ABSTRACT
Inflatable Structures: Test Results and Development Progress since TransHab
JSC’s TransHab project was the first successful development program to prove the viability of inflatable habitats for space applications [1][2][3]. Although TransHab was cancelled in 2000, significant progress has been made this past year by JSC engineers.
Since February 2005, the following test articles have been manufactured and tested:
An 88-in diameter restraint layer was pressure-tested to failure and reached an •ultimate pressure of 197psi. This test article demonstrated the ability to build a 35-foot diameter inflatable with a factor of safety of 4.0 at 10.2 psi.
An 88-in diameter restraint layer with a window frame incorporated into the •restraint layer was tested to failure and reached an ultimate pressure of 197 psi. This test article demonstrated the ability to incorporate windows and other structural penetrations in the woven restraint layer without reducing its strength.
An 88-inch diameter folding demonstrator that includes a bladder, restraint layer, •and all of the MMOD shell layers was manufactured and assembled. This test article demonstrated an improved and simplified shell assembly and folding technique which installs pre-folded shell sections in a controlled manner.
Fifth-scale MMOD hypervelocity test articles have demonstrated fiberglass as a •viable material for a MMOD bumper shield which is cheaper and more readily available than previously used materials.
In addition, four different full-scale advanced shape inflatable mockups have been manufactured and evaluated for applications such as lunar habitats, airlocks, and transfer tunnels.
United States Patent, Inflatable Vessel and Method, 6,547,189, April 20031.TransHab: NASA's Large-scale Inflatable Spacecraft, American Institute of 2.Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 2000-1822, 3/06/2000.Gossamer Spacecraft: Membrane and Inflatable Structures Technology for Space 3.Applications, Chapter 21, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2001, Progress In Astronautics and Aeronautics - Volume 191.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060022083 2020-07-04T17:14:15+00:00Z
Infla
tabl
e S
truct
ures
JSC
Tes
t Res
ults
and
Dev
elop
men
tP
rogr
ess
sinc
e Tr
ansH
ab
Chr
is J
ohns
onG
ary
Spe
xart
h
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
2
Ove
rvie
w
JSC
’sTr
ansH
abpr
ojec
t was
the
first
suc
cess
ful d
evel
opm
ent
prog
ram
to p
rove
the
viab
ility
of in
flata
ble
habi
tats
for
spac
e ap
plic
atio
ns.
It de
mon
stra
ted
the
man
ufac
turin
g, s
truct
ural
load
ing,
m
icro
met
eoro
id /
orbi
tal d
ebris
(MM
OD
) pro
tect
ion,
fold
ing,
an
d de
ploy
men
t cap
abili
ties
for a
n in
flata
ble
habi
tat.
Alth
ough
Tra
nsH
abw
as c
ance
lled
in 2
000,
sig
nific
ant
prog
ress
has
bee
n m
ade
this
pas
t yea
r by
JSC
eng
inee
rs
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
3
Ove
rvie
w
•S
ince
Feb
ruar
y 20
05, t
he fo
llow
ing
dem
onst
ratio
n te
st
artic
les
have
bee
n m
anuf
actu
red
and
test
ed–
88”D
iam
eter
Res
train
t Lay
er (R
/L) T
est A
rticl
e–
88”D
iam
eter
R/L
with
Inte
grat
ed W
indo
w F
ram
e Te
st A
rticl
e–
88”D
iam
eter
She
ll Fo
ldin
g D
emon
stra
tor
–Fi
fth S
cale
MM
OD
Hyp
erve
loci
ty T
est A
rticl
es–
Adv
ance
d In
flata
ble
Stru
ctur
e S
hape
Moc
kups
•D
esig
ned
by J
SC
Eng
inee
rs
–88
”dia
met
er te
st a
rticl
es a
nd a
dvan
ced
shap
e m
ocku
ps
man
ufac
ture
d an
d te
sted
at B
igel
ow A
eros
pace
faci
litie
s–
MM
OD
hyp
erve
loci
ty te
st a
rticl
es m
anuf
actu
red
and
test
ed a
t JS
C a
nd W
hite
San
ds fa
cilit
ies
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
4
•Th
ese
dem
onst
ratio
n te
st a
rticl
es in
crea
sed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
follo
win
g:–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Ass
embl
y, F
oldi
ng, &
Inst
alla
tion
–S
hell
MM
OD
Mat
eria
ls–
Adv
ance
d In
flata
ble
Sha
pes
Con
tent
s
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
5
Con
tent
s
•Th
ese
dem
onst
ratio
n te
st a
rticl
es in
crea
sed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
follo
win
g:–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Ass
embl
y, F
oldi
ng, &
Inst
alla
tion
–S
hell
MM
OD
Mat
eria
ls–
Adv
ance
d In
flata
ble
Sha
pes
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
6
•Tr
ansH
ab (1
997
–20
00)
–C
HA
LLE
NG
ES
: •
Fabr
ic te
nsile
load
incr
ease
s as
a fu
nctio
n of
dia
met
er.
