries; three in Central America and five in South America. The preparation of a platform (LMS) to guide teachers in their online experience during 12 weeks, allowed an asynchronous interaction to develop a training program on climate change in the Americas. The teachers exposed to inquire-based learning (IBL) and problem-based learning (PBL) were able to demonstrate an increasing interaction and collaboration performed either in Spanish or English language. Cooperation was also an indirect benefit given evidences among participants to maintain future academic and social relationships. Keywords: Online education, networking, climate change Brian M. Napoletano (Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Ximena Carmona López, and Dulce Paulina de Arcia Solis Geographic Rift in the Urbanization of Morelia's Periphery Email of presenting author: brian@ciga.unam.mx Increased attention to the socio-ecological implications of urban systems has resulted in recognition of the urban periphery as both a conceptually and materially important region for the study of land-change dynamics. As a complex rural-urban area with distinct dynamics and a linking point between processes of capital accumulation at multiple scales, the inherent conflict between use-value and exchange-value in the urban periphery becomes manifest in multiple forms with numerous socio-ecological repercussions. The concept of geographic rift is proposed as a means to characterize these conflicts and link them to the underlying tensions between the demands of capital accumulation and human development and reproduction. This paper reports preliminary findings from a research project in Morelia's urban periphery, funded by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, that examines the conflicts and contradictions of capitalist urbanization through the lens of geographic rift. This entails identifying dominant land-change trajectories in the periphery and understanding these trajectories and the mechanisms driving them as moments in the alienation of people from the land, territory, and their use-values through land expropriation, forced migration, and commodification. Keywords: metabolic rift, geographic rift, urban periphery, urbanization, alienation Nadiya Narula and David S. Salisbury (University of Richmond) Contraband and the Construction of a [Border] Land of Opportunity: South America’s Triple Frontier Email of presenting author: nadiya.narula@richmond.edu The borderland uniting Puerto Iguazu (Argentina), Foz do Iguacu (Brazil) and Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) has long been a center of informal and illegal trade. Contraband products such as cigarettes, computers and clothing are among the most popular, with increasing numbers of

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consumers traveling to Paraguay to purchase goods. In contrast to the state, which strives to expunge their economy of illicit trade, the citizens of the triple frontier actively seek out informal transboundary trade opportunities. The border residents’ lifestyle normalizes illicit trade and helps construct a unique borderland space whose economy and culture is partially dependent on a web of contraband that extends into and beyond each country. This case study cross references interview data from borderland residents of all three border cities with research from Brazilian border experts to understand the normalization, costs, benefits, and cultures of living in the borderlands. Keywords: Borders, Contraband, Borderlands, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay América A. Navarro López (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental), Pedro S. Urquijo Torres, Gerardo A. Hernández Cendejas Ganaderización Novohispana en el Norte del Obispado de Michoacán, Nueva España, Siglos XVI-XVII Email of presenting author: anavarro@pmip.unam.mx En este trabajo analizamos los procesos históricos y geográficos de la ganadería en el norte del obispado de Michoacán a través de un análisis espacial (cartográfico), en el periodo que va de 1550, una vez aplicadas las Nuevas Leyes, y hasta 1650, fecha posterior a la puesta en marcha de las Composiciones de tierra (1643). Metodológicamente recurrimos al análisis de documentos de la época, tales como licencias de mercedes para estancias de ganado (mayor y menor) así como a los informes obispales, con la finalidad de procesarlos y elaborar cartografía a partir de Sistemas de Información Geográfica orientados a la Historia (SIG-Histórico). Lo anterior nos permite espacializar los lugares en que se establecieron las estancias de ganado. Si bien la atribución de otorgar licencias de ganado correspondía a la autoridad civil, el obispado veía trastocados sus intereses territoriales en jurisdicciones bajo su responsabilidad eclesiástica, en dos sentidos. Por un lado, con la expansión de la frontera hacia el septentrión, a través de la actividad evangelizadora en la vecindad con los sitios estancieros. Por otro, con la afectación en la administración del diezmo. Investigaciones como la presente abordadas desde la historia y la cartografía histórica, son cada vez más pertinentes, ya que cubren vacíos importantes en la historiografía de la región de estudio, misma que ha dejado al margen la perspectiva geográfica. Keywords: ganadería, Obispado de Michoacán, SIG-H, estancias, diezmo. Christoph Neger (UNAM - Posgrado en Geografía) La Ecología Política como Enfoque Para el Estudio Geográfico del Ecoturismo en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México Email of presenting author: ch.neger@gmail.com La región de Los Tuxtlas, uno de las áreas con mayor biodiversidad en México, fue declarada Reserva de la Biosfera en el 1998. Desde entonces, en el área se ha impulsado el ecoturismo, para alcanzar una armonía entre el desarrollo humano y la conservación. Varios estudios anteriores coinciden en que el ecoturismo en algunas localidades ha tenido efectos positivos desde el punto de visto ecológico. Sin embargo, no ha logrado establecerse como una opción económicamente viable para la población local. Esta limitación pone en cuestión la sustentabilidad de la actividad ecoturística en la región en general e impide que sus beneficios ecológicos se puedan extender en la escala regional. El presente trabajo introduce el enfoque de la ecología política para analizar esta problemática, tomando en cuenta los actores involucrados en el ecoturismo a diferentes escalas espaciales, sus motivos, sus posibilidades de acción y sus interacciones con otros actores.

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Keywords: ecoturismo, reserva de la biosfera, ecología política, geografía del turismo, sustentabilidad Lise Nelson (Penn State University) Mujeres inquietas: Reflections on power and agency as narrated by Purhépechan women in Michoacán, Mexico Email of presenting author: lknelson@psu.edu This paper draws on research conducted nearly two decades ago in Michoacán, Mexico with indigenous Purhépechan women navigating rapid political, economic, and social change associated with neoliberal globalization in the 1990s. Returning to the transcripts of interviews conducted long ago, I reflect on indigenous women’s use of the term “mujer inquieta” to describe their embodied negotiation of gender, ethnicity and class over the course of their lives. By listening closely to their narratives, and seeing indigenous women as constructing theory in the context of everyday life, I consider the concept of “inquieta” as a way to overcome binaries of structure / agency and power/resistance that has plagued debates in geography and other disciplines. Keywords: Indigenous women, agency, ethics, Mexico Erik Nielsen (Northern Arizona University) Socio-ecological effects of narcotrafficking activity in the Cultural Zone of the Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras Email of presenting author: erik.nielsen@nau.edu The 2006 Mexican government crackdown on drug cartels rerouted and rapidly intensified trafficking and interdiction activities in the Honduran Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Ethnographic methods, media analysis, drug movement data, and remote sensing analysis were used describe the socio-ecological effects of drug trafficking and interdiction activities in the Rio Plátano Biosphere Reserve between 2000 and 2015. Findings suggest that the establishment of drug trafficking nodes brought money, violence and the need for territorial control and money laundering opportunities into indigenous territories. A distinctive pattern of dispersed, large, and rapid forest clearing emerged that is attributable to illicit capital derived from narcotrafficking and territorial control. Furthermore, this new economic violence and land use change has undermined territorial governance, displaced communities, and altered indigenous land use norms. These findings have significant implications for indigenous territorial governance, conservation and drug policy in the region. Keywords: Honduras, Narcotrafficking, socio-ecological, deforestation Catherine Nolin (University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) and Kirk Walker Landscape and Collective Memory in Post-Conflict Ayacucho, Peru: Narratives and Photography of Survivors Email of presenting author: nolin@unbc.ca The Shining Path and Peruvian government military forces left nearly 70,000 people, mostly Indigenous, either killed or disappeared during the internal armed conflict (1980-2000). Post-conflict Peru still grapples with violations of the past, which challenges reconciliation; memory is

