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FOREWORD
As it may be recalled, the earthquakes that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Kocaeli and November 12, 1999 in Düzce combined to represent the most devastating disaster experienced by Turkey in recent history causing more than 18,000 lives, 49,000 wounded, 108,000 heavily damaged buildings, some 380,000 damaged buildings and 15 billions of dollars of economic loss in the Turkish economy. The earthquakes affected the whole Marmara Region, impacting more than 16 million people with the biggest losses occurring in the cities of Kocaeli, Duzce, Bolu, Sakarya, Yalova, Bursa and Istanbul.
As 2009 is the decennial commemoration of this disaster, Kocaeli University, Turkish Red Crescent and Turkey’s General Directorate of Disaster Affairs have unified to organize a set of seminars, discussions, reflections, and analyses to commemorate this particular mark in Turkey’s history under the title: ‘DISASTER OF TURKEY: 10th ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATION WEEK’ Reflections from the Past; Mobilization for the Future between the dates of August 11 and 19, 2009. The Commemoration Week will focus on the communities that were most affected to look at how they have fared during the disaster and how their lives have transformed.
This Commemoration Week aims at sheding light on these particular communities, organizations, and institutions that experienced the largest impact and losses. To accomplish this goal, the organizers are bringing together a broad and diverse set of stakeholders that each have a story to tell and a perspective to present. The enrichment comes from the exploring and collating the collective experience and knowledge to draw lessons for the future. These stakeholders include local public officials both appointed (governorates) and elected (municipalities), private sector representatives, community leaders and organizers, non-governmental organizations, professional and trade organizations, academia, and media.
A decade is an appropriate benchmark to stop and reflect, to discuss and analyze, to go back in time in order to trace the future. It is also the time to be critical and provocative in order to ensure that complacency does not take place and that we forget again. The threat of earthquakes remains a formidable challenge for Turkey and for all communities and institutions. Which lessons should we draw and how do we work together to respond to the challenges and trace the path for a safer future? How can we bring our collective experience and learn from others to solve the difficult problems associate with earthquake risk reduction and build a culture of prevention among our institutions and communities?
The commemoration will include social, cultural and scientific activities and will provide ample time for reflection and discussion. A multi-disciplinary and multi-interest approach will be adopted. The international community is also invited to come and contribute its own experience and help provide an outsider perspective that may help in building consensus. The event will take place on August 17-19, 2009 at the Prof. Dr. Baki Komsuoglu Culture and Congress Center on the Umuttepe Campus of Kocaeli University.
Local and national authorities are also expected to come together and discuss their experience of the past ten years, their problems, and future plans and visions about preparedness for the forthcoming earthquakes and disasters.
Kocaeli University, Turkish Red Crescent and Turkey’s General Directorate of Disaster Affairs would like to extend their gratitude to those contributing to the effort put for the purpose of creating a safer future for all.
ii
ÖNSÖZ
Hatırlanacağı üzere, 17 Ağustos 1999’da Kocaeli, 12 Kasım 1999’da ise Düzce’de meydana gelen depremler sonucunda yaklaşık 18.000 insanımız hayatını kaybetmiş, meydana gelen milyonlarca liralık ekonomik kayıp nedeniyle ülkemizin kalkınma süreci olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Anılan depremler aynı zamanda gerek toplumsal yaşam gerekse ekonomide önemli ve derin izler bırakmıştır. İçinde bulunduğumuz 2009 yılı, değinilen depremlerin 10. yıl dönümüne karşılık gelmektedir. 1999 depremlerinden gerekli dersleri çıkarmış olan ve edindikleri deneyimleri geniş kitlelere aktarmayı ilke edinen Türk Kızılayı, Kocaeli Üniversitesi ve Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü “TÜRKİYE’NİN AFETİ: 10.YIL ANMA ETKİNLİKLERİ” için güçlerini birleştirerek birlikte hareket etme kararı almışlardır. Halkımızın yoğun katılımının beklendiği etkinlikler, aynı zamanda bölge valilikleri, belediye başkanlıkları ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından desteklenmektedir. Başta depremler olmak üzere doğal afetlerin ülkemiz açısından sürekli ve yakın bir tehdit oluşturduğu konusunda bütün kamuoyu hemfikirdir. Türkiye’nin Afeti: 10. Yıl Anma Etkinlikleri’nin temel hedefi afetlerden en fazla etkilenmiş insanların, kurumların ve kuruluşların yaşadıkları sıkıntıları ne ölçüde aşabildiklerini ve hayatlarının ne yönde değiştiğini irdeleyerek karşılaşılan problemleri ortaya koymak ve yaşananlardan alınan derslerle aynı hataları bir kez daha tekrar etmemektir. Bu amaçla, toplumun her kesiminden anlatacak bir hikâyesi ve geleceğe dair söyleyecek sözü olan paydaşlar bir araya gelmektedir. Paydaşlar arasında merkezi ve yerel yöneticilerin yanı sıra işçi, işveren, esnaf örgütleri, meslek oda ve birlikleri, medya kuruluşlarının temsilcileri ile akademisyenler yer almaktadır.
Etkinlikler kapsamında depremden etkilenmiş tüm illerde 11-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında düzenlenecek bir dizi bilimsel, sosyal ve kültürel etkinlikle depremin 10. Yılı anılarak, yaşananların ardından yeni bir başlangıç yaparak ayakta kalmanın yolları kamuoyu ile bir kez daha paylaşılacak ve ülkemizi derinden yaralayan bu afetlerin tekrar yaşanmaması için toplumsal dayanışmanın taşıdığı önemin, afete hazırlık çalışmalarının ve afete hazırlık eğitimlerinin zaman kaybetmeden tüm kesimlerde yeniden başlaması gerektiğinin altı çizilecektir.
“Türkiye’nin Afeti: 10. Yıl Anma Etkinlikleri” içinde bulunduğumuz yılın 1999 depremlerinin 10. yıldönümü olması nedeniyle, geçmiş 10 yılda yapılan çalışmaların değerlendirildiği ve geleceğe yönelik somut hedeflerin belirlendiği bir platform olmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla, afetlerle doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak muhatap olan ve bu alanda çalışan kurumları, akademisyenleri, yönetici, araştırmacı ve uygulamacıları ve elbette halkımızı gerek geçmiş deneyimlerini paylaşmak gerekse geleceğe yönelik önerilerini tartışmaya açmak amacıyla Türk Kızılayı, Kocaeli Üniversitesi ve Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü’nün birlikte düzenleyeceği sempozyum ve panele katılmaya, ve hepimiz için güvenli bir yarın yaratma yönünde gösterilen çabaya omuz vermeye davet ediyoruz.
Kocaeli2009 Uluslarası Deprem Sempozyumu 17-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, Prof. Dr. Baki Komsuoğlu Kongre Merkezi’nde yapılacaktır ve depremlerle uğraşan tüm meslek dallarının temsilcilerinin buluştuğu, özel çalıştay ve panellerle zenginleştirilmiş bilimsel toplantı dizisinin dördüncü halkasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu sempozyumda 100’ü yabancı olmak üzere 350 bilim adamı sunum yapacaktır. Anılan toplantılarda paylaşılacak görüş ve bilgilerin depreme duyarlı ve afet zararlarından arınmış bir toplum olma yönünde sağlayacağını umduğumuz katkılarını takdirlerinize sunuyor, sempozyumuzda yer alan tüm kişi, kurum ve şirket temsilcilerine teşekkür ediyoruz.
Saygılarımızla,
Düzenleme Kurulu
iii
İÇİNDEKİLER
EARTH SCIENCES/YER BİLİMLERİ
THE N-S EXTENSIONAL FEATURES IN SW TURKEY AS CONSTRAINED BY THE GPS AND SEISMOLOGY DATA
ALİ PINAR, MEHMET YILMAZER, E. CANBAY, SELDA ALTUNCU
1
ANALYSIS OF SEISMOTECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARMARA REGION BY USING MECHANISM SOLUTIONS AND STRESS TENSOR/ DEPREM MEKANİZMA ÇÖZÜMLERİ VE GERİLME TENSÖRÜ ANALİZİ İLE MARMARA BÖLGESİNİN SİSMO TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
TOLGA ŞEN, HALUK EYİDOĞAN
2
WAVEFORM ANOMALIES IN MAKRAN DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES
AMIRMAHMOOD SALAREE
3
MOMENT MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION BASED ON SOURCE SPECTRA FOR LOCAL EARTHQUAKES
AYŞEGÜL KÜSMEZER, ŞERİF BARIŞ, N.M. ÖZEL, L. OTTEMÖLLER, S. BALAMİR ÜÇER, MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER
4
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF CANAKKALE AND ITS DISTRICT/ÇANAKKALE VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BANU AKOL, TOLGA BEKLER
5
SURVEYING THE EARTHQUAKE PRODUCING FAULTS AROUND BALA (ANKARA) BY USING LOCAL STATION RECORDS/ BALA (ANKARA) YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDE DEPREM ÜRETEN FAYLARIN ANKARA DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET) VERİSİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
BEGÜM ÇIVGIN, K. ESAT, B. KAYPAK, V. IŞIK, G. SEYİTOĞLU
6
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK ARMNET-A CONTRIBUTION TO EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE MARMARA REGION
BIRGER G. LÜHR, H. GROSSER, HEIKO WOITH, JOCHEN ZSCHAU, ŞERİF BARIŞ, T. SERKAN IRMAK, MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER, DENİZ ÇAKA, SÜLEYMAN TUNÇ, BERNA TUNÇ, S. DONNER, E. GÜNTHER
8
THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE VICINITY OF DUZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
BÜLENT TANK, Y. OGAWA, Y. HONKURA, M.K.TUNCER, T.KAYA, M. MATSUSHIMA
9
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN ROMANIA
CONSTANTIN IONESCU
10
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GEOLOGICAL INPUT FOR QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS IN BURDUR AREA, SW TURKEY
ALEXANDROS CHATZIPETROS, S. PAVLIDES, F. YAGMURLU, N. ÖZGÜR, ALI PINAR, Z. KAMACI, M. ŞENTÜRK, K. UYSAL, E. ŞENER
11
SEISMICITY IN THE BENGAL BASIN: A POTENTIAL HAZARD ZONE
EAHSANUL HAGUE
12
DISTURBANCES GENERATED NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE CAUSED BY TINY MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF ROCK IN THE LITHOSPHERE: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO SEARCH FOR EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR
ESFHAN KHERANI, P. LOGNONNE, G. OCCHIPINTI
13
ANALYSIS OF IZMİT AFTERSHOCKS 25 DAYS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 12TH 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
ETHEM GÖRGÜN, A. ZANG, M. BOHNHOFF, C. MILKEREIT, G. DRESEN
14
ATTENUATION OF CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE/ DOĞU ANADOLU FAY ZONU BOYUNCA KODA DALGA AZALIMI ATTENUATION OF CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE
FADİME SERTÇELİK
15
DID ATATÜRK DAM TRIGGER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 3 SEPTEMBER 2008?
HALUK EYİDOĞAN, V. GEÇGEL
16
STRUTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE “MİTİDJA” SISMOGENIC BASSIN (ALGİERS, ALGERİA)
HAMOU DJELLIT, A. ABTOUT, M.E.M. DERDER, A.K. YELLES-CHAOUCHE, M.A. GUEMACHE, S. SOFIANE, H. YMMEL
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RUPTURE HISTORY OF THE AUGUST 17, 1999 İZMIT EARTHQUAKE (MW=7.5) FROM THE INVERSION OF BROADBAND TELESEISMIC P AND SH WAVEFORMS/ GENİŞ-BANT TELESİSMİK P VE SH DALGA ŞEKİLLERİNİN TERS DÖNÜŞÜMÜNDEN 17 AĞUSTOS 1999 İZMİT DEPREMİNİN (MW=7.5) KIRILMA SÜRECİ
MURAT UTKUCU, HATİCE DURMUŞ
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RESPONSE OF SHALLOW AND DEEP GROUND WATERS TO THE İZMİT AND DÜZCE EARTHQUAKES OF 1999
HEIKO WOITH, R. WANG, M. WESTERHAUS, M. TEOMAN, A. PEKDEGER, JOCHEN ZSCHAU
20
ON MONITORING OF NEAR SPACE PLASMA PARAMETERS FOR PURPOSE OF EARTHQUAKES PREDICTION
GALENA KHACHIKJAN, T. ABAKANOV, A. LEE
21
SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 22ND FEB.,2005 ZARAND DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE, IN SOUTHEAST IRAN
MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI
22
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ESTIMATION OF THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SHEAR WAVE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF THE 18TH JUNE, 2007 KAHAK-QOM EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
HABIB RAHIMI, J. DOLOEI, H. HAMZEHLOO
23
THE EFFECT OF SEISMICITY OF THE AROUND FETHIYE BAY BY SOUTHWEST ANATOLIAN FAULT/ GÜNEYBATI ANADOLU FAYININ ETHİYE KÖRFEZİ VE YAKIN DOLAYININ DEPREMSELLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
M. SOFTA, M. ERKAN KAHRAMAN
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EARTHQUAKE DENSITY VARIATION OF TURKEY/ TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREM YOĞUNLUĞU DEĞİŞİMİ
SELEN ARIK, N. KONEZ, MEHMET UTKU
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE AFRICAN PLATE MOTION ON THE EAST ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE TECTONICS
MEHMET YILMAZER, ALİ PINAR
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EVALUATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS OF SOME MODERATELY EARTHQUAKES İN SOUTH -EAST OF IRAN
MEHRDAD MOSTAFAZADEH, S. ASHKPOUR MOTLAGH
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NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN TEHRAN CITY
M. REZA GHAYAMGHAMIAN, M.F. GHADIKALAI
29
EARTHQUAKE RISK IN LOW AND MEDIUM SEISMICITY REGIONS: A CASE STUDY FOR ANKARA/ KÜÇÜK VE ORTA BÜYÜKLÜKTE SİSMİK AKTİVİTE GÖSTEREN BÖLGELERDEKİ DEPREM RİSKİ: ANKARA İÇİN ÖRNEK BİR ÇALIŞMA
A.M. EKER, H. AKGÜN, MUSTAFA K. KOÇKAR
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SOURCE DYNAMICS OF THE JUNE 22, 2002, CHANGOUREH-AVAJ EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE, IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
NEDA SARMADI, M.R. GHEITANCHI
31
DETERMINATION OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE IN ANATOLIA BY SURFACE WAVE DATA APPLIED DISCRIMINATION FILTER / AYRIM SÜZGECİ UYGULANAN YÜZEY DALGASI VERİLERİ İLE ANADOLU’DA KABUK VE ÜST MANTO YAPISININ BELİRLENMESİ
NİLGÜN SAYIL
32
A SOFTWARE FOR EARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS / DEPREM ARAŞTIRMA VE İNCELEME YAZILIMI
ÖMER AKBAŞ, ERTAN PEKŞEN, T. SERKAN IRMAK
34
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION STAGES OF LOCAL GPS NETWORKS FOR MONITORING CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
ORHAN KURT, HALUK KONAK, CANKUT D. İNCE
35
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THE LAST DEVELOPMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION NETWORK OF TURKEY, 2009/ TÜRKİYE ULUSAL SİSMOLOJİK GÖZLEM AĞINDAKİ SON GELİŞMELER,2009
RECAİ FEYİZ KARTAL, S. ZÜNBÜL, F.T. KADİRİOĞLU, M. KAPLAN, S. KARAKISA, T. KILIÇ, M. TÜRKOĞLU, K. YANIK, N. HOLOĞLU, B. BARAN, T. TEZEL, C. ÖZTÜRK AKCA, A. YATMAN, M. DEMİR, C. FENERC, Y. İRAVUL, B. TÜZEL
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ESTIMATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OF SİNOP PROVINCE USING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS/ OLASILIK VE İSTATİSTİK YÖNTEMLER İLE SİNOP İLİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN TAHMİNİ
RECAİ FEYİZ KARTAL, GÜNAY BEYHAN, NAZAN YILMAZ, MURAT UTKUCU
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SOURCE PARAMETERS OF MODERATE QOM EARTHQUKE BY WAVEFORM MODELING
REZA MANSOURI, MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI
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SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR KOPEH DAGH REGİON
MOSTAFAH JAVANMEHRI, SAYYED MAHMOOD AZHARI, N. MIRZAEI
40
EVIDENCE FOR THE SEISMIC QUIESCENCE PRIOR TO THE JANUARY 25, 2005 HAKKARİ (MW=5.9) EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
SERKAN ÖZTÜRK, YUSUF BAYRAK
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM AĞRI (DIYADIN) GEOTHERMAL WATERS/ AĞRI (DİYADİN) JEOTERMAL KAYNAKLARININ KULLANILMASIYLA OLUŞABİLECEK ÇEVRESEL SORUNLAR
SUZAN PASVANOĞLU, S. GÜLER
42
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK: AN INVESTIGATION ON SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING OF ARMUTLU-YALOVA REGION
ŞERİF BARIŞ, BERNA TUNÇ, HEIKO WOITH, H. GROSSER, SERKAN IRMAK, BIRGER LÜHR, DENİZ ÇAKA, SÜLEYMAN TUNÇ, E. GÜNTHER, MİTHAT FIRAT ÖZER, JOCHEN ZSCHAU
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FAULT MECHANISMS OF THE BIGA PENINSULA EARTHQAUKES AND COHERENCE WITH ACTIVE TECTONICS/ BİGA YARIMADASI DEPREMLERİNİN KAYNAK MEKANİZMALARI VE AKTİF TEKTONİK İLE UYUMLULUĞU
TOLGA BEKLER, S. ÖZDEN, DOĞAN KALAFAT
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A LONG-TERM PREDICTION BASED ON THE CIRCULAR EPICENTER MIGRATION OF THE HISTORICAL EQ’S OF MARMARA PENINSULA / TARİHSEL MARMARA DEPREMLERİNDE OLUŞAN DÖNGÜSEL DIŞ-MERKEZ GÖÇÜ VE BU DÖNGÜYE DAYALI BİR DEPREM ÖNGÖRÜSÜ
UĞUR KAYNAK
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METROPOLITAN IZMIR BASED ON THE DATA OBTAINED FROM LOCAL STRONG-MOTION ARRAY (IZMIRNET): PRELIMINARY RESULTS/ YEREL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ DEPREM İSTASYON AĞINDAN (İZMIRNET) ELDE EDİLEN VERİLERE GÖRE İZMİR METROPOLÜ’NÜN ZEMİN
47
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ÖZELLİKLERİ: İLK SONUÇLAR
ULUBEY ÇEKEN, E. GÖK, D. YILMAZ, E. YALÇINKAYA, A. YAKUT, O. POLAT
GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND DEEP STRUCTURE OF SEISMOGENIC CHELLIF BASIN (ALGERIA)
ABDESLAM ABTOUT, HASSINA BOUKERBOUT, BOUALEM BOUAHIAOUI, DOMINIQUE GIBERT, MOHAMED DERDER
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IMAGE PROCESSING OF SHARP BOUNDARIES IN 2D ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY OF FAULTS
A. ASHTARI TALKHESTANI, B. ABBASSI
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PREDICTION OF POROSITY FROM SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE TRACES USING LOCAL LINEAR NEURO-FUZZY MODEL IN GORGAN BASIN
A. ASHTARI TALKHESTANI, M. NABI-BIDHENDI, J. JAMALI, M. MIRMOMENI
50
STRUCTURAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF LATERAL TECTONIC EXTRUSION WITHIN THE SANANDAJ-SIRJAN METAMORPHIC BELT, ZAGROS MOUNTAINS, IRAN
A. FAGHIH, K. SARKARINEJAD, A. SHOJAEI, B. SSAMANI
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LOCATING HIDDEN FAULTS BY USING NEWEST 2D SEISMIC IMAGING METHOD
ALI GOUDARZI, RIAHI
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INTERPRETING GEOMAGNETIC DATA USING THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL METHOD
ALI KARIMI, B. OSKOOI 53
NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF RESIDUAL SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES WITH VARIABLE SHAPE FACTOR
ALPER DEMİRCİ, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
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EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION WORKS WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD COMPONENTS FOR THE 17 AUGUST AND 12 NOVEMBER EARTHQUAKES/MANYETIK ALAN BILEŞENLERI ILE 17 AĞUSTOS VE 12 KASIM 1999 DEPREMLERI ÖN KESTIRIM ÇALIŞMALARI
ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL, HATİCE DURMUŞ
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SPT-VS CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS TO BE DETERMINED FOR SAKARYA-ERENLER REGION/SAKARYA-ERENLER BÖLGESİ İÇİN SPT-VS KORELASYON KATSAYILARININ TESPİT EDİLMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, ALPER KIYAK, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, FİKRET KURNAZ
56
INVESTIGATION OF WALL REMAINS IN ALACAHOYUK WITH GPR
AYSEL SEREN, K. GELİŞLİ, D.A. AÇIKGÖZ, S. ERKUL 57
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HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN EAST OF ESFAHAN, CENTRAL IRAN MAGMATIC BELT
BATOUL TAGHIPOUR, FARID MOORE
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CALCULATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM USING 2.5-D APPROACH/2.5-B YAKLAŞIMI İLE YAPAY SİSMOGRAM ÜRETİLMESİ
BURCU BARIN
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THE EFFECTS OF THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION ON REDUCTION TO THE POLE PROCESS/KALINTI MIKNATISLANMANIN KUTBA İNDİRGEME TEKNİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
ÇAĞRI YILDIRIM, YUNUS EKİNCİ
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THE SEA OF MARMARA, SEA BOTTOM OBSERVATORY PROJECT (MSBOP)/MARMARA DENIZI, DENIZ TABANI GÖZLEMEVI PROJESI (MDTGP)
DOĞAN KALAFAT, CEMİL GÜRBÜZ, MEHMET YILMAZER, KIVANÇ KEKOVALI, ZAFER ÖĞÜTÇÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, M. KARA, M. SUVARIKLI
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NEAR REAL TIME REGIONAL MOMENT TENSOR ESTIMATION USING TURKISH SEISMIC NETWORK’S BROADBAND STATIONS/TÜRKIYE DEPREM AĞINA AIT GENIŞBANTLI (BB) DEPREM İSTASYONLARI KULLANILARAK YAPILAN YAKIN GERÇEK ZAMANLI BÖLGESEL MOMENT TENSÖR DEĞERLENDIRMELERI
DOĞAN KALAFAT, KIVANÇ KEKOVALI, MEHMET YILMAZER, ETHEM GÖRGÜN, SELDA POYRAZ
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INVESTIGATION OF SEISMICITY AND SEISMOTECTONIC FEATURES OF SALT LAKE AND SURROUNDINGS, CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION / İÇ ANADOLU BÖLGESİ, TUZ GÖLÜ VE CİVARININ SİSMİSİTESİ VE SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ.
D.KALAFAT, Z. OĞÜTCÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, K. KEKOVALI, M. YILMAZER, E. GÖRGÜN, M. KARA, K. KILIC, P. DENİZ, M. COMOĞLU, M.BERBEROĞLU, A. BERBEROĞLU, S.A. POYRAZ, F.N. BEKLER, A. KÜSMEZER, H. GÜMÜŞ, D. KEPEKCİ, M.GÜL, R.POLAT, Ö.ÇOK
63
EVOLUTION OF KANDILLI OBSERVATORY AND EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KOERI) BROADBAND (BB) DIGITAL SEISMIC NETWORK / KANDILLI RASATHANESI VE DEPREM ARAŞTIRMA ENSTITÜSÜ (KRDAE) GENIŞBANTLI (GB) SAYISAL DEPREM AĞININ GELIŞIMI
D.KALAFAT, Z.ÖĞÜTÇÜ, Y. GÜNEŞ, K. KEKOVALI, M.SUVARIKLI, M. YILMAZER, E. GÖRGÜN, M. KARA, K. KILIÇ, P. DENİZ, M. ÇOMOĞLU, M.BERBEROGLU, A. BERBEROĞLU, S. A. POYRAZ, F.N. BEKLER, A. KÜSMEZER, H. GÜMÜŞ, D. KEPEKÇİ, M.GÜL, R.POLAT, Ö.ÇOK
64
DEDUCING THE GEOMETRY OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING BY RESISTIVITY METHOD/DOĞRULTU ATIMLI FAYLARIN GEOMETRİLERİNİN ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI
EBRU EFEOĞLU, METİN AŞÇI
65
MICROZONATION STUDIES BY USING SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY : GEBZE (KOCAELİ) REGION/KAYMA DALGA HIZI KULLANILARAK MİKROBÖLGELEME ÇALIŞMALARI: GEBZE (KOCAELİ) BÖLGESİ
66
ix
EBRU EFEOĞLU
DETERMINING OF SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES BY RESISTIVITY METHOD/YERALTI YAPILARININ ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE BELİRLENMESİ
EBRU EFEOĞLU
67
STUDIES OF NOISE ELIMINATION IN MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD/MANYETOTELURİK YÖNTEMDE GÜRÜLTÜ YOKETME ÇALIŞMALARI
EBRU ŞENGÜL
68
DESIGN OF AN OPTIMUM SEISMIC NETWORK FOR IRAN
EHSAN KARKOOTI, Z.H. SHOMALI 69
COMPARISON OF NOISE LEVELS IN STATIONS OF IRANIAN SESICMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK
EHSAN KARKOOTI, Z.H. SHOMALI
70
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE LOCATION ERROR OF IRANIAN SEISMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK
EHSAN KARKOOTI, Z.H. SHOMALI
71
IMAGING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE WESTERN PART OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE BY MAGNETOTELLURICS
E. CIFTÇI TOLAK, N. OSHIMAN, S.B. TANK, M.K. TUNCER, G. KARCIOĞLU, Y. HONKURA, Y. OGAWA, M. MATSUSHIMA
72
SOME SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE SURROUNDING REGIONS OF ANKARA (TÜRKIYE)/ANKARA YAKIN ÇEVRESİNİN BAZI SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
E. GÖKTEN, B. BARAN
73
THE IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED PRIOR TO SUMATRA TSUNAMI AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH PRE-TSUNAMI ACTIVITY
E. ALAM KHERANI, P. LOGNONNE, G. OCCHIPINTI
75
MAGNETOMETERY STUDY OF MAHALAT FAULT ZONE AND ITS THERMAL SPRINGS
FARZANEH FARAHANI, MIRZAEI, GHADIMI AROOS MAHALEH, KHAMSE
76
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL GROUND EFFECT WITH GEOPHYSICAL-MICROTREMOR DATA OF KOCAELI-GÖLCÜK REGION/KOCAELİ-GÖLCÜK BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK-MİKROTREMOR VERİLERİ İLE YEREL ZEMİNİN ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, A. KESKİNSEZER, FATIH SÜNBÜL
77
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-YAZLIK AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS/KOCAELİ-YAZLIK BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK-JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLERLE İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, A.KESKİNSEZER, FATIH SÜNBÜL
78
x
SEISMICITY OF IRAN (TEHRAN)
FERESHTEH GOLABI 79
THE ARCHEOGEOPHYSICS SURVEY ARROUND ANTIC ROME BATH ON AMASYA-TERZİKÖY THERMAL BATH/AMASYA-TERZIKÖY KAPLICALARI MEVKIINDE ANTIK ROMA HAMAMI KALINTILARI ARKEOJEOFIZIK ETÜDÜ
FETHİ AHMET YÜKSEL, MEHMET SAFİ YILDIZ
80
THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD AS A TOOL FOR TESTING THE GROUND CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE RAILWAY GROUND HEALING STUDIES AT POTI, GEORGIA/GÜRCISTAN, POTI KASABASINDA DEMIRYOLU ZEMIN İYILEŞTIRME ÇALIŞMASI SONUCUNDA OLUŞAN ZEMIN KOŞULLARININ SISMIK KIRILMA YÖNTEMI İLE TEST EDILMESI
FETHİ AHMET YÜKSEL, MEHMET SAFİ YILDIZ
82
INVESTIGATION OF SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS/SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, FİKRET KURNAZ
84
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-ALIKAHYA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS/KOCAELİ-ALİKAHYA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, FİKRET KURNAZ
85
GRAFIC INTERFACE AND INVERSION APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATION OF THE LOCAL EARTQUAKES EPICENTER/YEREL DEPREMLERİN EPİSANTR TAYİNİNDE GRAFİK ARAYÜZÜ VE TERS ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI
FATMA NURTEN ŞİŞMAN
86
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STRONG MOTION AND WEAK MOTION NETWORK IN THE REGION OF ANKARA / ANKARA VE CIVARI ZAYIF VE KUVVETLI YER HAREKETI KAYIT AĞININ KURULMASI
GÜLÇİN FELEK, A. CEM GEL, S. PAMPAL
87
STRESS FORECAST - MANYAS EARTHQUAKE
GÜLTEN POLAT, NURCAN ÖZEL, ONUR TAN, SEMİH ERGİNTAV 88
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING FOR A WASTE DEPOSIT IN ÇANAKKALE/ÇANAKKALE KATI ATIK DEPOLAMA SAHASI İÇİN YERALTISUYU KİRLİLİĞİNİN MODELLEMESİ
G. DİDEM BEŞKARDEŞ
89
CALCULATION OF İZMİT BASIN SEDIMENTARY THICKNESS WITH MICROTREMOR METHOD/İZMİT BASENİNİN ÇÖKEL KALINLIĞININ MİKROTREMOR YÖNTEMİYLE HESAPLANMASI
KAAN HAKAN ÇOBAN, DEMET GİDER, OYA ÇAKIN, MUSTAFA CEVHER, MEHMET SANCILI, AYLİN KARAASLAN, EKREM ZOR, SERDAR ÖZALAYBEY
90
xi
DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE OF 3D COMPLEX VELOCITY MODELS BY USING SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS/ÜÇ BOYUTLU KARMAŞIK YER MODELLERİNİN YAPAY SİSMOGRAMLARLA TANIMLANMASI
HALİL İBRAHIM ARSLAN
91
STRUCTRAL AND TECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE EDREMİT BAY/EDREMİT KÖRFEZİNİN YAPISAL VE TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
HALUK SELİM, E.S. DOĞAN, GÜNAY BEYHAN, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, M. YILMAZ, A.R. TOYDAR
92
INVESTIGATION OF TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THRACE-TERZİLİ FAULT BY MEANS OF SEISMIC REFLACTION DATA INTERPRETATION/SİSMİK YANSIMA VERİLERİNİN YORUMU İLE TRAKYA-TERZİLİ FAYININ TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
HALUK SELİM, E.S. DOĞAN, GÜNAY BEYHAN, HATİCE ERGÜVEN, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, M. YILMAZ
93
INTERPRETATION OF OFFSHORE GRAVIMETRIC DATA IN THE NW OF ALGERIA (MEDITERRANEAN SEA) USING THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM IN THE CASE 3-D
HASSINA BOURKERBOUT, ABTOUT, GIBERT
94
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC PROFILE DATA BY USING HORIZONTAL DERIVATIVES
HÜSEYİN KARAIŞIK, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
95
THE MAGNETİC MODELS OF MINE FIELDS/MADEN SAHALARININ MANYETİK MODELLENMESİ
İLKNUR ŞEN, METİN AŞÇI
96
COMBINATION OF ANALYTIC SIGNAL AND EULER DECONVOLUTION METHODS (AN_EUL) FOR INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC DATA
JAMALEDIN BANIAMERIAN, OSKOOI KARIMI
97
DEFORMATIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES ON THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
JANNES KINSCHER, HEIKO WOITH, B. LUHR, CHRISTOPHER OTTO, M. STRECKER, ERHAN BAŞARAN, ŞERİF BARIŞ
98
NEOTECTONICS OF THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
JANNES KINSCHER, HEIKO WOITH, B. LUHR, CHRISTOPHER OTTO, M. STRECKER, ERHAN BAŞARAN, ŞERİF BARIŞ
99
RESEARCH OF SELF POTENTIAL DATAS/SELF-POTANSİYEL VERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ÖZGÜN KAMİL ŞAHİN, METİN AŞÇI
100
MORPHOTECTONIC FEATURES ALONG THE RAZAK FAULT, ZAGROS MOUNTAINS
KHALED HESSAMI
101
xii