•Fa
ctor
of S
afet
y (F
OS
) of 4
.0 u
sed
(per
FA
A A
irshi
p R
equi
rem
ents
)–
Bui
lt th
ree
23-fo
ot d
iam
eter
rest
rain
t lay
ers
in 8
-mon
th p
erio
d •
2 fo
r hyd
rost
atic
test
ing
–W
oven
rest
rain
t lay
er te
sted
up
to F
OS
=4.0
–**
Hig
hest
load
ed in
flata
ble
in h
isto
ry *
*•
1 fo
r fol
ding
and
dep
loym
ent i
n th
erm
al v
acuu
m
Res
train
t Lay
er
FOS
= 2
.0 o
n U
ltim
ate
(ver
ified
by
test
May
199
8)FO
S =
4.0
on
Ulti
mat
e(v
erifi
ed b
y te
st S
ept 1
998)
Full-
scal
e Th
erm
al-V
acTe
st A
rticl
e(1
999)
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
7
•JS
C D
evel
opm
ent (
2004
–Pr
esen
t)–
GO
AL:
Pre
ssur
ize
a w
oven
rest
rain
t lay
er to
failu
re to
und
erst
and
the
failu
re
mod
es, s
afet
y m
argi
ns, a
nd o
ther
asp
ects
of d
esig
n–
Des
igne
d an
d bu
ilt a
n 88
”dia
met
er R
estra
int L
ayer
test
arti
cle
–H
ydro
stat
ic T
est,
Nov
embe
r 200
5•
Faile
d at
197
psi
(exc
eeds
FO
S=4
.0 fo
r 30-
ft di
am
odul
e at
10.
7 ps
i)–
Impr
oved
Des
ign
Tool
s an
d M
anuf
actu
ring
Pro
cess
es
Res
train
t Lay
er
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
8
Res
train
t Lay
er
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
9
Pre
dict
ed fa
ilure
mod
e an
d lo
catio
n.
0.00
0 se
c.
0.03
3 se
c.
0.06
6 se
c.
Res
train
t Lay
erPr
essu
re =
197
psi
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
10
Res
train
t Lay
er
•R
ES
ULT
S–
Dem
onst
rate
d R
estra
int L
ayer
Cap
abili
ty•
Exc
eeds
FO
S=4
.0 fo
r 30-
ft di
am
odul
e at
10.
7 ps
i•
Ena
bled
cor
rela
tion
to a
naly
sis
•E
nabl
ed u
nder
stan
ding
of k
nock
dow
n fa
ctor
s•
Dem
onst
rate
d re
peat
abili
ty o
f man
ufac
turin
g•
Dem
onst
rate
d fir
st p
redi
cted
failu
re m
ode
–B
igel
ow A
eros
pace
pla
ns to
use
this
des
ign
on G
alax
y cl
ass
vehi
cles
•P
lann
ed la
unch
mid
to la
te 2
007
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
11
Con
tent
s
•Th
ese
dem
onst
ratio
n te
st a
rticl
es in
crea
sed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
follo
win
g:–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Ass
embl
y, F
oldi
ng, &
Inst
alla
tion
–S
hell
MM
OD
Mat
eria
ls–
Adv
ance
d In
flata
ble
Sha
pes
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
12
Win
dow
Fra
me
/ Res
train
t Int
egra
tion
•Tr
ansH
ab (1
997
–20
00)
–C
HA
LLE
NG
ES
: •
Inst
all a
win
dow
fram
e or
“pa
ss-th
roug
h”in
an
infla
tabl
e st
ruct
ure.
•M
inim
ize
Impa
ct to
Bla
dder
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
–D
esig
ned
Con
cept
ual W
indo
w•
Nev
er M
anuf
actu
red,
Nev
er T
este
d
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
13
Win
dow
Fra
me
/ Res
train
t Int
egra
tion
•JS
C D
evel
opm
ent (
2005
–Pr
esen
t)–
GO
AL:
Pre
ssur
ize
a w
oven
rest
rain
t lay
er w
ith a
win
dow
to fa
ilure
•D
eter
min
e w
indo
w e
ffect
s on
bla
dder
and
rest
rain
t lay
er.