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essential to transitional justice. Our research explores collective memory with community members of Humananquiqua, Ayacucho, a region that the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission identified as an epicentre of violence. In 2013, the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) assisted with fieldwork in which participants used digital cameras to illustrate their memories of the conflict through the Photovoice method. Conversations elicited through this participatory photographic process revealed six themes: places of violence; the memory of loved ones; fear and anxiety; places of hiding and escape; community resilience; and empowerment through storytelling. The photographs represent a landscape of memory where participants presented themselves as survivors and expressed feelings of healing with the process. Keywords: Peru, photovoice, memory, participatory photography Catherine Nolin and Kirk Walker (University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC)) Landscapes and Collective Memory in Post-Conflict Ayacucho, Peru: Narratives and Photography of Survivors The Shining Path and Peruvian government military forces left nearly 70,000 people, mostly Indigenous, either killed or disappeared during the internal armed conflict (1980-2000). Post-conflict Peru still grapples with violations of the past, which challenges reconciliation; memory is essential to transitional justice. Our research explores collective memory with community members of Humananquiqua, Ayacucho, a region that the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission identified as an epicentre of violence. In 2013, the Peruvian Forensic Anthropology Team (EPAF) assisted with fieldwork in which participants used digital cameras to illustrate their memories of the conflict through the Photovoice method. Conversations elicited through this participatory photographic process revealed six themes: places of violence; the memory of loved ones; fear and anxiety; places of hiding and escape; community resilience; and empowerment through storytelling. The photographs represent a landscape of memory where participants presented themselves as survivors and expressed feelings of healing with the process. Keywords: Peru, photovoice, memory, participatory photography Timothy Norris (University of Miami) and Christopher Mader Vernacular Cartography: Urban Participatory Mapping in Las Flores of Barranquilla, Colombia Email of presenting author: tnorris@miami.edu More than half of the world population lives in cities. Nearly one billion people within this urban population live in informal communities that are generally not documented, lack land tenure, and are often beyond the reach of government services and infrastructure. Concurrent to this trend, maps and geospatial databases are now recognized as powerful tools to aid community planning, mitigate poverty, assist in public health initiatives, and establish land tenure. This paper explores how drone survey technology in conjunction with established participatory mapping methodologies can facilitate the self-documentation of the informal urban community of Las Flores in Barranquilla, Colombia. We ask how insights from participatory mapping, cartografía social, urban planning and indigenous data governance come together in this informal urban setting. Our goal is to outline an interdisciplinary approach to “map the vernacular” which can enable more environmentally sustainable and socially just development during periods of intense urbanization. Keywords: participatory mapping, drone survey, Colombia, data governance, cartografía social

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Milagro Núnez Solis (Lincoln University, New Zealand) The Role of Certifications and Specialty Coffee Markets on the Well-Being of Costa Rican Coffee Producers Email of presenting author: mariadelmilagro.nunez-solis@licolnuni.ac.nz After the 1990s when the coffee commodity market was de-regulated, Costa Rican farmers began to suffer cyclical crises that affected the quality of their livelihoods. Strategies followed by farmers to overcome these changes involved the engagement with coffee certifications and the use of micro-mills to process and sell their coffee directly to specialty markets. The effects of these innovations are mainly studied through the impact on households' material well-being, leaving aside the role of women in coffee production and the changes in environmental subjectivities, economic relations and decision making. This research investigates how the use if those innovations has contributed to coffee households' well-being in Costa Rica, based in two approaches: The Suitable Livelihoods Approach to assess the differences in livelihoods between tradition farmers and innovative farmers; and the Diverse Economies approach that improves understanding of the diversity of economic and environmental practices used by them in their territory. Keywords: coffee certifications, diverse economies, sustainable livelihoods, specialty coffee, café Tarrazú Rachel Odhner (Cornell University) Waterscapes of Agriculture and Conservation at the Nicaragua/Costa Rica Border Email of presenting author: rro6@cornell.edu In 2015, the Papaturro River, which begins in Costa Rica, flows through Los Guatuzos Wildlife Refuge and drains into Nicaragua's Lake Cocibolca, dried up. Some local residents explained the drying up of the river as due to the drought happening across Central America that was one of the worst on record, while others blamed rice farmers across the border for diverting water for irrigation. Concerned citizens joined together with neighbors from Costa Rica to denounce the both governments' failure to enforce environmental regulations in protected areas. Though the river's water levels have since partially recuperated, the incident sparked a series of debates and mobilizations around water, wetlands, conservation and agriculture that shed light on ongoing tensions in this remote borderland. This paper takes the case of the Papaturro River and the Los Guatuzos wetlands area to explore broader questions about the politics of transfrontier waterways. Keywords: water; wetlands; conservation; Nicaragua; Costa Rica Regina Celia de Oliveira (Universidade Estadual de Campinas/Brasil), Jose Manuel Mateo Rodrigues, and Maira C. Chaple Efeitos do Furação Irmã - Níveis de Criticidade e Gestão dos Espaços Costeiros de Havana/Cuba Email of presenting author: reginacoliveira@ige.unicamp.br Os eventos extremos representam a forma mais impactante das ações atmosféricas sob a sociedade, Tais impactos são maximizados pelo potencial de ação ou gestão institucional. Nesse sentido, as zonas costeiras por suas condições geomorfológicas e fundamentalmente estratégicas do ponto de vista territorial, configuram-se em espaços com condições diversas de vulnerabilidades e perigos, quando associados a ação de eventos atmosféricos extremos como por exemplo a ocorrência dos furações. Este trabalho apresenta uma descrição dos efeitos da passagem do

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furação Irma no litoral de Havana durante o mês de setembro 2017. A partir de visitas a campo, consultas documentais, relatos, e documento fotográfico, foram traçadas as áreas que apresentaram níveis distintos de criticidades do estado ambiental após o evento, sendo proposto como documento síntese uma cartografia que representa os limites das unidades territoriais do espaço costeiro de Havana, os principais conjuntos de compartimentos de relevo e a representação dos níveis de criticidade de baixo a muito alto. Keywords: zona costeira, impactos, gestão Ricardo Orozco Montoya (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Impacto de los Eventos Hidrometeorológicos en la Cuenca Del Río Parrita, Pacífico Central, Costa Rica, Periodo 2007-2017 Email of presenting author: ricardo.orozco.montoya@una.cr La cuenca del río Parrita es una de las que con mayor frecuencia presenta daños y pérdidas debido a eventos hidrometeorológicos en Costa Rica, por lo cual resulta importante conocer el impacto de dichos eventos en los últimos 10 años. Es así como esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los daños asociados a eventos hidrometeorológicos en la cuenca del río Parrita, priorizando en tres sectores estratégicos: vivienda, infraestructura vial y ríos y quebradas, los cuales resultan los más afectados por las inundaciones durante el periodo 2007-2017. Fue necesario analizar las declaratorias de emergencia emitidas por el gobierno de Costa Rica durante la temporalidad del estudio, así como las condiciones atmosféricas relacionadas con la ocurrencia de estos eventos. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis de la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas en Costa Rica y su relación con la gestión del riesgo de desastres. Keywords: daños, lluvias, inundaciones, cuencas hidrográficas, desastres. Juan de Dios Páramo Gómez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado en Geografía) El Circuito Turístico de las Misiones Jesuíticas de Chiquitos, Bolivia: Interpretación Geográfica de un Tipo de Turismo de Intereses Especiales Email of presenting author: juandedios_p9j7@hotmail.com La región de Chiquitos, en Bolivia oriental, se distingue por su legado cultural, asociado con la presencia añeja de la Compañía de Jesús. Hace 300 años, los jesuitas crearon un modelo social denominado misión o reducción en esos territorios. Después de su expulsión en 1776, sus construcciones fueron abandonadas; sin embargo, en el siglo XX, se realizaron trabajos de restauración y, para 1990, fueron adscritas en la lista “Patrimonio Mundial” de la UNESCO, lo que ayudó a visibilizarlas en el mercado turístico. Este trabajo asume que el turismo en el circuito misional chiquitano es de intereses especiales, debido a la estructura de la economía turística en la región. El tipo de turista que arriba a este lugar, aislado y poco accesible, pretende encontrar atributos singulares del recurso turístico, en este caso, la arquitectura de las reducciones y la organización de festivales de música renacentista y barroca, cada dos años. Keywords: Turismo de intereses especiales, Misiones jesuíticas, Chiquitania, Circuito turístico, Bolivia Azucena Pérez-Vega (Universidad de Guanajuato), Fernando Rocha Álvarez, Juan Molina Rivera, Ivan Silva Torres, Victor Hugo Maldonado Rangel, and José Isabel Zárate Gutiérrez