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING NETWORK OF ANKARA (ANKNET)/ANKARA DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET)
G. SEYITOĞLU, P. KAYPAK, V. IŞIK, K. ESAT, B. ÇIVGIN
102
A STEP TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION
MOHAMED HAMID MOALA 103
STUDY OF THE MOHO DEPTH VARIATIONS IN THE EASTERNMOST ZAGROS USING RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS
M. HASANPOUR SEDGHI, Y. YAMINIFARD, M. MOKHTARI
104
THE 1962 BUYIN-ZAHRA (QAZVIN)EARTHQUAKE IN NOTHWEST IRAN AND ITS POST-SEISMIC ACTIVITY
MOHAMMAD REZA GHEITANCHI, MONA MIRI
105
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 28TH FEB.,1997 ARDABIL DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE
S. ATEFI, MOHAMMED REZA GHEITANCHI
106
COMBINED EM-VLF, 2D AND 3D RESISTIVITY SURVEYS TO IMAGE HIDDEN QANAT CHANNELS IN URBAN AREAS: A CASE OF TEHRAN, IRAN
M. JAMIE, A. EBRAHIMI BARDAR, B. ABBASI, B. OSKOOI
107
EFFICIENCY OF COMBINED USE OF VES AND PMR FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS IN SEDIMENTARY AQUIFERS: A CASE OF ABEYEK, IRAN
M. JAMIE, B.OSKOOI, H. SANAIEL KAMAL
108
THE FEBRUARY 1997 GARMKHAN(NORTH-EASTBOJNOURD), NORTHEAST IRAN, EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REGION DURING 2006-2009
MARYAM AMINIPANAH, M.R. GHEITANCHI, M GHORASHI
109
DETECTING OIL TRAPS USING TIME-FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION
MARYAM NEJATI 110
ROLE OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION IN CLAY SOILS: AN EXAMPLE FROM BURDUR (TURKEY) SETTLEMENT AREA/KİLLİ ZEMİNLERİN ZEMİN SIVILAŞMASINDAKİ ROLÜ: BURDUR (TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ
MEHMET ÖZÇELİK
111
BLOC ROTATION TECTONICS IN NORTHERN ALGERIA REVEALED BY PALEOMAGNETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE “MITIDJA” BASIN (ALGIERS AREA, ALGERIA)
MOHAMED DERDER, B. HENRY, H. DJELIT, C. DORBATH, H. YMEL, S. GHARBI, M. GUEMACHE, A. ABTOUT
112
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE LOWER TAGUS VALLEY, SOUTHWESTERN IBERIA USING JOINT ANALYSIS OF TELESEISMIC RECEIVER FUNCTIONS AND SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION DATA
MOHAMED SALAH, S.J. CHANG, J.F.B.D. FONSECA
113
xiii
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NORTH WEST OF YAZD SKARN
MOHAMMAD ALI MACKIZADEH, B. TAGHIPOUR
114
SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION: A USEFUL INSTRUMENT FOR FAULT PATTERN VISUALIZATION
MOHAMMED RADDAD, HOZHABRI
115
TOMOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL IRAN USING THE LG CODA Q
MOJTABA NAGHAVI, SHOMALI, ZARE 116
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION THROUGH 2D TIME LAPSE ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY
MOTAHARE AZIMI, ABBASI, OSKOOI, KARGAHI
117
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WEAK MOTION AND STRONG MOTION SENSORS AND REAL TIME EARTHQUAKE MONITORING IN THE ESKISEHIR URBAN AREAS: ANA-NET SEISMIC NETWORK/ESKİŞEHİR YERLEŞİM YERİNDE ZAYIF VE KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYITÇILARININ KURULMASI VE EŞ ZAMANLI TAKİBİ (ANA-NET)
MUAMMER TÜN, UĞUR AVDAN, EMRAH PEKKAN, OĞUZ ÖZEL
118
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT MODEL STUDY IN KIRŞEHIR – NEVŞEHIR REGION/KIRŞEHİR - NEVŞEHİR BÖLGESİNDE BİR BOYUTLU ISI MODELİ ÇALIŞMASI
MÜCELLA CANBAY, B. BAYRAM
120
METAL HEAVY CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY METHOD IN KOCAELI (TURKEY) AND COMPARISON OF IN SITU FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY WITH LABORATORY DATA/KOCAELI BÖLGESININ AĞIR METAL KIRLILIĞININ MANYETIK DUYARLIK METODUYLA TESPITI ILE YERINDE VE LABORATUVAR ÖLÇÜLERININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
MÜCELLA CANBAY
122
MICRO-SEISMICITY AND FLUIDS RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE WESTERN PART OF SEA OF MARMARA
J.B. TARY, T. BARDAINNE, L. GELI, P. HENRY, M. COMOGLU, M. YILMAZER, M. TRYON, B. NATALIN, N. CAĞATAY, P. BURNARD, S. BOURLANGE
124
DETECTION OF THE TALKHAB FAULT USING A MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDY IN MARKAZI PROVINCE, IRAN
NASIM PAKDAL
125
AN EVALUATION OF NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR TEST BY BELBAŞI NUCLEAR TESTS MONITORING CENTER-KOERI
ÖCAL NECMIOĞLU, N. MERAL ÖZEL, K. SEMIN, S. KOÇAK, C. DESTICI, U. TEOMAN
126
xiv
DISCRIMINATION OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS FROM NATURAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS/YAPAY KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLAR İLE DOĞAL KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLARIN AYIRT EDİLMESİ
ORAL BAŞER, FADİME SERTÇELİK
127
SOME BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY 2008
ORMENI RRAPO 128
SOME FEATURES OF LUSHNJE-ELBASANI-DIBRA (ALBANIA) TRASVERSAL FAULT ZONE AND ITS RECENTLY SEISMIC ACTIVITY
ORMENI RRAPO
129
INTERPRETATION WITH EULER DECONVOLUTION OF BOUGUER GRAVITY DATA OF BURDUR REGION
ÖZKAN KAFADAR, AYHAN KESKİNSEZER, GÜNAY BEYHAN, CAN KARAVUL
130
DETERMINATION OF DEPTH AND COEFFICIENT FACTOR OF THE RESIDUAL GRAVIT FARIDANOMALIES USING EQUATIONS LINEARIZATION DUO TO LEAST-SQUARES METHOD
REZA HOZHABRI, V.E. ARDESTANI
131
ESTIMATION OF STRESS DROP AND RUPTURE RADIUS FOR ZRAND EATHQUAKE
REZA MANSOURI, M.R. GHEYTANCHI
132
SINGULARITY EXPONENT FROM WAVELET-BASED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS: A NEW SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE FOR FAULT DETECTION
SAEED HADILOO, H.R. SIAHKOOHI, R.MANSOURI
133
RANDOM NOISE SUPPRESSION BY MEANS OF DCT FILTER
SAEED RAHMATI, RIAHI 134
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF HIGH ZAGROS SALT DOMES, IRAN
SEDIGHEH TAGHIPOUR, BATOUL TAGHIPOUR, MOHAMAD ALI MACKIZADEH
135
GEOPHYSICAL EVIDIENCE FOR RADIAL EXTENSION AT THE APEX OF THE ISPARTA ANGLE
SELDA ALTUNCU, MUSTAFA KEMAL TUNCER, ALİ PINAR
136
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE OF MD=5.3 ANKARA (BALA) EARTHQAUKE OF DECEMBER 27,2007
YUSUF BAYRAK, SERKAN ÖZTÜRK
137
EXAMINATION OF GELENDOST AND EGRIDIR (ISPARTA) EARTHQAUKES OCCURED IN 2007 BY DEVIATORIC MOMENT TENSOR METHOD/2007 YILINDA MEYDANA GELMİŞ GELENDOST VE EĞRİDİR (ISPARTA) DEPREMLERİNİN DEVİATORİK MOMENT TENSÖR YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
TUĞBAY KILIÇ, MURAT UTKUCU
138
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES: A COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUAL AND HYBRID USE OF EXACT AND APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS/MANYETİK ANOMALİLERİN ÜÇ-BOYUTLU TERS ÇÖZÜMÜ: TAM VE YAKLAŞIK EŞİTLİKLERİN AYRI AYRI VE BİRLİKTE KULLANIMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
TUĞRUL KONUK, YUNUS LEVENT EKİNCİ
139
NATIONAL STRONG GROUND MOTION NETWORK OF TURKEY/TÜRKİYE ULUSAL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYIT AĞI
TURGAY KURU, S. KARAKISA, M.A. ALKAN, A. APAK, D. KÖKBUDAK, E. ÇAKIR, S. ALTIOK, H. ALBAYRAK, C. ŞAHİN, E. TENGİLİMOĞLU, A. YAŞAR ,Y. IRAVUL, B. TUZEL
141
THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE VISCOELASTIC ANATOLIAN CRUST SUPPORTED BY MORPHOLOGICAL, HYDROLOGICAL, VOLCANOLOGICAL, SEISMOLOGICAL AND TECTONICAL CLUES/ANADOLU VİSKOELASTİK KABUĞUNUN MORFOLOJİK, HİDROLOJİK, VOLKANOLOJİK, SİSMOLOJİK VE TEKTONİK KANITLARLA DESTEKLENMİŞ KİNEMATİK MODELİ
UĞUR KAYNAK
142
THE INTERIOR GEOLOGY OF THE ISTANBUL CITY WALL AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE TURKISH STRAITS/İSTANBUL SURİÇİ JEOLOJİSİ VE TÜRK BOĞAZLARI’NIN GELİŞİM SÜRECİ
UĞUR KAYNAK
143
THE CRUSTAL FRACTURE SYSTEM, THE EARTHQUAKES AND THE MISUNDERSTANDINGS/KABUKSAL ÇATLAK SİSTEMLERİ, DEPREM VE YANILGILAR
UĞUR KAYNAK
144
THE MOVEMENT POTENTIAL EVALUATION AND COMPARING OF THE ACTIVE FAULTS (CASE STUDY: MAJOR FAULTS IN THE SEMNAN REGION)
ZAHRA MALEKI, MEHRAN ARIAN
145
DAMAGING SEISMIC HAZARD FOR KHORAMABAD AREA
ZAHRA RAFIEH, Z. MALEKI 146
ENGINEERING/MÜHENDİSLİK
A CASE STUDY: EFFECTS OF SELECTED MODELING PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS OF BUILDINGS
ABDULLAH DİLSİZ, GÜLKAN
147
FIRE PERFORMANCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CEMENT MORTARS
ADNAN ÖNER, SERKAN ENGİN, ONUR ÖZTÜRK
148
EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF GULBURNU HIGHWAY BRDGE 149
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AHMET CAN ALTUNIŞIK, BAYRAKTAR, SEVİM, TÜRKER
EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE HIGH STOREY BUILDINGS DUE TO DYNAMIC LOADING/ DİNAMİK DURUMDA ZEMİN KOŞULLARININ ÇOK KATLI YAPI DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ
AYŞE BENGÜ SÜNBÜL, U. DAĞDEVİREN, Z. GÜNDÜZ, BİLGE SİYAHİ
150
VARIATIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE VIA VISCOUS DAMPER PLACEMENT IN PLANAR BUILDING STRUCTURES
BAKİ ÖZTÜRK, E. AYDIN, FARUK POLAT
152
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DEFORMATION ASSESSMENT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOUNDATION SOILS
BERNA UNUTMAZ, K. ÖNDER ÇETİN
153
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 1855 EARTQUAKES ON MASONRY STRUCTURES IN BURSA: CASE STUDY BURSA ÖRDEKLİ PUBLIC BATH
BİLAL BAĞBANCI, B. ÖZLEM KÖPRÜLÜ
154
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL CONTINIUTY TO STRUCTURAL CAPACITY/ BETONARME BİNALARDA PERDE DUVAR SÜREKLİLİĞİNİN YAPISAL KAPASİTEYE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BURAK YÖN, M.E. ÖNCÜ
155
THE DYNAMICS ANALALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMS BASED ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SOILNAND BUILDINGS/ZEMİN-YAPI ETKİLEŞİMİNİN DİKKATE ALINDIĞI KEMER SİSTEMLERİN DİNAMİK ANALİZİ
K. SOYLUK, EDA AVANOĞLU SICACIK
156
THE EXAMINATION OF THE BC III(A) REINFORCING STEEL BARS ACCORDING TO EARTHQUAKE CODES/ BÇ III(A) BETON ÇELİK ÇUBUKLARININ DEPREM YÖNETMELİKLERİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
FATIH KÜRŞAT FIRAT, M.S. YÜCEMEN
157
A CASE STUDY FOR THE APPLICATION OF FIRST LEVEL SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN DENIZLI
FİKRET KURAN, ÖZGÜR AVŞAR, C. KOCAMAN, EMEL DEMİROK
158
EXAMINATION OF RELIABILITY OF LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
FUAD OKAY, KEMAL BEYEN, SERKAN ENGİN
159
CONTROL OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL STUCTURE BY MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS
GÖKÇE KINAY, GÜRSOY TURAN
160
THE EFFECT OF THE POTENTIAL OF LIQUEFACTION SENSITIVITY ON DAMAGE: ISTANBUL (HISTORICAL PENINSULA)/ TARİHİ YARIMADA(İSTANBUL)’NIN SIVILAŞMA HASSASLIĞI POTANSİYELİNİN HASARA ETKİSİ
161
xvii
GÖKÇE ÇİÇEK İNCE
PREFABRICATED MULTI-STOREY STRUCTURES AND PAST EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES/PREFABRİKE ÇOK KATLI YAPILAR VE GEÇMİŞ DEPREM DENEYİMLERİMİZ
GÜNKUT BARKA, HAKAN ATAKÖY
162
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME MALPRACTICE APPLICATIONS ON REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING/ BAZI ONARIM VE GÜÇLENDİRME HATALARININ İNCELENMESİ
H. İSMAİL ÇAĞATAY
163
AN ENERGETICALLY APPROACHED STUDY OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT STRONG EARTHQUAKES OR OTHER DYNAMIC INFLUENCES/ GÜÇLÜ DEPREM VE DİĞER DİNAMİK ETKİNLİKLERİNDEKİ TOPRAK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİNE
KANATBEK KOCOBAYEV
164
IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES THROUGH TWO DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR WAVE PROPAGATION ANALYSIS/TOPOĞRAFIK YAPILARIN DINAMIK DAVRANIŞ KAREKTERISTIKLERININ İKI BOYUTLU NONLINEAR DALGA
KEMAL BEYEN
165
COMPARISON OF METHODS WITH REGARD TO ENERGY PRODUCTION IN A MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM/ ÇOK BARAJLI BİR SİSTEMDE ENERJİ ÜRETİMİ AÇISINDAN YÖNTEMLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
MÜCAHİT OPAN
167
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR DESIGNATING THE EFFECT OF INCLINED CFRP PLATE USAGE ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR
MURAT TANARSLAN, GÖKHAN ŞAKAR
168
THE EFFECTS OF CONFIGURATION IRREGULARITY ON THE DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES IN R/C STRUCTURES
MUSTAFA KUTANIŞ, S.K. HÜRYAŞAR
169
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A SOIL NAILED WALL UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADINGS
NİYAZİ TERZİ, M.E. SELÇUK, C. YENİDOĞAN
170
RETROFITTING OF SHEAR DEFICIENT RC BEAMS USING CFRP STRIPS
ÖZGÜR ANIL, S. ALTIN, T. TOPTAŞ, M. EMİN KARA
171
STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF FATIH (PRISHTINA) AND SINAN PASHA (PRIZREN) MOSQUES – KOSOVO
P. GAVRILOVIC, B. CEKO, M. ACKAY
172
CALCULATION COLLAPSE LOAD OF STRUCTURE FRAMES/ YAPI ÇERÇEVELERİNDE GÖÇME YÜKÜ HESABI
173
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S. OĞUZ, PERİHAN EFE 173
THE HISTORICAL IMPROVEMENT, LITERATURE REVIEW OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS AND USING IN HIGH SEISMIC REGIONS
SAID DUŞAK, A.N. YELGİN
175
COMPARISON OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION BY VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS/ FARKLI YÖNTEMLERDEN ELDE EDİLEN ZEMİN EMNİYET GERİLMESİ DEĞERLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
SERCAN PİŞEN, ERTAN PEKŞEN
176
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF STEEL FIBERS ON CRACKING LOAD OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER THE EFFECT OF TORSION
SERKAN ENGİN, FUAD OKAY
177
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER-BASED SEISMIC ISOLATION BEARINGS
SEVAL PINARBAŞI
178
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL MODAL ANALYSES OF A PROTOTYPE ARCH DAM-RESERVOIR-FOUNDATION MODEL
BARIŞ SEVİM, A. BAYRAKTAR, A.C. ALTUNIŞIK, S. ADANUR, M. AKKÖSE
179
RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE: AN ENEMY CRYPTIC
ŞEVKET ÖZDEN, E. AKPINAR, H. MEYDANLI ATALAY
180
OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRRIGATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE MUNZUR RIVER BASIN, TURKEY/ MUNZUR NEHRİ HAVZASINDA SULAMA SUYU İLE ENERJİ ÜRETİMİ ARASINDAKİ OPTİMAL İLİŞKİ
TEMEL TEMİZ, MÜCAHİT OPAN, ADNAN ÖNER
181
VERTICAL GROUND MOTION INFLUENCE ON SEISMICALLY ISOLATED&UNISOLATED BRIDGES
UĞURHAN AKYÜZ, N.E. REYHANOĞULLARI
182
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CLAMPED LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK
UMUT TOPAL, ERTEKİN ÖZTEKİN
183
THE EFFECT OF MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADS
UTKAN MUTMAN, AYDIN KAVAK, HİLAL ATALAY
184
INTEGRATED APPROACH IN REPAIR AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF MUSTAFA PASHA MOSQUE IN SKOPJE
VERONIKA SENDOVA, P. GAVRILOVIC, B. STOJANOSKI
185
DETERMINATION SITE EFFECT OF ZARQA CITY-JORDAN BASED ON MİCROTREMORS FIELD MEASUREMENTS: A MICROZONATION STUDY
186
1
xix
WALEED OLIMAT
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FOR MODELING OF THE HISTORICAL OTTOMAN MİNARETS
YASIN FAHJAN, E. ERTEK
187
THE BEHAVIOR OF MULTISTORY REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL BUILDINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADING A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY7ÇOK KATLI BETONARME PANEL YAPILARIN YATAY YÜK ALTINDA DAVRANIŞI : DENEYSEL ARAŞTIRMA
ABDÜLKERİM İLGÜN
188
A NEW DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING SIGNALS OBTAINED FROM MODAL TESTS OF STRUCTURES: SIGNALCAD/YAPILARIN MODAL DENEYLERİNDEN ALINAN SİNYALLERİN ANALİZİ İÇİN YENİ BİR SAYISAL SİNYAL İŞLEME PROGRAMI: SIGNALCAD
ABDURRAHMAN ŞAHİN, A. BAYRAKTAR
189
A NEW DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES: MODALCAD/YAPILARIN DENEYSEL VE OPERASYONEL MODAL ANALİZLERİ İÇİN YENİ BİR DİNAMİK KARAKTERİSTİK BELİRLEME PROGRAMI: MODALCAD
ABDURRAHMAN ŞAHİN, A. BAYRAKTAR
191
A NEW SOFTWARE FOR OPTIMIZATION ANALYTICAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS WITH SQP METHOD: FEMUP/YAPILARIN ANALİTİK SONLU ELEMAN MODELLERİNİN SQP YÖNTEMİ İLE OPTİMİZASYONU İÇİN YENİ BİR PROGRAM: FEMUP
ABDURRAHMAN ŞAHİN, A. BAYRAKTAR
192
BOUNDARY CONDITION EFFECT ON THE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LABORATORY BRİDGE MODEL
BARIŞ SEVİM, AHMET CAN ALTUNIŞIK, ADANUR, BAYRAKTAR
193
COLLAPSING REASONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY NEW EARTHQUAKES7BETONARME YAPILARIN DAVRANIŞLARI HAKKINDA DEPREMLERDEN ÖĞRENDİKLERİMİZ
AHMET DURMUŞ
194
CREATING THE MICROZONATION MAPS OF SAPANCA DISTRICT BY USING GIS/COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ – SAPANCA İLÇESİ MİKROBÖLGELEME HARİTALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
T.FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL
195
CREATING THE SPT MAPS OF DERİNCE DISTRICT BY USING GIS/COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK KOCAELİ İLİ – DERİNCE İLÇESİ SPT HARİTALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
CAN KARAVUL, ALPER KIYAK, T.FİKRET KURNAZ, HATİCE DURMUŞ
196
VISUAL SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN CYPRUS 197
xx
AYÇA EMİNAĞA
GROUND MOTION SIMULATION OF 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKES
AYŞEGÜL AKSAN, BELİZ UĞURHAN 198
SEISMIC BEARING CAPACITY AND THE PARAMETERS AFFECTED ON THE FOUNDATIONS/TEMELLERDE OTURMALARA ETKİYEN PARAMETRELER VE SİSMİK TAŞIMA GÜCÜ KAYBI
AYŞE BENGÜ SÜNBÜL, Z. GÜNDÜZ
199
APPLICATION OF CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING STRUCTURES LOCATED IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE REGIONS IN TURKEY
B. ÖZTÜRK, M. SADAK, F. DEMİRALAN
201
THE EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS IN ISTANBUL/SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTSEL GELİŞME PLANLARININ İSTANBUL İLİ KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
DEMET ŞENGÜL, BARIŞ SAYIN
202
SOME EVOLUTION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-STEEL FRAMES / ÇAPRAZLI ÇELIK ÇERÇEVELERİN SİSMİK PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER
ZEKİ AY, İLYAS DEVRAN ÇELİK, N. ALPAY KIMILLI
204
INCLINOMETER MONITORING: A METHOD FOR MONITORING DEEP EXCAVATION DEFORMATIONS/DERİN KAZILARDA DEFORMASYONLARIN İZLENMESİNDE BİR YÖNTEM; İNKLİNOMETRİK GÖZLEM
EMRE ÖZCAN
205
GEOTECHNICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE IN YALOVA (TURKEY) CITY
FERHAT ÖZÇEP, S. KARABULUT, O. ÖZEL, C. CİCEN
207
DYNAMIC (EARTHQUAKE) SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS: GURPINAR CASE HISTORY/DİNAMİK (DEPREM) YAMAÇ STABİLİTE ANALİZİ: GÜRPINAR (İSTANBUL) ÖRNEĞİ
FERHAT ÖZÇEP, ENGİN EROL, FATİH SARAÇOĞLU, M. HALİLOĞLU
208
CREATING THE SPT (STANDART PENETRATION TEST) MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)/COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ ERENLER BÖLGESİ SPT (STANDART PENETRASYON TESTİ) HARİTALARININ OLUŞTURULMASI
FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK, CAN KARAVUL
209
CREATING THE LITHOLOGY MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)7SAKARYA ERENLER BÖLGESİ LİTOLOJİ HARİTALARININ COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK OLUŞTURULMASI
210
xxi
FİKRET KURNAZ, ALPER KIYAK
DESIGN ASPECTS OF FLAT-SLAB BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN SEISMIC ACTIVE REGİONS
GOLUBKA NECEVSKA-CVETANOVSKA, APOSTOLSKA, MIRCIC, CVETANOSKA
211
SITE EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS OF ALBANIA THROUGH HVNR TECHNIQUE
HAMZA RECI
212
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF MARMARA ON 17 AUGUST 1999, THE ANALAYSIS OF PREFABRİCATED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, WHICH ARE LOCATED IN KOCAELI, IN THE RESPECT OF STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS/ 17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI KOCAELİ İLİNDE BULUNAN PREFABRİKE SANAYİ YAPILARIN HASAR DURUMLARININ YAPISAL YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
HÜSEYİN BAYRAKTAR, U. KOÇ
213
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF MORTARS INCLUDED BINARY COMBINATIONS OF PC AND FLY ASH, SILICA FUME AND GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG/PÇ VE ÜÇ FARKLI MİNERAL KATKISINI İÇEREN HARÇ NUMUNELERİNİN BAZI ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY, E.ÖZDEMİR
214
AN EXAMPLE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT IDEAL BUILDING /DEPREME DAYANIKLI İDEAL YAPI İÇİN BİR ÖRNEK
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY
215
EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE/ÇELIK LİF KATKILI BETONLARIN BAZI MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY, RIZA DİNÇER
216
ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS USİNG STRONG MOTION RECORDS/İVMEÖLÇER KAYITLARI İLE FARKLI METODLARLA ZEMİN BÜYÜTME ETKİSİNİN HESAPLANMASI
M. A. ALKAN, S. ALTIOK
217
SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION, ZONING AND DETERMINISTIC EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF KOCAELI PROVINCE, TURKEY
MUSTAFA CEVHER, GÖKMEN MENGÜÇ, MUSTAFA SOYDABAŞ, SERDAR ÖZALAYBEY, EKREM ZOR
218
COMPRESSION OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES USING DIFFERENT SOFT WARES/ÇELİK ÇERÇEVE SİSTEMLERİN FARKLI BİLGİSAYAR PROGRAMLARI İLE İTME ANALİZİ
MUSTAFA SÖNMEZ, M. AYDIN KÖMÜR
219
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF 27 NOVEMBER QESHM ISLAND 2005 (SOUTHEAST OF IRAN) 220
xxii
MINA ASKARI
EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN TABRİZ CITY
MOHAMMAD REZA GYAHAMGHAMIAN, R. BEHROO 221
YIELD-CAPACITY-RISK RELATIONSHIP FOR A RESERVOIR IN EARTHQUAKE/DEPREMDE BİR BARAJ HAZNESİ İÇİN VERİM-KAPASİTE-RİSK İLİŞKİSİ
MÜCAHİT OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ, ONUR ÖZTÜRK
222
DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITIES FOR FLOOD AND DROUGHT CASES IN A RESERVOIRS WITH IRRIGATION OBJECTIVE/SULAMA AMAÇLI BARAJLARDA OLASI TAŞKIN VE KURAKLIK DURUMU İÇİN BARAJ KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
MÜCAHİT OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ
223
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL OPERATIONAL LEVELS IN MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM: THE CEYHAN BASIN, TURKEY/ÇOK BARAJLI SİSTEMDE OPTİMAL İŞLETME SEVİYELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: CEYHAN HAVZASI, TÜRKİYE
MÜCAHİT OPAN
224
PARAMETERS INCREASING SHORT COLUMN EFFECTS IN R/C STRUCTURES AND SOLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS/BETONARME DOLGU DUVARLI ÇERÇEVELERDE KISA KOLONA ETKİ EDEN PARAMETRELERİN İNCELENMESİ
MURAT BİKÇE, H.E. AÇIKYOL, M.C. GENEŞ
225
APPLYING SPAC METHOD TO DETERMINE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY, A CASE STUDY İN MİLAD TOWER, TEHRAN
NAVIH KARGAHI, GHAYAMGHAMIAN, SADIDKHOUY, FEREYDOUNI
226
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF FEBRUARY 22, 2005 DAHOOEYEH (ZARAND) EARTHQUAKE (IN CENTRAL IRAN)
B. NEYESTANI
227
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED AND UNREINFORCED PAVEMENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
NİYAZİ TERZİ, M.E. SELÇUK
228
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND SAFETY FACTORS FOR A CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM IN EARTHQUAKE7DEPREMDE BETON AĞIRLIK BARAJI İÇİN DEPLASMAN İLE GÜVENLİK SAYILARI ARASINDA İLİŞKİLERİN BELİRLENMESİ
ONUR ÖZTÜRK, M. OPAN, TEMEL TEMİZ
229
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR TORSIONALLY COUPLED BUILDING-SYSTEMS/BURULMALI BAĞLAŞIK YAPI SİSTEMLERİNİN DİNAMİK DAVRANIŞININ İNCELENMESİ
OSMAN KIRTEL, A.M. DALDAL, M. ÇELEBİ
230
xxiii
SITE AMPLIFICATION IN THE NORTH-WESTERN MARMARA REGION/BATI MARMARA BÖLGESİNDE ZEMİN BÜYÜTMELERİ
ÖZLEM KARAGÖZ, A. DEMİRCİ
231
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODS FOR THE HERITAGE STRUCTURES
ŞEVKET ÖZDEN, E. AKPINAR, H. MEYDANLI ATALAY 232
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF ADAPAZARI REGION DUE TO 17 AUGUST 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE/17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ ETKİSİNDE ADAPAZARI BÖLGESİNDE OLUŞAN OTURMALAR
TANER NURTEKİN, SEYHAN FIRAT
233
EXTRACTION OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF EARTHQUAKE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
SHAHABEDDIN ZARINKAMARI, M. MIRZAEI
234
SEISMIC ZONATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FOR THE 2005 DAHOOIYEH-ZARAND, IRAN EARTHQUAKE
M.R. GHAYAMGHAMIAN, S. AHMADZADEH, N.MIRZAEI
235
OPERATİONAL MODAL ANALYSİS OF A SCALED BUILDING MODEL FOR EACH CONSTURUCTİON STAGE
BAYRAKTAR, TEMEL TÜRKER
236
DYNAMIC CHARECTERIST OF A ONE STOREY BUILDING MODEL FOR DIFFERENT DAMAGE
BAYRAKTAR, TEMEL TÜRKER
237
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY IN BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKES ACORDING TO THE TURKISH EARTHQUAKE CODE
TUĞBA İNAN, KORAY KORKMAZ
238
TURKISH READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION
TÜMER AKAKIN 239
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTED PATCH MASS ON FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION OF LAMINATED PLATES
UMUT TOPAL, S. ALBAYRAK, U. UZMAN
240
OPTIMUM STACKING SEQUENCE OF SYMMETRİC HYBRID LAMINATED THIN PLATES FOR MAXIMUM FREQUENCY SEPERATION
UMUT TOPAL
241
DYNAMIC COMPACTION ANALYZE WITH SAP2000
UTKAN MUTMAN, H. ATALAY 242
ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICAL AND SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES
YASİN FAHJAN, AYŞEGÜL ZEYTİNCİ, FATİH SÜNBÜL, AYDIN MERT
243
xxiv
DISASTER-RISK MANEGEMENT/AFET YÖNETİMİ
ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, FEDERATION FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE SOCIETIES/SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ ROLLERİ, ARAMA VE KURTARMA DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU
ADEM DEMİREL
244
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC DAMAGE TO RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY
AYŞEGÜL ASKAN, YÜCEMEN
246
DISASTERS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS AND COMMUNICATION IN EMERGENCIES CASE STUDY OF YALOVA CITY/AFETLER ACİL YARDIM PLANI VE OLAĞAN DIŞI DURUMLARDA HABERLEŞME, YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
BORA YALÇIN
247
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF POPULATION AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN TURKEY/ TÜRKİYE’DE NÜFUS VE ÇEŞİTLİ SEKTÖRLERİN DEPREM RİSKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
CANER UYSAL
249
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TURKEY/ DEPREME DAYANIKLI TÜRKİYE
ERÇİN KASAPOĞLU
250
TSUNAMI DISASTER EVACUATION PLAN
ERHAN ALPARSLAN, R. GUILLANDE, M. KOSCIENY, A. GADRI, N. VALENCIA, S. SCHEER, P. BUCKLE, A. SILVA, B. RANGUELOV, A. ATILLAH, S. TINTI
252
DEFICIENCIES AND PROBLEMS THROUGH EMERGENCY ACTIONS AFTER EARTHQUAKES: KOCAELİ CASE
EZGİ KORKMAZ, E. AVLAR
254
GIS APPLICATION ON PROBABILSITIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS; LEASON LEARNED FROM YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE, INDONESIA
HAIFANI AKHMAD MUKTAF
255
AFTER MARMARA EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION WORKS (PERMANENT BUILDING APPLICATION METHODS AND RESULTS)/ MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI YENİDEN YAPIM ÇALIŞMASI
HAYRİYE ŞENGÜN
256
ISTANBUL MEGACITY INDICATOR SYSTEM PROJECT
MAHMUT BAŞ, OSMAN KILIÇ, B. KHAZAI, B.E. KONUKCU, A.E. BASMACI, E.Y. MENTESE, B. SUNGAY
257
xxv
DISASTER PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS – PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
MARLA PETAL
258
TRAININGS ON EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS IN USKUDAR/ ÜSKÜDAR’DA DEPREME DUYARLIK EĞİTİMLERİ
O. METİN İLKIŞIK, S. GÖKÇE
259
COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERING FROM NATURAL DISASTERS, LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE GREAT HANSHIN- AWAJI EARTHQUAKE/1995 BÜYÜK AWAJİ – HANSHİN DEPREMİ SONRASI KAPSAMLI YENİDEN YAPILANMA STRATEJİLERİ VE İYİLEŞTİRME ÇALIŞMALARI
MURAT BEYHAN, Y. HONJO
260
RECONSTRUCTION OR RELOCATION? ~PLANNING ISSUES OF LONG-TERM RECOVERY FROM EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
I. NAKABAYASHI, T. ICHIKO
261
IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER TRAINING AND ROLE OF EUROPEAN NATURAL DISASTER TRAINING CENTER-AFEM/ AFET EĞİTİMİ VE AVRUPA DOĞAL AFETLER EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
NEHİIR VAROL
262
NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL DISASTER DATABASES AND IMM-AKOM DISASTER INFORMATION SYSTEM: AKOMAS/ ULUSAL-ULUSLARARASI AFET VERİ TABANLARI VE İBB-AKOM AFET BİLGİ SİSTEMİ: AKOMAS
NİLAY ERGENÇ, M.T. TÜRK, O. METİN İLKIŞIK
264
PREPARING OF URBAN AREAS AGAINST EARTHQUAKES: BURSA
NİLÜFER TAŞ, MURAT TAŞ
266
BURSA DISASTER DAMAGES REDUCTION TRAINING CENTER/ BURSA AFET ZARARLARINI AZALTMA EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
MURAT TAŞ, NİLÜFER TAŞ
267
TURKEY’S NATIONAL DISASTER ARCHIVE SYSTEM (TNDAS)/ TÜRKİYE ULUSAL AFET ARŞİV SİSTEMİ (TUAAS)
NURCAN KOÇ, G. HAMZAÇEBİ, L. SOYAL, D. AKIN, A.R. YILDIZ, Ö. VELİOĞLU
268
“ISTANBUL DISASTER PREVENTION AND EDUCATION CENTER” PROJECT OF ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNİCİPALITY
OSMAN KILIÇ
270