–D
esig
ned
and
built
an
88”d
iam
eter
R/L
with
inte
grat
ed w
indo
w fr
ame
test
arti
cle
•D
emon
stra
te in
tegr
atio
n of
win
dow
fram
e in
to re
stra
int l
ayer
& c
apab
ility
–Im
prov
ed w
indo
w fr
ame
desi
gn–
Dev
elop
ed re
stra
int l
ayer
mod
ifica
tion
–D
evel
oped
man
ufac
turin
g &
inst
alla
tion
proc
esse
s
–H
ydro
stat
ic T
est,
Mar
ch 2
006
•Fa
iled
at 1
97 p
si(s
ame
as w
ithou
t win
dow
)•
No
loss
in p
erfo
rman
ce d
ue to
dis
cont
inui
ty
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
14
Win
dow
Fra
me
/ Res
train
t Int
egra
tion
•R
ES
ULT
S–
Dem
onst
rate
d w
indo
w fr
ame
/ res
train
t cap
abili
ty•
Rea
ched
sam
e ul
timat
e ca
pabi
lity
of re
stra
int w
ithou
t win
dow
•E
nabl
ed c
hara
cter
izat
ion
of lo
ad d
istri
butio
n ar
ound
win
dow
fram
e•
Dem
onst
rate
d fir
st p
redi
cted
failu
re m
ode
–B
igel
ow A
eros
pace
pla
ns to
use
this
des
ign
on fu
ll sc
ale
clas
s ve
hicl
es•
Pla
nned
laun
ch T
BD
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
15
Con
tent
s
•Th
ese
dem
onst
ratio
n te
st a
rticl
es in
crea
sed
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
follo
win
g:–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Ass
embl
y, F
oldi
ng, &
Inst
alla
tion
–S
hell
MM
OD
Mat
eria
ls–
Adv
ance
d In
flata
ble
Sha
pes
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
16
•Tr
ansH
ab (1
997
–20
00)
–C
HAL
LEN
GE:
•
Fold
12,
000
lbs
of m
ulti-
laye
r fab
ric•
Com
poun
d cu
rved
sha
pe m
ust b
e fo
lded
into
a c
ylin
der s
hape
to fi
t in
to la
unch
veh
icle
–S
hell
inst
alle
d on
veh
icle
in d
eplo
yed
conf
igur
atio
n–
Veh
icle
def
late
d, s
hell/
rest
rain
t fol
ded
usin
g G
roun
d S
uppo
rt E
quip
men
t (G
SE
)•
Fold
Lin
es d
eter
min
ed fr
om s
cale
d m
odel
–P
robl
ems
•C
umbe
rsom
e te
chni
que
due
to h
eavy
mat
eria
l•
Inad
equa
te G
SE
/ ve
rtica
l con
figur
atio
n•
Diff
icul
t to
fold
in c
ompo
und
curv
ed re
gion
She
ll A
ssy,
Fol
ding
, Veh
icle
Inst
alla
tion
1998
Tran
sHab
JSC
Eng
inee
ring
Uni
t
Res
trai
nt L
ayer
MLI
AO
Cov
er
MM
OD
Shie
ldin
g
Bag
ged
Foam
Bum
per M
ater
ial
Bla
dder
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
17
She
ll A
ssy,
Fol
ding
, Veh
icle
Inst
alla
tion
•JS
C D
evel
opm
ent (
2005
–Pr
esen
t)–
GO
AL:
•
Dem
onst
rate
sim
plifi
ed d
esig
n, a
ssem
bly,
and
in
stal
latio
n of
she
ll –
rega
rdle
ss o
f siz
e an
d/or
mas
s.–
Des
igne
d an
d bu
ilt a
n 88
”dia
met
er S
hell
Fold
ing
Dem
onst
rato
r
–D
evel
oped
new
fold
con
figur
atio
n•
Gor
e pa
ttern
s an
d fo
ld li
nes
mat
hem
atic
ally
def
ined
•
Sim
plifi
ed th
e de
sign
•S
impl
ified
the
asse
mbl
y &
inst
alla
tion
(min
imal
GS
E)
–D
evel
oped
des
ign
softw
are
tool
–D
evel
oped
des
ign
of s
hell
with
inte
grat
ed w
indo
w
–Fo
ldin
g an
d de
ploy
men
t dem
onst
ratio
n, F
eb. 2
006
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
18
She
ll A
ssy,
Fol
ding
, Veh
icle
Inst
alla
tion
•R
ES
ULT
S–
Dem
onst
rate
d ne
w fo
ld c
onfig
urat
ion
•P
rove
d th
e si
mpl
ified
des
ign
conc
ept
•D
esig