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Mapeo Participativo, Investigación de Campo y Cartografía Convencional: Instrumentos Necesarios para Comprensión de los Procesos de Deterioro del Bosque en la Sierra de Santa Rosa, Guanajuato, México Email of presenting author: azu_pvega@hotmail.com El presente trabajo analizo el deterioro del bosque a través de procesos participativos de las comunidades, estudiantes de geomática y cartografía convencional, para obtener una visión completa y transdisciplinar. En el mapeo participativo la comunidad plasmó la condición de los bosques y suelos sobre la impresión de una imagen, identificando actividades económicas, suelos desnudos y destacando alturas y especies dominantes de árboles. Para el recurso suelo determinaron la profundidad, color, pedregosidad, plasticidad y humedad. Al mismo tiempo las comunidades narraron la transformación del bosque a través del tiempo. La cartografía convencional elaborada en dos periodos 1994-2004 y 2004-2015, utilizando ortofotos 1995, 2004 e imágenes SPOT 2015, obteniendo cartografía a detalle 1:5,000. Los estudiantes realizaron entrevistas a las personas que extraen de forma ilegal madera, determinaron las rutas de extracción y dicha información permitió cuantificaron el volumen de extracción de madera. Los resultados de la cartografía del 1994-2004 arrojaron una pérdida del bosque hasta 208,6 ha. Al mismo tiempo, hubo una recuperación del bosque con 112,6 ha. El segundo periodo no mostro superficies importantes de deterioro. Los mapas participativos permitieron relacionar los procesos de recuperación debido al adecuado manejo del bosque por las comunidades en conjunto con el gobierno. La comunidad mencionó que recientemente existe mayor deterioro del bosque, pero la madera es talada en pie de forma selectiva, por ello no es identificada en la cartografía convencional. Los primeros cálculos de extracción de madera arrojan una pérdida de198 toneladas mensuales. Keywords: Mapeo participativo, cartografía convencional, entrevistas Sol Pérez Jiménez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México) Analysing the Territorialization Process of a Transactional Mining Company: USA, México, and Perú Email of presenting author: solperezj@gmail.com Although traditionally the political geography focused on the national states and the different mechanisms and challenges to maintain their sovereignty over the territory, there are also another actors exercising control in the territories. These actors can be even more powerful than the States, - in some aspects, like the economic one -, we are specifically talking about transnational companies. The paper presents the progress of my doctoral research. The main objective is to analyze the territorialization process started by the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) at the beginning of the XX century (1901) and carried out by the Mexican company Grupo México since 1960 to the present. These companies had operated almost a complete century in many countries mainly in USA, México, and Perú. The doctoral research compares how has been the territorialization process in these countries and the principal regions where the company has their most important projects. Keywords: Territorialization, Mining, Transnational Companies Denielle Perry (Northern Arizona University) Hydropower Capital and Policy Matters: The Nexus of Energy Development, Climate Change, and Conservation on Costa Rica’s Contested Río Pacuare Email of presenting author: Denielle.Perry@nau.edu

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Globally, renewed interest in hydropower development is increasingly spurred by energy security and climate mitigation discourse. Yet, river ecosystems and riparian communities are already challenged by swelling demands for water resources. Consequently, interest groups are seeking new forms of protection for biodiversity and the ecosystem services rivers provide. Costa Rica’s Río Pacuare provides a case for examining such competing sustainable development agendas. In the ‘hydropower capital’ of Central America, recent regional integration schemes and climate neutrality agendas sustain seemingly moribund plans for dam development on the Pacuare that were ostensibly negated by a plebiscite in 2005 and presidential decree in 2015 which both affirmed the river off limits to dam construction. With nearly thirty years of struggle between national hydropower interests, conservation advocates, Cabecar Indians, and an ecotourism industry centered on whitewater rafting, it is apparent that permanent protection requires the creation of public policy specific for river conservation. Drawing on policy frameworks from abroad, this paper highlights a policy design option situated within an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) context for both Costa Rica and other developing countries. Keywords: public policy; regional integration; ecosystem services; political ecology Bernd Pfannenstein (Innovative Governance of Large Urban Systems (IGLUS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) (Paper and Poster) Guadalajara - The Divided City: The Influence of Gated Communities on Urban Planning in a Metropolitan Area in Mexico Email of presenting author: b.pfannenstein@outlook.com The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area serves as an experimental area in Mexico and Latin America to standardize legal instruments for land-use and urban planning on a metropolitan scale. From a municipal perspective, the current understanding of urban policies and planning instruments contributes to increase inequalities and disparities related to the interpretation of public spaces, which are to be reduced and whose access is threatened by processes of privatization and segregation. This development can be interpreted as a contradiction to the New Urban Agenda (HABITAT III). In Guadalajara, the expansion of residential gated communities and processes of social exclusion have evolved in a complex way. A new urban reality has developed: the divided city. Still, this phenomenon is not included in local urban planning instruments. The research project focuses on the modification of local, state and federal public policies to save public spaces and the combat of negative impacts of gated communities. Keywords: Segregation, gated communities, urban policy Marie Price (George Washington University) Open Source Mapping and International Collaboration in the Classroom and the Field Email of presenting author: mprice@gwu.edu The use of Open Source mapping presents an opportunity for cross border collaborations that encourage students to learn from detailed analysis of local areas, form collaborative research projects with students in Latin America, and demonstrate that geography is not only good to know but can serve the interests of communities. Two examples will be given. One is from Guatemala where a marginal neighborhood that was unmapped in Google maps is now fully mapped through OSM due to the efforts of US students, an NGO and participation by community members. The second is a participatory research project involving students from the U.S. and Guatemala who

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were able to map changes to a historic neighborhood in Panama City using OSM and field observation. Keywords: Open Source Mapping, OSM, Fieldwork, International Collaboration, Empowerment Grey Ty Quesada Thompson (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Renovación Urbana en el Distrito Hospital del Cantón de San José Email of presenting author: greyty.quesada.thompson@una.cr El objetivo general de esta ponencia es analizar las condiciones espaciales, la estructura y la organización social, así como la viabilidad legal para la renovación urbana en 28 cuadras del distrito Hospital del cantón de San José. Metodológicamente se realizó un levantamiento específico del suelo, por piso, por actividad, y por estado de la infraestructura en el área de estudio. También, se determinó la estructura y las características sociales de la población afectada directa e indirectamente mediante la aplicación de una encuesta con muestreo no paramétrico como instrumento de investigación descriptiva. Con lo que, se identificaron elementos físicos y sociales que cumplen una función de articulación socio-espacial en la zona. De igual manera, se realizó un diagnóstico de la viabilidad legal e institucional para la propuesta de un modelo de gestión territorial y un modelo de negocios que pueda llegar a ser operacionalizado por la Municipalidad de San José. Keywords: Renovación Urbana, Geografía Urbana, diseño urbano, urbanismo, ordenamiento territorial Lilliam Quirós Arias (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Fincas Cafetaleras como Recursos para el Turismo de Intereses Especiales en Costa Rica Email of presenting author: lquiros@una.cr La producción cafetalera en Costa Rica que registra sus primeras exportaciones en 1840, permitió vincular al país con el mercado internacional como su principal fuente de ingresos; determinando la historia económica y social del país. Siendo una actividad altamente vulnerable a los cambios en los precios del mercado y a las condiciones agroclimáticas, las crisis recurrentes exponen a los productores a fuertes presiones ante otras actividades productivas y usos alternativos del suelo. El turismo de intereses especiales en las fincas cafetaleras se constituye en una alternativa que contribuye a generar ingresos económicos para el sostenimiento de esta actividad productiva. La incorporación del turismo como una estrategia de innovación en las fincas cafetaleras, permite el rescate de la historia y cultura costarricense, sus costumbres y tradiciones; convirtiendo este recurso natural en un elemento importante para el desarrollo local. Conocer como se ha insertado esta actividad productiva en las fincas cafetaleras y como se articula a nivel local es el objetivo de este trabajo. La metodología contempla la revisión de información secundaria, observación de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas de siete experiencias en las cuales se realiza el turismo en fincas cafetaleras. Keywords: turismo de intereses especiales, producción cafetalera, Costa Rica, desarrollo local. Carola Ramos (Queen's University) The Making of Geographies: Connecting the Politics of Remembering and Indigenous Protest Email of presenting author: carola.ramos@queensu.ca