SCHOOL DISASTER READINESS: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST GREAT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT TO TURKEY SCHOOL DRILLS
M. ZEYNEP TÜRKMEN SANDUVAC
271
THE PLACE OF IMPORTANT OF EARTQUAKE WARNING DEVICES IN FORMING THE ACTION PLAN OF EARTQUAKE POINT / DEPREM UYARI CİHAZLARININ DEPREM ANI HAREKET PLANININ OLUŞTURULMASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ
272
xxvi
ÇETİN KARAKAYA
ENDÜSTRİYEL KAZALARDA PLANLAMA, MÜDAHALE VE YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
ELİF IRMAK 273
THE STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE LOSSES DUE TO THESE DISASTERS IN TURKEY / TÜRKİYE’DE MEYDANA GELEN DOĞAL AFETLER VE KAYIPLARININ İSTATİSTİKSEL OLARAK İNCELENMESİ
FATİH KURŞAT FIRAT
274
SPACIAL SCALE EARTHQUAKE STATISTICS IN GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES
GALENA KHACHIKJAN 275
CAUSES OF DEATHS & INJURIES IN THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
MARLA PETAL 276
USE OF SATELLITE IMAGERY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND COLLABORATION / AFET YÖNETIMINDE UYDU GÖRÜNTÜLERININ KULLANIMI: ULUSLARARASI KURULUŞLARIN VE İŞBIRLIĞINİN ROLÜ
N. KUTERDEM, B.M. TEKİN, V. ÖZSARAÇ, Z. ÇOLAKOĞLU, M. NURLU
277
MICROZONATION PROJECTS IN ISTANBUL
E.A. BASMACI, OSMAN KILIÇ 278
DETERMINATION OF STATES FOR AFFECTED BY MARMARA EARTHQUAKE AND PREPARATION FOR POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKES OF THE 112 EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE SERVICE STAFF IN MARMARA REGION / MARMARA BÖLGESİ 112 ACİL YARDIM VE KURTARMA HİZMETLERİNDE ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN GEÇMİŞ AFETLERDEN ETKİLENME VE OLASI AFETLERE HAZIRLIK DURUMLARININ SAPTANMASI
RAHİME AYDIN ER, E. ÇAKMAK, CAN ÖZ
279
RELATION BETWEEN BUILDING DAMAGE AND GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS IN ZARAND REGION, CENTRAL EAST IRAN
R. GHAYAMGHAMIAN, S. AHMADZADEH, E.MIRZAEI
281
THE MIXTURE MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE TIMES
M. ERİŞOĞLU, T. SERVİ, N. ÇALIŞ, Ü. ERİŞOĞLU, S. SAKALLIOĞLU, H. EROL
282
ARCHITECTURE/MİMARLIK
xxvii
INCORRECT SETTLEMENT POLICIES IN EARTHQUAKE RISKY CITIES: A CASE THROUGH İZMİR-KADİFEKALE LANDSLIDE REGION/ İZMİR KADİFEKALE HEYELAN BÖLGESİ ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN DEPREM RİSKLİ KENTLERDEKİ HATALI YERLEŞİM POLİTİKALARI
A. KIVANÇ KUTLUCA
283
POST DISASTER RESETTLEMENTS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT/ KIRSAL KALKINMADA BİR FIRSAT OLARAK AFET SONRASI YENİDEN YERLEŞTİRME UYGULAMALARI
BİNALİ TERCAN
284
INVESTIGATION ON EVOLUTION OF TURKISH HOME FURNITURE DESIGN WHICH HAS BEEN SHAPED UP BY SECTORAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS SINCE PREREPUBLICAN PERIOD, IN TERMS OF ENDURANCE TO EARTHQAKE
DİDEM ERTEN BİLGİÇ
285
ASSESSMENT ON “SOFT” AND “HARD” STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE HOUSING DESIGN: EARTHQUAKE AS AN OUTER FACTOR
DUYGU ALBOSTAN
287
A STUDY ABOUT AN EVALUATION OF THE PERMANENT EARTHQUAKE HOUSING IN TERMS OF ADVISOR AND RESIDENT – AN EXAMPLE OF KOCAELI, GUNDOGDU
NİLÜFER TAŞ, MURAT TAŞ, NİLAY COŞGUN
288
APPROACH OF ARHITECTURE HISTORY TO EARTHQUAKE: “OBJECTIVITY OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON IN DESIGN AND CONSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY”/ MİMARLIK TARİHİ’NİN DEPREM KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMI: “TASARIMDA DEPREM OLGUSUNUN NESNELLEŞMESİ VE KOLLEKTİF BELLEĞİN OLUŞUMU”
OYA ŞENYURT
289
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (PLANNING-DESIGN-PRODUCTION) AFTER 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, KAMURAN ÖZTEKİN
291
A REVIEW OF AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE'S EFFECTS ON HOUSING PRODUCTION AND DESIGN
RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, KAMURAN ÖZTEKİN
292
xxviii
OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES LEADING TO DESTRUCTION IN İZMİT, THE OTTOMAN CITY ON THE PHISICAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
ŞENNUR KAYA
293
PRIORITIES AND PREFERENCES OF SOCIETY IN EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION: A SOCIAL RESEARCH IN BAKIRKÖY/ TOPLUMUN DEPREM RİSKLERİNİN AZALTILMASINDAKİ ÖNCELİK VE TERCİHLERİ: BAKIRKÖY’DE SOSYAL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
SÜLEYMAN BALYEMEZ, L. BERKÖZ
294
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION/ MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİNDE DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMININ ÖNEMİ
YASEMİN KOÇ, Z.Y. HARMANKAYA, M.E. TUNA
296
OPEN SPACES AND GREEN SPACES RISK ANYLSES AND MANAGEMENT İSTANBUL KUCUKCEKMECE DISTRICT MODEL/ AÇIK ALANLAR VE YEŞİL ALANLAR RİSK ANALİZİ VE YÖNETİMİ İSTANBUL İLİ KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE İLÇESİ MODELİ
YILDIZ AKSOY, HİLAL ATALAY, AYLİN ÇELİK TURAN
298
THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND REINFORCEMENT STUDIES OF BURSA İNEBEY (EGNE BEG) MADRASAH
M. BİLAL BAĞBANCI, ÖZLEM B. KÖPRÜLÜ
399
PROBLEMS CAUSED FROM THE CHANGES IN LANUSE PLANS OF 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE NEW RESIDENTIAL AREAS/1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI AFETZEDE YERLEŞİM ALANLARINDA KARŞILAŞILAN İMAR PLANI DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ SORUNLARI
BİNALİ TERCAN
300
AN INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE EDUCATION ON ARCHITECTURE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES / DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMI İÇİN MİMARLIKTA DEPREM EĞİTİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
İSMAİL H. ÇAĞATAY
301
SOCIAL SCIENCES/SOSYAL BİLİMLER
RISKS RELATED NON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AT THE MUSEUMS/ MÜZELERDE YAPISAL OLMAYAN MALZEME KAYNAKLI RİSKLER
ALPASLAN H. KUZUCUOĞLU
302
xxix
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON LABOR CONTRACTS AS A EXTERNAL CAUSE/ ZORLAYICI BİR NEDEN OLARAK DEPREMİN İŞ SÖZLEŞMELERİNE ETKİSİ
BERFU GÜLER
303
THE EFFECTS OF 17 AUGUST MARMARA EARTHQUAKE ON THE TURKISH ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 2000 NOVEMBER/2001 FEBRUARY/17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİNİN 2000 KASIM-2001 ŞUBAT KRİZİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
EMİNE FIRAT
304
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES/ LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREM KONUSUNDAKİ BİLGİ VE DÜŞÜNCELERİ
GÜLŞAH BALİ, ESMA BULUŞ KIRIKKAYA, BOZKURT
305
EARTHQUAKE AS A SOCIAL RISK IN TERMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHT/ SOSYAL GÜVENLİK HAKKI BAĞLAMINDA SOSYAL BİR RİSK OLARAK DEPREM
GÖNÜL BALKIR, BERFU GÜLER
307
UNEARNED INCOME UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCE; THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITY IS EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY AND AGAIN DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN LAND UNEARNED INCOME/ HER KOŞULDA RANT; DEPREM EN BÜYÜK FIRSAT TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREMLER VE KENTSEL RANTIN YENİDEN DAĞITIMI
MİHRİBAN ŞENGÜL
308
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
MUAMMER TUNA, C. TOPKARA
309
REMEDIATING MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY OF AN EARTHQUAKE THROUGH CONCEPTUAL CHANGE MATERIAL / DEPREMİN BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ VE ŞİDDETİ KONUSUNDAKİ YANILGILARIN KAVRAMSAL DEĞİŞİM MATERYALİ İLE GİDERİLMESİ
MUSTAFA CİN, H. KARA, A. DEMİR
310
A STUDY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS EARTHQUAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF GIRESUN/ ORTAÖĞRETİM ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREME KARŞI TUTUMLARI KONUSUNDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA: GİRESUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
NEŞET BAYRAM, İ.H. TOMAR, MUSTAFA CİN
311
NATURAL DISASTERS AND SOCIAL MEMORY/ DOĞAL AFETLER VE TOPLUMSAL HAFIZA
ÖRGEN UĞURLU
312
“NATURAL DISASTERS COURSE” PROPOSAL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION UNDERGRADUTE PROGRAMS/ YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM LİSANS ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARINDA “DOĞAL AFETLER DERSİ” ÖNERİSİ
GÜLŞEN ÖZTÜRK, YLDIZ ULUSOY
313
xxx
AN INVESTIGATION OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE LEVEL FOLLOWING FORMAL DISASTER EDUCATION OF KOCAELİ UNIVERSITY STUDENTS/ FORMAL AFET EĞİTİMLERİNİN FARKINDALIK VE TUTUM ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRILMASI
SERPİL GERDAN, OYA ÇAKIN
315
A DEVELOPMENTAL GUIDANCE APPLICATION SAMPLE TOWARDS 6-16 AGE GROUP İN 17 AUGUST 1999 KOCAELİ EARTHQUAKE/17 AĞUSTOS 1999 KOCAELİ DEPREMİNDE 6-16 YAŞ GRUBUNA YÖNELİK GELİŞİMSEL REHBERLİK UYGULAMASI
YILDIZ ULUSOY, GÜLŞEN ÖZTÜRK
317
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL SOCIOLOGICAL PERCEPTIONS OF EARTHQUAKE / DEPREM OLGUSUNUN SOSYOLOJİK ALGILANMA BİÇİMLERİNİN FARKLILIĞI ÜZERİNE
OLGUN GÜNDÜZ
318
RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF SUFFER’S RELOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRASITION AFTER DISASTER FROM CASE STUDIES OF RECOVERY PROJECTS WITH RELOCATIN AFTER THE MARMARA EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY
ISHIKAWA, ISTEK, ONER, FUKUTOME, MINAI, YOSHIKAWA, NAKABAYASHI
319
LAW/HUKUK
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON INCOME TAXES: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE/ HUKUKSAL AÇIDAN DEPREMLERİN GELİR VERGİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
AZİZ TAŞDELEN
320
IN THE WORKING LIFE AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION/17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYET AYRIMCILIĞINA ETKİLERİ
CANDAN ALBAYRAK
321
THE ISSUE OF THE PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE CRIMINAL OFFENCES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH EARTHQUAKES/ TÜRK HUKUKUNDA DEPREM SONUCU OLUŞAN SUÇLARA ZAMANAŞIMI SÜRESİNİN BAŞLAMASIYLA İLGİLİ YARGITAY KARARLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
EROL KARAASLAN
322
THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES AND BUILDING COOPERATIVES/ DEPREMİN TİCARET ŞİRKETLERİ VE YAPI KOOPERATİFLERİNİN FAALİYETLERİNE ETKİSİ
FATMA ÖZCAN
323
GRANTING A DELAY FOR PAYMENT AND DISCONTINUANCE OF EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS IN EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE (ARTICLE 317-330 OF TURKISH ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY LAW)/
325
xxxi
DEPREM ÖZELİNDE FEVKALADE HALLERDE BORÇLULARA SÜRE VERİLMESİ VE TAKİPLERİN DURMASI (İİK M.317-330)
İBRAHİM AŞIK
EARTHQUAKE CASES AND STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PROBLEMS/ DEPREMDEN DOĞAN DAVALAR VE ZAMANAŞIMI SORUNLARI
İSA DÖNER
326
WHO ARE REQUIRED TO ARRANGE A COMPULSORY EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE IN TURKEY?/ TÜRKİYE’DE KİMLER ZORUNLU DEPREM SİGORTASI YAPTIRMAK ZORUNDADIR?
NURAY BARLAS
328
THE EARTHQUAKE SAFETY IN THE SWISS LAW SYSTEM/ İSVİÇRE HUKUKUNDA DEPREM GÜVENLİĞİ
VAROL KARAASLAN
329
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES TO REAL PROPERTY AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES/ TAŞINMAZLARDA DEPREMDEN DOĞAN ZARARLAR VE HUKUKİ SORUMLULUKLAR
GÖNÜL BALKIR
330
INVITED SPEAKER/DAVETLİ KONUŞMACILAR
TURKISH-GERMAN PROJECT ON EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNED
JOCHEN ZSCHAU, HEIKO WOITH, C. MILKEREIT, BIRGER LÜHR, M. WESTERHAUS , R. YILMAZ, O. ERGÜNAY, A. PEKDEGER A
331
RISK MANAGEMENT AND P25 – RAPID SCORING TECHNIQUE
S. SEMİH TEZCAN, H. KÖKSAL, K. KAPTAN
332
JOINT HYPOCENTER DETERMINATION FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKES
NOBUO HURUKAWA
333
PUTTING THE BIG PICTURE TOGETHER: A REVIEW OF THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE OF 1999, COMPARISON WITH THE L'AQUILA EARTHQUAKE OF 2009, AND AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO INTEGRATE AND DISSEMINATE THE LESSONS WE HAVE LEARNED SO FAR
RUSS EVANS, B. ADAMS, T. ROSSETTO, S. SARGEANT, S. BALAMIR ÜÇER
334
CULTURE AND DİSASTER: A PERSONAL EXPERİENCE FROM 1999 EAST-MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
NICOLE DURAN
335
xxxii
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING THROUGH CARBON FIBER OVERLAYS
T.C. TRIANTAFILLOU
336
HIDDEN EARTHQUAKES IN THE GÖLCÜK-KAVAKLI, YENICE-GONEN AND TROY FAULTS, PALAEOSEISMOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH
S. PAVLIDES, S. ZEKİ TUTKUN
337
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION: LESSONS FROM THE AUGUST 17, 1999 IZMIT EARTHQUAKE
İBRAHİM ÇEMEN
339
DESIGN WORKSHOP FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STOCK
MURAT ULUĞ, T. İLTER, DİDEM ERTEN BİLGİÇ, RÜVEYDA KÖMÜRLÜ, A. KIVANÇ KUTLUCA, E. ÖZTEKİN
341
PANEL/PANEL
IS TURKEY READY TO A FORTHCOMING DISASTER?
TÜRKİYE YARIN OLACAK BİR AFETE HAZIR MISIN?
342
DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STORAGE
MEVCUT YAPI STOĞUNDA DEPREM İÇİN TASARIM
343
SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
DOĞAL AFETLERİN TOPLUMSAL, EKONOMİK ve PSİKOLOJİK BOYUTU
345
10 YEARS OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE AFET RUH SAĞLIĞI ARAŞTIRMALARININ 10 YILI
345
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES OF iZMİR CITY
İZMİR İL SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ AFETLERE HAZIRLIK PROGRAMI
346
WHAT DO WE EXPECT FROM HOSPITALS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
DEPREMDE HASTANELERDEN NE BEKLİYORUZ?
347
EARTH SCIENCES
YER BİLİMLERİ
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 1
THE N-S EXTENSIONAL FEATURES IN SW TURKEY AS CONSTRAINED BY THE GPS AND SEISMOLOGY DATA
PINAR A.-1, YILMAZER M.-2, CANBAY E.-1, ALTUNCU S.-2
1-İstanbul University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geophysics, Avcılar, Istanbul
2-B.Ü. Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Çengelköy, İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The most prominent feature of the westward counterclockwise translation of Anatolia as determined by the GPS studies is the evenly increase in the magnitude of the GPS vectors from the East Anatolian fault zone to the Hellenic trench suggesting that the major driving engine of the tectonics in the Anatolian-Aegean region is the roll-back process associated with the subduction of the African plate.
Although the arcuate shape of the GPS vectors give a sign of deformation of continuum rather than block movements a careful examination of the vectors outlines two distinct blocks in western Turkey and southern Aegean sea extending in NW-SE and WSW-ESE directions, respectively, with different azimuths and magnitude of slip rate. A construction of a velocity triangle taking an average slip rate of 20 mm/yr for the western Anatolian block and 30 mm/yr for the southern Aegean block yields an approximately N-S slip vector with a slip rate magnitude of 15 mm/yr. We claim that the resulting N-S vector is an equivalence of the N-S extensional tectonics observed in SW Turkey. Thus, this result suggests that the N-S extension in SW Turkey emerges from the differential motion of the western Anatolian and south Aegean blocks.
Next, we try to outline the borders of the N-S extensional zone through the focal mechanisms of the earthquakes in Western Anatolia indicating that the eastern border is the Cameli basin, the southern border is the Gökova bay, the western border is the Aegean coastline while the northern border lies to the north of the Menderes graben.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 2
ANALYSIS OF SEISMOTECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MARMARA REGION BY USING MECHANISM SOLUTIONS AND STRESS TENSOR
DEPREM MEKANİZMA ÇÖZÜMLERİ VE GERİLME TENSÖRÜ ANALİZİ İLE MARMARA BÖLGESİNİN SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ŞEN T.-1, EYIDOĞAN H.-1
1-İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 34469 İstanbul, TURKEY
[email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the fault mechanism solutions of earthquakes which occured in the Marmara region in the time period between 1912 – 2009 years were used. The earthquakes epicenter maps and the fault mechanism solutions of new 98 events in addition to current earthquakes were used to find regional principal stress distribution. Principal stress directions were calculated using two inversion algoritms embedded in ZMAP program which runs under MATLAB GUI. It is found that North Anatolian Fault displays it is dominant right lateral strike slip character in the North Marmara. The North Marmara Fault which is entitled as the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault seems to continued further west of Marmara. Pull – apart mechanism appears to take place at some locations patially and subordinately. Seismological data do not give sound information about the southern strand of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara region.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada çeşitli araştırmalardan derlenen ve 1912 – 2009 yılları arasında Marmara’da olmuş depremlerin odak mekanizması çözümleri yapılmıştır. Marmara bölgesinde deprem dağılım haritası ve mevcutların yanı sıra 98 adet yeni depremin odak mekanizması çözümlerinden yararlanarak bölgesel asal gerilme dağılımları bulunmuştur. Gerilme kuvvet ve yönleri ZMAP adlı ve MATLAB arayüzü altında çalışan bir algoritma ile ters çözüm yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar sağ - yönlü doğrultu atımlı Kuzey Anadolu Fay’ının, Kuzey Marmara’da baskın karakterini sergilediğini, Kuzey Marmara Fay’ı olarak adlandırılan fayın Kuzey Anadolu Fay’ının devamı gibi olduğunu, çek-ayır mekanizmasının kısmen ve tali olarak işlediğini ve güney kol kabulü için şu anda sismolojik bulguların yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 3
WAVEFORM ANOMALIES IN MAKRAN DEEP-FOCUS EARTHQUAKES
SALAREE A.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics of Tehran University, North Kargar st., Enghelab sq., Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Mechanism of Earthquakes occurring below 100 km in earth or roughly below the Moho still remains mysterious. Classification of these "deep" quakes into intermediate and deep according to their occurring depths is also as roughly as the way we know about their mechanisms. In Makran region in South-Eastern Iran and Southern Pakistan also some few small intermediate earthquakes have occurred which are in this study taken into account to provide a rough scheme of the region's somehow unusual and unique structure. The anomalies present in these earthquakes waveforms present a source for wondering if they could be utilized to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of such earthquakes. The mechanism proposed here may also explain why there are so few of this type occurring in Makran. As the next step, the similarities and differences between Makran region deep earthquakes and other deep earthquakes worldwide have been considered to provide a comprehensive view of both deficiencies and advantages of the mechanism proposed here and also to have a better view of the Makran region unique structure.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 4
MOMENT MAGNITUDE DETERMINATION BASED ON SOURCE SPECTRA FOR LOCAL EARTHQUAKES
KÜSMEZER A.-1, BARIŞ Ş., ÖZEL N.M., OTTEMÖLLER L., ÜÇER S.B., ÖZER M.F.
1-Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, National Earthquake Monitoring Center, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study our aim is to determine moment magnitudes ( ) from displacement spectra of local earthquakes occured in Marmara Region. Since at local distances seems the best quantity for the energy of earth motion we have applied the algortihm of grid search method (Ottemöller, L. and Havskov J., 2001) to obtain a nonsaturated magnitude for this important region. In this content we present a method to automatically determine the moment magnitude for local distances from the source spectrum of S waves within 20 sec. The spectral analysis was first performed for the S waves manuallly than the manual analysis was done on the same window as used in the automatic processing. For the data preperation; the time domain signal of S waves was extracted from the vertical component seismograms, since the vertical component is less affected by soil amplification. The source model parameters and (Aki;1967, and Brune;1970) were determined by minimizing the difference between the observed displacement spectrum and S wave spectrum. In order to obtain and we tested converging grid search algorithm which the model space is divided into a grid and the error function determined for all grid points. In an iterative procedure, a smaller grid with denser spacing around the best solution is generated and evaluated.
Data recorded on Broadband Stations operated by KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute) Network was tested by this method with the hypocentral distances within 0-600 km and we have determined 279 events. We did not put any constrain to the magnitude but consider S/N ratio as big enough and the time period January 2006 to June 2007. and automatically and manually and they matched a good correlation. Application of the method showed that there is no lower magnitude limit to determine the seismic moment from the source spectrum in an automated procedure. Although there is no lower magnitude limit for this method (Hanks, 1982), the signal needs to be significantly higher than the noise amplitudes, where the S/N ratio depends on both the earthquake size and the hypocentral distance. This method works for small magnitude earthquake and can be applied earthquake activity for routine process.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 5
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF CANAKKALE AND ITS DISTRICT
ÇANAKKALE VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN İNCELENMESİ
AKOL B.-1, BEKLER T.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Blm, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi, 17100 Çanakkale
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ABSTRACT Probabilistic earthquake hazard assessment was carried out for four sub-regions associated with the earthquake epicenter distribution and surface fault segments. For this purpose covering earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 3.5 happened in Çanakkale and its vicinity during the period of 1903-2006 were considered. a and b coefficients were calculated using bMaN −=log relationship. Earthquake occurrence
intervals and recurrence periods were estimated by using statistical distribution models that Poisson and Gumbel Extreme Values. Distribution maps of a, b and a/b values were mapped to delineate the zones which destructive earthquakes might occur. a and b values of whole study area were calculated as 5.85 and 0.8, respectively. The results indicated that highest earthquake occurrence risk in the region which covers Gelibolu-Tekirdağ-Batı Marmara Sea. The earthquake occurrence risk was estimated as %46 from Poisson distribution and %71 from Gumbel distribution in the period of 100 years. High b values have been calculated at 0 – 20 km depths, which might be explained as energy released zones. Those depths may also been specified as seismogenic zone.
ÖZET Çanakkale ili ve çevresi için yapılan deprem tehlikesi olasılığı çalışmasında, inceleme bölgemizde meydana gelmiş depremlerin episantır dağılımları ve faylanmalar dikkate alınarak 4 sismik alt bölge oluşturulmuştur. 1903- 2006 yılları arasında meydana gelen büyüklüğü M≥3 olan deprem verileri kullanılarak, bMaN −=log bağıntısından a ve
b katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Depremlerinin gelecekte olma olasılıkları ve tekrarlanma peryodları Poisson ve Gumbel uç değerler istatistiksel dağılım modelleriyle elde edilmiştir. Büyük ve yıkıcı depremlerin oluşabileceği bölgelerin belirlenmesi için a, b ve a/b değerlerinin dağılım haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Çanakkale ve çevresini kapsayan inceleme alanı için a değeri 5.85, b değeri ise 0.80 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sismik alt bölgelere göre yapılan incelemede deprem oluşma riskinin en fazla olduğu bölge Gelibolu-Tekirdağ-Batı Marmara Denizi içine alan kesimdir. Bu alanda, 100 yıl içinde büyüklüğü 7.3 olan bir depremin oluşma riski Poisson dağılımına göre %46 iken, Gumbel dağılımına göre ise %71’dir. Tüm çalışma alanı için ortalama 0-20 km arası derinliklerde b değerlerinin yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Bu derinlikler enerjinin boşaldığı alanları işaret etmektedir. Bu derinliklerin oluşturduğu bölgeyi sismojenik kuşak olarak değerlendirebiliriz.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 6
SURVEYING THE EARTHQUAKE PRODUCING FAULTS AROUND BALA (ANKARA) BY USING LOCAL STATION RECORDS
BALA (ANKARA) YAKIN ÇEVRESİNDE DEPREM ÜRETEN FAYLARIN YEREL İSTASYON KAYITLARI İLE İNCELENMESİ
ÇIVGIN B.-1, ESAT K.-2, KAYPAK B.-1, IŞIK V.-2, SEYİTOĞLU G.–2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Tektonik Araştırma Grubu
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Recent earthquake recordings of Ankara and surroundings show that it is required to investigate the seismicity of the region. North Anatolian, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü and Eskişehir fault zones and Eldivan-Elmadağ pinched crustal wedge are the fundamental sources of seismicity in the area. Earthquake producing faults in the research area is being investigated with a project carried out by the Geological Engineering and Geophysical Engineering Departments of Ankara University. As a part of the project, Earthquake Monitoring Network of Ankara (AnkNET) consisting of 6 broad-band seismographs was installed around Ankara. The research network, which was installed to observe the seismicity, estimate the crustal seismic velocity structure and determine the tectonic characteristics of the region and to define the inner deformation of the Anatolian Plate around Ankara, has been recording data since September of 2007.
High quality records of the 20 December 2007 (M=5.7) and 27 December 2007 (M=5.5) Bala earthquakes located within the coverage area or the network provided useful data for the investigation of the tectonic characteristics of Bala and surroundings. Totally 750 events had been recorded by AnkNET stations during the period from 20 December 2007 to 31 December 2007. Locations and focal mechanisms of selected events from the recorded data and of the earthquake occurred in 31 July 2005 (M=5.3) and its aftershocks were calculated. Data of 31 July 2005 was obtained from the database of Boğaziçi Univetsity Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute.
According to the data of 2005 and 2007, seismic activity of Bala and vicinity is being controlled by two active fault systems, one of which is NE-trending right lateral strike-slip fault and the other one is NW-trending right lateral oblique-slip normal fault. These findings are also confirmed by field observations and remote sensing studies carried out in the area. Geological and seismological data show that these two fault systems are producing earthquakes concurrently.
ÖZET Ankara ve çevresinin güncel deprem kayıtları, bölgenin depremsellik yönünden incelenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kuzey Anadolu, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü ve Eskişehir fay zonları ile Eldivan-Elmadağ tektonik kaması bölge depremselliğinin temel kaynakları konumundadır. Bölgedeki deprem üreten faylar Ankara Üniversitesi Jeoloji ve Jeofizik Mühendisliği bölümlerince bir proje kapsamında incelenmektedir. Proje çerçevesinde Ankara çevresine 6 adet geniş-bant kayıtçıdan oluşan Ankara Deprem
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 7
İzleme Ağı (AnkNET) kurulmuştur. Bölgenin depremselliğini gözlemlemek, kabuğun sismik hız yapısını kestirmek, bölgenin tektonik özelliklerini belirlemek ve Ankara civarında Anadolu levhasının iç deformasyonunu ortaya koymak amacıyla kurulan araştırma ağı Eylül 2007’de veri kaydetmeye başlamıştır.
Odak konumları AnkNET istasyon ağının kapsama alanında olan 20 Aralık (M=5.7) ve 27 Aralık (M=5.5) 2007 tarihli Bala depremleri ve artçılarının yüksek kaliteli kayıtları, Bala ve çevresinin tektonik özelliklerinin ortaya konması bakımından oldukça elverişli veri sağlamıştır. 20 Aralık 2007 – 31 Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasında AnkNET istasyonları toplam 750 adet sarsıntı kaydetmiştir. Bunlardan seçilen depremler ile 31 Temmuz 2005 tarihinde bölgede meydana gelen 5.3 büyüklüklü depremin ana şok ve artçılarının konum ve mekanizmaları çözülmüştür. 31 Temmuz 2005 deprem kayıtları Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü veri tabanından sağlanmıştır.