n is
sca
labl
e to
larg
er s
ize
infla
tabl
es•
Ena
bled
cor
rela
tion
to s
tow
ed th
ickn
ess
pred
ictio
n
–B
igel
ow A
eros
pace
pla
ns to
use
this
des
ign
on G
alax
y cl
ass
vehi
cles
•P
lann
ed la
unch
mid
to la
te 2
007
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
19
Con
tent
s
•A
ccom
plis
hmen
ts o
ver p
ast 1
2 m
onth
s–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Fold
ing
Dem
onst
ratio
n–
She
ll M
MO
D T
estin
g–
Adv
ance
d S
hape
s
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
20
•Tr
ansH
ab (1
997
–20
00)
–C
HA
LLE
NG
E:
•D
esig
n a
flexi
ble
mic
ro-m
eteo
roid
/ or
bita
l deb
ris s
hiel
d th
at c
an b
e fo
lded
.–
0.98
5 P
NP
ver
ified
with
ove
r 100
test
sho
ts (1
997-
2005
)•
Met
NA
SA
-ISS
requ
irem
ent
–C
an s
top
2 cm
AL
parti
cle
at 7
km
/sec
–N
exte
l / K
evla
r sel
ecte
d as
MM
OD
shi
eld
lay-
up
Full-
Scal
e H
yper
velo
city
Tes
t Art
icle
Res
trai
nt L
ayer
TransHab Exterior
TransHab Interior
Red
unda
ntB
ladd
ers
MM
OD
Shie
ldin
g
She
ll M
MO
D T
estin
g
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
21
•JS
C D
evel
opm
ent (
2005
–Pr
esen
t)–
GO
AL:
Det
erm
ine
a lo
w-c
ost a
ltern
ate
to N
exte
l as
a M
MO
D b
umpe
r m
ater
ial
–Lo
w c
ost m
ater
ial c
andi
date
s te
sted
•
Test
ing
perfo
rmed
by
Eric
Chr
istia
nson
(KX
)•
Fibe
rgla
ss /
Kev
lar c
ombi
natio
n se
lect
ed–
Per
form
ed a
s w
ell a
s N
exte
l / K
evla
r–
Out
-per
form
ed c
arbo
n fa
bric
–A
dditi
onal
test
ing
in d
evel
opm
ent (
full-
scal
e co
rrela
tion,
bal
listic
lim
it cu
rve
dete
rmin
atio
n)
–B
igel
ow A
eros
pace
pla
ns to
use
this
des
ign
on G
alax
y cl
ass
vehi
cles
•P
lann
ed la
unch
mid
to la
te 2
007
She
ll M
MO
D T
estin
g
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
22
•A
ccom
plis
hmen
ts o
ver p
ast 1
2 m
onth
s–
Big
elow
Hou
ston
Fac
ility
Bui
ld-u
p–
Res
train
t Lay
er–
Win
dow
/ R
estra
int L
ayer
Inte
grat
ion
–S
hell
Fold
ing
Dem
onst
ratio
n–
She
ll M
MO
D T
estin
g–
Adv
ance
d S
hape
s
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
23
Adv
ance
d S
hape
s
•N
ew In
flata
ble
Sha
pe D
evel
opm
ent
–La
rge
Dia
met
er, S
hort
Hei
ght I
nfla
tabl
e S
truct
ures
•E
ffici
ent i
n pr
essu
re lo
adin
g•
Des
irabl
e fo
r gra
vita
tiona
l env
ironm
ent a
rchi
tect
ure
–Lu
nar a
nd/o
r pla
neta
ry h
abita
t
–“C
orel
ess”
Infla
tabl
e S
truct
ures
•N
o in
tern
al ri
gid
core
stru
ctur
e•
Des
irabl
e fo
r sm
all s
tow
ed p
acki
ng v
olum
e–
Hab
itatio
n/St
owag
e–
Dep
loya
ble
Airlo
ck
–In
flata
ble
Tran
sfer
Tun
nels
•N
o in
tern
al ri
gid
core
stru
ctur
e•
Not
a b
ody
of re
volu
tion
BA
CK
UP
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
25
JSC
Pas
t Inf
lata
ble
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
ject
s
•Tr
ansH
ab–
Tran
sit H
abita
tion
Mod
ule
–IS
S H
abita
tion
Mod
ule
•H
yper
baric
Cha
mbe
r
•A
irloc
k–
Hon
eyw
ell d
esig
n un
der N
AS
A c
ontra
ct
•B
igel
ow D
evel
opm
ent A
eros
pace
Par
tner
ship
05-1
9-06
Chr
is J
ohns
on, G
ary
Spe
xarth
26
App
licat
ions