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The study of the relation between memory and geography has been mainly focused on the role of the built space (e.g. museums, monuments, heritage sites, and artifacts) with the production of sites of memorialization, as well as the use of space through performance or rituals in (re)creating memories or counter-memories by social groups. The reconstruction and recovering of their 'integral territory' among the Awajún and the Wampis, which they describe as their ancestral way of living, is today also a modern project to define and reassert the control of their territories, in contest with fragmentary state-led land titling processes. In the light of a critical review of the literature on memory in geography and narrative analysis of interviews and documents elaborated by indigenous groups, I elaborate a conceptual framework to study the so-called anti-neoliberal protests of 2008-2009 in the Peruvian Amazon drawing on collective memory and decolonial theories applied to political economy frameworks. Keywords: Collective memory; decoloniality; indigenous movement; neoliberalism; Peru Alejandro Ramos-Trejo and Germán Carrasco-Anaya (Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Materiales Didácticos para la Enseñanza de la Geografía en el Sitio Web del Colegio de Geografía de la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria de la UNAM Email of presenting author: geoart96@gmail.com La Escuela Nacional Preparatoria de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) promueve la elaboración de materiales didácticos para la enseñanza de las asignaturas correspondientes. El programa institucional Iniciativa para Fortalecer la Carrera Académica en el Bachillerato de la UNAM (INFOCAB) apoya financieramente a los profesores participantes para elaborar investigaciones y proyectos académicos que derivan en productos educativos impresos y digitales como estrategias didácticas, libros, manuales, o bien se promueven aulas interactivas, clubes de la ciencia, entre otros. En el sitio web del Colegio de Geografía de la ENP se difunden los productos didácticos obtenidos para que alumnos y profesores, así como el público interesado, los utilice con el propósito de fortalecer la enseñanza de la geografía. El presente trabajo muestra los alcances y las limitaciones de los productos finales de tales proyectos académicos y plantea líneas de acción para el trabajo colaborativo entre los geógrafos latinoamericanistas. Keywords: materiales didácticos, proyectos académicos, educación geográfica, sitios web Diana L. Restrepo-Osorio (The University of Kansas) Poster: Effects of Federal Policies on Water Resource Conservation Practices in Cattle Ranching Operations in Uruguay Email of presenting author: drestrepoma@gmail.com Uruguay is a significant contributor of beef for consumption by the growing global population. These demands have impacted water quality and quantity through soil compaction, erosion, and nutrient input by cattle waste. Uruguayan producers have financial support from governmental, and private, internationally funded, organizations for the implementation of costly water distribution infrastructure. However, these projects are often subject to strict parameters set by funders. We are interested in exploring the perceptions of producers regarding the practices proposed by funding sources, and how well these align with the producers empirical local knowledge. We used the Q-method to analyze perceptions, and GIS mapping to determine the condition of BMPs in properties that associate with international funding sources. Preliminary results show successful funding and installation of water distribution systems, however, traditional cattle waterers were excluded from these projects. Additionally, preliminary interview analyses highlighted participant’s plead for additional national support for sustainable conservation practices.

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Keywords: Southern Cone, cattle, Q method, perception, water resources Craig S. Revels (Central Washington University) Changing Landscapes and Desultory Dreams: Tourism and Place in Trujillo, Honduras Email of presenting author: Craig.Revels@cwu.edu Isolated and relatively untraveled, with extensive beaches, a colonial past, and distinctive local cultures, the sleepy Honduran port city of Trujillo has long been imagined as a prime location for Honduras’ nascent tourism industry. Within the last three decades, Trujillo has seen the construction of a new airport, a luxury hotel, and various small-scale efforts to capture the attention of tourists and travelers, with little noticeable success. More recently, it has been the location of an ambitious new tourism development project designed to create a mainland port of call for Caribbean cruise ships, along with related efforts to beautify the town, develop additional tourist activities, and create a retirement haven for expatriates. This paper examines these evolving tourist landscapes and considers them within the broader place narrative of Trujillo itself. Keywords: Honduras, tourism, landscape Miguel Angelo Ribeiro and Nathan da Silva Nunes (UERJ-IGEOG/PPGEO, Brasil) A dimensão espacial da atividade turística no território fluminense Email of presenting author: mamikisi@gmail.com O turismo, atividade econômica que move milhões de pessoas anualmente pelo mundo, tem no estado do Rio de Janeiro importante recorte espacial de desenvolvimento. A abrangência do setor extrapola a Região Metropolitana e encontra em municípios do interior atrativos capazes de alavancar as economias locais. Neste sentido, estabelecemos como objetivo do presente artigo apresentar a dimensão espacial do turismo no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, o mesmo encontra-se dividido em três partes, onde a primeira procura evidenciar as condicionantes para o desenvolvimento das práticas turísticas nos municípios fluminenses, como o elemento físico ou natural, o elemento histórico e as atividades econômicas, e o papel dos transportes; a segunda parte trata da institucionalização da atividade no estado, partindo da década de 1960, quando são criadas as primeiras empresas públicas voltadas ao setor, abordando ainda os planos, as tipologias e as classificações oficiais desenvolvidas para os municípios fluminenses; por fim, nos valemos da categorização desenvolvida pelo Ministério do Turismo para analisar brevemente o processo de consolidação do turismo como importante vetor econômico dos municípios de Angra dos Reis, Paraty, Armação dos Búzios, Cabo Frio e Rio de Janeiro, classificados pela referida instituição como de categoria A. A metodologia utilizada consiste no levantamento bibliográfico acerca de lazer, do fenômeno turístico e sua institucionalização e do processo de ocupação e desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios fluminenses. Keywords: Dimensão espacial; Turismo; Classificações; Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rafael Ernesto Sánchez Suárez and Eva Citlali Jiménez Rodríguez (Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, UNAM) Enseñanza y Resiliencia Después del Sismo del 19 de Septiembre de 2017 en La Ciudad De México Email of presenting author: ersansu@yahoo.com El 19 de septiembre de 2017 un sismo con magnitud 7.1 genero daños y afectaciones en diversas zonas de la Ciudad de México. Esta situación desde la enseñanza de la Geografía implica el

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conocimiento del espacio geográfico, los riesgos socio-naturales y la incorporación del factor humano como parte de la conformación espacial; por ello, el propósito de este estudio fue investigar las percepciones y actuaciones de 1071 alumnos de bachillerato durante y después del evento sísmico, además de implementar estrategias de enseñanza resilientes con la intención de promover la recuperación después del desastre y que los alumnos pudieran expresar su sentir y sus experiencias. El trabajo forma parte del proyecto INFOCAB PB300317 "Nuevas tecnologías y materiales didácticos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de Geografía”. Keywords: Resiliencia, Sismicidad, Riesgo, Ciudad de México, Bachillerato María del Carmen Salgado Hernández (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Territorialidades en el Manejo de Recursos Naturales de un Ejido en el Contexto Rural de un Área Natural Protegida. Caso del Ejido de Amanalco, México Email of presenting author: mcarsahe87@gmail.com El ejido representa un espacio de oportunidad para las actividades agropecuarias que permiten el sustento económico de las familias del campo mexicano. Sin embargo, el carácter de ocupación se limita cuando los ejidos se encuentran al interior de áreas naturales protegidas. Este proyecto tiene como propósito analizar las territorialidades de distintos actores sociales que intervienen en el manejo de recursos naturales en el ejido de Amanalco, México, a partir de la condición legal de protección ambiental del territorio. Se desarrolló una metodología cualitativa a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas, observación participante y revisión bibliográfica. Como principales resultados se muestra que el ejido es la principal unidad territorial para la conservación por parte de los pobladores locales. Los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales participan activamente en la gestión ambiental del ejido porque el beneficio ecológico trasciende a sistemas territoriales más amplios. Los ejidatarios deciden la manera de involucramiento de actores externos. Keywords: Territorialidades, ejido, manejo de recursos naturales, áreas naturales protegidas, conservación ambiental David S. Salisbury (University of Richmond), Mario Osorio Domínguez, and Marianella Zuñiga Rebaza Shattered: Access and Distance in the Shatter Zones of the Amazon Borderlands Email of presenting author: dsalisbu@richmond.edu Distance and accessibility play important roles in the Amazon borderlands. Scott (2009) names Amazonia as one of the world’s Shatter Zones characterized by geographical inaccessibility and cultural diversity. According to Scott’s definition, the Amazon borderlands may be the most shattered of Amazonia’s shatter zones due to elevated levels of both these indicators. In March of 2018, Peru published Supreme Decree # 005-2018-RE to guarantee the connectivity and mobility of populations in critical border areas and overcome isolation with sustainable investments in transportation infrastructure. Here we cross reference Scott (2009), Salonen et al.’s (2012) work on critical distances in Amazonia, and the authors’ participant observation to determine the role of the friction of distance and relative inaccessibility within the riverine Indigenous communities of the Amazon borderlands. Results provide insight into state control, transportation infrastructure, economic opportunity, conservation initiatives, borderland livelihoods, and illegal resource extractors and traffickers. Keywords: Amazonia, Shatter Zones, Rivers, Indigenous, Borderlands