2005 ve 2007 deprem verilerine göre, Bala ve civarının deprem hareketliliğini biri KB gidişli sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı ve diğeri KD gidişli sağ yanal oblik normal olmak üzere iki aktif fay sistemi kontrol etmektedir. Bu bulguları bölgede yürütülen arazi incelemeleri ve uzaktan algılama çalışmaları da desteklemektedir. Jeolojik ve sismolojik veriler bu iki fay sisteminin eş zamanlı deprem ürettiklerini ortaya koymaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 8
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK ARMNET-A CONTRIBUTION TO EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN THE MARMARA REGION
LÜHR B.G.-1, GROSSER H.-1, WOITH H.-1 ZSCHAU J.-1, BARIS S.-2, IRMAK T.S.-2, ÖZER M.F.-2, ÇAKA D.-2, TUNÇ S.-2, TUNÇ B.-2, DONNER S.-3, GÜNTHER E.-3
1-Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany,
2-Kocaeli University, Earth and Space Sciences Research Center, Kocaeli,Turkey
3-University Potsdam Germany
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ABSTRACT The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) represents one of the most prominent continental transforms and slips at an average rate of 20-30 mm/yr. During the 20th century, the NAFZ has ruptured over about 900 km of its more than 1,500 km length by ten devastating earthquakes with magnitudes above Ms > 6.5. Today, a segment inside the Marmara Sea just south of the megacity of Istanbul represents a seismic gap that is believed being capable of generating a M ?7 earthquake within the next decades. East of this segment the western end of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake rupture is located next to the northern shoreline of the Armutlu Peninsula depicted by distinct clusters of micro-seismic activity.For a better understanding of the the seismotectonic setting as well as a contribution to hazard assessment the local seismic Armutlu Network (ARMNET) had been set-up in 2005 in co-operation between Kocaeli University and GFZ, to monitor the chronological evolution of seismicity, and to investigate the deformation of the Armutlu Peninsula, as well as possible interactions between seismic waves and pore-pressure variations in geothermal systems. The installation was strongly supported by local governments, and lead to a strong interest and an increasing knowledge transfer to local authorities. The ARMNET contributes to the implementation of an Anatolian plate boundary observatory (PBO) belonging to a series of GFZ-operated Earth System Observatories to systemically study coupled Earth processes. It is imbedded in the framework of the CEDIM (CEnter for DIsaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology) project "Megacity Istanbul", which involves the analysis of the seismicity of the greater Istanbul region. At present, ARMNET consist of 12 short period and 10 broadband stations. Additionally, in September 2008 a borehole seismometer has been installed in a 100 m borehole close to Yalova. Most of the detected events occurred in a depth range of 5 to 15 km, and determined duration magnitudes are in a range of 0.4 and 5.3 with a magnitude of completeness of 1.3. Besides seismic observations hydrological parameters like water pressure and temperature are recorded at the thermal fields of Yalova and Armutlu. First examples have shown dynamic and static response after events.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 9
THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGING OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE VICINITY OF DUZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
TANK S.B.-1-2, OGAWA Y.-2, HONKURA Y.-2, TUNCER M.K.-1, KAYA T.-2-1, MATSUSHIMA M.-2
1-Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and E.R.I., Istanbul, Turkey
2-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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ABSTRACT Magnetotelluric data within the frequency range between 320-0.0005 Hz were acquired along two parallel profiles at the west and the east of Düzce earthquake’s epicenter, DW and DE, respectively. Both profiles crossed Düzce basin and Düzce fault in the north and NAF in the south. DW contained twelve sites and was ~35 km long while DE contained 11 sites and was about ~40 km long. The impedance tensor elements were utilized in creation of three-dimensional electrical resistivity structure models. These results have confirmed preliminary two-dimensional modeling results and defined a wider highly resistive zone toward the east of the 1999 event where earlier seismological and geodetic studies suggested faster rupture velocity, higher seismic moment and significant asperity zones.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 10
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONCEPT IN ROMANIA
IONESCU C.-1
1-National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP), Bucharest, Romania
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ABSTRACT Earthquake represents a major natural disaster. The main goal following the occurrence of a strong earthquake is to minimize the total number of fatalities. An early warning system was developed in Romania in order to provide 25-35 seconds warning time to Bucharest facilities for the earthquakes with M > 6.5. The prototype system consists of four components: network ground motion sensors installed in the epicentral area, communication link, automatic analyzing system located in the Romanian data centre and distribution system. The detection algorithm is based on the magnitude computation using strong motion data and rapid evaluation and scaling relation between the maximum P-wave acceleration measured in the epicentral area and the higher ground motion amplitude recorded in Bucharest. In order to reduce the damages caused by earthquakes, the exploitation of the up to date technology is very important. The information is the key point in the disaster management, and the internet is one of the most used instrument, implying also low costs. Therefore, for information transmitting (i.e. warning, ShakeMap, loss eatimation etc.) to the authorities and civil protection organizations, TETRA, RDS/TMC, Very Small Aperture Terminal brodcasting (VSAT) system is used.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 11
GEOLOGICAL INPUT FOR QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS IN BURDUR AREA, SW TURKEY
CHATZIPETROS A.-1, PAVLIDES S.-1, YAGMURLU F.-2, ÖZGÜR N.-2, PINAR A.-3, KAMACI Z.-2, ŞENTÜRK M.-2, UYSAL K.-2, ŞENER E.-2
1-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece,
2-Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey,
3-Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
1-[ac, pavlides]@geo.auth.gr,
2-[yagmurlu, noezguer, kamaci, msenturk, image, esener]@mmf.sdu.edu.tr,
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ABSTRACT The southwestwards slip rate in the vicinity of Burdur area is in the range of 17 mm/year as revealed by recent GPS data acquired from measurement points close to Burdur and Isparta. This high slip rate implies considerable accumulation of deformation on the nearby faults which in turn makes the area prone to large earthquakes. Thus, the seismic hazard assessment of the area is of high importance and impact. Within this scope, we evaluate the seismological data of historical and instrumental periods and excavated trenches to seismic activity of faults thousands of years before present. Owing to the low constraints, the historical earthquake parameters are generally not so reliable. Such is the case for the largest earthquake which is supposed to have taken place in the Lakes region in 94 AD having maximum intensity of IX. While Papazachos and Papazachou (1997) locate this event in Burdur area, Soysal et al (1981) point out Afyon as a likely epicentral region for it. The pre-instrumental seismic catalogues include several moderate sized tremors within the Isparta-Burdur area such as the 1842, 1849 and 1876 earthquakes with an attributed maximum intensity of VI. Without doubt, the largest instrumental period earthquake in the region is the 1914 Ms=7.1 event, but its epicentral location is problematic as well. Alsan et al. (1975) locate it at 36.21oN and 30.85oE latitudes and longitudes respectively. Despite its large magnitude, it doesn’t exist in the catalogue of Papazachos and Papazachou (1997). Pinar and Lahn (1952) name the 1914 event as the great Burdur earthquake and report a 40 km long surface rupture extending in NE-SW direction along the southwestern shoreline of Burdur lake. Using waveforms recorded at ancient seismographs distributed around the world, Vannucci and Gasperini (2003) locate the great Burdur earthquake at 37.90oN and 30.40oE, assign a moment magnitude of Mw=6.9 and faulting parameters with strike=222o, dip=42o and rake=-107o. The moment tensor solution of the small earthquakes retrieved frommodern seismological data recorded at several broadband seismic stations in the proximity of Burdur area yield focal mechanism solutions similar to the mechanisms of the 1914 and 1971 Burdur earthquakes. Four trenches were excavated along various segments of the Burdur fault zone, using historical rupture mapping, as well as geomorphological and neotectonic indicators. Trenches were logged, sampled and analyzed. Evaluation of age determination results and microstratigraphy analysis showed that at least two large earthquakes produced enough slip to alter the ground surface. Apart from the known 1971 event, a second event is traced at 965 ± 107AD. This large morphogenic earthquake produced extended liquefaction and ground rupturing in an elongated area of at least 20 km long, indicating a significant size that produced strong ground acceleration. Smaller, non ground-rupturing earthquakes are not excluded, but they were undetectable in trenches. Based on published empirical relationships that associate physical properties of the fault zone (length, etc.), as well as the surface effects of 965 AD event, the estimated maximum expected earthquake magnitude for Burdur fault is Ms 6.8, which is in agreement with both historical and palaeoseismological data.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 12
SEISMICITY IN THE BENGAL BASIN: A POTENTIAL HAZARD ZONE
HAQUE E.-1
1-Dept. of Geology Faculty of Earth Sciences University of Dhaka
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ABSTRACT The 26 December 2004 earthquake off Sumatra coast focused world attention on the Sunda arc subduction zone. Bangladesh is along the strike of and within a rupture –distance from that enormous M-9.3 earthquake. This country is situated where the India- Sunda subduction zone rises from oceanic depths to subaerial exposure as a result of incipient continent collision where the trench meets the huge sediment accumulation of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD).The Archaean segment between Andaman-Nicobar Island and Bangladesh had been ruptured in the past that have also ruptured the Bangladesh segment. This segment is still active but whether it breaks in great earthquakes in unknown and is a question with complicated hypotheses. Because of huge thickness of sediment comes to Bengal Basin and enters into the subduction zone, this is one of the rare “oceanic” subduction zones where even the deformation front, which is usually along the deep trench, is exposed on land. There have been several active folds, warped reference surfaces and seismicity along the foldbelt for current shortening as high as 1-2 cm/year along Myanmar segment. The range of proposed scenarios for the tectonics of the Myanmar Arc will remain very wide unless new data become available. Among the critical missing data sets are geodetic velocities, crustal structure, active fault kinematics, detailed stratigraphy and precise dating of strata and structures. The GBD traversed by an active plate boundary, yet analyzing how active and whether the motion is aseismic or is taken up by rare earthquakes. From the seismic data, precise modeling of the structural and geodetic foundations for understanding this subaerial subduction zone and accretionary prism have been on the process of better understanding. The modeling will add insight into the mechanical properties of the low-slope overpressured accretionary prism, and possible distributions of locked and creeping active fault segments.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 13
DISTURBANCES GENERATED NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE, ATMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE CAUSED BY TINY MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF ROCK IN THE LITHOSPHERE: A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO SEARCH FOR EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR
KHERANI E.A.-1, LOGNONNE P.-2, OCCHIPINTI G.-2
1-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisais Espaciais, Brazil
2-Institut de Physique du Globo de Paris, France
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ABSTRACT Almost 90% of the seismic measurement techniques are either ground-based or space-based where data are contaminated from other geophysical or man-made sources. A challenging task is to find out a set of suitable physical observables which are most affected from seismic activity, their measurement and distinguishing them from other geophysical and man-mad sources. It may be expected that seismic-induced effects should be more pronounced in certain frequencies and wavelengths depending on nature of deformation of rock and solid-porous environment in the lithosphere. To understand these aspects, we may rely on theory of Earthquake/Tsunami which is relatively well understood. The theory may provide useful information regarding suitable if they are tested in suitable environment in the interior of Earth’s surface, at the Earth’s surface and in overlying space.
In this work, we present the computational simulations of possible excitation of disturbances near Earth's surface and in the atmosphere/ionosphere caused by tiny rock deformation in the lithosphere. In first step, the study pursue an excitation of acoustic wave in the lithosphere caused by tiny rock deformation, its propagation in solid Earth up-to Earth's surface and deposition of momentum and energy at the Earth's surface. In second step, excitation of neutral waves such as acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) caused by deposition of momentum/energy and their propagation in the atmosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-viscous fluid simulation. In third and final step, AGWs interaction with ionosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-magnetic fluid simulation.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 14
ANALYSIS OF IZMIT AFTERSHOCKS 25 DAYS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 12TH 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
GÖRGÜN E.-1,2, ZANG A.-1, BOHNHOFF M.-1, MILKEREIT C.-1, DRESEN G.-1
1-Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam/Germany.
2-Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, National Earthquake Monitoring Center, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul/Turkey.
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We investigate spatial clustering of 2414 aftershocks along the Izmit Mw = 7.4 August 17, 1999 earthquake rupture zone. 25 days prior to the Düzce earthquake Mw
= 7.2 (November 12, 1999), we analyze two spatial clusters, namely Sakarya (SC) and Karadere-Düzce (KDC). We determine the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution (b-value) for both clusters. We find two high b-value zones in SC and one high b-value zone in KDC which are in agreement with large coseismic surface displacements along the Izmit rupture. The b-values are significantly lower at the eastern end of the Izmit rupture where the Düzce mainshock occurred. These low b-values at depth are correlated with low postseismic slip rate and positive Coloumb stress change along KDC. Since low b-values are hypothesized with high stress levels, we propose that at the depth of the Düzce hypocenter (12.5 km), earthquakes are triggered at higher stresses compared to shallower crustal earthquake. The decrease in b-value from the Karadere segment towards the Düzce Basin supports this low b-value high stress hypothesis at the eastern end of the Izmit rupture. Consequently, we detect three asperity regions which are correlated with high b-value zones along the Izmit rupture. According to aftershock distribution the half of the Düzce fault segment was active before the 12 November 1999 Düzce mainshock. This part is correlated with low b-values which mean high stress concentration in the Düzce Basin. This high density aftershock activity presumably helped to trigger the Düzce event (Mw = 7.2) after the Izmit Mw 7.4 mainshock.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 15
ATTENUATION OF CODA WAVES AT EAST ANATOLIA FAULT ZONE
DOĞU ANADOLU FAY ZONU BOYUNCA KODA DALGA AZALIMI
SERTÇELİK F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh Böl. KOCAELİ/TÜRKİYE
fasert@kocaeli edu.tr
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The attenuation of coda waves, Qc, has been estimated in East Anatolia Fault Zone, Turkey using a single back-scattering model of S-coda envelopes. For this purpose, the recordings of 255 earthquakes by eight station. In this research, the frequency-dependent Qc values are estimated at central frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 18 Hz using different lapse time windows from 20 to 40 s. The frequency-dependent relationships obtained are Qc=(60±4)f(0.86±0.05) for the entire region of the fault zone from all data. The region divides nine sub regions. The Qı=(36±5)f(0.89±0.02), Qıı=(63±8)f(0.71±0.04), Qııı=(56±5)f(0.71±0.03), Qıv=(68±3)f(0.75±0.02), Qv=(72±7)f(0.7±0.05), Qvı=(59±3)f(0.87±0.03), Qvıı=(58±4)f(0.96±0.02), Qvııı=(67±4)f(0.94±0.047)and Qıx=(66±6) f(0.81±0.03)functions were calculated for each this sub region. Results also show that the lowest Qo value calculated in Karliova Region and the highest Qo value determined Sürgü segment and Sincik-Gölbaşı segment region. n value is very high in the entire study area. The Qc values and their frequency dependent varied from region to region, but, for the entire study area indicates highly heterogeneous and highly tectonically active region. Moreover, the attenuation reduced all of the study area; despite an increase in the frequency dependence indicates the specific areas. This result are comment crust-mantle thickness change from region to region.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu Fayı boyunca tek saçılma metodu kullanılarak Coda dalga azalımı (Qc) incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla bölgede meydana gelmiş 255 depreme ait 8 istasyon kaydı kullanılmıştır. Veriler, merkez frekansı 1.5, 3, 6, 8, 12, and 18 Hz olan Butterworth filtresi ile süzgeçlenmiştir. Analiz sırasında 20-40sn’lik kayma zaman pencereleri kullanılmıştır. Qc’nin frekans bağımlılığı bütün çalışma alanı için ortalama Qc=(60±4)f(0.86±0.05) olarak bulunmuştur. Daha sonraki aşamada, çalışma alanı 9 ayrı bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Bölgelere ait Qc değerleri; Qı=(36±5)f(0.89±0.02), Qıı=(63±8)f(0.71±0.04), Qııı=(56±5)f(0.71±0.03), Qıv=(68±3)f(0.75±0.02), Qv=(72±7)f(0.7±0.05), Qvı=(59±3)f(0.87±0.03), Qvıı=(58±4)f(0.96±0.02), Qvııı=(67±4)f(0.94±0.047) ve Qıx=(66±6) f(0.81±0.03) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, en düşük Qo değeri, Karlıova bölgesini ve en yüksek Qo değeri ise Sürgü fay segmenti ile Sincik-Gölbaşı fay segmentinin bulunduğu bölgeyi temsil etmektedir. n değeri ise bütün çalışma alanında oldukça yüksektir. Bulunan Q değerleri ve frekans bağımlılıkları bölgeden bölgeye değişmekle birlikte, çalışma alanının tümü için yüksek tektonik aktivite ve heterojenitenin göstergesidir. Ayrıca bölgenin tamamında derinlikle soğurulmanın azalmasına rağmen, frekans bağımlılığı belirli bölgelerde artış göstermektedir. Bu sonuç, kabuk-manto sınırının bölgeden bölgeye değişim gösterdiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 16
DID ATATÜRK DAM TRIGGER THE EARTHQUAKE OF 3 SEPTEMBER 2008?
EYIDOGAN H.-1, GECGEL V.-1
1-Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Yer Fiziği Anabilim Dalı, 34469 Maslak İstanbul, Turkiye
[email protected] _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT 3 September 2008 (02:22 UTC, Mw=5.0) earthquake has occurred in the lake site of Atatürk Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant. A series of aftershocks has followed the main-shock and two aftershocks with magnitude Mw=4.2 ve Mw=3.6 have occurred. The possibility of the earthquakes to be induced by dam, the size and the importance of Atatürk Dam and the proximity of the rock-fill body of the dam to active faults led us to investigate the characteristics of 3 September 2008 earthquake and its aftershocks. The recent seismicity of the dam region, the mechanisms of the main-shock and after-shocks and their relations to active faults have been studied. The results show that (a) the induced seismicity was active since the impoundment has started in 1994, (b) 3 September 2008 earthquake and its aftershocks are induced by a very big amount of water loss and (c) this recent activity is not related to Bozova Fault. It is suggested that the continuation of radical level changes in water level may cause mid-size induced earthquakes in the future. It is advised that the modern seismographs should be deployed around dam site and the seismicity monitoring should start as soon as possible.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 17
STRUTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE “MITIDJA” SISMOGENIC BASSIN (ALGIERS, ALGERIA)
DJELLIT H.-1, ABTOUT A.-1, DERDER M.E.M.-1, YELLES-CHAOUCHE A.K.-1, GUEMACHE M.A.-1, SOFIANE S.-1, YMMEL H.-1
1-CRAAG, BP 63 16340 Bouzareah Alger, Algeria
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ABSTRACT The 21st may 2003, at 6 pm 44’ (GMT), a strong earthquake (Mw= 6.8, USGS, epicentre of the main shock located at about 6 Km from the NNW “Zemmouri” costal, near Boumerdes town) occurred. All the eastern part of the « Mitidja » basin was affected by this event. Indeed, it caused important human and materiel damage (2274 dead, 11452 injured; and 4 to 5 billion US dollar loss).
In this communication, we present the results obtained in the “Mitidja” basin from the sismotectonics study, the co-seismic surface breaks, and the visible active structures in the epicentre area.
They suggest that the structural evolution of the Neogene’s “Mitidja” basin includes two main deformation stages. The first one corresponds to NW-SE distension event along (NE-SW) normal faults. The second one corresponding to the presently geodynamic context is characterized by NW-SE shortening, which produce active reverse faults accommodated by conjugate fault system (WNW-ESE dextral, and NNE-SSW senestral). Some data suggest that the active reverse fault of this second stage have a ramp and flat geometry.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 18
RUPTURE HISTORY OF THE AUGUST 17, 1999 İZMİT EARTHQUAKE (MW=7.5) FROM THE INVERSION OF BROADBAND TELESEISMIC P AND SH WAVEFORMS
GENİŞ-BANT TELESİSMİK P VE SH DALGA ŞEKİLLERİNİN TERS DÖNÜŞÜMÜNDEN 17 AĞUSTOS 1999 İZMİT DEPREMİNİN (MW=7.5) KIRILMA SÜRECİ
UTKUCU M.–1, DURMUŞ H.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187, Sakarya
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A linear finite-fault inversion procedure is applied to the teleseismically recorded broadband P and SH velocity waveforms of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake to derive spatial and temporal distribution of the co-seismic slip over the representative three-segment two-dimensional model fault. The earthquake was due to rupture of 5 fault segments (from east to west the Karadere, Sapanca-Akyazı, İzmit-Sapanca, Karamürsel-Gölcük and Hersek-Yalova segments) along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and produced a surface rupture that has about 110 km onshore extent. The multi-segment model fault is 150 km in length, extends Gölyaka in the East to eastern entrance of the Çınarcık basin in the west and is divided into 120 equal-size square subfaults for spatial distribution of the co-seismic slip. Individual slip contributions of subfaults are retrieved through fitting the observed and synthetic seismograms in a least-squares sense. The model fault is extended offshore for 25 km in the west of Hersek Peninsula to discuss the whereabouts of the western end of the earthquake rupture. The finite-fault inversion procedure also includes time window approach, which allows variable rise time and rupture velocity on the model fault.
The modeling has yield a very heterogeneous coseismic slip model for the earthquake with a total seismic moment of 2.6x1020 Nm. The coseismic slip model suggests that: (1) The main rupture area approximately 70 km in length and comprise rupture of two large asperities (eastern and western asperities) located both side of the hypocenter with peak slip exceeding 6 m in the depth range 4-9 km; (2) the slip is relatively low (1-2m) in the hypocentral region; (3) There is a prominent slip gap between the eastern asperity and the Karadere fault segment that coincides with the observed surface rupture gap known as Akyazi Gap; (4) The average slip across the Karadere fault segment is about 1.5 m; (5) The rupture extends offshore west of Hersek Peninsula till eastern tip of the Çınarcık basin with relatively low mean slip (about 1.5 m); (6) the rupture is completely dextral. The overall coseismic slip pattern seems to be greatly effected by the fault zone segmentation and discontinuities. The ruptures of eastern and western asperities coincide with the rupture of the İzmit-Sapanca and Karamürsel-Gölcük fault segments, respectively. Prominent fault zone discontinuities, namely Sapanca, Gölcük and Hersek stepovers and Akyazi gap substantially effect the coseismic slip pattern and the slip amplitudes not only on the surface but also deep in the crust. The analysis also revealed that though total rupture process time is 32 sec, the main seismic moment release
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 19
corresponding rupture of the two large asperities occur between 4 and 12 sec after the rupture initiation.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depreminin temsili 3 segmentli iki boyutlu fay modeli üzerinde kosismik kaymasının uzaysal ve zamansal dağılımını elde etmek için telesismik olarak kayıt edilen geniş-bant P ve SH hız dalga şekillerine lineer sonlu fay ters çözüm metodu uygulanmıştır. Deprem Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu boyunca 5 fay segmentin (doğudan batıya doğru Karadere, Sapanca-Akyazı, İzmit-Sapanca, Karamürsel-Gölcük ve Hersek-Yalova segmentleri) kırılması sonucu oluşmuş ve karadaki uzunluğu 110 km olan bir yüzey kırığı üretmiştir. 150 km uzunluğunda olan çoklu-segment fay modeli doğuda Gölyaka’dan batıda Çınarcık baseninin doğu ucuna uzanmakta ve kosismik kaymanın uzaysal dağılımı için 120 eşit boyutlu, kare şeklinde fay parçasına bölünmüştür. Her bir alt-fay parçasının kayma katkıları gözlenmiş ve sentetik sismogramların en küçük kareler yöntemiyle uydurulmasıyla elde edilmiştir. Deprem kırılmasının batıda nerede sonlanmış olabileceğini tartışmak için model fay düzlemi, Hersek yarımadasının batısında denize doğru 25 km uzatılmıştır. Ayrıca sonlu fay ters dönüşüm metodu, model fayda değişken yükselim zamanı ve kırılma hızına olanak sağlayan zaman penceresi yaklaşımı da içermektedir.
Modelleme deprem için toplam sismik momenti 2.6x1020 Nm olan çok heterojen kosismik kayma modeli ortaya koymuştur. Kosismik kayma modeli: (1) Esas kırılma alanının yaklaşık 70 km uzunluğunda ve 4-9 km derinlik aralığında, 6 m’yi aşan en büyük kaymalarla odağın her iki tarafında yerleşmiş iki büyük pürüzün (doğu ve batı pürüzleri) kırılmasını içerdiğini; (2) odak bölgesinde kayma miktarının göreceli olarak düşük olduğunu (1-2m); (3) Karadere fay segmenti ile doğu pürüzü arasında gözlenen yüzey kırığıyla uyuşan ve Akyazı boşluğu olarak bilinen belirgin bir kayma boşluğu olduğunu; (4) Karadere fay segmenti üzerinde ortalama kaymanın 1.5 m olduğunu; (5) deprem kırılması göreceli olarak düşük ortalama kayma (yaklaşık 1.5 m) ile Hersek yarımadasının batısında Çınarcık havzasının doğu ucuna kadar uzanmakta olduğunu; (6) Kaymanın tamamen sağ yanal olduğunu önermektedir. Kosismik kaymanın genel örüntüsü fay zonu segmentasyonundan ve fay zonu süreksizliklerinden çokça etkilenmiş görünmektedir. Doğu ve batı pürüzlerinin kırılmaları sırasıyla İzmit-Sapanca ve Karamürsel- Gölcük fay segmentlerinin kırılmalarına karşılık gelmektedir. Sapanca, Gölcük ve Hersek fay basamakları ve Akyazı boşluğu olarak adlandırılan belirgin fay zonu süreksizlikleri kosismik kayma örüntüsünü ve kayma büyüklüklerini sadece yüzeyde değil kabuğun derinliklerinde de önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, analiz sonuçları kırılma sürecinin toplam süresinin 32 sn olduğunu ve iki büyük pürüzün kırılmasına karşılık gelen ana sismik moment serbestlenmesinin kırılma başlangıcından 4-12 sn sonra olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 20
RESPONSE OF SHALLOW AND DEEP GROUND WATERS TO THE IZMİT AND DÜZCE EARTHQUAKES OF 1999
WOITH H.-1, WANG R.-1, WESTERHAUS M.-2, TEOMAN M.-3, PEKDEGER A.-4, ZSCHAU J.-1
1-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
2-University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
3-AFET, Earthquake Research Department, Ankara, Turkey
4-FU Berlin, Hydrogeology, Berlin, Germany
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On 17 August 1999, a disastrous Mw=7.6 earthquake occurred near Izmit in NW Turkey. Just 3 months later another Mw=7.1 earthquake destroyed the Düzce area. The focal mechanisms of both events were almost pure right-lateral strike-slip with observed horizontal surface displacements of up to 4.9 m in the first and 4.1 m in the second event. Co- and postseismic water level changes were monitored at multi-parameter observatories within the Mudurnu valley in the frame of a Turkish-German project on Earthquake Research. The shallow (about 60 m deep) monitoring wells were located about 120 km and 35 km from the epicentres of the first and second event, respectively. The observed response of the water level was in accordance with calculated volume strain changes following Okada’s model, i.e. water level rises in regions of compression and water level drops in regions of extension. Contrary, most of the thermal and mineral springs responded with a co- and postseismic increase in their flow-rate – independent of their location and azimuth with respect to the epicentres. Even at a distance of 1400 km co- and postseismic flow-rate increase in the order of 25 % had been observed. Earthquake related changes of physico-chemical properties of thermal and mineral waters were mapped repeatedly in the frame of Task Force missions. A significant (4 to 7 fold !) CO2 increases were observed over large areas (hundreds of km²) after the Düzce event. These perturbations lasted several months. The origin of the “excess” CO2 is still unclear. It is possible that both observations, namely the pressure increase and the CO2 increase are in fact physically related. The fact, that both phenomena occur in extensional as well as compressional regimes, points to a dynamical trigger mechanism.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 21
ON MONITORING OF NEAR SPACE PLASMA PARAMETERS FOR PURPOSE OF EARTHQUAKES PREDICTION
ABAKANOV T.-1, LEE A.-1, KHACHIKJAN G.-1
1-Institute of seismology, al-Farabi, 75a, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake prediction with using electromagnetic field variations in the near space plasma is widely discussing subject. The satellites and ground-based stations revealed that few days/hours before the seismic shock, near space plasma parameters change both over the epicenter region and in the magnetically conjugated point in the opposite hemisphere. An existence of conjugate effect indicates that the whole magnetospheric tube loaned onto the earthquake preparation area is modified. To explain experimental findings, an idea was advanced that the generation mechanism of observed phenomena is a modification of the electric field in the global electric circuit (GEC) due to earthquake preparation. The electric processes coupling different parts of GEC operate at (almost) the speed of light, and electrostatic and/or electromagnetic field changes in one part of GEC will produce simultaneous changing in all another parts. This suggests that not only the upper parts of GEC may respond to electromagnetic processes occurring in the area of earthquake preparation, but and vice versa, the area of earthquake preparation may respond to electromagnetic processes developing in the upper parts of GEC, which are strongly controlled by the solar wind, cosmic rays flux variations, ets. In this report, the results of testing of this suggestion [Abakanov et al., 2007; Uzbekov and Khachikjan, 2006; Khachikjan and Petelina, 2008] are presented. We show: 1) Occurrence of earthquakes with М 0.4≥ at the globe depends on 11 year variations of solar activity and/or cosmic rays flux intensity. Namely, in the period of moderate solar activity, the number of events is lowest, whereas it is increased at ~10-15% in solar minimum, when the flux of galactic cosmic rays is increased, and at ~ 3-5% in solar maximum, when the flux of solar cosmic rays is increased. 2) At local area of North Tjan-Shan, where the crust is underlying with a power layer of active mantle (here electric conductivity is expected to be increased), the parameters of seismo-tectonic deformations vary with 11 year variations of solar activity. 3) The boundaries of some lithospheric plates, along which the earthquakes mainly occur, are magnetically conjugated. This means that two areas of earthquake preparation located in the northern and southern hemispheres are not independent, but are joined with the same magnetospheric tube. Thus, in the purpose of earthquake prediction for some seismic area, the regular monitoring of electromagnetic parameters along whole magnetospheric tube, which connect this area with the magnetically conjugated one, is needed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 22
SOURCE PROCESS OF THE 22ND FEB., 2005 ZARAND DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE, IN SOUTHEAST IRAN
GHEITANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On the 22nd February 2005 at 02h 25m 22.6s GMT, 05h 55m 22.6s local time (USGS), a destructive earthquake occurred in a mountainous and sparsely inhabited area near the Zarand district at 55 km NW of Kerman city, southeast Iran. Zarand is close to an active fault, known as the Kuhbanan in the north east of the city. Its trend is northwest-southeast and its length is 160 km. Using the onset times of 421 stations, the epicenter of mainshock was identified at 30.726 N, 56.817 E by NEIC. The magnitude of mainshock, given by NEIC, was mb=6.1 and Ms=6.5. The focal depth determination indicated a shallow focal depth of 14 kilometers. The main shock caused extensive damage to the rural areas in Ravar district, Kerman district and much more disastrous to the Zarand district. As a consequence of this earthquake, more than 50 villages were destroyed between 30 to 100%. According to the official reports, the earthquake killed at least 612 people and injured 1500 others. Contrary to the situation for the 2003 Bam earthquake, the earthquake affected a wide area of around 1,000 sq km inhabited by around 75,000, mostly in small villages and extensive damage and loss of life were observed in some villages. In this study, the source process of the 2005 Zarand earthquake was investigated and the observed teleseismic bodywaves of mainshock were modeled in order to obtain the image of temporal and spatial variation of slip on the fault plane. Informations from field investigations and the results of aftershock activity were considered as supplementary data. The moment tensor functions were obtained and the corresponding best double couple showed two nodal planes striking N255ºE (dipping 70º SE) and N 100º E (dipping 22º SW). The post-seismic field investigation, the aftershocks distribution and the orientation of the Zarand Fault, all suggested that the nodal plane of striking N255ºE (dipping 70º SE) having rake 81º, was the causative fault of Zarand earthquake. Thus, Zarand earthquake accompanied by a nearly EW striking vertical fault plane, with northern block moving upwards relatively to the southern block. The scalar seismic moment was calculated to be M0 =2.0 ×1019 Nm and the moment magnitude was Mw=6.8. The static distribution of slip on the fault plane, obtained through inversion procedure, indicated that the rupture with slip amplitude greater than 0.4 m was as long as 40 km and the area with slip amplitude 0.8 m was about 30 km. The slip-concentrated area with amplitude greater than 2 m was localized in central area with a total length about 5 km. The maximum amplitude of the slip was about 2.2 m. The average slip amplitude over the whole rupture area is about 1.2 m. The temporal and spatial distribution of slip-rate for the 2005 Zarand earthquake followed mainly a single source model and rupture, during the mainshock, initiated in the epicentral area and mainly extended in a bilateral manner.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 23
ESTIMATION OF THE SOURCE PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SHEAR WAVE ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF THE 18TH JUNE, 2007 KAHAK-QOM EARTHQUAKE IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
RAHIMI H.-1, DOLOEI J.-1, HAMZEHLOO H.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and seismology, Tehran, I.R.Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, analysis is presented in two steps. In the first step, the theoretical S-wave displacement spectra, conditioned by frequency-independent Q, was fitted with the observed displacement spectra. Therefore corner frequency, moment magnitude and frequency-independent Q for each record were estimated simultaneously and the estimate of error is given in the root-mean-square sense over all the frequencies. In the second step, the corrected observed displacement from source effect was fitted with path term of Brune’s source model to estimate frequency dependent shear wave Quality factor. For comparison, Frequency dependent shear wave quality factor also is estimated from spectral decay method. The earthquake in Qom, 18 June 2007 (Ml=5.7), was the largest earthquake in the south of Tehran that recorded on strong motion acceleration stations. The data represented more than 40 accelerograms recorded from Kahak-Qom earthquake in the hypocentral distance range from 18 to 170 km. The source term obtained from inversion was analyzed to estimate various source parameters. Thereby, we estimated seismic moment (1.86*1024 dyne-cm), corner frequency (0.72 Hz ), source radius (2.33 Km ), fault slip (38 cm), source duration (1.5 sec), stress drop (12.3 bars) and moment magnitude (5.4), which are found to be consistent with the corresponding values reported in published studies. The path average value of Q is in the range Q=161 to 1652. The anelastic attenuation coefficient for the region as a whole is estimated in step 2 is Qs= 47f 0.71 in frequency range of 1 to 32 Hz. The frequency-independence attenuation for the study region shows that, in general, a Q value is significantly similar to the entire frequency range used than those found in other tectonic areas.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 24
THE EFFECT OF SEISMICITY OF THE AROUND FETHIYE BAY BY SOUTHWEST ANATOLIAN FAULT
GÜNEYBATI ANADOLU FAYININFETHİYE KÖRFEZİ VE YAKIN DOLAYININ DEPREMSELLİĞİNE ETKİSİ
KARAMAN M.E.-1, SOFTA M.
1-Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, ANTALYA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is seen much more seismic epicenter to the other places where region among Fethiye Bay and Crete Island. This region consist of many interesting and complicated tectonic event and structure which is role of geo-tectonic evolution of Turkey and vicinity. The important tectonic structures which effects seismicity of the region are the Aegean-Cyprus Tectonic Arcs, Pliny-strabo faults and the Southwest Anatolian Fault. Aegean and Cyprus Tectonic Arcs are converjan plate boundaires between African and Aurasian plates. The effect of this event, formed N-S trending compressional stress and conjugate faults at Southwest Anatolian. The fault zone is named firstly Southwest Anatolian Fault (SWAF) by (Karaman, 1989). This fault is located between Crete Island and Eğirdir Lake. The Anatolian Plate moves through the west between North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and East Anatolian Fault (EAF) but, this plate moves through SW by this fault zone. The region has higher seismicty because of effect of NAF, EAF and SWAF. The Anatolian plate is compressed because of the subduction zone between African-Aurasian plates. Anatolian Plate moves to the SW by SWAF. On the other hand, moving of this plate is forming thrusted in the region where is located around of Crete Island and Fethiye Bay. Therefore tectonic compressional stress is increased in this region. It is caused higher seismic risk in the region of the compare the other places. In this paper, will submit and discuss about of interesting and complex geo-tectonic mechanism and higher seismicity western region where is located between Crete Island and Fethiye Bay.
ÖZET GB Anadolu’da Fethiye Körfezi ile Girit Adası arasındaki bölgede deprem odak noktalarının diğer yerlere nazaran daha fazla olduğu görülür. Bu bölge, Türkiye ve yakın dolayının jeo-tektonik evriminde önemli rol oynayan ilginç ve karmaşık bir çok tektonik olay ve yapı içerir. Bölgenin depremselliğini etkileyen önemli tektonik yapılar başında Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yayı, Plino-strabo fayları ve Güneybatı Anadolu fayı gelir. Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yayı konverjan bir levha sınırıdır. Bu sınır boyunca Afrika-Avrasya yakınlaşması gerçekleşmektedir. Bu yakınlaşmanın sonucu, Anadolu levhasında K-G sıkışma gerilmesi birikmekte ve buna bağımlı GB Anadolu da eşlenik doğrultu atımlı faylar oluşmaktadır. Bunlardan Akdeniz içerisindeki sol yönlü Plino fayının GB Anadolu ‘da bir devamı olan ve Fethiye körfezinden Burdur gölü istikametinde geçerek, Eğirdir gölüne doğru uzanan kırık hattı, Güneybatı Anadolu Fayı (Karaman, 1989) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Anadolu levhasının, (KAF) ve (DAF) arasında batıya olan hareketi, Güneybatı Anadolu fayı boyunca GB ya doğru döndürülmektedir. Belirtilen bölgenin depremselliğinin yoğun olmasında, bu iki fayın meydana getirdiği olay ve yapıların etkisi büyüktür. Çünkü Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yayı boyunca Afrika alta dalmakta ve Anadolu levhası sıkışmakta, bölgede büyük bir sıkışma gerilme birikmektedir. Diğer yandan Anadolu levhasının batıya hareketi, GBAF tarafından GB ya döndürüldüğü için, bu hareket Ege-Kıbrıs yayının bulunduğu bölgede üste binme şeklinde gerçekleştiğinden tektonik sıkışma gerilmesini artırmaktadır. Her iki olayın, Girit adası Fethiye körfezi arasındaki Ege-Kıbrıs tektonik yay segmenti boyunca meydana gelmiş olması, bu bölgede diğer yerlere nazaran sıkışma gerilmesi yoğunluğunun daha fazla artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum ise bu bölgenin, yayın diğer bölgelerine nazaran daha yüksek oranda tektonik hareketlilik depremsellik riski taşımasına neden olmaktadır. Bu bildiride Girit adası - Fethiye Körfezi arası ve batısındaki bölgenin ilginç ve karmaşık jeo-tektonik mekanizması ve depremselliği tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 25
EARTHQUAKE DENSITY VARIATION OF TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREM YOĞUNLUĞU DEĞİŞİMİ
ARIK S.-1, KONEZ N.-1, UTKU M.-1
1-Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35160 Buca-İZMİR
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake density is the process of measuring the earthquake generating capacity of a region according to specific criteria. Earthquake density parameter, process, type of earthquake scale, scale interval, interval of focal depth, area geometry and calculation model are examples to these criteria. Selection of criteria is performed in appropriate for the reliability of data and the seismic character of the region. Criteria such as calculation geometry and model determine the sensitivity of density parameter.
With this purpose, the analysis of earthquake density of earthquakes in Turkey was made on the basis of the geographical area between latitudes 35°N-43°N and longitudes 25°E-46°E. 8035 earthquakes with minimum magnitude 4.0 according to magnitudes Md, ML, Mb, Ms and Mw in 1900-2005 period are dealt with in the study, where the electronic earthquake catalogue of Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute is used. The analysis concerned depends on the calculation of annual mean number of earthquakes according to a specific magnitude type and the selected criteria. Magnitudes with a minimum magnitude 4.0 and a minimum magnitude 5.5 are used in the analysis, where a comparison is also made according to the magnitude types in the catalogue used. For focal depths, examination is made for all depths, and 0-10, 10-20 and 25-50 kms. The analysis is made for two examination processes, namely, 1900-2005 and 1977-2005. The square areas with edge lengths of 0.5°, 1° and 2° have been considered as the calculation geometry while the scanning of the related geography with shifting quantities as much as 0.1° of elementary calculation area and as much as its edge length has been selected as the calculation model. Considering this, 18291 elementary areas were scanned according to an edge length of 1° and a shifting quantity of 0.1° for the geographical area used. In the calculations for instrumental period depending on different parameters, earthquake density varies between 0 and 6 earthquakes/year whereas this value varies between 0 and 14 earthquakes/year for 1977-2005 period. The variations obtained constitute the Map of Earthquake Density in Turkey according to the data of national earthquake observation network.
According to the results, where magnitudes ML and Mw are taken as the basis during the analysis, it is observed that the dominant variation of earthquake density in Turkey for the instrumental period has not made the North Anatolian Fault Zone so much clear as expected although it has indicated the East Anatolian Fault Zone but the activity in Western Anatolia together with the western section of the North Anatolian Fault Zone is bordered by a quieter zone approximately in northeast-southwest direction located in Central Anatolia. This zone may seem as if it had undergone a more silent earthquake activity than other regions at least during the instrumental period. However, the complete visibility of the main fault systems that direct the recent tectonics of Turkey in
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 26
the analysis made according to 1977-2005 period shows that this examination period is advantageous and more significant in terms of data quality in comparison to instrumental period. In addition, the faulting pattern of the Anatolian block can be perceived on the Map of Earthquake Density in Turkey in this period.
ÖZET Deprem yoğunluğu, bir bölgenin deprem üretme kapasitesinin belli ölçütlere göre ölçümü işlemidir. Deprem yoğunluğu parametresi, süreç, deprem ölçeği türü, ölçek aralığı, odak derinliği aralığı, alan geometrisi ve hesaplama modeli bu ölçütlere örneklerdir. Ölçüt seçimi ise verinin güvenirliği ve bölgenin deprem karakterine uygun yapılır. Hesaplama geometrisi ve modeli gibi ölçütler, yoğunluk parametresinin duyarlılığını belirler.
Bu amaçla, Türkiye depremlerinin deprem yoğunluğu analizi, 35°K-43°K enlemleri ile 25°D-46°D boylamları arasında kalan coğrafik bölge esas alınarak yapılmıştır. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü elektronik deprem katalogunun kullanıldığı çalışmada, 1900-2005 sürecindeki Md, ML, Mb, Ms ve Mw büyüklüklerine göre en az 4.0 büyüklüklü 8035 deprem ele alınmaktadır. Yapılan analiz, belli bir büyüklük türü ve seçilen ölçütlere göre yıllık ortalama deprem sayısının hesaplanmasına dayanmaktadır. Kullanılan katalogdaki büyüklük türlerine göre bir karşılaştırmanın da yapıldığı analizde, büyüklükler en az 4.0 ve en az 5.5 olmak üzere kullanılmaktadır. Odak derinlikleri için tüm derinlikler ile 0-10, 10-20 ve 25-50 km’ler arası incelenmektedir. Analiz 1900-2005 ve 1977-2005 olmak üzere iki inceleme süreci için yapılmaktadır. Hesaplama geometrisi olarak kenar uzunluğu 0.5°, 1° ve 2° olan kare alan alınırken, hesaplama modeli olarak da elementer hesaplama alanının 0.1° ve kenar uzunluğu kadar kayma miktarlarıyla ilgili coğrafyanın taranması seçilmiştir. Buradan hareketle, kullanılan coğrafik alan için 1°’lik kenar uzunluğu ve 0.1°’lik kayma miktarına göre 18291 elementer alan taranmıştır. Farklı parametrelere göre aletsel dönem için yapılan hesaplamalarda, deprem yoğunluğu 0-6 deprem/yıl arasında değişirken, 1977-2005 periyodu için bu değer 0-14 deprem/yıl arasında değişmektedir. Elde edilen değişimler, Ulusal deprem gözlem ağı verilerine göre Türkiye Deprem Yoğunluğu Haritası’nı oluşturmaktadır.
Analiz sürecinde ML ve Mw büyüklüklerinin esas alındığı sonuçlara göre aletsel dönem için Türkiye’de deprem yoğunluğunun baskın değişiminin, Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu’nu işaret etmesine rağmen Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nu beklendiği kadar belirginleştirmediği, buna karşılık Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun batı kesimiyle birlikte Batı Anadolu’daki etkinliğin, Orta Anadolu’da bulunan yaklaşık kuzeydoğu-güneybatı doğrultulu daha sakin bir zonla sınırlandığı görülmektedir. Bu zon, en azından aletsel dönemde, diğer bölgelere göre daha suskun deprem etkinliği geçirmiş gibi görülebilir. Fakat, 1977-2005 periyoduna göre yapılan analizde ise Türkiye’nin güncel tektoniğini yönlendiren ana kırık sistemlerinin tümüyle görülebilir olması, bu inceleme periyodunun veri kalitesi yönünden aletsel döneme göre üstünlüğünü ve daha anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu periyottaki Türkiye Deprem Yoğunluğu Haritası’nda, Anadolu bloğunun kırılma örüntüsü de seçilebilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 27
THE INFLUENCE OF THE AFRICAN PLATE MOTION ON THE EAST ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE TECTONICS
YILMAZER M.-1, PINAR A.-2
1-Boğaziçi University,Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Çengelköy, Istanbul
2-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The two major driving engines of the tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) since Late Miocene are the subduction process along the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs and the collision process along the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. Also, it is widely accepted that the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ) accommodates the motion between the westward moving Anatolian block and the NNW moving Arabian plate along which the rate of motion is slightly larger than 10 mm/yr and the Anatolian block squeezed between Arabia and Eurasia escapes westward along the North Anatolian fault zone and EAFZ, that is to say, Anatolia is being pushed away by Arabian plate. However, recent debates on the EMR tectonics claim that Anatolia is pulled westward by the deeply descending African plate within the Mantle rather than being pushed away by the Arabian plate and leaving this force as the major engine of the westward motion of Anatolia. Furthermore, the GPS data of Reilinger et al. (2006) propose that the tectonic processes in EMR and Middle East is driven mainly by the subduction processes in the Aegean and Macran regions.
To contribute on the discussions given above we investigate the recent tectonic activity of the EAF by retrieving the moment tensor solutions of the events taking place within the fault zone. We especially concentrate in the central and southwestern part of the fault. The waveform inversion results for the events in Adana basin and Iskenderun bay show P-axis trending NNE and T-axes trending WNW. The plunges of the P-axes evenly changes from horizontal to vertical while the T-axes remain mostly horizontal. Such a distribution of the axes depicts transtentional tectonic regime. Further northeast along the EAF zone the stress tensor derived from the recent focal mechanisms yield strike-slip tectonic regime with maximum compressive stress axis trending almost NE. Thus, the data from the southwestern and central regions of the EAF zone coherently indicates that the fault zone is under NE compression rather than NW compression which in turn suggest that the fault zone is influenced mainly by the NE motion of the African plate rather than the NW moving Arabian plate.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 28
EVALUATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS OF SOME MODERATELY EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTH -EAST OF IRAN
MOSTAFAZADEH M.-1, ASHKPOUR MOTLAGH S.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Iran- Tehran, P.O.BOX. 19395/3913
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The occurrence of the South east of Iran earthquake of four large earthquakes provides an important opportunity to study source properties of earthquakes in this region. We constrain source parameters of the March 14 1998 (Mw 6.6) earthquake by analyzing body wave seismogram and compiled source parameters of 11 June 1981 (Ms 6.7), 28 July 1981 (Ms7.1), 20 November 1989 (mb5.6), events that is obtained from body wave form modeling. The results from waveform modeling (March 14 1998) indicate that source depth was 4 km and that right-lateral strike slip motion mechanism. We have calculated source time function (STF) of March 14 1998 earthquake and compiled this function for other events of Gowk fault system earthquakes that is obtained from teleseismic body waveform modeling. The duration of each event was determined from source time function. Corner frequency and source radius have been calculated for each event by using pulse duration from source time function. Corner frequencies and source radius range are changed from 0.013 Hz to 0.16 Hz and 8.14 to 100 km respectively. Minimum and maximum displacement is observed 8.14× 10-4 km and 0.01 km respectively.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 29
NEAR-FAULT GROUND MOTION SIMULATION IN TEHRAN CITY
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, GHADIKALAI M.F.-2
1-Disaster Risk Management Research Center, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering & Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran
2-Azad University, North Tehran Unit, Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Most of the megacities are located near the active faults. Ground motions in the vicinity of the active faults are associated with two main phenomena so called rupture directivity and fling effects. Therefore, it is important for earthquake resistance design and seismic hazard mitigation to evaluate the characteristics of near-fault ground motions in the megacities.
In this paper, the near-fault ground motion was simulated using kinematic model for Tehran City, the capital of Iran. Tehran city was developed along the North Tehran Fault (NTF), which assumed to be the most probable seismic source for the city. Kinematic models are efficient tools to simulate long-period ground motions including slip heterogeneity (asperities) on the fault and underground geology. Here, the near-fault ground motions are generated assuming NTF scenario using kinematic finite fault model. Then, the variations of faulting parameters such as rise time, maximum slip, rupture velocity, and site to fault distance on the near-fault pulse characteristics are numerically examined and discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 30
EARTHQUAKE RISK IN LOW AND MEDIUM SEISMICITY REGIONS: A CASE STUDY FOR ANKARA
KÜÇÜK VE ORTA BÜYÜKLÜKTE SİSMİK AKTİVİTE GÖSTEREN BÖLGELERDEKİ DEPREM RİSKİ: ANKARA İÇİN ÖRNEK BİR ÇALIŞMA
KOÇKAR M.K.-1, AKGÜN H.-2, EKER A.M.-2
1-Gazi Üniversitesi, Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (DEPAR), Ankara
2-Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Ankara
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is difficult to identify the seismic hazard and risk estimates in areas of high seismic activity with low recurrence intervals and areas lacking recorded instrumented data. Yet, earthquake hazard and risk assessments based on soil conditions might be very important for regions such as Ankara and its surroundings where seismic sources with high magnitude earthquake generation potential exist at relatively far distances and sources with frequent low and moderate magnitude earthquake generation potential exist in close vicinities. Because of these characteristics, one of the most important factors causing earthquake damages is soil movements due to local site effects which indicates that the soil conditions be investigated in detail. Consequently, characterization of ground motions for soils based on quantitative and numerical data will form a basis for earthquake risk assessments in this region for preliminary evaluations, general land use planning and construction of earthquake resistant economic structure based on these assessments. This study includes seismic hazard assessment of Ankara based on local soil conditions and discussing the consequences of the seismic hazards.
ÖZET Yüksek sismik aktivitenin sıklık aralığının ve aletsel kayıt verilerinin az olduğu alanlarda, sismik tehlike ve risk tahminlerinin yapılması zordur. Ancak, bu tür özellikleri taşıyan Ankara ve çevresi gibi etrafındaki uzak fakat büyük magnitüdlü, ve yakın civarı gibi sık aralıklı orta ve küçük magnitüdlü deprem üretme potansiyeline sahip alanlarda zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak yapılacak deprem tehlike ve risk değerlendirmeleri çok önemlidir. Özellikleri sebebiyle bu tür alanlarda zemin hareketlerinden meydana gelen deprem zararının oluşmasında en önemli faktörlerden birisi olan yerel zemin koşullarının detaylı olarak incelenmesi gerekir. Bu sebeplerle, zeminlerin yer hareketlerinin sayısal ve ölçümsel verilere dayanılarak karakterize edilmesi, bu bölgelerde yapılacak deprem riski değerlendirmelerinde; ve bunlara bağlı olarak yapılacak olan mekansal planlama çalışmalarında ve depreme dayanıklı ekonomik yapı üretmede temel teşkil edecektir. Bu sebeplerden yola çıkılarak, Ankara için belirtilen bu çalışma ile zeminlerin yerel zemin koşulları göz önüne alınarak sismik tehlike değerlendirmeleri yapılmış ve ne tür önlemler alınabileceği hakkında öneriler verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 31
SOURCE DYNAMICS OF THE JUNE 22, 2002, CHANGOUREH-AVAJ EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE, IN NORTH CENTRAL IRAN
SARMADI N.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2
1-Science and Reseach Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On 22 June 2002 at 02:58:20.0 GMT, 08:28:20.0 local time, a shallow destructive earthquake (mb=6.2; Ms=6.5; Mw=6.5; NEIS) without any felt foreshock occurred around the northwestern extension of the earlier shock of Buyin-Zahra that had caused extensive damage in 1962 (Tofigh-Reyhani, 2002). The early field observation reported that the epicenter of the main shock (35.67N; 48.93E; h=10. km; USGS) was located at Changoureh (Gheitanchi et al., 2003) in the southern part of Qazvin province, north central Iran. The main shock occurred in a region well known for its earlier shock that produced extensive destruction. It destroyed or severely damaged about 50 villages and completely demolished the villages of Changoureh and Ab-darreh (Moinfar, 2002). This earthquake is the largest shock since the occurrence of the 1st September, 1962 Buyin-Zahra destructive earthquake with magnitude 7.3 (Abdalian, 1963; Ambraseys, 1963; Berberian, 1976), in Qazvin province. The quake killed 230 people and injured 1466 and left many homeless in damaged area (Farzanegan and Mirzaei-Alavijeh, 2002; Parhizkar et al., 2002). In this paper, the seismotectonic setting and the background seismicity of the affected area are reviewed. Then, the source parameters of main shock are discussed. Finally, the recorded aftershock sequence is analyzed and the results are discussed. Considering the field observation and the extent of aftershock distribution, an average source dimension of about 40-50 km, a NW-SE strike and a NE dipping fault plane could be estimated. This result is in good agreement with the result of waveform analysis. The waveform modelling suggests that the rupture, with reverse mechanism, initiated in epicentral area and extended to northwest and southeast in a bilateral manner. The calculated moment magnitude is Mw = 6.4 while the estimated rupture velocity is 3.0 km/s. The total seismic moment was calculated to be M0= 5.5×1025 dyne cm. The Changoureh-Avaj earthquake is in some respects comparable with the 1962 Buyin-Zahra earthquake: They have similar mechanisms and occurred in similar fault systems. Changoureh-Avaj earthquake is one of the rare events with magnitude greater than 6 that has occurred in the vicinity of large and densely populated cities. Therefore, the ground-motion characteristics during the mainshock should be considered for the high safety design of structures in the region.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 32
DETERMINATION OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURE IN ANATOLIA BY SURFACE WAVE DATA APPLIED DISCRIMINATION FILTER
AYRIM SÜZGECİ UYGULANAN YÜZEY DALGASI VERİLERİ İLE ANADOLU’DA KABUK VE ÜST MANTO YAPISININ BELİRLENMESİ
SAYIL N.-1
1-KTÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080 Trabzon, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Surface wave data have been used to define the Earth structure on different propagating paths. Dispersion property of surface waves, i.e. changes in seismic velocities and absorption as depending on frequency, has been used to investigate the Earth crust and upper mantle structure.
Differences in the polarization properties have been making use in filtering the surface waves. This kind of filtering process is performed in the frequency domain since the surface waves are mostly dispersive. The process consists of scalling the amplitudes of three components (vertical Z, radial R and tangential T) of the ground motion at each frequencies according to the particle motion. This weighting is applicated to entire of each component for selected window lenght and moving interval. Weighted segments for each window are passed to the time domain, and finally, filtered signals are obtained as the arithmetic average of values of the overlapping points.
In this study, with the aim of investigation crust and upper mantle structure of Anatolia, it has been selected the profiles across the Anatolia. In the direction of this aim, shallow earthquakes having epicentral distances about 10° and magnitudes Ms ≥ 5.0 recorded at stations in Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute were taken. Surface wave discrimination filter based on the polarization has been applied to three component records for making more convenient to Love and Rayleigh wave records of selected these earthquakes. It has been aimed to obtain the more correct results at investigation of crust and upper mantle structure of Anatolia by using discriminated these records.
In investigation of design to the earth structure, multiple filter technique has been used. This technique is one of the conventional methods used by single station long period three component surface wave records. Multiple filter technique has been applied to long period three components records of Love and Rayleigh waves of discriminated each earthquake and detected the group velocities. The crust and upper-mantle structure for profiles between event and station has been determined by inversion process with calculated these group velocities.
ÖZET Yüzey dalgası verileri değişik yayınım yolları üzerinde yer yapısını ifade etmede kullanılmaktadır. Yer kabuğu ve üst-manto yapısının araştırılmasında yüzey dalgalarının dispersiyon özelliğinden yani yer içinin fiziksel özelliklerine bağlı olarak sismik hızların ve soğurmanın frekansla değişimlerinden yararlanılır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 33
Yüzey dalgalarının süzgeçlenmesinde polarizasyon özelliklerindeki farklılıklardan yararlanılmaktadır. Temel yüzey dalgası türleri olan Love ve Rayleigh dalgaları sırasıyla enine yatay doğrultuda doğrusal olarak polarlanmış ve düşey-ışınsal düzlemde eliptik bir tanecik hareketi gösterirler. Bu tür bir süzgeçleme işlemi, yüzey dalgalarının genellikle dispersif olmalarından ötürü frekans ortamında yapılır. Uygulanan işlem, yer hareketinin üç bileşenine (düşey Z, ışınsal R ve teğetsel T) ait genlik değerlerinin her bir frekans için tanecik hareketine uygun biçimde ağırlıklandırılmasından ibarettir. Bu ağırlıklandırma, seçilen bir pencere boyu ve kaydırma aralığı için her bir bileşenin tamamına uygulanır. Her bir pencere için ağırlıklandırılan kısımlar zaman ortamına geçirilir ve sonuç olarak üst üste gelen noktalara ait değerlerin aritmetik ortalaması alınarak süzülmüş sinyaller elde edilir.
Bu çalışmada Anadolu’nun kabuk ve üst-manto yapısını araştırmak için Anadolu’nun tamamını geçen profiller oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait istasyonlarda kaydedilen yaklaşık 10° lik episantr uzaklıklarına sahip, magnitüdü 5’ten büyük (Ms ≥ 5.0) sığ depremler belirlenmiştir. Seçilen bu depremlerin Love ve Rayleigh dalgası kayıtlarını daha belirgin hale getirmek için üç bileşen kayıtlara polarizasyon özelliklerine dayalı yüzey dalgası ayrım süzgeci uygulanmıştır. Ayrımlı hale getirilmiş bu kayıtların kullanılmasıyla Anadolu’nun kabuk ve üst-manto yapısının belirlenmesi için daha doğru sonuçlar elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Yapı belirleme çalışmasında tek istasyona ait uzun peryod üç bileşen yüzey dalgası kayıtlarının kullanıldığı klasik yöntemlerden olan ardışık süzgeç tekniği uygulanmıştır. Her bir depremin ayrımlı hale getirilen Love ve Rayleigh dalgalarının uzun peryod üç bileşen kayıtlarına ardışık süzgeç tekniği uygulanmış ve grup hızları bulunmuştur. Bulunan bu grup hızlarına ters çözümleme işlemi uygulanarak her bir deprem ile kaydedildiği istasyon arasındaki profiller için kabuk ve üst-manto yapısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 34
A SOFTWARE FOR EARTHQUAKE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS
DEPREM ARAŞTIRMA VE İNCELEME YAZILIMI
AKBAŞ Ö.-1, PEKŞEN E.-1, IRMAK T.S.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak, Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü, Umuttepe Merkez Yerleşkesi 41380 KOCAELİ
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A user friendly computer program for investigation and analysis of earthquake data has been developed in MATLAB. To run the program, the user should provide an earthquake catalog and a map. The users can use provided earthquake catalogs and maps or they may load their own catalogs and maps depending on their needs and may work on them.
The earthquake program can deal with not only epicenter and hypocenter distributions, plotting earthquake focal mechanism, a-b values calculation, p value calculation, seismic risk analysis, magnitude frequency relation, analysis of strong ground motion of acceleration record, attenuation relations, but also 3 dimensional earthquake illustrations, some histograms and pie charts.
In the program, there are available some basic calculation mentioned above and some auxiliary tools. An earthquake catalog can be easily modified to use data in the program by using data preparation tool. The user can specify earthquake symbols, their colors, dimensions, legends by using with symbol and legend tools.
This is the first version of the program, which is similar to ZMAP and ISOLA. The program has been developed for evaluation of Earth and Space Sciences Research Center’s earthquake data. In the next version, we plan to include an inversion algorithm in the program.
ÖZET Deprem verilerinin analizlerinde kullanılmak üzere kolay kullanılabilen bir MATLAB tabanlı yazılım geliştirildi. Depremsellik analizi programının çalışabilmesi için bir deprem katalogu ve haritaya ihtiyaç vardır. Programda bulunan kataloglar ve haritalar kullanılabileceği gibi, farklı deprem katalogları ve haritalar yüklenip, bunlar üzerinde de çalışma yapılabilmektedir.
Depremsellik analizi programı, dış ve iç merkez dağılım haritaları, odak mekanizması çözümlerinin harita üzerinde gösterimi, magnitüd-frekans ilişkisi, a ve b değerlerinin haritalanması, p değeri hesabı, sismik risk analizi, kuvvetli yer hareketi (ivme) kaydı analizi, ivme-azalım ilişkileri gibi sismoloji ağırlıklı hesaplamaların yanında, depremlerin 3 boyutlu derinlik dağılımı ve çeşitli histogramların hesabıyla görsellik ve sismolojinin istatistiksel boşluğu doldurulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Programda bu hesaplamaların yanında, çeşitli yardımcı araçlar da bulunmaktadır. Veri düzenleme aracıyla; elinizde bulunan deprem katalogu kolayca programda kullanılacak hale getirilebilmektedir. Deprem simgeleri ve lejant özelleştirme aracıyla da; deprem simgeleri, renkleri, büyüklükleri ve lejant isteğe göre özelleştirilebilir.
Deprem araştırma programının ilk sürümü olup, mevcut programlardan, ZMAP ve ISOLA benzeri bir programdır. Yer ve Uzay Bilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin (YUBAM) verilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılmak için geliştirilmiştir. Bir sonraki sürümde ters çözüm eklenmesi planlanmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 35
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION STAGES OF LOCAL GPS NETWORKS FOR MONITORING CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
KURT O.-1, KONAK H.-1, İNCE C.D.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering Department, Umuttepe Central Campus 41380-İzmit/Kocaeli
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT GPS networks are widely used for deformation analyses in many Earth sciences, and generally it is not given heed to observation plan corresponding geometry of the network. Yet, GPS network observation plan is also considered like classical networks (triangulation, trilateration and leveling network). In this study, how observation plan of a GPS network should be constructed via solution of second order design with analytical method is explained. And, the optimum designed GPS network is tested with criterions of quality and reliability.
The GPS network design is carried out at two steps. First step is called network optimization (planning which baselines are observed) using the second order design, and second step is called baseline optimization (determining observation time span) in this paper. Approximate positions of the network points have been determined by hand-held GPS or on 25000 scaled maps at the two stages. The network optimization is performed by using Taylor-Karman structured criterion matrix having properties of homogenity and isotropy. The baseline optimization is performed with approximate positions of the points and satellite positions are computed from orbital parameters acquiring by internet (for example GPS Yuma Almanacs).
In the design stage, the step of network optimization is to be main part, the other step in the stage is used to determine GPS observation time span or to inspect the first step for quality and reliability according to the predicted time span. For instance, the time span was taken as 10-15 minutes in this study because of decreasing cost of GPS campaign.
After the design stage, optimum observation plan tested for quality and reliability by baseline optimization will be carried out on working area. Baseline observations are made considering the observation plan and the predicted time span. Then, components (i.e. relative coordinates) of the baselines and their variance-covariance matrices are computed from processing phase and code observables and this step is called as baseline adjustment in the evaluating stage. After that, the components of baselines obtained from baseline adjustments are adjusted in the network according to the optimum observation plan again and this step is called as network adjustment in the evaluating stage. At the end of the evaluating stage, coordinates of the network points, quality and reliability criterions are acquired, and the network is inspected for the quality and the reliability.
The coherence of the results of evaluating stage to those of designing stage was examined on IZDOGAP (Project of monitoring Substructure of Natural Gas in Kocaeli via National Geodetic Networks and Land Information System) GPS network. IZDOGAP is founded by Scientific Research Project Unit of Kocaeli University and İZGAZ (Izmit Gas Distribution Industry and Trade Inc.).
The GPS network has 106 points distributed at Kocaeli-İstanbul-Sakarya-Yalova-Bursa cities and is 252 baselines observations after second order design according to Taylor-Karman structured criterion matrix in the design stage. After the zero period GPS observations of the designed network was completed on 14 July 2009, baseline adjustment and network adjustment were carried out. Moreover quality and reliability criterions of the network were computed and compared with those in which designing stage. And the results obtained are summarized on the network figures.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 36
THE LAST DEVELOPMENTS OF THE NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATION NETWORK OF TURKEY, 2009
TÜRKİYE ULUSAL SİSMOLOJİK GÖZLEM AĞINDAKİ SON GELİŞMELER, 2009
KARTAL R.F.-1, ZÜNBÜL S.-1, KADİRİOĞLU F.T.-1, KAPLAN M.-1, KARAKISA S.-1, KILIÇ T.-1, TÜRKOĞLU M.-1, YANIK K.-1, HOLOĞLU N.-1, BARAN B.-1, TEZEL T.-1, ÖZTÜRK AKCA C.-1, YATMAN A.-1, DEMİR M.-1, FENERCİ C.-1, İRAVUL Y.-1, TÜZEL B.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı, Eskişehir Yolu 9. Km Lodumlu 06530 Çankaya-ANKARA-TÜRKİYE
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In order to mitigate disaster losses, it is necessary to establish an effective disaster and risk management system. The first step of the management is constituted by preparedness studies before the earthquake (disaster). In order to determinate disaster and risk information it is necessary to have a seismological observation network.
Turkey is always in danger of being ruined by an earthquake because it’s on the active fault zone, That’s why a seismological observation network having good coverage is needed to research the reasons of earthquakes and reduce their damage. For this purpose, first in 1989, our ministry established seismological observation studies which are situated especially in the North Anatolian fault system. These studies have been expanded all over Turkey in time.
According to years distribution of the number of seismological observation network is examined; seismological observation studies which was started with 12 stations in the middle segment of North Anatolian fault system in 1989 were spread across all country between 1993-1999. It has increased and reached 31 stations. The number of stations didn’t increase between 2000-2004 because of the renewal works. After the USAG and TURDEP Project the number of station; 47 stations in 2005, 61 stations in 2006, 135 stations in 2007 and 147 stations at the end of the 2008. At Present 156 stations (6 Three Component Short Period, 63 Broad-band, 13 One Component Short Period stations, 65 Local Network- Broad-band and 9 Broad-band Erzurum local network) have been operated by our ministry as the month of March. The number of stations have been increased from day to day with projects. Aim of the projects; to compose observation network which will follow earthquake activity in our country.
Real-time data communication between stations in land and Ankara is provided by satellite, data line, Internet and GPRS. Capability of the network is to determine an earthquake which is minimum local magnitude ML= 2.8 generally, in some region local magnitude threshold is ML=1.5
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 37
Earthquake activity in Turkey and surrounding region has been observed 7 days / 24 hours, in ERD data center in Ankara. After the manual location of an earthquake, If the magnitude is over 4.0, system sends to SMS message automatically to the authorized people and immediately press, public and national-local crisis center, scientific institutions are informed by fax and e-mail. Data exchange has been carried out to EMSC-CSEM and ORFEUS.
ÖZET Deprem zararlarının azaltılması ancak etkili bir afet ve risk yönetim sistemlerinin kurulmasıyla mümkündür. Bu yönetim sisteminin olmazsa olmaz ilk adımını Deprem (Afet) Öncesi Hazırlık Çalışmaları oluşturur. Ülke, bölge ve yerel ölçekte tehlike ve riski belirleyebilmek için Sismolojik Gözlem Ağına İhtiyaç vardır.
Türkiye aktif fay kuşakları üzerinde yer aldığından dolayı her zaman deprem tehlikesi altındadır. Bu nedenle depremlerin oluş nedenlerinin araştırılması ve zarar azaltılması çalışmaları için iyi bir kapsama alanına sahip sismolojik gözlem ağı gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, Bakanlığımız tarafından, 1989 yılında öncelikle Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi üzerine kurulan istasyonlarla başlayan sismolojik gözlem çalışmaları, zaman içinde tüm ülkeye yayılmıştır.
Yıllara göre sismolojik gözlem istasyonlarının dağılımına bakacak olursak; 1989 yılında Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun orta kesiminde, 12 istasyonla başlayan sismolojik gözlem çalışmaları, 1993-1999 yılları arasında artarak ve ülke sathına yayılarak 31 istasyona ulaştı. 2000-2004 yılları arası yenileme çalışmaları yapıldığından istasyon sayısında artış kaydedilmemiştir. 2004 yılında 31 olan istasyon sayısı, USAG projesinin ve ardından TÜRDEP projesinin başlatılmasıyle, 2005’de 47, 2006’da 61, 2007’de 135 ve 2008’de 147 istasyona ulaşmıştır. 2009 yılı mart ayı itibariyle 156 istasyona varan (6 adet üç bileşen kısa periyot, 63 geniş bant, 13 tek bileşen kısa periyot ve 65 yerel ağ-geniş bant, 9 adet genişbant Erzurum yerel ağ) bir Ulusal Sismolojik Gözlem Ağı bakanlığımız tarafından işletilmektedir. Ülkemizdeki deprem aktivitesini yüksek duyarlıkta izleyecek bir gözlem ağını oluşturmayı da amaçlayan projelerle istasyon sayısı günden güne artırılmaktır.
Arazideki istasyonlarla Ankara merkez arasındaki gerçek zamanlı veri iletişimi; uydu, data hattı, internet, GPRS gibi iletişim yolları kullanılarak sağlanmaktadır. Sismolojik gözlem ağımızın duyarlılığı minimum lokal magnitüdü Ml=2,8 olan depremleri hesaplayabilecek düzeydedir. Bu duyarlılık bazı lokal bölgelerde Ml=1,5’a kadar inmektedir.
Türkiye çevresindeki deprem aktivitesi Ankara Deprem Araştırma Dairesi tarafından 7 gün 24 saat izlenmektedir. Bölgede meydana gelen depremin büyüklüğü 4’den fazla ise sistem otomatik olarak ilgili kişilere sms mesajı atmaktadır; Basın, kamu ve ulusal kriz merkezi, bilim enstitüleri fax ve e-mail ile bilgilendirilmektedir. EMSC-CSEM ve ORFEUS gibi kuruluşlarla data veri alış-verişi de yapılmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 38
ESTIMATION OF THE EARTHQUAKE HAZARD OF SİNOP PROVINCE USING PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS
OLASILIK VE İSTATİSTİK YÖNTEMLER İLE SİNOP İLİNİN DEPREM TEHLİKESİNİN TAHMİNİ
KARTAL R.F.-1, BEYHAN G.–2, YILMAZ N.-1, UTKUCU M.–2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı,
2-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü,
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Sinop city and its province, where is located at 11 km away North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), is divided IV, III, II, and I. degree earthquake region by present earthquake region map. In this study, Sinop province of earthquake hazard was estimated by using probability and statistical methods. Study area where bounded 41.21–42.09 north latitude and 34.23–35.46 east longitude, has not recorded any earthquake that is not 4.6 instrumental sizes. Therefore, working area has expanded 40.66-42.82 north 32.20-36.55 east to the coordinates. In the study area, seismic sources which may affect that area, have occurred within the last 108 years, have been converted from different scales to a scale common magnitude (Mw) values, and are defined compiling a earthquake catalogue. The results obtained by using different attenuation relations are compared. Working for the acceleration attenuation equations acceleration values of the Sinop province is between 0.02 g-0.17 g.