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Alvaro Sanchez-Crispin (Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Turismo y Comercialización de Artesanías: el Caso de Cuzco, Perú Email of presenting author: ascrispin@yahoo.com Distintos lugares de América Latina, en particular los de raíz autóctona fuerte, promueven el turismo con base en su cultura, de la que forma parte la producción artesanal. La venta de artesanías se genera como constituyente de la dinámica territorial de un núcleo turístico al que concurren flujos de comercialización, originados en localidades productora cercanas, como ocurre en Cuzco, Perú. Este estudio se basa en una visita de campo, de enero de 2017, y uno de cuyos objetivos era demostrar el alcance geográfico de la comercialización de artesanías en esa ciudad. El propósito de esta presentación es brindar una explicación general sobre los mercados tradicionales de América Latina; aludir a la producción artesanal regional en Perú; revelar el origen geográfico de los productos artesanales comercializados en Cuzco y, finalmente, hacer una reflexión acerca de las diferencias y similitudes con otros sitios de comercialización de artesanías de América Latina. Keywords: Turismo, comercialización, artesanías, Cuzco, Perú Kathleen Schroeder (Appalachian State University), Hildegardo Córdova-Aguilar, Martha Bell, and Mathew Taylor Panel: What are the Impacts of Study Abroad on Host Communities? Email of presenting author: schroederk@appstate.edu Our academic institutions champion the benefits of study abroad programs as being transformational for our students. But few colleges and universities give serious thought to the potential damage that our programs have on the communities that host our students. This panel, led by academics for the US and Peru will explore this question with regard to the economic, environmental and social impacts of our study abroad programs. We hope to encourage participants to bring these discussions back to their home campuses. Keywords: study abroad/impacts/host communities Jessica de Lima Silva and Regina Celia de Oliveira (Instituto de Geociências - Universidade Estadual de Campinas- UNICAMP) Os Modelos de Organização Territorial e Gestão das Unidades de Conservação do Litoral de São Paulo com Enfoque no Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso Email of presenting author: jssicalime@gmail.com O presente artigo analisa os modelos de organização territorial e institucional das Áreas Protegidas (Unidades de Conservação da Natureza) do Litoral Sul do Estado de São Paulo, com enfoque no Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso – PEIC. Apresenta-se considerações sobre a importância da organização dos Mosaicos de Unidades de Conservação do Litoral Sul e o papel do PEIC na Conservação da biodiversidade e a notória presença das populações tradicionais presentes no Parque. São Apresentados aspectos dos desdobramentos da institucionalização do Parque e seus reflexos atualmente. As Unidades de Conservação Costeiras sofrem com uma série de pressões de Uso da terra e problemáticas socioambientais. Significativas mudanças ocorreram no Parque nos últimos anos, dentre as quais se destacam as frequentes necessidades que surgiram no esforço de conciliar as estratégias de Manejo e Gestão Participativa com as demandas das populações tradicionais e suas atividades. Assim, as estratégias de manejo, fazem-se necessárias para que os objetivos e funcionalidades desta Unidade de Conservação, sejam de fato, efetivos.

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Keywords: Áreas Protegidas. Unidades de Conservação. Gerenciamento de Unidades de Conservação. Ordenamento Territorial do Litoral Sul de São Paulo. Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Cynthia Simmons and Robert T. Walker (University of Florida) Endangered Amazon: An Indigenous Tribe Fights Back Against Hydropower Development in the Tapajós Valley Email of presenting author: cssimmons@ufl.edu One of Amazonia's most pristine waterways, the Tapajós River, is under a development threat that holds implications for the entire basin. This threat stems from an infrastructure plan proposed by the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), in coordination with complementary projects on the part of its 12 member states. UNASUR's Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA) seeks to transform Amazonia into a multimodal transportation corridor and a source of hydropower. Critical to this transformation are projects in Brazil, which has recently built dams on the Xingu and Madeira rivers, with a combined capacity of ~18,000 megawatts. Although environmental resistance surfaced in both cases, it was insufficient to stop the bulldozers, electric shovels, and wheel excavators.1 The same cannot be said for the Tapajós River, where an indigenous people, the Munduruku, has slowed development. Our goal is to illuminate this asymmetrical conflict between the Brazilian State and this tribal group, in an effort to address the conservation challenges Amazonia faces in the 21st century. To accomplish this, we attempt to answer two questions. First, how significant is the development threat posed by IIRSA, to both the Tapajós Valley and the Amazon Basin? Second, do the Munduruku provide a possible conservation response to development processes set in motion by large-scale infrastructure projects? If environmental policy fails, does political resistance hold promise as a conservation strategy? Keywords: Amazon, Indigenous Resistance, Hydropower, IIRSA Andrew Sluyter (Lousianna State University) Tierra y Vida en la Frontera Norte del Imperio Español en América, Siglos XVII-XVIII Email of presenting author: asluyter@lsu.edu Un sitio web prototipo localiza geográficamente once documentos relacionados a las mercedes de tierras que datan a la época colonial española en Luisiana. El objetivo final es construir un sitio web más sofisticado que ubique todas las miles de mercedes que sobreviven para utilizar sus datos únicos para la investigación de cambios ambientales y sociales. Cada documento consta de un mapa que muestra el terreno otorgado y el texto que lo describe, que comprende no solo información limítrofe sino también interpretaciones artísticas de elementos del paisaje como vegetación, aguas, y usos del suelo, así como información étnica y genealógica inherente a documentos sobre individuos nombrados. La selección de los once documentos busca capturar algo de la diversidad de esos documentos. Nombran individuos franceses, ingleses, españoles, negros, y blancos. Ocurren en zonas de llanuras de inundación, zonas costeras y el interior. Representan pantanos, prados, bosques, arroyos, casas, y caminos. Y usan "árboles testigo" como el roble, el olmo, el cornejo, y el ciprés para marcar las líneas limítrofes. Keywords: SIG-H, Luisiana, época colonial, mercedes de tierra, usos del suelo