ÖZET Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ)’na 11 km uzaklıkta konumlanan Sinop ili, mevcut Deprem Bölgeleri haritasına göre IV., III., II. ve I. derece deprem bölgelerine ayrılan bir ilimizdir. Bu çalışmada, olasılık ve istatistik yöntemlerden yararlanılarak Sinop yöresinin deprem tehlikesi tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma alanı 41.21–42.09 kuzey enlemleri ile 34.23 – 35.46 doğu boylamları olarak sınırlandırılmıştır. Ancak sınırlanan bu alan içerisinde 01.01.1900-31.12.2008 tarihleri arasında aletsel büyüklüğü 4.6 dan büyük deprem kaydına rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle çalışma alanı 40.66-42.82 kuzey, 32.20-36.55 doğu koordinatları olarak genişletilmiştir. Çalışma alanında son 108 yıl içerisinde meydana gelen farklı ölçekteki magnitüd değerleri, ortak bir ölçeğe (Mw) dönüştürülerek deprem kataloğu yeniden derlenerek alanı etkileyebilecek sismik kaynaklar belirlenmiştir. Farklı azalım ilişkileri kullanılarak elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışılan ivme azalım bağıntılarından Sinop ili için ivme değerleri 0.02 g-0.17 g arasında değişmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 39
SOURCE PARAMETERS OF MODERATE QOM EARTHQUKE BY WAVEFORM MODELING
MANSOURI R.-1, GHEYTANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Iran
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Waveform modeling is general for moderate to great earthquakes in order to study source parameters such as focal mechanism. Results of these kinds of studies are used in many other studies such as empirical green’s function, hazard assessment, etc.
We computed the source parameters of Kahak earthquake of June 18, 2007 in Qom province, northern boundary of Central seismotectonic province of Iran. These parameters include focal mechanism, moment tensor, CLVD and so on. The modeling has been carried out using ISOLA package (Zaharadnik J. and Sokos E., 2003) which is based on time domain, full waveform three components modeling of seismograms for obtaining the components of seismic moment tensors. The data comprise broadband recordings of 6 stations of Iran National Seismic Network (INSN) within regional distances from the analyzed events.
Through this method we extracted waveforms from GCF format and change into SAC format using SEISAN package, then in order to create green functions and do waveform modeling we used ISOLA. The solution shows mainly reverse faulting with some component of strike slip movements. This study results have good agreement with local tectonic settings but if there were more stations available more reliable results might obtain.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 40
SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR KOPEH DAGH REGION
AZHARI S.M.-1, JAVANMEHRI M.-1, MIRZAEI N.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali st, institute of geophysics of university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, postal code: 1435944411
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The region studied in this research is situated in Kopeh Dagh region enclosed between o36 to o39 north latitudes and o5.55 to o60 east longitudes and covers Ashghabad , Quchan and Bojnord cities. This region lies within a broad zone of deformation that forms part of Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The studied region forms the Northeastern boundary of Iran plateau and is located on Southwestern margin of Turan (Turkmenistan) platform. Kopeh Dagh main fault separates the region from Turan plate in north. In this study we use the data from ISC catalogue (www.isc.ac.uk) from 1964 to 2008 early instrumental and historical earthquakes from Ambraseys & Melville, (1982). The earthquake hazard is assessed using empirical-statistical and deterministic methods. Seismicity parameters are evaluated and the earthquake hazard curve is plotted with hazard software. Finally earthquake probability for magnitude 6.5 in this region in the next 25,50 and 75 years are 40%,65% and 79% respectively, furthermore earthquake probability for magnitude 7 in this region in the next 25, 50 and 75 years are 18%,34% and 45% respectively. On the basis of deterministic method, the Shirin Darreh dam is proposed as a high potential seismic hazard site and PGA parameter assessed 0.9g for this site that evaluated from Quchan, Baghan and Espharayen faults activity.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 41
EVIDENCE FOR THE SEISMIC QUIESCENCE PRIOR TO THE JANUARY 25, 2005 HAKKARI (MW=5.9) EARTHQUAKE, TURKEY
ÖZTÜRK S.-1, BAYRAK Y.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geophysics, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, we focused on the detection of the precursory seismic quiescence before the January 25, 2005 Hakkari earthquake occurred in Turkey. The analysis was carried out on the instrumental catalogue of the Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Research Institute (KOERI), covering the period from February 1970 to December 2005 for the region 37.2º-39.6ºN and 42.4º-44.6ºE. The catalogue is homogeneous for duration magnitude, MD, including 664 crustal earthquakes with magnitude MD≥2.0 and depths less than 70 km. The magnitude completeness for Hakkari region is 3.2 and the number of events exceeding this magnitude level is 372. In the preliminary phase, the catalogue was declustered using the Reasenberg algorithm. Declustering procedure took away the earthquakes of 12% and 45 events were removed from the catalogue. Thus, the number of events for quiescence analysis was reduced to 327. In order to rank the significance of seismic quiescence, we used standard deviate Z-value. Making use of the ZMAP software package, we measured the significance of seismicity rate changes at the nodes of a 0.02º grid space in longitude and 0.02º in latitude. The number of events associated with each grid point was selected as 50 after a few tests. The data are subdivided in bins of 28 days for each sample and we used a mowing time window TW=3 years for the imaging of space and time rate changes. Finally, using the declustered catalogue regional variability of Z-value is mapped for every six month between 1990 and 2002. After 1997, it is observed a clear quiescence in and around the main shock epicenter of January 25, 2005 Hakkari earthquake. This quiescence period is best revealed after 1998. To identify the starting time and duration of precursory quiescence we plotted cumulative number of events for a circle of 25.26 km radius centered on Hakkari main shock. The results show that there is an area having a quiescence with Zmax=1.6 level at 1999.0 in and around the main shock region. Thus, we found that the MW=5.9 Hakkari earthquake on January 25, 2005 followed an outstanding seismic quiescence starting 6.07 years before main shock.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 42
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM AĞRI (DIYADIN) GEOTHERMAL WATERS
AĞRI (DİYADİN) JEOTERMAL KAYNAKLARININ KULLANILMASIYLA OLUŞABİLECEK ÇEVRESEL SORUNLAR
PASVANOĞLU S.-1, GÜLER S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe, İzmit- Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) constitute seismic belt characterized by young volcanic and active faults which allow circulation of waters as well as heat. For this reason, there are various geothermal systems having several hot water springs in the region. Diyadin, in the eastern part of Turkey, is located 7 km SE of Ağrı The distribution of hot water springs in Diyadin Region roughly parallels the distribution of the fault systems and young volcanism. In the east of the region there is Doğu Beyazıt, in the west Taşlıçay, in the South Erciş (Van) and in the southwest Çaldıran, Muradiye. Paleozoic and Senozoic rocks are exposed around the Diyadin area. Paleozoic metamorphic rocks (e.g. micaschist, quartzite and marbles) comprise the basement in the area. The metamorphics are unconformably overlain by a Neogene tuffite, conglomerate, clayey limestone, marl and thick volcanic lava and tuff sequence. The upper most part is represented by Quaternary alluvium and travertines that are indicative of old hot water manifestations. Diyadin geothermal field is located on an active Neotectonic zone. Strike slip faults and tensional cracks developed due to the N-S compression in the region. Therfore, thermal water and gases come out from the most of the cracks to the surface. In the study area there are lots of thermal and mineralized water springs close to each other. Their temperatures is 24-64˚C and their flowrate is 0.5-10 l/s. The discharge locality of thermal water springs can frequently be change due to CaCO3 depsition on the outlets of the springs. Yılanlı kireçli, Köprü, Davutlu, Kuşburnu, Tazekent, Dibekli and Mola Kır thermal springs are observed at the Diyadin geothermal field. Drilling studies in the Diyadin area were started in 1998 by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey MTA. As a result of drilling of 6 wells with a depth of 72–215 m, thermal water with a discharge of 560 l/s and with a temperature of 62–78ºC was produced.
In addition of these 15 km away from Diyadin Kuşburnu there are thermal water springs with a temperature between 40 and 60˚C and two drilling wells in which temperatures vary between 37 and 73˚C in Mola Kır village. In the Diyadin geothermal field, thermal water is used in an uncontrolled manner and waters from some of wells flow out of control since wells have not been opened with appropriate drilling techniques. As a result of uncontrolled and excess water use, a collapse was occurred due to the fact that the strength of load at the cave ceiling is overwhelmed. The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental problems around the Diaydin geothermal field that formed by uncontrolled use of thermal waters in this area and bring up its possible environmental threats.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 43
ÖZET Doğu Anadolu Fay hattı aktif sismik bir kuşak oluşturmaktadır. Bu fay kuşağı genç volkan ve aktif faylarla su ve sıcaklık dolaşımını sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bölgede birçok sıcak su kaynağına sahip olan çeşitli jeotermal sistemler mevcuttur. Türkiye’nin doğusunda yer alan Diyadin Ağrı’nın 7 km güney doğusundadır. Diyadin bölgesindeki sıcak su kaynağı dağılımı fay hatları ve genç volkanlarla paralellik göstermektedir. Bölgenin doğusunda Doğu Beyazıt, batısında Taşlıçay, güneyinde Erciş (Van) ve güneybatısında Çaldıran, Muradiye bulunmaktadır. İnceleme alanı Paleozoik yaşlı şist ve mermerler ile bunların üzerine diskordans olarak gelen Neojen yaşlı sedimenterler ve kalın bir volkanik istif olan lav ve tüf ile temsil edilmektedir. Bunları da Kuvaterner yaşlı travertenler ve alüvyon örtmektedir. Diyadin jeotermal sahası genç neotektonik hareketlerin yoğun olduğu bir kuşak üzerinde yer almaktadır. Sahada K-G sıkışmasına bağlı olarak doğrultu atımlı faylar ve beraberinde açılma çatlakları gelişmiştir. İnceleme alanında birbirlerine yakın mesafede birçok sıcak ve mineralli su kaynakları bulunmaktadır. Bunların sıcaklıkları 24-64˚C arasında olup, debileri 0.5-10 l/s arasındadır. Bu kaynak yerleri sabit olmayıp su çıkış noktalarında CaCO3 çökelimi nedeniyle sular sürekli yer değiştirmektedir. Bölgede Yılanlı kireçli, Köprü, Davutlu, Kuşburnu, Tazekent ve Molakır önemli sıcak ve mineralli su kaynaklarıdır. Kaplıca alanında sıcak su arama ve üretim amaçlı olarak MTA ve de Diyadin Entegre jeotermal ısıtma (Doğan Jeotermal) projesi olarak 1998 de yılı içerisinde 6 adet sondaj kuyusu açılmıştır. Kuyuların hepsi artezyen olup sıcaklıkları 62-78˚C ve derinlikleri 72-215 m arasındadır. Bunlara ilave olarak Diyadin Kuşburnun ‘dan 15 km uzaklıkta Mola kır köyünde sıcaklıkları sırasıyla 40- 60˚C ve 37-73˚C arasında değişen sıcak su kaynakları ile 2 adet sondaj bulunmaktadır. Diyadin jeotermal alanında sıcak su kaynakları ve bazı kuyular sondaj tekniğine uygun açılmadığı için sıcak su kontrolsüz olarak boşa akmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Diyadin jeotermal sahasındaki sıcak suların kullanılmasıyla oluşan çevresel problemlere dikkat çekilmesi ve bilhassa bu alanda suların kontrolsüz kullanımı sonucu oluşan karstik çöküntünün oluşum mekanizmasının açıklanması ve çevresel açıdan oluşturacağı tehlikelerin gündeme getirilmesidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 44
THE ARMUTLU NETWORK: AN INVESTIGATION ON SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING OF ARMUTLU-YALOVA REGION
BARIŞ Ş.-1, TUNÇ B.-1, WOITH H.-2, GROSSER H.-2, IRMAK S.-1, LÜHR B.-2, ÇAKA D.-1, TUNÇ S.-1, GÜNTHER E.-3, ÖZER M. F.-1, ZSCHAU J.-2
1-Kocaeli University, Earth and Space Sciences Research Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
2-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
3-University Potsdam Germany
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Yalova-Armutlu region is located on the western part of the 1999 Kocaeli rupture. This region is characterized by strong deformations and is located between two main strands of the North Anatolian Fault system. The Armutlu peninsula is believed to be adjacent to the Intra-Pontid Suture Zone or is even a part of it. This zone and region has a key role to understand neo-tectonic feature of the region and the interaction between high seismicity with high thermal activity and neo-tectonic faults originated by ongoing movement of the two branches of north and south of Armutlu. A horst and graben structure appears in this region whereby the Armutlu Peninsula represents a horst between two branches of the North Anatolian Fault System, resulting in a complex dextral zone.
In order to have a better understanding of the relation between micro-earthquake activity, hydrothermal activity, and recent stress state of the study region, ARNET (Armutlu Network) was installed on September 2005 with 10 broadband seismic stations. After 6 months, another 10 short period REFTEK stations were added to the network. As a result, we now have 23 seismic stations and 5 hydrothermal stations in and around Armutlu-Yalova region. In June 2009, we replaced REFTEK digitizers with GURALP digitizers at the short period seismic station. We also installed ADSL data transmission at 5 seismic stations. Currently, we are in the process of installing online communication system to the remaining seismic stations in our network. We also installed SeisComp software for data acquisition, and automatic location procedure to our network. This system is now is in the testing phase.
We obtained preliminary micro-earthquake activity of the said region and it shows that the (present) seismic activity increased after the 1999 events at the western part of the 1999 rupture zone while the rupture zone itself is quiet. Micro-earthquake activity shows some clusters but most of them are unexpectedly scattered. This region is highly deformed and is of a brittle structure with many small, medium-sized faults, and it contains metamorphic rocks. The tectonic structure, geology, and aging of the rocks are still under discussions and there is no consensus about them. We believe that this region has very complex tectonic features and thus seismicity is not showing clear clustering and lineaments along the well-known faults traces. We are also monitoring hydrothermal activity, pressure changes of hot-spring and natural water wells combined with water leveling, temperature, and chemical content in this region to reveal the relation between micro-earthquake activity with hydrothermal reservoirs. We are also trying to understand 1-D and 3-D velocity structure for this region to improve the location of micro-earthquake activity. The 1-D and 3-D structures were obtained and this structure is compared with the 3-D structure of the Marmara region.
The Armutlu-Yalova region is of a very complicated tectonic structure and has scattered micro-earthquake activity. Upper part of the crust shows low velocity zone conforming to present tectonic activity and brittle deformed metamorphic rocks. We need to analyze more earthquake data, and to improve 1-D velocity models with active seismic by using data from quarry blasts. Recent seismic activity is confined to Gemlik Bay, Yalova Termal regions, and special attention is needed to monitor seismic activity in these regions to understand likely and forthcoming larger event(s) in the Marmara Region. We believe that this region will play an important role to understand the formation of the next larger earthquake on the western extension of the North Anatolian Fault System.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 45
FAULT MECHANISMS OF THE BIGA PENINSULA EARTHQAUKES AND COHERENCE WITH ACTIVE TECTONICS
BİGA YARIMADASI DEPREMLERİNİN KAYNAK MEKANİZMALARI VE AKTİF TEKTONİK İLE UYUMLULUĞU
BEKLER T.-1, ÖZDEN S.-2, KALAFAT D.-3
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Blm, Terizoğlu Yerleşkesi, 17100 Çanakkale
2-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeoloji Müh. Blm, Terizoğlu Yerleşkesi, 17100 Çanakkale
3-Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, KRDAE, Ulusal Deprem İzleme Merkezi, 34684, İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The southern Marmara and its surroundings constitute one of the most active seismic regions in Turkey, and have experienced many major earthquake disasters in the past. The study area, Biga Peninsula is one of the most seismically active region where covers almost southern Marmara region. The tectonic mainframe is driven by the northward movement of the African and the Eurasian plates affect the tectonic complexity. This general behavior composes with the well known North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Southern strand of NAFZ is represented by generally right lateral NE-SW trending faults in Biga Peninsula. Some remarkable faults, namely, Biga, Etili, Gönen , İnova mark the seismotectonic of the region. Moderate and big earthquake occurred in the past; Çan-Biga, Erdek-Marmara Islands (Ms:6.4) in 1935, Manyas (Ms:7.0) in 1964, Yenice-Gönen (Ms:7.2) in 1954, Biga (Mw:6.1) in 1983 and recently; Kuşgölü-Manyas (Mw:4.7) and Gemlik-Bandırma (Mw:5.1) in 2006. The study is aimed to perform moment tensor inversion for the recent earthquake source parameters with moment magnitudes larger than 3.5 by using broad band digital component data (KOERI). The results indicate that strike slip faulting with little normal component. From both field observational geology and inversion results, tectonics scheme shows that a transtensional stress regime is dominant with a N-SE to WNW-ESE directed compression and NE-SW to ENE-WSW oriented extension.
ÖZET Güney Marmara ve çevresi geçmişte yıkıcı depremlerin yaşandığı Türkiye’nin sismik açıdan en etkin bölgelerinden biridir. Biga Yarımadası, Marmara bölgesinin güneyinde sismik açıdan oldukça aktif olan bir alandır. Tektonik çerçeve, kuzeye hareketli Afrika levhasının Avrasya levhası ile etkileşimi bölgenin karmaşık tektonik yapısını da etkilemektedir. Bu genel davranış Kuzey Anadolu Fay (KAF) zonu olarak bilinen faylanma sisteminin de etkin faktörüdür. KAFZ’nun Biga yarımadası’ndan geçen güney kolu temelde KD-GB doğrultulu sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı faylar ile temsil edilmektedir. Bunlardan en önemlileri Biga, Etili, Gönen, İnova bölgenin sismotektonik yapısına imza atan fay zonlarıdır. Bölgede orta ve büyük depremler; Çan-Biga Erdek-Marmara Adaları (Ms:6.4), 1935, Yenice-Gönen (Ms:7.2), 1953, Manyas (Ms:7.0), 1964, Biga (Mw:6.1) 1983 ve son olarak da Kuşgölü-Manyas (Mw:4.7) ve Gemlik-Bandırma (Mw:5.1), 2006 depremleri verilebilir. Bu çalışmada bölgede oluşmuş depremlerin (Mw≥3.5) kaynak parametrelerini hesaplamak için geniş bantlı üç bileşen sayısal kayıtlar (KRDAE) kullanılarak moment tensör ters çözümü çalışılmıştır. Sonuçlar küçük normal bileşeni olan sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı faylanma karakterini ortaya koymaktadır. Gerek saha jeolojisi ve yüzey kırıklarının çalışılması gerekse ters çözüm sonuçları, KB-GD ile BKB doğrultulu sıkışma ile KD-GB ile DKD-BGB doğrultulu açılma rejimi altında gelişen transtansiyonel gerilme rejimi ve bunun ürünü olan KD-GB doğrultulu normal bileşenli doğrultu atımlı faylanmaların etkili olduğu görülmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 46
A LONG-TERM PREDICTION BASED ON THE CIRCULAR EPICENTER MIGRATION OF THE HISTORICAL EQ’S OF MARMARA PENINSULA
TARİHSEL MARMARA DEPREMLERİNDE OLUŞAN DÖNGÜSEL DIŞ-MERKEZ GÖÇÜ VE BU DÖNGÜYE DAYALI BİR DEPREM ÖNGÖRÜSÜ
KAYNAK U.-1
1-İnönü Caddesi, Akasya Sokak, Baltacı Sitesi, A-blok, D.2, Sahra-i Cedit, Kadıköy-İSTANBUL
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A long term earthquake prediction is been made in this study as seen from the title. This long term prediction covers a time interval of only one year. The data-base used in this study has been obtain from a map of reliable explorers. Included in this data are the occurance times, approximate strikings, approximate magnitudes and the locations of the historical earthquakes of the Marmara region. The occurance times and locations have been used in this study. No argument was raised about historical earthquakes when the data was listed on a sheet of paper. But if the same time series were carried out on the epicenter distribution map of the historical earthquakes using arc type lines around the epicenters, then some qualitatively identifiably loops can be observed to have occured. These loops are identified and named as “circular epicenter migrations”. On the other hand when the closing times of the loops are applied on a graph, it surprisingly shows a decay curve and the phenomena thus gains a mathematical rationality. The loop closing time of the last ½ loop has been carried out by the extrapolation of the decay curve, which has made it possible to obtain a reliable long term prediction about the expected Mid Marmara Earthquake by means of these data. The main product of this study is the BC-2015 long term prediction. This is only a prediction and it being right on target is not an important issue. The most important aspect of this is more rural time series of the circular epicenter migration of the Marmara Region, than those of the “1939 Erzincan earthquake beginning” epicenter migration of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
ÖZET Başlıktan da görüleceği gibi bu çalışmada bir deprem öngörüsü yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmaya öngörü denilmesinin nedeni öngörünün, kestirimde olduğu gibi belirli bir tarihi değil, bir yıllık bir zaman aralığını kapsamasıdır. Kullanılan veri tabanı, güvenilirliği uluslar arası kabul görmüş bir araştırıcının haritası üzerindeki verilerden oluşmaktadır. Bu veriler Marmara bölgesindeki tarihsel depremlerin oluş yıllarını, olası yırtılma doğrultularını, olası büyüklüklerini ve lokasyonlarını içermektedir. Bu çalışmada, bu verilerin lokasyon ve tarihlerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Haritadaki tarihsel depremler, oluş tarihi bakımından sıraya dizdiğinde (listelendiğinde) herhangi bir ipucu elde edilemezken, aynı sıralama, bu kez haritada, dışmerkez lokasyonlarının üzerinde eğrisel çizgilerle yapıldığında, kalitatif bakımdan tanımlı ve tarifli birtakım döngüler oluşmaktadır. Bu döngüler (loops) “döngüsel (circular) dışmerkez göçü” olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Döngülerin kapanma süreleri, bir grafik üzerine taşındığında ise, grafikte bir sönüm eğrisi karakteristiği ile karşılaşılmakta ve olay kantitatif bakımdan matematiksel bir rasyonalite kazanmaktadır. Döngü haritasında yarım kalan son döngünün kapanma süresi, sönüm eğrisinin ektrapolasyonu yardımı ile bulunarak, beklenen “Orta Marmara Depremi” için oldukça güvenilir bir öngörü elde edilmiş olmaktadır. Çalışmanın getirisi 2015 yılı olarak elde edilen öngörüdür. Bu bir öngörü, olup isabet oranının ne olacağı pek de önemli değildir. Ancak bundan daha önemlisi KAFZ (Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu) üzerinde 1939 Erzincan depreminden sonra doğuya doğru yönlenen dışmerkez göçünden daha düzenli bir “dışmerkez göçü”nün, KAFZ’nin üç kola ayrıldığı Marmara Bölgesinde, bu kez doğrusal değil, döngüsel olarak saptanmasıdır.
POSTER / POSTER 47
SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METROPOLITAN IZMIR BASED ON THE DATA OBTAINED FROM LOCAL STRONG-MOTION ARRAY (IzmirNet): PRELIMINARY RESULTS
YEREL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ DEPREM İSTASYON AĞINDAN (İzmirNet) ELDE EDİLEN VERİLERE GÖRE İZMİR METROPOLÜ’NÜN ZEMİN ÖZELLİKLERİ: İLK SONUÇLAR
ÇEKEN U.-1, GÖK E.-2, YILMAZ D.-3, YALÇINKAYA E.-4, YAKUT A.-5, POLAT O.-2,3
1-Afet İşleri genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Ankara;
2-DEÜ Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi İzmir,
3-DEÜ Jeofizik Müh. Böl. İzmir;
4-İstanbul Üniv. Jeofizik Müh. Böl.;
5-ODTÜ İnşaat Müh. Böl. Ankara
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Izmir is the 3rd largest city following İstanbul and Ankara in terms of population, industrial density, capacity and contribution to the national economy. İzmir city is located very close to the active faults and grows rapidly on thick and Quaternary-Neogene aged young sediments. PGA distribution of certain events should be investigated on different geologic units based on the direct acceleration measurements to establish more reliable and economic engineering projects. Necessities in engineering seismology and earthquake engineering disciplines, IzmirNet local strong-motion array has been installed on August 2008 by DEÜ Earthquake Research and Implementation Center (Izmir), and General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department (Ankara). Preliminary results pertinent site characteristics of IzmirNet have been given in this study.
ÖZET İzmir nüfus ve sanayi yoğunluğu, kapasitesi ve ulusal ekonomiye katkısı açısından İstanbul ve Ankara’dan sonra üçüncü büyük şehirdir. İzmir şehri aktif faylara oldukça yakın konumdadır ve Kuvaterner-Neojen yaşlı genç sedimanlar üzerinde hızla büyümektedir. İzmir’de daha güvenli ve ekonomik mühendislik projelerinin hayata geçirilebilmesi için belli büyüklüklerdeki depremlerin farklı jeolojik birimler üzerindeki dağılımının ölçümlere dayalı olarak belirlenmesi gerekir. Mühendislik Sismolojisi ve Deprem Mühendisliğindeki bu görüş ve ihtiyaçlardan hareketle, DEÜ Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (İzmir) ile Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi (Ankara) tarafından, Ağustos 2008 tarihinde 16 kuvvetli yer hareketi istasyonundan oluşan bir yerel deprem istasyon ağı (İzmirNet) kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, İzmir zemin özelliklerine ilişkin elde edilen ilk sonuçlar anlatılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 48
GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND DEEP STRUCTURE OF SEISMOGENIC CHELLIF BASIN (ALGERIA)
ABTOUT A.-1, BOUKERBOUT H.-1, BOUYAHIAOUI B.-1, GIBERT D.-1, DERDER M.-1
1-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique & Géophysique - Observatoire d’Alger, Alger Algeria
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT During the last century, the northern part of Algeria has experienced several major earthquakes causing larger damages to the important towns. The Chellif basin is known as one of the most seismic active zone in Algeria and the West Mediterranean region. The “El Asnam” earthquake which occurred in 10.10.1980 of magnitude 7.3 was generated by a thrust fault with a NE-SW senestral component. Until now, a little is known about the deep geology of the active fault, which generates this strong activity. The gravity field is an important source of information for crustal structure. The aim of this work is to point out a reliable geometry of the major faults related to the kinematic of this region.
The gravity data carried out in this area were collected in different surveys. All these data were in first step homogenised by referring them to the “Bouzareah” absolute gravity base. The stations are irregularly distributed and the density of their distribution range between 1 to 2 per Km2. This distribution is however generally sufficient for our purposes.
The data were uniformly reduced to Bouguer anomalies at mean sea level, and topographic reductions were computed with a uniform density of 2.400 Kg m-3and width of 20 km.
The Bouguer gravity map shows ENE-WSW oriented iso-anomalies increasing from SSE to NNW. The positive oriented E-W anomalies near the cost reach to 70 mgals, are mainly due to the effect of the oceanic nature of the Mediterranean crust. In the southern part, we note the positive effect of the “Ouarsenis” mountain. The central part of the map is characterized by a closed low anomaly correlated with the « Chellif » basin.
The results obtained from various filtered maps (horizontal derivatives, upward continuation) of the gravity data, were used to generate a structural map of the studied area. Whilst the continuous wavelet transform method can help in automatic detection of elongated structures in 3-D, to estimate their strike direction, shape and depth. It gives a 3-D image or a model of the region. The resulting structural map confirms the existence of several faults, identified from previous geological studies and complements information on some of them. The results obtained, outline a great number of deep or near-surface faults that had remained unknown until the present time. The major features show two principal directions: NNE-SSW and NNW-SSE with a predominance of the latter, and their depth can reach 8000 m.
POSTER / POSTER 49
IMAGE PROCESSING OF SHARP BOUNDARIES IN 2D ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY OF FAULTS
ASHTARI TALKHESTANI A.-1., ABBASSI B.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Post Box: 14155-6466
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Automatic detection of boundaries between different geological bodies in 2D electrical tomography, using Image processing techniques is proposed here. This method is especially efficient for detection of faulting regions, which variation of resistivity values is sharp in one direction. Direction and intensity of faulting are found out by the way of an image processing method. The method is based on calculation of gradient of model resistivity data. Gradient of model resistivity values are calculated in four directions. Direction of maximum gradient vector is proposed as normal to the fault plane. Intensity of faulting is proportional to the magnitude of gradient vector. This method is applied for two synthetic models and one real data set of a faulted region in Iran. The synthetic data are representative of vertical and oblique faults. The result of applying this technique to the real data set is in well agreement with geological evidences. This method is applicable on various geophysical inversion data such as electromagnetic and seismic tomography data.
POSTER / POSTER 50
PREDICTION OF POROSITY FROM SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE TRACES USING LOCAL LINEAR NEURO-FUZZY MODEL IN GORGAN BASIN
ASHTARI TALKHESTANI A.-1, NABI-BIDHENDI M.-1, JAMALI J.-2, MIRMOMENI M.-3
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Post Box: 14155-6466,
2-Exploration Directorate, N.I.O.C,
3-ECE Department, University of Tehran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we use local linear neuro-fuzzy model to predict log porosity from seismic attribute traces in Gorgan basin located in northern part of Iran. The study area data consist of both 3-D seismic and also well logging data. From total of 20 attributes, 4 attributes are selected for training the neuro-fuzzy model. The multi-linear stepwise regression method applied to select attributes one by one. The learning algorithm used for optimization of neuro-fuzzy model is LOLIMOT algorithm. Neuro-fuzzy model optimized with 7 LLMs (neurons), this model has a minimum validation RMS error. Validation of the optimized neuro-fuzzy model is confirmed by comparing the model output with porosity log of the well which not used in the model training. Porosity sections are presented as the output of the method, showing two low porosity sandy and shaly-sand channels in Brown Beds formation. Lateral variations of these channels can clearly be recognized in these sections.
POSTER / POSTER 51
STRUCTURAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVIDENCE OF LATERAL TECTONIC EXTRUSION WITHIN THE SANANDAJ-SIRJAN METAMORPHIC BELT, ZAGROS MOUNTAINS, IRAN
FAGHIH A.-1, SARKARINEJAD K.-1, SHOJAEI A.-1, SAMANI B.-1
1-Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The westward motion of Turkey relative to Eurasia between the North and East Anatolian Faults (NAF, EAF) has been regarded as lateral tectonic extrusion of continental crust as a consequence of collision between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian Plates. This paper describes the existence of lateral tectonic extrusion (tectonic escape) within the Sanandaj-Sirjan Metamorphic Belt of the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. The Zagros Mountains are marked by a zone of high seismicity and accommodate a significant portion of the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt and is very often subjected to relatively strong earthquakes. Uplift of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt is a consequence of the oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian continent and Central-Iranian microcontinents. Crustal shortening associated with subduction and collision metamorphosed and deformed late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks at this zone. This belt is 200 km wide and more than 1500 km long from northwest (Sanandaj) to southeast (Sirjan) in western part of Iran which runs parallel to the NW-SE structural grain of the Zagros Mountains.
We have mainly based our study on the structural and microstructural characters of the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt. These data were analyzed and discussed in terms of lateral tectonic extrusion in response to the active continental collision. Although GPS and seismic evidence of tectonic escape are poor in the study area, reconstruction of deformation regime helps to constrain the geometry of escaping blocks. Quantitative kinematic analyses quartz c-axis fabrics suggest localized shear zones deformed with a significant pure shear component. All microscopic and mesoscopic shear sense indicators with monoclinic structure confirm the dextral sense of shear. The estimated
KW value of
about 11.076.0 ± suggests a significant component of pure shear flow for the deformation along the deformation zone. Structural and microstructural characters of the investigated deformation zone indicate that it is a dextral transpressional zone with triclinic symmetry. Several range-parallel strike-slip faults within the Zagros Mountains have been regarded as playing roles similar to those of the NAF and EAF. Finally, the occurrences of a horizontal stretching component parallel to the deformation zone boundary allows a kinematic model of combined inclined transpression and lateral tectonic extrusion for this part of the Zagros Orogenic Belt.
POSTER / POSTER 52
LOCATING HIDDEN FAULTS BY USING NEWEST 2D SEISMIC IMAGING METHOD
GOUDARZI-1, RIAHI-1
1-No. 4664- Mirzakouchak khan St – Abyek City – Qazvin province
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the last few years new imaging methods introduced. One of the most important and powerful procedure for seismic data processing is Common Reflection Surface stack (CRS stack) method. Seismic hazard analysis requires specification of seismic sources and recurrence rate of earthquake of various magnitudes in them. Earthquake engineering investigators and seismologists need to study on faults and their effects on seismic hazard analysis to establish new buildings and cities. There are lots of seismic sources throughout the interest regions that are hidden. Hidden faults are the most important structures that are not well known and can affect the study of hazard analysis. We use Common Reflection Surface Stack (CRS Stack) to find a hidden fault which is used for finding complex hydrocarbon reservoirs.
POSTER / POSTER 53
INTERPRETING GEOMAGNETIC DATA USING THE ANALYTIC SIGNAL METHOD
KARIMI A.-1, OSKOOI B.-2
1-Institute of Geophysics ,University of Tehran ,north Kargar st, Tehran
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The analytic signal method is used to interpret the magnetic and gravity data. The real and the imaginary parts of the analytic signal function are horizontal and vertical derivatives of magnetic field respectively. We can easily compute the analytic signal in frequency domain. The advantage of this method is that the shape of amplitude of analytic signal curve is independent of magnetization direction and dip angle of magnetic source. In this method, we use the amplitude value to estimate the depth of the magnetic sources. The amplitude of the analytic signal is equivalent to the second root of sum of the squared vertical and horizontal derivatives. The maximum of the anomaly is placed right above the edge of the magnetic body and the width of that is proportional to the depth of upper surface of magnetic anomaly. We apply this method in order to interpret the synthetic noise contaminated data. We also used this method along several profiles perpendicular to the strike of a dike in order to determine the depth and thickness of it in different places. For the study area located in Zanjan region the results show a depth of 20 meter and a thickness of 10 meter for the buried magnetic body.
POSTER / POSTER 54
NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF RESIDUAL SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES WITH VARIABLE SHAPE FACTOR
DEMİRCİ A.-1, EKİNCİ Y.L.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020, Çanakkale-Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The geometric shape factor plays a significant role in parameter estimation from the self-potential data. If the shape factor is assumed to be known in the inversion scheme, it requires a great deal of priori information about the anomalous body. Otherwise, the solution is constrained to convergence to a predefined fixed shape and this may lead to significant changes in the obtained model parameters in comparison to actual ones. In this research, in order to overcome this problem, we presented a non-linear inversion scheme for self-potential profile data with the use of the shape factor as an initial model parameter. The applicability of the present procedure was tested on some synthetically produced self-potential data. We contaminated the data sets as a further concession to reality. In all cases, applications showed that the desirable results were obtained. Moreover, the effects of the wrong selection of the shape factor on obtained model parameters were demonstrated. Finally, a well-known real data from eastern Turkey was also interpreted by present scheme where a well agreement was observed between the obtained results and the published results in the literature.
POSTER / POSTER 55
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION WORKS WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD COMPONENTS FOR THE 17 AUGUST AND 12 NOVEMBER EARTHQUAKES
MANYETİK ALAN BİLEŞENLERİ İLE 17 AĞUSTOS VE 12 KASIM 1999 DEPREMLERİ ÖN KESTİRİM ÇALIŞMALARI
KIYAK A.-1, KARAVUL C.-2, DURMUŞ H.-2
1-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi Balgat/ Çankaya/ ANKARA
2-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we used Boğaziçi University Kandilli observatory Geomagnetism labrotary databases. Measured databases are minute sensitivity and it contains all days in 1999 year. We aimed to look into the magnetic field datas and search trace of bigger earthquakes from magnetic field datas . For this aim, first we take 1999 year magnetic field datas and pre operation for interpretation. After pre operation we prepared graphics for interpretation. When we look into graphics 17 August and 12 November earthquakes traces . But we see traces on H and F component on the other hand D and Z component not include the traces. H and F components are horizontal components and NAFZ (North Anatolian Fault Zone) is too direction range fault system because of that we see tracces horizontal components.
Our anomalies include 23. Solar cycles most active period of time because of that lots of solar explode and our anomalies contain this activity effects. We can see especially H components weekly avarage graphics. In this graphics both earthquakes nearest biggest but 12 November anomalies weak than 17 August anomalies , at the 12 November solar activity more than other and therefore magnetic anomalies supressed.
After obtained informations we opinion that, fort he earthquake prediction magnetic measure datas can usable. But we must eleminate all the inreasing and dimmer effects . After that we can make more effective interpretation on the other hand on the unriped datas not reliable interpretaion.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi Jeomanyetizma laboratuarında dakika hassasiyetinde yıl boyu alınan manyetik alan bileşenleri incelenerek meydana gelmiş olan büyük depremlerin ölçülen manyetik alan kayıtlarında bir iz bırakıp bırakmadığı incelenmiştir. Bunun için 1999 yılında ölçülen kayıtlar alınarak ön işlemlerden geçirilmiş ve kaba yoruma hazırlanmıştır. Ön düzenleme işlemleri sonrası hazırlanan grafiklere bakıldığında 1999 yılında meydana gelmiş olan 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım depremlerinin izlerine H ve F bileşenlerinde rastlanırken D ve Z bileşenlerinde rastlanmamıştır. Değişimin gözlendiği bileşenlerin yatay bileşenler olması KAF ‘ın doğrultu atımlı bir sisteme sahip olması ile ilişki kurmamızı sağladı.
İncelenen anomaliler üzerinde 23. Güneş çevriminin tepe noktasında (etkinliğinin en fazla olduğu dönemde ) olmasından dolayı güneş patlamalarından kaynaklanan örtücü bir etki vardır. Bu etkinin varlığı özellikle haftalık ortalamalara ait H bileşen grafiği incelendiğinde net bir şekilde görülmektedir. Burada her iki depremin büyüklükleri birbirine yakın olmasına rağmen 12 Kasım depreminin anomalisinin daha zayıf olduğu görülmektedir. Her iki tarihteki güneş patlamaları incelendiğinde 17 Ağustos’un daha sakin 12 Kasım’ın ise daha aktif bir gün olduğu görülmüştür.
Elde edilen veriler ışığında şu kanıya varılmıştır. Depremlerin ön kestirimi için manyetik ölçümlerden yararlanmak mümkündür. Fakat manyetik verilerin üzerindeki artırıcı ve azaltıcı tüm etkilerin elemine edilmesi ile yorumların daha sağlıklı yapılabileceği ham veriler üzerinde yapılan yorumların çok sağlıklı olmayacağı görülmüştür
POSTER / POSTER 56
SPT-VS CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS TO BE DETERMINED FOR SAKARYA-ERENLER REGION
SAKARYA-ERENLER BÖLGESİ İÇİN SPT-VS KORELASYON KATSAYILARININ TESPİT EDİLMESİ
BEYHAN G.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KURNAZ T.F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankara
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We live on the ground according to the thickness and type will carry different features. This difference can be seen in various places in the same region. Therefore, the dynamics of earthquake-resistant construction features in the design basis is very important. The correlation between ground and build for the analysis of the parameters for the ground must be known accurately. Then the correlation between build parameters and the ground will do. In this subject, many studies have been made.
In this study, the ground belongs to the Sakarya-Erenler zone shear wave velocity (Vs) and examined the correlation between values of SPT testing ground for the review of a specific empirical relationships have been obtained. Study used data from the 1999 earthquake after Erenler prepared by the municipality reports were obtained. Regression and correlation analysis to ensure the reliability of the data for the test application is made data security. This test result has been observed that some data show uneven distribution. This security test on the regression factor was significantly better.
The empirical results of this study Erenler region belongs to the Sakarya-relations. Therefore, this correlation for other types of floors can give incorrect results. With these relationships in Sakarya-Erenler region with shear wave velocity can be correlated between the SPT test. Thus, field studies can be interpreted on the ground.
ÖZET Bizim üzerinde yaşadığımız zeminler kalınlık ve türlerine göre farklı özellikler taşırlar. Bu farklılıklar aynı bölgede değişik noktalarda da görülebilir. Bu nedenle, depreme karşı dayanıklı yapı tasarımında zeminlerin dinamik özellikleri oldukça önemlidir. Zemin ve yapı arasındaki korelasyonun analiz edilebilmesi için zemine ait parametrelerin doğru bir şekilde bilinmesi gerekir. Daha sonra ise zemin parametreleri ile yapı arasındaki korelasyon yapılır. Bu amaçla korelasyon bağıntıları türetilebilmektedir. Bu konuda çok sayıda çalışmalar yapılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Sakarya-Erenler bölgesi zeminine ait kayma dalgası hızı (Vs) ve SPT testi değerleri arasındaki korelasyon incelenerek inceleme alanı zeminine ait özel bir ampirik bağıntı elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler Erenler belediyesi tarafından 1999 depreminden sonra hazırlanan raporlarından elde edilmiştir. Regresyon ve korelasyon analizi için verilerin güvenilirliğini sağlamak amacıyla veri güvenlik testi uygulaması yapılmıştır. Bu test sonucunda bazı verilerin düzensiz dağılım gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu güvenlik testinin regresyon katsayısını önemli oranda iyileştirdiği görülmüştür.
Bu çalışma sonucu elde edilen ampirik bağıntı Sakarya-Erenler bölgesine aittir. Bu nedenle bu bağıntı başka tür zeminler için hatalı sonuçlar verebilir. Bu bağıntı sayesinde Sakarya-Erenler bölgesinde kayma dalgası hızı ile SPT testi arasında korelasyon yapılabilir. Böylece çalışma alanının zeminleri hakkında yorum yapılabilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 57
INVESTIGATION OF WALL REMAINS IN ALACAHOYUK WITH GPR
SEREN A.-1, GELİSLİ K.-1, ACİKGOZ D.A.-1., ERKUL S.-1
1-K.T.Ü. Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl. 61080 Trabzon
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Alacahöyük, which is located in the northwest of Alaca in the Çorum province, is one of the most important Hittite settlements. Newly planned archaeological excavations have been conducted in two distinct areas of Çorum-Alacahöyük in 2007. The subsurface structure of the site is investigated by using the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method, which has become widespread in similar studies. GPR is a geophysical method that makes use of electromagnetic waves to prospect the ground in a non-destructive way. This method relies on different physical properties of the terrain, which results in the reflections of the radar waves that can be measured.
On the basis of archaeological considerations that prince graves are thought to be situated in a defined zone (Zone A) and that the possible existence of wall remains are believed to be in another zone (Zone B), we obtained georadar data by utilizing the Ramac CU II GPR system with 100 MHz antennae.
In all the profiles of the study area, amplitude slice variations were obtained from the data collected according to the different positions of the transmitter-receiver antennae, some of which were parallel to one another and to the profiles whereas the others were parallel to one another and perpendicular to the profiles. This was performed after the data went through basic data processing steps and were mapped in order to observe what types of structure extensions were involved and to which depths they occurred.
The results reveal that the presence of strong reflections in georadar sections indicates the locations of some wall remains and probable princes’ graves. Consequently, excavations were recommended where the presence of anomalies was observed. Archaeological finds corroborated the existence of remains during the following excavations when strong reflections were observed in the maps or radargrams.
POSTER / POSTER 58
HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY IN EAST OF ESFAHAN, CENTRAL IRAN MAGMATIC BELT
BATOUL TAGHIPOUR-1 FARID MOOR-1
1-Shiraz University
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the Cenozoic magmatic belt of Central Iran, the Eocene volcanics and pyroclastics from the East of Esfahan underwent extensive hydrothermal alteration. The Eocene volcanics composed mostly of andesite lava and tuffs have been altered. The surveyed area is laterally zoned from an inner quartz-sericite alteration zone to an outer propylitic zone. Quartz-sericite alteration is predominant (>95%), but smaller zones of alunite-jarosite and silicified zones are present and superimposed onto a quartz-sericite alteration. In the quartz-sericite zone all altered rocks are light greyish to whitish in color and porphyritic with aphanitic groundmass.
Concentrations of alunite and jarosite veinlets and stockworks are dispersed irregularly in this zone. Alunite and jarosite occur also as coatings on fractured rocks. All types of alunite occurrences are brick-red, cream, white and buff in colors, while jarosite is brown to rusty in colors. To verify, chemical composition of alunite and jarosite were identified by X-ray diffraction in mineral assemblages Major alteration zones show inclusions of propylite, quartz sericite, advanced argillic and silicified zones. These alunites are mainly porcelaneous and their compositions show a solid solution between alunite and jarosite. In alteration zones, the mineral assemblage is characterized by alunite-jarosite + quartz + sericite + alkali feldspars + chlorite ± turquoise ± barite ± iron oxides. There are numerous alunite and jarosite occurrences, mainly as veinlets, in parts of the advanced argillic zone. Alunite δ18O and δ D values range from -1.76 to 8.81‰ and from -52.86 to -129.26‰ respectively. Field observations, mineralogical evidence and results from light element stable isotope data (δ18O, δ D and δ34S); indicate that this area alunitization is supergene in origin.
POSTER / POSTER 59
CALCULATION OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM USING 2.5-D APPROACH
25-B YAKLAŞIMI İLE YAPAY SİSMOGRAM ÜRETİLMESİ
BARIN B.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
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ABSTRACT In this study, acoustic wave equation in two-dimensional medium for a line source (2-D) and a point source (2.5-D) was solved using finite difference method. Ricker wavelet was used as a seismic source. Synthetic seismograms for various complex structures were produced by the calculation of propagation of source wavelet.
Cartesian coordinates were employed for calculations. By the use of Fourier transform in three-dimensional acoustic wave equation, one horizontal space dimension was defined with wave numbers. Therefore, calculations for point source in two dimensional velocity models were reduced to consecutive solution of two-dimensional wave equation for each wave numbers.
One of the most important problems in modeling of the wave propagation is the reflections caused by the borders of the calculation area. To solve this problem, both the boundaries were set far away from the calculation area and also the absorbing boundary conditions were used.
For the 2.5-D case, computational CPU time depends upon the numbers of the wave numbers such as; the CPU time for 10 wave numbers was 163 seconds. In the 2-D case, required CPU time was only 14 seconds. In both situations, there were no remarkable differences between the first breaks of synthetic seismograms over the 2-D velocity model. Comparison of the traces from different offset is presented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, akustik dalga denklemi iki-boyutlu ortamda çizgi kaynak (2-B) ve nokta kaynak (2.5-B) için sonlu farklar yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Sismik kaynak olarak Ricker dalgacığı kullanılmıştır. Kaynak dalgacığının çeşitli karmaşık yapılar içindeki yayılımı modellenerek yapay sismogramlar üretilmiştir.
Hesaplamalarda kartezyen koordinatlar kullanılmıştır. Üç-boyutlu dalga denkleminde Fourier dönüşümü kullanılarak bir yatay uzaysal boyut dalga sayıları ile tanımlanmıştır. Böylece, iki boyutta değişen hız modellerinde nokta kaynak için hesaplamalar, ardışık olarak her bir dalga sayısı için yapılan iki-boyutlu dalga denklemi çözümlerine indirgenmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 60
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION ON REDUCTION TO THE POLE PROCESS
KALINTI MIKNATISLANMANIN KUTBA İNDİRGEME TEKNİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
YILDIRIM Ç.-1, EKİNCİ Y.L.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü 17020 Çanakkale-Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT In magnetic investigations, when the source magnetization and geomagnetic field are not directed vertically, maximum values of the magnetic anomalies do not locate over the source body center and thus skewness results are observed. This may complicate the interpretation. In order to shift the anomalies laterally to locate over their respective sources, a linear filtering process, reduction to the pole transformation is commonly applied. There exist many software packages that can be used for this purpose. However, most of these packages assume that the magnetization of the source body is induced. In other words, the assumption is usually made that the magnetization of the source is parallel to the direction of the ambient field. If the presence of remanent magnetization of the causative body is neglected at the reduction to the pole process, the shape and the sign of the anomaly can be distorted.
In the frame of this study this subject was discussed. An algorithm was developed for the pole reduction of the gridded magnetic data and the effects of remanent magnetization were examined. First, the validity of the algorithm was proved on synthetically produced magnetic data with induced magnetization and then the effect of the neglected unknown remanent magnetization on reduced to the pole magnetic data was demonstrated.
ÖZET Manyetik araştırmalarda, kaynak yapı mıknatıslanmasının ve yer manyetik alanın düşey olarak yönlenmediği durumlarda manyetik belirtinin en yüksek genlik değerleri kaynak yapı merkezi üzerinde yer almamakta ve böylece belirti üzerinde bir şekil bozukluğu gözlenmektedir. Bu durum yorumlamayı güçleştirebilir. Belirtinin en yüksek genlik değerlerini yapı merkezi üzerine çekebilmek amacıyla doğrusal bir süzgeçleme işlemi olan kutba indirgeme dönüşümü yaygın bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Bu amaçla kullanılabilen birçok paket program bulunmaktadır. Ancak çoğunda kaynak mıknatıslanmasının indüklem olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle kaynak mıknatıslanmasının yer manyetik alan yönüne paralel olduğu varsayımı yapılmaktadır. Kutba indirgeme işlemi gerçekleştirilirken, eğer kaynak yapıya ait bir kalıntı mıknatıslanma varsa ve bu ihmal edilirse, belirtinin şeklinde bozukluklar olabilir.
Bu çalışmada kapsamında bu konu irdelenmiştir. Gridlenmiş manyetik alan verilerine kutba indirgeme dönüşümünü uygulayan bir algoritma geliştirilmiş ve kalıntı mıknatıslanmanın etkisi ele alınmıştır. Öncelikle, algoritmanın uygulanabilirliği indüklem mıknatıslanmaya sahip kuramsal modeller üzerinde gösterilmiş ve ardından bu yapıların kalıntı mıknatıslanmaya sahip olmaları ve bunun ihmal edilmesi durumunun kutba indirgeme işlemi üzerindeki etkileri sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 61
THE SEA OF MARMARA, SEA BOTTOM OBSERVATORY PROJECT (MSBOP)
GÜRBÜZ C.-1, KALAFAT D.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, ÖĞÜTÇÜ Z.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.-1, KARA M.-1, SUVARIKLI M.-1
1-B.U. Kandilli Observatory &ERI, NEMC 34684 Cengelkoy/ISTANBUL -TURKEY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara is one of the most important seismic active region in Turkey. Current seismicity in the Marmara Sea Region result from the present day movement of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). The NAF is the major active right-lateral strike-slip tectonic feature of Turkey. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) runs along the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian Plate . The Sea of Marmara has affected extensional tectonics of the Aegean Sea and strike-slip system of the NAF. Northern branch of NAF is the most active fault zone in the Sea of Marmara. Seismic activities are compatible with strike-slip geometry of northern branch of NAF in the region.
After the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake (Ms=7.9), nine big earthquakes (Ms> 7.0) occured along the westward of NAF. In 1999, two big earthquakes (Aug.17, 1999 İzmit-Gölcük and Nov. 12,1999 Düzce) occured in the Marmara Sea Region. Seismic studies provided that there is a seismic gap below the Sea of Marmara . Therefore, Istanbul and Marmara Sea Region have big earthquake risk.
The important targets of the MSBO Project:
●To improve the station distribution in the sea of Marmara seismic network and integrate with land-based seismic stations.
●To install new land-based stations in the Southern Marmara Region that has several gaps in the station distribution for reliable monitoring.
●To record and analyse of earthquakes with magnitude of about 1.0 or less
●To improve the resolution of hypocenter determination
●To determine physical charecteristics of fault-source mechanisms
●To obtain high quality data for better determining the crustal structure for Marmara Region.
●Better understanding of the tectonic structure of Marmara Region
●To obtain multidisciplinary data such as seismic,temperature, pressure and sea floor
current measurements.
●To develop a Tsunami Early Warning System for Marmara earthquakes
●To disseminate reliable and rapid earthquake information to public and relevant agencies.
The MSBO Project has two main framework :
Land-based broadband (BB) seismic stations (10 Broadband stations) had installed since 2008 in Marmara Sea Region.
Sea bottom observatory stations (5 Sea Bottom Observatories) will install in late June, 2009). Sea Bottom Observatories will include BB seismic sensors and pressure meters for tsunami warning purposes. This project will be finished completely in August, 2009.
POSTER / POSTER 62
NEAR REAL TIME REGIONAL MOMENT TENSOR ESTIMATION USING TURKISH SEISMIC NETWORK’S BROADBAND STATIONS
KALAFAT D.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, GÖRGÜN E.-1, POYRAZ S.A.-1
1-B.U. Kandilli Observatory &ERI, NEMC 34684 Cengelkoy/ISTANBUL -TURKEY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we investigate earthquake (M ≥ 4.0) focal mechanisms using Turkish Seismic BB Network (TSBN) near real time regional moment tensor estimation. Boğaziçi University and Earthquake Research Institute (BU-KOERI), National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC) has been establishing BB stations throughout Turkey since 2004. KOERI-NEMC evaluates BB data in near real time and publishes preliminary focal mechanism solutions. Source parameters are determined using at least 1 or average 3 BB stations. 235 fault plane solutions were analyzed between 2007 and 2009 based on regional moment tensor method by Dreger (2002). National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC) proposes a real time earthquake analysis software ZSACwin (Yılmazer, 2003) which includes this technique for real time purposes. After establishing this software at NEMC, source parameters of M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes are given automatically to users on web page. The main goal of the study is to establish a data base including Turkey and surrounding regions. This data base consists of faulting mechanisms (strike, dip and rake angles), seismic moment (M0) and moment magnitude (Mw) for scientific and ordinary researchers.
POSTER / POSTER 63
INVESTIGATION OF SEISMICITY AND SEISMOTECTONIC FEATURES OF SALT LAKE AND SURROUNDINGS, CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION
KALAFAT D.-1, ÖĞÜTCÜ Z.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, GÖRGÜN E.-1, KARA M.-1, KILIÇ K.-1, DENİZ P.-1, ÇOMOĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU A.-1, POYRAZ S. A.-1, BEKLER F.N.-1, KÜSMEZER A.-1, GÜMÜŞ H.-1, KEPEKÇİ D.-1, GÜL M.-1, POLAT R.-1, ÇOK Ö.-1
1-B.U. Kandilli Observatory &ERI, NEMC 34684 Cengelkoy/ISTANBUL -TURKEY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Konya and the Salt Lake basins are the most prominent morphological features in the Central Anatolia. The Salt Lake Fault Zone (SLFZ) is aligned NW–SE oriented in the region. The SLFZ is about 200 km-length where no devastating earthquakes occurred in the last century. Recently earthquake sequences have occurred in particularly Bala–Kula region. This region is seismically active located in the NW part of the SLFZ. The aim of the project is to monitor and investigate in detail this zone using micro-seismicity. Determination of earthquake source parameters, definition of predominant stress components-tectonic regimes, Coulomb stress analysis and micro-seismicity monitoring are primary targets. For these goals, 6 new broadband (BB) seismic stations will be installed in the region. Furthermore, mechanics, kinematics and seismotectonic relations between recent earthquake activity and the SLFZ will be evaluated by this project. NW-SE and NE-SW trending faults are the main features in the region. This study will allow us to find new evidences for the known tectonic progress in the Central Anatolia. This project will be planned for two years including installation new 6 BB seismic stations and data evaluation. We also determined faulting mechanisms and stress tensor parameters for M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes of 2005-2007 time period. Fault plane solutions were calculated from digital BB stations at Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) using regional moment tensor inversion method. According to this analysis, earthquake activity occurred on NW-SE and NE-SW trending strike slip faults with oblique components. This type of faults could be generated as a form of crosswise oblique faults with respect to each others. After relocating of aftershock sequences, we have seen that the distribution of aftershocks coincides with fault directions.
POSTER / POSTER 64
EVOLUTION OF KANDILLI OBSERVATORY AND EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (KOERI) BROADBAND (BB) DIGITAL SEISMIC NETWORK
KALAFAT D.-1, ÖĞÜTCÜ Z.-1, SUVARIKLI M.-1, GÜNEŞ Y.-1, YILMAZER M.-1, KEKOVALI K.-1, KARA M.-1, KILIÇ K.-1, BEKLER F.N.-1, KÜSMEZER A.-1, DENİZ P.-1, ÇOMOĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU M.-1, BERBEROĞLU A.-1, POYRAZ S.A.-1, GÜMÜŞ H.-1, GÖRGÜN E.-1, KEPEKÇİ D.-1, GÜL M.-1, POLAT R.-1, ÇOK Ö.-1
1-B.U. Kandilli Observatory &ERI, NEMC 34684 Cengelkoy/ISTANBUL -TURKEY
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ABSTRACT Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) National Earthquake Monitoring Centre (NEMC) operates Turkish Digital Seismic Network in Turkey. Before 2000 year, KOERI has also short period single component sensors (Z) and these stations were not distributed homogeneously around the Turkey. After 1999 Eastern Marmara (Gölcük-Kocaeli ;Mw=7.4) and Düzce (Mw=7.2) Earthquakes, Particularly, we provided financial budget with different projects last 5 years and we installed BB seismic stations in the whole of Turkey. The first time we used satellite communication technology (SCT) in Turkey and we carried seismic signal via satellite in August 2004. Now we use satellite technology at all BB stations for new installations. Today we have 94 BB seismic stations in Turkey. Also we are carrying to continuous seismic signal via satellite for 86 BB stations from the through Turkey. The main goal of the KOERI Seismic Network is to detect the earthquake location of the magnitudes larger than 3.0 with ±1 km error. The number of the broadband stations should be increased uniformly to 100 in whole of Turkey at the end of the 2010.
At the same time, this year we will install Sea Bottom Observatory (SBO) in the Marmara Sea floor. NEMC determines as rapidly and accurate as possible location and magnitudes of the earthquakes that occur in Turkey and surrounding area. In the short run, we are planning to use automatic rapid solutions for earthquake parameters and MTI solutions, especially for M>4.5 earthquakes in Turkey. All of the earthquake information is sent automatically to the relevant public and government agencies via internet. Particularly, the earthquake parameters of the magnitudes larger than M≥3.0 are sent immediately to the international seismological centers by fax, e-mail and SMS message. NEMC have draft the future plan for improving the seismic monitoring system by establishment uniformly the broadband digital seismic network in Turkey.
POSTER / POSTER 65
DEDUCING THE GEOMETRY OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING BY RESISTIVITY METHOD
DOĞRULTU ATIMLI FAYLARIN GEOMETRİLERİNİN ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE ORTAYA ÇIKARILMASI
EFEOĞLU E.-1 AŞÇI M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği
[email protected], [email protected]
__________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Tectonic based formation of river basins resulted from normal or strike-slip faults, and formation of river basins can only be understood by revealing the mechanisms or geometry of these faults. Consequently, the structure of North Anatolian Fault Zone in Geyve and Iznik river basins is tried to be revealed by resistivity method in order to explain the formation of the mentioned river basins. To understand Geyve and İznik river basins, data were collected perpendicular to the fault line. Wenner and Schlumberger configurations were applied. Then we performed an inversion algorithm developed based on the least square method for evaluating the data. In this way we showed that how the fault continues the downwards. Three directions were selected on the Geyve and İznik faults which are considered as the western central branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Separate measurements perpendicular to the fault were performed for each direction. The measurements were collectively evaluated and the geometrical status of the fault in that region was presented. According to the results obtained, the surface and underground traces of the fault were jointly mapped. The underground traces were found to be tending towards the north when compared to the surface traces. The level of this tendency has provided us valuable tectonic information on the basins’ formation and their evaluation to date
ÖZET Tektonik açıdan havza oluşumları kendisini oluşturan normal yada doğrultu atımlı faylar sayesindedir. Havzaların nasıl oluştuğunun ortaya konabilmesi ancak bu fayların mekanizmalarının veya geometrisinin ortaya konabilmesi ile mümkündür. Bu açıdan da Geyve ve İznik havzaların oluşumunu açıklamak amacıyla KAFZ ‘nun bu kesimdeki yapısı özdirenç yöntemiyle ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu durumu ortaya koymak amacıyla fay doğrultusuna dik doğrultuda ölçümler alınmıştır. Ölçümlerin alınmasında Kaydırma Wenner, Schlumberger elektrot açılım sistemlerinin kullanılması uygun görülmüştür. Değerlendirilmeleri EKK ters çözüm tekniği ile yapılmıştır. KAFZ‘nun batıdaki orta kolu sayılan Geyve, İznik fayları üzerinde 3 adet doğrultu seçilmiştir. Her bir doğrultu için yüzeyde izlenen faya dik olacak şekilde ölçümler alınmıştır. Bu ölçümler birlikte değerlendirilerek o bölgedeki fayın geometrik durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Bulunan sonuçlara göre fayın yüzeyde belirlenmiş izi, yüzeyin altında belirlenmiş izi birlikte haritalanmıştır. Fayın derine doğru belirlenen izleri fayın yüzeydeki konumuna göre kuzey yönünde çıkmıştır. Kuzey yönündeki bu eğimin derecesi havzaların oluşumu yada bu güne kadarki gelişimi hakkında tektonik bilgiler vermiştir
POSTER / POSTER 66
MICROZONATION STUDIES BY USING SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY: GEBZE (KOCAELİ) REGION
KAYMA DALGA HIZI KULLANILARAK MİKROBÖLGELEME ÇALIŞMALARI: GEBZE (KOCAELİ) BÖLGESİ
EFEOĞLU E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Local soil condition is the most important factor on earthquake damage and effects. Thick but smooth sediment layers comparing to the hard bedrock can be the main cause of the increasing of earthquake damage which resulted in some lands affected significantly. A simple proof might be that Avcılar is 100 km far away from the zone of the earthquake center which occurred in 1999, as its affection is felt mostly there. The knowledge of site effect is important to build earthquake- resistant structures.
This study focused on investigations of soil amplification effects in Gebze during a possible earthquake. In the field, soil amplification related to the shear wave velocity, which estimated by 45 seismic refraction experiments, has been assesed by empirical approach which was introduced by Midorikawa. Microzonation, soil amplification which defined to the shear wave velocity and dominant period maps of study area conducted by using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and were interpreted
ÖZET Yerel zemin koşulları deprem zararlarının ve etkilerinin dağılmasında en önemli faktördür. Kalın fakat yumuşak sediman tabakalar, sert ana-kayaya oranla, deprem sırasında oluşan yer hareketini birçok kat daha yükseltilmesi (zemin büyütme etkisi) deprem sırasında bazı bölgelerin depremden büyük derecede etkilenmesinin ana nedenlerinden birisi olmaktadır. 1999 depreminde deprem merkezinden yaklaşık 100 km uzaklıkta olmasına rağmen Avcılar yerleşim yerinin depremden en fazla etkilenen alanlardan biri olması bunu en iyi kanıtıdır. Herhangi bir yerdeki zemin etkisinin bilinmesi, bu yerlerde depreme dayanıklı yapılar inşa edilebilmesi açısından önemlidir.
Bu çalışma deprem nedeniyle oluşacak zemin tepkisinin/büyütmesinin Gebze (Kocaeli) bölgesindeki etkisinin araştırılması üzerinde odaklanmıstır. İnceleme alanında 45 adet karşılıklı atışlı sismik kırılma çalışması yapılmış bulunan kayma dalga hızına göre Zemin büyütmeleri Midorikawa (1987) tarafında geliştirilen ampirik yaklaşımlarla değerlendirilmiştir. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri’nden (CBS) yararlanılarak inceleme alanının zeminine ait mikro-ölçekli bölgeleme (yada yerleşime uygunluk haritası), kayma dalgası hızı, bu hız değerine göre belirlenen zemin büyütmesi ve baskın periyot haritaları oluşturularak yorumlanmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 67
DETERMINING OF SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES BY RESISTIVITY METHOD
YERALTI YAPILARININ ÖZDİRENÇ YÖNTEMİYLE BELİRLENMESİ
EFEOĞLU E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
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ABSTRACT Modelling process means determining of geometrical and physical parameters which are representing geological structure. Resistivity method is often prefered in modelling studies because of its easy applicability, speed and cheapness In this study, to examine the usefulness of the electrical resistivity inversion method in the horizontal and vertical discontinuities, modelling studies were carried out using synthetic and field 1-D resistivity data. The models used in the study were composed of a buried block, fault, dayk and layer earth model. The Schlumberger and Wenner electrode configurations widely used in the resistivity method were employed to generate apparent resistivity data and the solutions were obtained by the Damped Least-Squares (Marquardt) algorithm. Iteration progress and the modification of Marquardt factor are controlled by rms value. Accomplishment of these methods were tested by modeling studies on different problems. Then, these models were applied to the field data. Five different models applied to the apparent resistivity data obtained in the field. The reliability of the solutions was studied by data and model misfit approaches. Study resulted with satisfactory solutions, field data and theoretical data are congruent for all model surveys.