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Jeffrey Smith (Kansas State University) and Rachel Loder A Strong Sense of Community and Rural Health Care in Patanatic, Guatemala Email of presenting author: jssmith7@ksu.edu Improving the quality of life for rural residents in the Global South has been approached from different perspectives. In the decades following World War II, most aid has been funded through top-down approaches that seek to eliminate a single, chronic problem. There is increasing interest, however, in involving local residents in the development process. The literature asserts that programs that are congruent with local cultural traditions and draw upon local knowledge are more successful. This paper shows how international aid worked with the community of Patanatic, Guatemala develop its own rural health program. Keywords: Rural development; Global South; Sustainable Health Care; Guatemala Ana Sofìa Solano Acuña (Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Universidad Nacional-Costa Rica) Desterritorialización y Ciudadanización de los Guaymí Email of presenting author: sofisolano@gmail.com Esta es una experiencia donde se unen la geografía, la antropología y la historia con el objetivo de revelar la identidad insurgente y anticolonial del occidente de Panamá, particularmente del pueblo guaymí. Tras la historia nacional es necesario descubrir la historia regional y la historia étnica en particular, ambas absorbidas por discursos homogeneizantes y totalizadores donde la polifonía de las voces disidentes ha sido borrada. Desde finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX la idea de "espacio vacío" convivió y compitió con la de "espacio salvaje", lo cual es posible rastrear en prensa, documentación oficial y escritos de intelectuales. En esta entrega quiero hacer un recorrido por las estrategias (políticas, económicas e ideológicas) del Estado y las élites para desgarrar el etnoterritorio y administrar a la población indígena y sus bienes en el marco de un Estado Nacional en consolidación y de una identidad nacional excluyente en proceso de construcción. Keywords: Etnoterritorio, resistencia, memoria, ciudadanización, miscegenación Brett Spencer (University of New Orleans) Reproduction and Destruction: Political Violence and the Everyday on Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast Email of presenting author: brett.bspencer@gmail.com This paper explores the recent political violence enveloping the Nicaraguan city of Puerto Cabezas-Bilwi following the 2016 and 2017 elections. The majority Miskitu indigenous city witnessed several deaths, protests and urban destruction, including the burning down of political landmarks. While many view an ongoing land conflict as a rural dilemma, urban repercussions of violence are increasingly shaping how people use the city. This paper will begin to explore how the city of Bilwi is being used due to political unrest, where people from hours away mobilize to particular neighborhoods and meeting points. Whether the result is painting street corners in party colors or burning down opposition offices, the use of urban space in Bilwi has been evolving as relations between political parties deteriorate. Where residents choose to shop and which taxi driver takes them is increasingly taking on a deeper political symbolism, which many residents discuss in colonial terms. Keywords: Nicaragua, violence, Mosquitia, post-conflict

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Jovanka Špirić and M. Isabel Ramírez (Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, UNAM) The Mennonite Agricultural Expansion on the Mayas Territories in the Municipality of Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico Email of presenting author: jspiric@ciga.unam.mx Much of the deforestation in the municipality of Hopelchén, state of Campeche, Mexico, is caused by the expansion of mechanized agriculture practiced by Mennonites - a Christian religious group that have been migrating to Campeche from the northern Mexico since the 1980s. Most of the territories the Mennonites use under different formal and informal agreements (lease, per percentage, purchase, etc.) belong to ejidos, a type of collective land ownership that in Campeche are mostly owned by Mayan communities that use their land for traditional agriculture and beekeeping. The main reason why ejidos prefer to lease their territories than to cultivate them themselves is a lack of machinery and financial capacity. The government supports mechanized agriculture in the region by providing subsidies and issuing permissions for commercial production of genetically modified soybean. We use discourse analysis to understand how current territorializing processes are perceived, promoted and practiced by two local populations: migrants - the Mennonites, and native indigenous - the Mayas. Keywords: mechanized agriculture, Mayas, Mennonites, discourse analysis Kate Swanson (San Diego State University), Rebecca M. Torres, Amy Thompson, Sarah Blue, and Oscar Misael Hernández Hernández Borders, Detention and Deportation: Unaccompanied Migrant Children’s Experiences in the US/Mexico Border Region Email of presenting author: kswanson@mail.sdsu.edu In recent years, there has been a renewed focus on US/Mexico border militarization and fortification. From the Trump administration’s pledge to protect American interests with an impenetrable US/Mexico border wall to the Obama administration’s heavy investment in Mexico’s Southern Border Plan, the US has had a profound and expansive impact on migration control and enforcement in the Americas. Yet, despite rising state control and enforcement, unaccompanied migrant children from Mexico and Central America continue to travel north in the hopes of building new lives in the United States. In this paper, we explore migrant children’s every day and lived experiences with border control, detention and deportation on both sides of the US/Mexico border. Border spaces and practices are often hidden from public view; yet, these spaces hold deep power and control over migrant children’s lives. Drawing from surveys and interviews with detained and repatriated youth in Mexican immigration detention centers, this paper examines children’s stories and experiences to highlight tensions between national security and human rights. Pulling from young people’s experiences with capture, screening, detention and deportation, we argue that there is a systemic crisis of rights and responsibility on the US/Mexico border. Keywords: migration, children, borders, detention, rights Nora Sylvander (The Ohio State University) "No Les Importa el Medioambiente:" la Exclusión Espacial como una Estrategia de Conservación en la Reserva de Biósfera Bosawas, Nicaragua Email of presenting author: sylvander.1@osu.edu

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Los conflictos entre comunidades indígenas y migrantes "mestizos" continúan intensificándose en las fronteras ricas en recursos naturales en América Latina. En general, se acusa a los campesinos mestizos por estos conflictos, y su migración a los territorios indígenas se entiende no solamente como una violación de los derechos indígenas, sino también como una amenaza a la conservación del medioambiente. Por eso, su desalojamiento de los territorios indígenas - "el saneamiento" - se populariza como una estrategia aparentemente necesaria para proteger tanto a las poblaciones vulnerables como al medioambiente. Basada en una investigación etnográfica en Nicaragua y en literaturas en la política cultural y la ecología política, esta ponencia destaca el papel que juegan los discursos de la conservación del medioambiente en establecer diferencias racializadas y de legitimidad espacial, los cuales actúan como una base lógica para tácticas como el saneamiento. Se encuentra que estos discursos - que tratan de establecer una conexión natural entre la etnicidad y el comportamiento ambiental - esconden la profunda heterogeneidad en cuanto a poder y comportamiento ambiental de la categoría "mestizo." Estos discursos tampoco consideran los factores político-económicos más amplios que contribuyen a la migración y la devastación ambiental. Keywords: Mestizo identity, political ecology, Nicaragua, environmental conservation, cultural politics Taylor A. Tappan (University of Kansas) Constructing and Legitimizing Indigenous Miskitu Territory through 25 Years of Land- and Resource-Use Mapping Email of presenting author: ttappan@ku.edu In a sort of “territorial turn” (Offen 2003), Latin American states and multilateral agencies are increasingly supporting indigenous peoples’ demands for tenure rights that encompass their “ethnic-territorial relationships.” This trend has played out most recently in eastern Honduras, where approximately 15,000 km2 of tropical rainforest and pine savanna have been titled to Miskitu concejos territoriales (CTs)—multi-village scale territorial jurisdictions designed to encompass the “functional habitat” upon which Miskitu communities depend for subsistence livelihoods. In 2012 Concejo Territorial KATAINASTA (CTK) was the first of twelve Miskitu CTs to receive a multi-community land title. Its boundaries are permeable and reflect Miskitu conceptualizations of overlapping resource use areas and land tenure. In this paper I examine the spatial dimensions of CTK’s “functional habitat” with respect to three subsistence activities: agriculture, hunting, and fishing. GIS-based results from 1992 and 2014-2015 participatory research mapping studies pinpoint the locations of these activities and are compared to the new legal boundaries of CTK to demonstrate how Miskitu territory was constructed and legitimized through land and resource use mapping. Keywords: Miskitu, territory, participatory mapping, land use, land titling Matthew Taylor (University of Denver), Timothy Norris, Kristen Conway-Gomez, and Kathleen Schroeder Panel: Pondering on the Pace of the Academy: Are we Setting Students and New Colleagues on Right Path? Email of presenting author: m.j.taylor@du.edu

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We have all seen it. Graduate students experience it as they near the job search process. That is, publications and expectations “creep.” We see this creep in the CV’s of applicants to assistant professor positions. To stay competitive, applicants for these positions must already count with three or four publications, several more submitted, teaching experience, and perhaps even success securing external funding. This panel session explores that “expectations creep” and what it means for the students who study Latin America. Can students still spend as much time in the field? Do they read as much because they now spend more time writing? What of their commitments to the places and people upon which their studies are based (see, for example the sentiments and style of Bernard Nietschmann and Michael Watts who called for “slower” research)? Are CLAG faculty doing anything to slow down the acceleration of the academy (Berg and Seeber, 2016)? Should we begin to temper expectations or do we accept and perpetuate the new norm? If we accept the new norms, are we preparing our students to “soar” (Hanson 1988)? Keywords: Latin America Geography, Academics, Intellectuals, Slow Professorship Ruby Tedeschi (The University of Denver), Nicole Maclean, Dr. Lou Jost, Dr. Donald Sullivan, and Dr. Christina Alba Species and Population Description of Newly Identified stands of Magnolia Trees in the Machay Ecological Reserve (Tungurahua, Ecuador) Email of presenting author: rubytedeschi@gmail.com This project describes two newly discovered populations of tropical magnolias located in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador. This region has been a focal point for the discovery of new species within the sect. Talauma (Magnoliaceae). The two populations studied are located in the Machay ecological reserve. One individual was identified at an elevation of 1800m, and resembles the species Magnolia vagasiana based on the sub-orbicular leaves, abaxial pubescence where the leaf blade attaches to the petiole, size of fruit and flower, and stamen number. Identifying this individual as Magnolia vargasiana expands both the geographical and elevational definition of the species. The second population was found between the elevation of 2000m and 2300m and resembles an undefined species referred to as Magnolia sp. 1. In this stand, 71 individuals were identified ranging from juvenile to adult, making it one of the few known healthy populations of magnolias in the Ecuador region. Keywords: Magnolia, Taulauma, Magnoliaceae, Tungurahua, Ecuador Beth Tellman (Arizona State University), Steven Sesnie, Nick Magliocca, Kendra McSweeney, Erik Nielsen, Jennifer Devine, Meha Jain, David Wrathall An Empirical Approach to Quantify the Effects of Narcotrafficking on Deforestation in Central America Email of presenting authors: btellman@asu.edu Forest loss in Central America has been linked to narcotrafficking activities that clear land for money laundering operations and territorial control. Yet, the role of this illicit activity has not been compared to conventional drivers of deforestation in the region, such as increasing rural population growth or cattle ranching. We analyzes the role of narcotrafficking and conventional drivers for deforestation in the Central America, using longitudinal data on 50 sub-national units from 2000-2016 to estimate how the intensity of narcotrafficking covaries with forest loss over time. Results indicate that at the Central America scale, narcotrafficking accounts for 7% of the variation in deforestation rates. Country level models reveal that in Honduras, as much as 20% of the variation in forest loss area is attributed to narcotrafficking intensity. These new illicit causes of

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forest loss must be addressed to protect people and the remaining forest of the MesoAmerican Biological Corridor. Keywords: narcotrafficking, deforestation, Central America, land use change M. Angelica Toniolo; Nathan D. Vogt ;Eduardo S. Brondízio; Andrea D. Siqueira; Sandra M. Costa (Universidade do Vale do Paraiba UNIVAP) Exploring the Relationship of the Ribeirinho Transition from Agriculture to Agro-Forestry Systems and Household Social-Economic Indicators in the Amazon Delta: 1990 – 2017 Email of presenting author: angelica.toniolo@univap.br In the Amazon Region, despite several efforts of the past 40 years, the goal of sustainable development remains elusive. Several case studies across the Amazon demonstrated that rural communities continue to face the dilemma of preserving ecosystems at the expense of better living conditions or improving these conditions at the expense of environmental conservation (Le Tourneau et al. 2013). Our study aims to examine progress of sustainable development in rural communities in the Amazon Delta, where rural-urban boundaries are blurring due to growth in small cities and the goods and services they provide, which intensifies multi-sited (rural-urban) household and livelihood patterns (Pinedo-Vasquez and Padoch 2008; Padoch et al. 2008). Previous studies have showed evidence of more sustainable environmental transition from agro-pastoral to agro-forestry systems (Brondizio 2008; Vogt et al. 2015 and 2016) but it is less known about change in economic and social indicators of development. We take advantage of a unique longitudinal dataset, collected along 27 years (1991, 2008 and 2017) from three communities to examine the relationship between this land-use transition and changes in household social-economic indicators. To measure and compare progress in development between the three urbanizing communities we draw on the classic variables of the human development index (HDI) of longevity, education and income. For longevity, we measure change in the age structure and incidence of infant mortality. For education, we measure change in the level of education of the adult population. For income, we measure change in the diversity of sources and current contributions of each to household income. Furthermore, we will compare these indicators with the HDI at the municipality and delta level. Ultimately we intent to learn and inform local and regional planning and development policies in order to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Keywords: Sustainable development, Ribeirinhos, Household social-economic indicators, Amazon Delta Ariana Toth (Giffels Webster) Gendered Economy in the Mosquitia: Women's Roles in a Changing Indigenous Economy Email of presenting author: arianamtoth@gmail.com This paper explores first hand perceptions of Nicaraguan Miskitu women’s role in their local economy. Attention is paid to how economic practices have changed over time and whether change spurred by outside influences – such as corporate ventures and NGOs – have eroded the authenticity of an indigenous economy. Some historical economic practices are explored with a focus on the post-war economy and how political autonomy has affected women’s role. Surveys of Miskitu women obtained during field research, with support from relevant literature, comprise the main source of information considered. Keywords: Miskitu, indigenous economy, autonomy, women / Miskitu, economía indígenas, autonomía, mujeres

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Valente Vázquez Solís (Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí) Resiliencia del Centro Turístico Integralmente Planeado Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México, Asociada con la Presencia de Eventos Hidrometeorológicos Email of presenting author: vazquezsv@uaslp.mx Emplazado en el extremo sur de la Península de Baja California, en el noroeste mexicano, el corredor Los Cabos es uno de los centros de litoral más concurridos por visitantes extranjeros. Los riesgos que conlleva este tipo de turismo debido a las condiciones ambientales en que se realiza se asocia con la ocurrencia de fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, cada vez más frecuentes en el sitio. A su vez, las investigaciones que examinan la vulnerabilidad y la gestión del riesgo en sitios turísticos, incorporan con mayor frecuencia a la resiliencia, expresada como la forma en que la sociedad se recupera ante los efectos causados por las amenazas, en este caso particular, por huracanes e inundaciones. Así, este trabajo plantea una metodología territorial basada en la tipificación probabilística, que mensura cuatro variables denominadas capitales (físico, social, humano, económico y natural). Los resultados indican los niveles de resiliencia que muestran los actores sociales y económicos de Los Cabos debido a la ocurrencia de estos eventos. Keywords: Resiliencia turística, Los Cabos, tipificación probabilística, capital Julie Velásquez Runk and Ella Vardeman (University of Georgia and Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales) Temporal and Spatial Trends During Panama's Rosewood Logging Boom Email of presenting author: julievr@uga.edu Logging has been a prominent topic of historical geographies and political ecologies. We examine the cocobolo rosewood (Dalbergia retusa) logging boom in Panama over the last decade. Using media accounts of Panama’s rosewood logging, we did a content analysis to examine how logging changed over time and space. We show that media coverage changed throughout this period, with, for example, different coverage during the lenient governance of the 2014 election year. We found that logging moved with Chinese demand, resulting in increasing extraction from eastern Panama’s forests in the hands of indigenous peoples. We conclude by showing how illegal rosewood logging precipitated new attention to forest governance and logging controls, which nonetheless have been weakened during the current election cycle. Keywords: Rosewood, Panama, logging, governance, China Ysmael Venegas P, Pedro Urquijo, Isabel Ramírez, Carmen Ventura, Sara Barrasa (CIGA, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) Composición y Posesión de Tierras de Indios en Nueva España. El Caso De San Mateo y sus Pueblos Sujetos, 1692-1720 Email of presenting author: yvenegas@pmip.unam.mx La ponencia trata sobre el proceso jurídico de composición y posesión de tierras de un pueblo de indios a principios del siglo XVIII. El caso resulta pertinente ya que muestra una de las formas de tenencia de la tierra de la época colonial y que significaron cambios geográficos en los usos del territorio de las comunidades indígenas. En el año de 1692, el rey Carlos II estableció la Superintendencia de beneficio y composición de tierras en Perú y Nueva España. La superintendencia profundizó el instrumento jurídico que legislaba en torno a territorios originalmente “propiedad” del monarca, pero ocupados “ilegalmente”. En el caso particular de San Mateo y sus sujetos, se vieron beneficiados con la aplicación de dicha medida, pues utilizaron el

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instrumento para contar con garantías legales sobre la propiedad mancomunada de sus tierras, además de incorporar a su territorio, las estancias de ganado menor que con anterioridad habían comprado Keywords: Territorio, Comunidad, Historia Ambiental, Historia Agraria, Mazahuas Natalia Víquez Valerio; Karla Mora Aparicio, Lilliam Quiros Arias, Marvin Alfaro Sanchez (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) Desarrollar Información Geográfica de Referencia a través de Investigación Cartográfica Participativa en el Territorio Indígena Cabécar de Alto Chirripó Email of presenting author: nviquez02@gmail.com El proyecto Investigación Cartográfica Participativa del Territorio Indígena de Alto Chirripó, cuyo objetivo fue la construcción colectiva de un mapa de los recursos naturales utilizados por la población de la reserva indígena, su uso y aprovechamiento. El mapa se elaboró utilizando el método de cartografía social, esta metodología se aplica de forma participativa y colectiva, por un grupo de personas, no especialistas en el tema, con interés de construir información integral sobre un territorio, es decir, se basó en la construcción de cartografía estandarizada basada en croquis dibujados por participantes locales en asambleas comunales. Como resultado del proceso aplicado se obtuvo un mapa del uso del suelo del territorio Cabécar de Alto Chirripó; además, se construyó una base de datos con información sobre nombres en idioma Cabécar, toponimias de los diferentes elementos que constituyen el mapa, cuevas, senderos no cartografiados anteriormente, áreas aproximadas de caseríos. El proyecto no solo dio como resultado la construcción de una herramienta para la gestión de los habitantes, sino que propició la comunicación entre diferentes grupos de personas divididas por topografías muy irregulares dentro de su territorio. Keywords: Cartográfica Participativa, Indígena, Cabécar, cartografía social, Territorio. Nathan D Vogt (Universidade do Vale do Paraiba), Andrea D Siqueira, Eduardo S Brondízio, M. Angelica Toniolo, Sandra M. Costa Relationships of Food Production and Dietary Diversity of Ribeirinhos in the Amazon Delta with Income and Market Access from 1990 to 2017 Email of presenting author: ndvogt@gmail.com In recent years food biodiversity and its conservation on smallholder landscapes is promoted as a sustainable approach to enhancing diet diversity, a proxy for dietary quality and food security. However, others argue improved market access increases food access and in turn dietary diversity even in lean months, but with risk of reducing landscape diversity and function. In this paper we use surveys collected in 1990 and 2017 to explore how diet and food production diversity have varied in relation to both increased market access and income. Since the onset of the Açai boom in the Amazon Delta in the 1980s, the incomes of ribeirinho households in the Amazon delta have continued to increase and diversify. With the Açai boom, the urban populations and markets of small cities grew providing increased market access and off-farm income generation opportunities. Since the mid 2000s, ribeirinhos have also recieved income from several government programs. This has allowed ribeirinhos to purchase motorized transport to access markets to sell river-farm-forest products and purchase food items daily. In this paper we analyze how this increase in income and market access has affected food production diversity on ribeirinho holdings, and there destination, in 3 study commuities in the Amazon Delta from 1990 to 2017. We then analyze and compare change in diet composition, diversity and sources of food items (produced, purchased and exchanged) in those communities. We discuss the findings in the context of Sustinable

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Development Goals 2 & 11, focused on sustianable food production for nutritional diversity and food security. Keywords: Sustainable Food Production, Food and Dietary Diversity Change, Functional Landscapes, Sustainable Development, Amazon Delta Barney Warf (University of Kansas) Mercado Libre: Latin America’s E-Tailing Behemoth Email of presenting author: bwarf@ku.edu Often compared to eBay, Mercado Livre holds a near-monopoly position in Latin America’s electronic retailing (e-tailing) market. Its website is one of the most heavily visited in the world. It also runs a secure payments system similar to Paypal. Active in 19 countries, including Portugal, it also has operations in the U.S. This paper traces the company’s origins and history, as well as its geographical expansion. As it grew, the company diversified, and has made aggressive acquisitions in real estate in several countries. The paper also notes several controversies that have plagued the firm. Mercado Livre is thus a window into the digitization of daily life and commerce in Latin America, an ongoing process with profound implications. Keywords: ecommerce; internet David Wrathall (Oregon State University) Parks in Peril: on Narco-Trafficking Resource Politics and Conservation Governance in Central America Email of presenting author: wrathald@oregonstate.edu Cocaine trafficking is transforming protected areas and frontiers in transit and storage nodes across Central America. In this panel, civil society and non-profit representatives discuss how narco-driven land use changes, like large-scale forest loss and agro-business expansion, occur alongside violent practices of land dispossession, economic coercion, and transformations in governance relations. The panel discussion draws on the experiences of the panelists’ organizations and the “Narco-frontiers” and “Drug War Conservation” paper sessions. Keywords: narco-trafficking, cocaine, conservation, frontiers, Central America Lauren R. Wustenberg (McGill University) and Oliver Coomes Dynamic Adaptation of Peasant Livelihoods to Environmental Variability in the Peruvian Amazon Email of presenting author: lauren.wustenberg@mail.mcgill.ca How do Amazonian peasants cope with abrupt environmental change? The 1989 capture of the blackwater Lower Tahuayo River by the whitewater Amazon River provides a natural experiment setting for study of livelihood adaptation to local environmental change in the Peruvian Amazon. By combining studies of the physical environment (via satellite imagery, floodplain transects, soil profiles, and water samples) with household surveys collected in 9 communities at 5 separate times from 1989 to 2016, this research characterizes how changes observed in the environment are related to shifts in demographics, agricultural practices, fishing and hunting practices, land ownership, and non-land household asset ownership. The nine communities study include 5 on the captured Lower Tahuayo River and 4 that serve as “control” communities, 2 located on the

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blackwater Upper Tahuayo River and 2 located on a nearby branch of the whitewater Amazon River. The shift from a blackwater to a whitewater environment drove shifts in specialization, agricultural practices, and risk in residents’ livelihoods. Keywords: Peru; amazonia; livelihoods; agriculture; river capture Lilia Susana Padilla Y Sotelo (Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México) and Rosa Alejandrina de Sicilia Muñoz El Turismo de Cruceros del Puerto de Manzanillo, México: Apreciaciones Sobre su Desarrollo Email of presenting author: padilla@igg.unam.mx Manzanillo, ciudad portuaria y turística del Pacífico Mexicano con paisaje de sol y playa, que le permitió desarrollar un turismo de relevancia a nivel nacional e internacional, en el que destacaban los cruceros. En la actualidad el sector turístico se encuentra estancado, ha sido mínima la inversión y la existente no se ha logrado capitalizar, ya que se ha enfocado en el área hotelera y no en diversificar el turismo, ni atraer más cruceros, ello ha repercutido en que no sea suficientemente competitivo en el plano nacional, menos aún en el internacional. El objetivo del trabajo es dar a conocer las causas del estancamiento del turismo en Manzanillo. Inicia con la localización y caracterización geográfica, continua con el examen de la oferta para el turismo, sigue la explicación de las causas por las cuales no ha tenido un desarrollo relevante como el que tuvo anteriormente y finaliza con reflexiones conclusivas. Keywords: puertos, turismo, cruceros, Manzanillo, Pacífico Mexicano Federico Gerardo Zúñiga Bravo (Dirección de Etnología y Antropología Social-INAH) Turismo en Haciendas como Expresión del Turismo de Intereses Especiales en el Estado de Yucatán. Estructura Territorial y Puesta en Valor del Patrimonio Histórico Email of presenting author: elfos_tolkien@yahoo.com.mx El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un análisis sobre la estructura territorial del turismo de haciendas -como expresión del turismo de intereses especiales- a partir de la re-conversión de las antiguas haciendas henequeneras en recurso turístico a través de su puesta en valor, en el estado de Yucatán, México. Como una modalidad turística distintiva de dicha entidad. Keywords: Turismo de Intereses Especiales, Turismo en Haciendas, Estructura territorial, Puesta en valor

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Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers-CLAG

CLAG was organized in 1970 to foster geographic education and research on Latin America. It publishes a CLAG Newsletter and the Journal of Latin American Geography, as well as operating an electronic listserv (CLAGnet) and website. CLAG invites the participation of geographers and other professionals to present their innovative research from Latin America. For details see CLAG Website at http://clagscholar.org/