ÖZET Modelleme işlemi jeolojik yapıyı temsil eden geometrik ya da fiziksel parametrelerin saptanması işlemidir. Kolay uygulanabilirliği, hızlı ve ucuz olması bakımından özdirenç yöntemi modelleme çalışmalarında sıkça tercih edilen jeofizik yöntemdir.Bu çalışmada yanal ve düşey süreksizliklerin belirlenmesinde elektrik özdirenç ters-çözüm yönteminin yararlılığını incelemek amacıyla, bir-boyutlu yapay ve arazi verileri kullanılarak modelleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan modeller, gömülü bir blok, fay, dayk ve yatay tabakalı yer modellerinden oluşmaktadır. Özdirenç yönteminde yaygın olarak kullanılan Schlumberger, Wenner, dizilimleri ile görünür özdirenç verisi üretilmiş ve çözümler sönümlü en küçük kareler ters-çözüm algoritması ile elde edilmiştir. İterasyon işlemi ve Marquardt faktörünün değişimi karesel hata (rms) değeriyle kontrol edilmiştir. Yapılan modelleme çalışmalarıyla, değişik problemler üzerinde bu yöntemlerin başarısı test edildikten sonra bu modeller arazi verisine uygulanmıştır. Arazide alınan ölçümlerden elde edilen görünür özdirenç verilerine beş farklı modelle yaklaşım yapılmıştır. Çözümlerin güvenilirliği veri ve model çakışmazlık yaklaşımıyla irdelenmiştir. Çalışmadan olumlu sonuçlar alınmış tüm model çalışmalarında arazi verisi ile teorik veriler çakışma göstermiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 68
STUDIES OF NOISE ELIMINATION IN MAGNETOTELLURIC METHOD
MANYETOTELURİK YÖNTEMDE GÜRÜLTÜ YOKETME ÇALIŞMALARI
ŞENGÜL E.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü Çanakkale
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ABSTRACT The time series of Magnetotelluric (MT) method consist of the components of the natural electromagnetic wave spreading within the ground and other noise attached to them. Noise analysis studies aims to obtain the most convenient impedances (MT transfer function) with eliminating the noise components from the time series. In MT method, the noise, in general, is classified as correlated and uncorrelated noise. In this study Statistical approaches are used to eliminate the uncorrelated noise. For this purpose, firstly synthetic data produced with different sampling frequency (2, 5, 20, 32, 1000 Hz) were tested, then real MT time-series data were used. For the data process first, the data were divided into windows of 512 values and then suggested data processing stages were applied on these windows. Data size depending on sampling frequency varies from 32 to 100 windows. Impedance values obtained from each window were stacked to obtain the impedance value for all data. In this study the data process steps, in general, removing trend from the signal, Fourier transformation of the windowed data and analyzing the power spectral density for each windows and frequency. Results indicated that, the uncorrelated noise in the signal caused distinct deviation from the average value in power spectral density. Therefore improvement in the impedance values and depending upon that result, apparent resistivity curve can be provided by the elimination of this deviation values from stacking process.
ÖZET Manyetotellürik (MT) yöntemde zaman serileri, yer içinde yayılan doğal elektromanyetik dalganın bileşenleri ve bunlara eklenmiş gürültülerden oluşmaktadır. Gürültü analizi çalışmaları ile veriden gürültü bileşenleri yok edilerek, en uygun empedans değerine (MT transfer fonksiyonuna) ulaşılması hedeflenmektedir. MT yöntemde gürültü genel olarak; ilişkili ve ilişkisiz biçimde sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada verideki ilişkisiz gürültünün yok edilmesi için istatistiksel yaklaşımlar kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla önce farklı örnekleme frekanslarıyla (2, 5, 20,32, 1000 Hz) üretilmiş sentetik veriler üzerinde denemeler yapılmış daha sonra da gerçek MT zaman serisi verisi kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veri önce 512 değerlikli pencerelere bölünmüş ve önerilen veri işlem aşamaları bu pencerelere uygulanmıştır. Veri boyları örnekleme aralıklarına bağlı olarak 32 ila 100 pencereden oluşmaktadır. Her pencereden ayrı ayrı elde edilen empedans değerleri yığma yapılarak tüm veriye ait empedans verisine dönüştürülmüştür. Bu çalışmada gürültü tanımlamada gerçekleştirilen işlemler genel olarak; sinyalden yönsemenin giderilmesi, pencerelenen sinyalin frekans ortamına geçirilmesi ve sinyalin güç yoğunluğu spektrumunun her pencere ve frekans için incelenmesi biçimindedir. Sonuçlar, sinyaldeki ilişkisiz gürültünün sinyalin güç yoğunluğu spektrumunun ortalama değerinden sapmasına neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Böylelikle sapmaya uğramış değerler yığma işleminde kullanılmayarak empedans değerlerinde ve buna bağlı olarak da görünür özdirenç eğrilerinde bir düzelme sağlanabilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 69
DESIGN OF AN OPTIMUM SEISMIC NETWORK FOR IRAN
KARKOOTI E.-1, SHOMALI Z.H.-1
1-Iran - Tehran - Tajrish Sq - maghsoud beig St - namazi St - No 18
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT The ability to determine hypocenters with high precision depends to a large extent on the geometric configuration of the network. Given the high cost of installation and maintenance, it is essential that the network be designed to provide maximal precision. Prediction analysis could be used for Optimizing array geometry to provide maximum hypocenter control in specific target regions.
In this paper we try to find the required number of stations and best configuration for monitoring all the seismic sources in Iran with a desired detection threshold. three examples are presented a network for monitoring all the earthquakes with magnitude 2 and above and another with magnitude 1 and above and third example is a combination of the two, magnitude threshold of 1 at the seismic sources and two in less dangerous parts. next by using the prediction analysis we try to find the network configurations that minimize the epicenter and hypocenter errors. In conclusion we give some recommendations for future development of seismic networks in Iran and possible cooperation in the region.
POSTER / POSTER 70
COMPARISON OF NOISE LEVELS IN STATIONS OF IRANIAN SEISMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK (ISTN)
KARKOOTI E.-1, SHOMALI Z.H.-1
1-Iran - Tehran - Tajrish Sq - maghsoud beig St - namazi St - No 18
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT For earthquake-monitoring and detection purposes it is important to know the ambient seismic noise levels experienced by different seismic stations in a seismic network. The Iran Seismic Telemetry Network was founded in 1995 and is the first modern seismic network in the country. The Network is equipped with 61 three component seismometers grouped in 11 sub-networks distributed over a large part of the country. These sub networks cover the areas of Tehran, Tabriz, Ghuchan, Mashad, Semnan, Esfahan, Mazandaran, Yazd and Shiraz,Kermanshah and Birjand respectively.
In this paper, we present the noise level of stations of ISTN seismic network and try to find the sources of noise in each station and compare their noise levels in different frequency bands and hours of the day.
We compare the stations of this network and put them in categories good and bad and provide some recommendations for replacing the bad stations and in some cases the measures that could be taken to reduce the noise levels of station will be discussed.
Such works could be used for developing the standards and routines for future site selection tasks.
POSTER / POSTER 71
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE LOCATION ERROR OF IRANIAN SEISMIC TELEMETRY NETWORK (ISTN)
KARKOOTI E.-1, SHOMALI Z.H.-1
1-Iran - Tehran - Tajrish Sq - maghsoud beig St - namazi St - No 18
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT The accuracy of location of small earthquakes determined with a dense local array depends on the accuracy of earth models used to generate travel times, the array geometry, and the inherent accuracy of the arrival-time data used. Prediction analysis provides an efficient means of estimating errors in earthquake hypocenter determinations using an array of seismometers. The standard errors of the hypocentral coordinates and the origin time due to random errors in the data and model parameters may be calculated rigorously for a least squares hypocenter inversion procedure using arbitrary earth models.
In this paper the expected errors of the earthquake location (epicenter and hypocenter) recorded by stations of ISTN subnetworks is computed using the prediction analysis for an earthquake with a given magnitude happening in deferent points in the country. The computations are done knowing the configuration of different subnetworks and with the assumption of error in phase reading of about 0.25 for p phase and 0.5 for s phase and knowing the earth model used in Iranian seismological center for determining the earthquake locations and its error computed by comparing different proposed earth models for the region.
POSTER / POSTER 72
IMAGING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE AT THE WESTERN PART OF THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT ZONE BY MAGNETOTELLURICS
CİFTCİ TOLAK E.-1,2 OSHİMAN N.-1, TANK S.B.-3, TUNCER M. K.-2, KARCİOGLU G.–4, HONKURA Y.-5, OGAWA Y.-3, MATSUSHİMA M.–5
1-Kyoto University, DPRI, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
2-Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory & E.R.I., Department of Geophysics, Geomagnetism Lab., 34863, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
3-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
4-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, Istanbul, Turkey
5-Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT For determining the electrical conductivity structure of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the Marmara Region and discussing on the relation between the seismicity and the electrical resistivity structure of the region, wide-band (320 Hz – 0.0005 Hz) magnetotellurics data were acquired along some profiles crossing the northern and the southern branches of the NAFZ associated with the Izmit Earthquake which occured on 17 August 1999. This presentation focuses on two north–south aligned profiles crossing both the northern and the southern branches of the NAFZ. In order to improve the magnetotellurics (MT) data quality, remote reference technique (Gamble et.al., 1979) was applied when necessary. In the interpretation of the magnetotelluric data, there is a problem which is called as a galvanic distortion caused by the local three-dimentional structures. The important tool of the dimensionality of the region is to plot the phase tensor ellipse. The phase ellipse is a graphical representation of the phase tensor, which expresses how the phase relationships change with polarization, independent of the galvanic distortion (Caldwell et al. 2004). Strike directions were determined by means of phase tensor analysis. Next, Groom and Bailey decompositions were applied for removing the surplus effects caused by surfacial three-dimensional bodies. Two-dimensional inversion models were constructed for TE (transverse electric), TM (transverse magnetic) and transfer functions data including topography.
POSTER / POSTER 73
SOME SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE SURROUNDING REGIONS OF ANKARA (TÜRKİYE)
ANKARA YAKIN ÇEVRESİNİN BAZI SİSMOTEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
GÖKTEN E.-1, BARAN B.-2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fak., Jeoloji Müh. Böl. Tektonik Ar. Gr.
2-Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı Sismoloji Şubesi
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ABSTRACT The microearthquakes and some bigger ones happened to the surrounding region of Ankara in recent years which caused to moderate damages, helped understanding of the seismic risks of the neotectonic period structures of the region by determining their epicentral parameter and focal mecanisms.
However the Ankara region has been investigated by several reserchers and pointed out that the local neotectonic structures bear some seismic risks, there are still uncertainties about their seismotectonic properties.
In this study the correlations between the seismic activity and neotectonics structures of the surrounding regions of Ankara have been investigated by the analyzing of the seismic records obtained from the TURKNET ( National Telemetric Seismic Network of Turkey ) operated by the “Earthquake Research Department, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs” since 1989, the readings of the seismic stations belong to the network installed in the Turkish-German Joint Project, and the data obtained from the Belbaşı Station operated between the years of 1986-1996 in Ahlatlıbel, Ankara. The focal depth of the earthquakes occurred in the region between the years 1900 and 2009 varies between 1-15 kms and the magnitudes are between M=2.0 and M=5.6
As a result of data evaluation, it has been observed that the epicentral distribution has been concentrated in certain localities in the surrounding regions of Ankara and well coincide to the vicinities of the tectonic structures determined in the previous studies before. Although the western part of Ankara is close to North Anatolian Fault Zone and normaly affected by the the stress region of it, the neotectonic period is characterized mostly by the normal faults which do not show a preferential orientation in the field. When the fault plane solutions related to Ayaş Region is compared with the data obtained in the field, it is seen that the nodal planes in NE-SW direction represent fault planes which some seismic activities recorded in this region in recent years. The reverse faults observed in the solutions belong to the Elmadağ region in the eastern part of Ankara are probably related to the overtrust system in that region which the determined nodal plane in NNE-SSW direction is appropriate to the orientation of the imbricated structure. It is suggested that this Paleotectonic system is being activated today, which the recent GPS measurements also point to a westerly movement causing an east-west compression in this region.
POSTER / POSTER 74
The seismic risks of the secondary structures of the North Anatolian Fault System in the north of Ankara are concentrated in the vicinities of these structures. The reverse fault solutions provided in the west of Ankara in Ayaş region are related with the local compressions probably rising in the vicinities of some small high angle reverse faults.
ÖZET Ankara çevresinde son yıllarda meydana gelen küçük ve orta büyüklükte, orta derecede hasar yapan depremlerin dışmerkez dağılımları ve odak mekanizması çözümleri Neotektonik dönem yapılarının özelliklerinin anlaşılmasına yardım etmiştir. Hernekadar Ankara çevresinde çok sayıda çalışma yapılmış olmasına karşın Neotektonik dönem yapılarının sismik riskleri konusunda bilinmezler bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Ankara yakın çevresinde bölgenin sismisitesi ile tektoniği arasındaki ilişkinin kurulabilmesi için 1989 yılında Afet Işleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi tarafından işletilen TURKNET (Türkiye Ulusal Telemetrik Sismik Istasyon Ağı) kayıtları, Türk-Alman Ortak Işbirliği Projesindeki istasyon okumaları, ve 1986-1996 yılları arasında Ankara, Ahlatlıbel'de faaaliyet gösteren Belbaşı istasyonundan alınan veriler yapı ile sismisite arasındaki ilişkinin kurulması amacıyla incelenmiştir. 1900 – 2009 yılları arasında bu bölgede meydana gelen deprem kayıtlarının odak derinlikleri 1-15 kilometre, magnitüdleri ise M=2.0 ile M=5.6 arasında değişmektedir.
Veri değerlendirmeleri tamamlandıktan sonra, yapılan episantr dağılım haritalarına (sismisite haritaları) bakıldığı zaman sismik etkinliğin, Ankara'nın çevresinde belli bölgelerde yoğunlaştığı görülmüştür. Bölgenin gerek sismisite dağılımı gerekse odak mekanizması çözümleri tektonik yapıyla uyum sağlamaktadır. Ankara’nın batı kesimi Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemine ve bu sistemin oluşturduğu gerilme alanına yakın olmasına karşın Neotektonik dönem normal fayların çokluğu ile karakterize edilmekte ve bunların tercihli bir yönelimi çoğunlukla görülmemektedir. Ayaş yöresini ilgilendiren fay düzlemi çözümleri arazi verileriyle deneştirildiğinde düğüm düzlemlerinden KD-GB doğrultusunda bulunanların fay düzlemlerini temsil ettikleri ve sismik etkinliği sergiledikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Yanlızca Ankara’nın doğusunda Elmadağ yöresinde yer alan çözümlerde karşılaşılan ters fayın buradaki bindirme sistemleriyle ilgili olmaları olası olup, KD-GB düğüm düzleminin buradaki bindirmeli yapının yönelimine uygun olduğu görülmektedir. Buradaki yoğun sismik etkinlik de bu fayların günümüzde de yeniden harekete geçtiği sonucunu ortaya koyabilir ki GPS vektörleri bu alandaki güncel sıkışma etkisine işaret etmektedir. Kuzeyde yer alan Kuzey Anadolu Fay Sistemi’nin oluşturduğu makaslama etkisinin ikincil yapıları ancak bu fay yakınındaki sahalar için söz konusu olmalıdır. Ankara batısında Ayaş yöresinde bazı fay düzlemi çözümlerinde karşılaşılan ters faylanmalar fay bloklarının gerçekte serbestlemeyle çökmeleri sırasında beraber hareket etmeleri yüzünden doğan gelişmeler olup, bu durum bölgede güncel yerel sıkışmalı gerilme alanlarının doğmasına da neden olmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER 75
THE IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES OBSERVED PRIOR TO SUMATRA TSUNAMI AND THEIR POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION WITH PRE-TSUNAMI ACTIVITY
KHERANI E.A.-1, LOGNONNE P.-2, OCCHIPINTI G.-2
1-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisais Espaciais, Brazil
2-Institut de Physique du Globo de Paris, France
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ABSTRACT In this work, we present the results from CHAMP and COSMIC satellite measurements of neutral density, temperature, ionospheric density and electromagnetic disturbances in atmosphere and ionosphere registered before and during few Earthquakes/Tsunami. Three Sumatra tsunamis, SUM1 (26 Dec 2004, 00:58:53 UT, Mw=9.1, 3.31N, 95.85E), SUM2 (28 Mar 2005, 16:09:36 UT, Mw=8.6, 2.074N, 97.013E) and SUM3 (12 Sep 2007, 11:10:26 UT, Mw=8.5, 4.52S, 101.37E). For SUM1 and SUM2, CHAMP measurements of electromagnetic and electron density disturbances in the ionosphere are analyzed. For SUM3, COSMIC measurements of atmospheric and ionospheric disturbances are also analyzed. In first step, disturbances registered during these events are examined. In particular, their time-spatial scale and spectral distributions are studied. Knowing these aspects, similar features, though in much reduced magnitudes and possibly in much slower time-scale, are searched in the satellite data prior to these events. In this way, we could find disturbances which may be possibly associated with pre-tsunami activities.
We also resent computational simulation of possible excitation of disturbances near Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere/ionosphere caused by tiny rock deformation in the lithosphere prior to an earthquake/tsunami. In first step, the study pursue an excitation of acoustic wave in the lithosphere caused by rock deformation, its propagation in solid Earth up-to Earth’s surface and deposition of momentum and energy at the Earth’s surface. In second step, excitation of neutral waves such as acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) caused by deposition of momentum/energy and their propagation in the atmosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-viscous fluid simulation. In third and final step, AGWs interaction with ionosphere is studied using thermo-hydro-magnetic fluid simulation.
POSTER / POSTER 76
A MAGNETOMETERY STUDY OF MAHALAT FAULT ZONE AND ITS THERMALSPRINGS
MIRZAEI-1, GHADIMI AROOS MAHALEH-2, FARAHANI-3, KHAMSE-4
1-Arak University,Oloom Street,Shahid Beheshti street,Arak,Iran.
2-Arak Engineering & Technical Department-University of Science Technology,Arak-Iran
3-Science and Research Islamic Azad Universiry,Tehran,Iran.
4-Institute of Geophysics,University of Tehran,Karegar-Shomali Street,Tehran,Iran.
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ABSTRACT Five hot springs called ‘Abegarm-e-MAHALAT’, located in the central part of Iran, have a mean water temperature of 46 ± 1°C and are used by visitors as spas. The majority of hot springs, particularly travertine-forming springs, are found in the vicinity of volcanic or granitic terrains. Typically travertine accumulation is associated with faults,
which provide the conduits along which water travels to the surface. Hot springs, which form travertine deposits in Abegarm-e-Mahallat, are of mixed-origin (Magmatic and Geothermal).According to the field observations and aero photographs it is concluded that the Tectonic movements in previous geological eras has caused a fault zone in this area, the most important fault in this zone is Mahalat fault crossing the north of Mahalat city with a E-W strike. This fault is about 30km length and can play a very important role in the seismic events of this area.
A ground magnetometery study has occurred in this area by a portable proton magnetometer every150 meter station spacing and a base station magenometer was used to apply the sufficient corrections. The collected data are interpreted after applying the appropriate processing via appropriate softwares and an inversion scheme by Marquart's algorithm is used to model the geological structure and magnetic anomalies
POSTER / POSTER 77
INVESTIGATION OF LOCAL GROUND EFFECT WITH GEOPHYSICAL-MICROTREMOR DATA OF KOCAELI-GÖLCÜK REGION
KOCAELİ-GÖLCÜK BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK-MİKROTREMOR VERİLERİ İLE YEREL ZEMİNİN ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BEYHAN G.–1, KARAVUL C.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, SÜNBÜL F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT In this study, Kocaeli Province, Gölcük District In order to determine characteristics of the ground engineering, geological and geophysical methods were not applied. Sea of Marmara to the south of Izmit Bay and along the coast in a narrow strip extending Gölcük usually take place on the silt floor. 17 August 1999 and 12 November 1999 earthquake in the region and seriously damaged 43 units at 10-15 m depth with 18 points in the basic drilling tremor measurements were taken. Soil from the drilling operation in the region, as well as silt Quaternary Pliocene aged formations in the elderly is seen Aslanbey. Moreover, the 1.2 m underground water level is measured in m-2.2. The average thickness of 250 m as the damage is greater in the silt in the region is very large factor. A possible earthquake, then the structure, the ground depending on the constituent to determine the impact of non-ground drilling efforts and, depending on the region to represent the best 18 point measurements were taken in microtremor. Microtremor measures to be taken, 24-channel recording system were realized using ABEM MK6. Fourier spectra calculated on the received microtremor extent then, Nakamura method, and this period is the period dominated by the ground's natural growth for the corresponding ground have been identified. Accordingly, the structural basis for calculating the values of the natural dominant frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz (dominant period: 1 to 0:25 sec), the ground for the eventual enlargement of an earthquake, however, was found between 1.5-3.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli İli, Gölcük İlçesi’nin zemin mühendislik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, jeolojik ve jeofizik metotların uygulaması yapılmıştır. İzmit Körfezi’nin güneyinde Marmara denizi kıyısı boyunca ve dar bir şerit halinde uzanan Gölcük, genellikle Alüvyon zemin üzerinde yer almaktadır. 17 Ağustos 1999 ve 12 Kasım 1999 depremleri ile ciddi hasara uğrayan bölgede 43 adet 10-15 m derinlikte temel sondajları ile 18 noktada da mikrotremor ölçüleri alınmıştır. Zemin sondaj çalışmalarından bölgede, Kuvaterner yaşlı Alüvyonun yanı sıra Pliyosen yaşlı Aslanbey formasyonu da görülmektedir. Ayrıca yer altı su seviyesi de 1.2 m-2.2 m arasında ölçülmüştür. Ortalama kalınlığı olarak 250 m olan Alüvyonun bölgedeki hasarın büyük olmasında çok büyük etkendir. Muhtemel bir depremin, bundan sonra yapılacak yapılarda, zemine bağlı olarak meydana getireceği etkilerin belirlenmesi amacıyla, zemin sondajı çalışmalarına bağlı olarak ve bölgeyi en iyi temsil edecek 18 noktada mikrotremor ölçüleri alınmıştır. Mikrotremor ölçülerin alınmasında, 24 kanallı ABEM MK6 kayıtçı sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. Alınan mikrotremor ölçüleri üzerinde Fourier spektrumları hesaplanmış daha sonra ise, Nakamura yöntemi ile zeminin doğal hakim periyodu ve bu periyotlara karşılık gelen zemin büyütme değerleri belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, yapısal hesaplamalardan zeminlerin doğal hakim frekans değerleri 1 ile 4 Hz arasında (hakim periyotlar: 1 ile 0.25 sn), zeminin muhtemel bir depremdeki büyütme değerleri ise, 1.5–3 arasında bulunmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 78
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-YAZLIK AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
KOCAELİ-YAZLIK BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK-JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLERLE İNCELENMESİ
KESKİNSEZER A.-1, BEYHAN G.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, SÜNBÜL F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT In this study, conditions of the ground was assessed by applying geological, geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to determine ground engineering parameters of Yazlık Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Kocaeli. Yazlık region is almost entirely situated on Eosen old volcanoclastic and Pliocen old gravel, sand, clay and claystones.
According to the geophysical studies, P waves velocity for first layer is 321–808 m/sc, S waves velocity for the same layer is 120-203 m/sc, P waves velocity for second layer is 526-1618 m/sc while S waves velocity is 389-772 m/sn. In addition to that, upon analysing the grounds in Yazlık, it was found out that the local ground class Z-2 ground group in volcanoclastic part is B while in Pliocen old unit, the local ground class Z-3 ground group is C, that the local ground class Z4 ground group in alluvion part is D. According to the samples taken from the opened borings, ground classes are determined to be ML, CL, CH, SM and GW. According to the boring data, the underground water level in alluvions varies between 2-5 m depending on the season. Therefore, the region has the potential liquefaction. In the case that the maximum horizontal gorund velocity is deemed to be 0.4 g in Yazlık, which is situated in 1st degree Risky Earthquake Zone, geotechnical surveys of alluvion lands should be conducted, its liquefaction risk and depth should be determined. Necessary precautions should be planned in detail in accordance with the results of this survey and no structuring should be allowed until these precaution projects are implemented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Kocaeli ili, Yazlık Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik parametrelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla jeolojik-jeofizik-jeoteknik yöntemler kullanılarak değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Yazlık bölgesi Eosen yaşlı volkanoklastik Pliyosen yaşlı çakıl, kum, kil ve çakıltaşından oluşan çökeller ve Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyonlardan oluşmaktadır. Çalışma alanında zemin özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 21 adet sismik kırılma çalışması ve 20 noktada derinliği 15–20 m arasında değişen temel zemin sondajı çalışması yapılmıştır.
Jeofizik çalışmalara göre bölgedeki 1. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 321–808 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 120-203 m/sn 2. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 526-1618 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 389-772 m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca Yazlıkta zeminlere ait zemin grupları ve yerel zemin sınıfları volkanoklastiklerde B Z–2, Pliyosen serisinde C Z-3, alüvyon bölgede ise D Z-4’tür. Alınan numunelere göre zemin sınıfları genel olarak ML, CL, CH, SM ve GW oluşmaktadır. Sondaj verilerine göre yer altı su seviyesi alüvyon bölgede 2-5 m arasında gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle bölgede sıvılaşma riski bulunmaktadır. 1. Derece Tehlikeli Deprem Bölgesinde yer alan Yazlık’da Maksimum yatay yer ivmesi 0.4 g alındığında alüvyon arazilerin parsel bazında jeoteknik etütleri düzenlenmeli, sıvılaşma riski ve derinliği ortaya konularak gerekli önlemler detaylı bir şekilde bu etütlerin sonucuna göre planlanmalı, bu önlem projeleri uygulanmadıkça yapılaşmaya izin verilmemelidir.
POSTER / POSTER 79
SEISMICITY OF IRAN (TEHRAN)
GOLABI M.F.-1
1-Research and Science University of Tehran from Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Tehran is the capital of Iran and is one of the most-populated cities in the world. Existence of many vital crossroads in this region due to scanning this zone. Tehran zone, that placed in the southern mountain side of the central Albroz Mountains, is one of the most seismically active zone in Iran. The cause of tectonic activity in Tehran and its outskirts is the creases of the Alborz and faults in this area. These faults include the borders of the heights and plains that may cause more heights and plains. This zone has a disorderly seismic activity patter and cause this zone is continental collision zone, most earthquakes, like Iran area, are shallow
POSTER / POSTER 80
THE ARCHEOGEOPHYSİCS SURVEY ARROUND ANTİC ROME BATH ON AMASYA-TERZİKÖY THERMAL BATH
AMASYA-TERZİKÖY KAPLİCALARİ MEVKİİNDE ANTİK ROMA HAMAMI KALINTILARI ARKEOJEOFİZİK ETÜDÜ
YÜKSEL F.A.-1, YILDIZ M.Ş.-2
1-İstanbul Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak., Jeofizik Müh. Böl., Avcılar, TR-34850 İstanbul, Turkey
2-PM Prestij Mühendislik, Gn. Md., Şirinevler, TR-34880, İstanbul, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The history of Terziköy which placed on 30 km South Amasya is a thermal area. Today it is still a thermal bath named “Terziköy Kaplıcaları” which is maneged by Amasya goverment office. There are some outcrop on the surface including material which come from Terziköy antic walls is placed in 150 meter away from the Terziköy thermal bath complex and it is possible to see the walls is about two meter high from the ground. It is seen that some of these stones from the walls were destroyed.
Another important point is that fact it is found a tunnel 8 meter near the walls in the east. This tunnel is very near the surface. Previous Works about this tunnel say that the size of the tunnel is 140x150 cm. and there is a tonuz which has 2 m. thickness. At the same time there is 60 cm colomn in it. In front of the these colomns there is 250x125 cm square
Present days because of the speed and clearity of geophysics method is used generally georadar (GPR) which are of the electromagnetic method of the in geophysics with high frequancy. In this method we are sending high frequancy wave to the ground. Some of this wave reflect from the ground but some of them go deeper. With GPR we get information for every 3 cm depth and by this method it is possible to make 2D or 3D model for the under ground
In the Terziköy Kaplıcaları region we did measure along parrallel lines many value and made 2D and 3D model of the region. In Terziköy complex area includes some park. Otopark an picnic areas and all of these are over the antic bath. For GPR measurement the working area is seperated various area and we had 240 profiles. But some of these areas didn’t give us enough information for 3D modelling only we could do 2D model of the areas.
By this method we did find some historical architectural building here. These anomalies are accompanid to the antic bath which was reported during previous works. At the same time 3D model is looking paralel to the old (antic) bath too. We did have a block diagram for showing the structures.
At the end we offer today to make some dirilling or digging around the area which we did GPR there.
POSTER / POSTER 81
ÖZET Amasya’nın 30 km kadar Güney–Güneybatısında bulunan Terziköy, geçmişi çok eskilere dayanan bir termal alandır. Terziköy Kaplıcaları ismiyle Amasya İl Özel İdaresi tarafından günümüzde de işletilmektedir.
Terziköy kaplıcalarının bulunduğu alan içinde antik duvar kalıntılarına ait malzemeler yer yer yüzeylenmektedir. Bu kalıntı duvarlardan biri, tesisin 150 m kadar güney batısında olup 2 m kadarlık kısmı yüzeyden izlenebilmektedir. Bu duvara ait taşlarının bir kısmının tahrip edilmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Yine, söz konusu duvar kalıntısından takriben 8 m kadar doğuda zemine yakın bir dehlizin varlığı rapor edilmiştir. Bu dehlizin 140x150 cm ebadında bir boşluk olduğu ve bu boşluğun içine inildiği ve takriben 2 m lik bir tonozun gözlendiği önceki yıllarda belirtilmiştir. Dehlizin içinde 60 cm yüksekliğinde sütun ve desteklerin olduğu ve bu sütunların önünde 250x125 cm lik bir boş alanın olduğu söz konusu raporda ifade edilmiştir.
Arkeojeofizik araştırmalarda hızlı ve ekonomik olduğundan yüksek çözünürlülüğe sahip Jeofizik Elektromanyetik Araştırma Yöntemlerinden biri olan JEORADAR (GPR-yerradarı) yöntemi son zamanlarda sıkça kullanılmaktadır. GPR yönteminde yüksek frekanslı elektromanyetik dalgalar bir verici antenle yeraltına gönderilir. Bu dalganın bir kısmı yeraltında farklı dielektrik özelliklere sahip yüzeylerden yansırken, diğer kısmı daha derin ortamlara nüfuz edebilir. GPR ölçmelerinde sürekli formda 3 cm ara ile veri alınabilmekte ve bir birine paralel belirlenen hatlar boyunca iki (2D) ve/veya üç (3D) boyutlu inceleme alanına ait yanal ve düşey yöndeki değişimler görüntülenebilmektedir.
Terziköy Kaplıca bölgesinde birbirlerine paralel profiller boyunca GPR ölçümleri alınarak sahanın 2D ve 3D yer altı modellemesi yapılmıştır. Terziköy Kaplıca Tesislerinin bulunduğu alan içinde tesise ait park, mesire yeri ve otopark alanları bulunmakta ve bu alanlar söz konusu antik hamamın üzerinde yeralmaktadır. GPR ölçmeleri için inceleme alanı çeşitli bölgelere ayrılarak toplam 240 profil alınmıştır. Bu alanların bazılarında ölçü alanının konumundan dolayı 3D model oluşturulamamıştır. Bu alanlarda değişik doğrultularda 2D radargram kesitleri oluşturulmuştur.
İnceleme alanı içerisinde belirli bir sistem (mimari plan görünümüne sahip) gösteren yapılar tespit edilmiştir. Bu mimari plan özelliği gösteren anomali dağılımlarının olduğu bölgeler antik hamam kalıntılarının rapor edildiği bölgelerle uyum içinde olduğu ve anomali dağılımının tüm hamam kompleksinin sınırlarını belirleyebildiği, oluşturulan 3D küp modellerden, görülmüştür.
Arkeojeofizik yöntemlerle belirlenen yapılar ile bunun devamlılığının belirlenebilmesi ve GPR ölçüm sonuçlarının test edilmesi için, saha içinde ve çevresinde araştırma sondajlarının yapılması önerilmişdir.
POSTER / POSTER 82
THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD AS A TOOL FOR TESTING THE GROUND CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE RAILWAY GROUND HEALING STUDIES AT POTI, GEORGIA
GÜRCISTAN, POTI KASABASINDA DEMIRYOLU ZEMIN İYILEŞTIRME ÇALIŞMASI SONUCUNDA OLUŞAN ZEMIN KOŞULLARININ SISMIK KIRILMA YÖNTEMI İLE TEST EDILMESI
YILDIZ M.Ş.-1, YÜKSEL F.A.-2
1-Genel Müd. Jeofizik Müh., PM Prestij Mühendislik, İstanbul, TURKEY
2-İstanbul Unv., Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, TURKEY
[email protected], info@pmprestij
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Generally, for the solutions of problems in designing the basement of the buildings surface basements are used when there are no problems such as liquefaction, ground consolidation and bearing capacity.
The simplest solution when ground basement problems exist is selecting deep ground systems. Columns of stone and Jet injection are the widely used ground improvement methods in Turkey and the rest of the world.
The stone columns enhance the ground bearing capacity of the field and ground conditions, decrease the consolidation period, improve the worsen ground conditions due to liquefaction caused by an earthquake.
Stone column is usually used when the ground is soft and a clay layer exists, the thickness of the problematic ground layer is less than 10 m.
The improvements that would be resulting from treatments such as stone column bearing capacity value, the healing ratio and the distance between the columns are controlled through CPT and plate loading experiments.
In the jet-grout healing a mixture of water-cement is injected with a pressure of 300 bars.
The high speed (200-250 m/sn) grout, “tearing” the ground mixes with the ground (soilcrete).
This mixture is a homogenous and steady composition.
With this simplest definition jet-grouting is a fast, reliable, stable and economic alternative solution that can be applied to almost all kind of loose grounds and the grounds that are composed of sand, grave and clay.
After the application is done, a knock-down or an acceptable maximum settlement loading is applied to the bearing jet-grout columns in order to control the treatment.
Owing to its efficiency, recently, one of the geophysical methods named refraction method is applied in order to understand how the rock column or jet grout ground healing methods improved the ground conditions.
POSTER / POSTER 83
The study region is located in Georgia at Poti seaside town of Black Sea where one of the branches of Rioni river reaches the Black Sea.
The railway under investigation is constructed on alluvium sediments brought by the river.
The research area and its vicinity generally composed of volcanic and volcano-sedimentary basement overlaying thick pliyo-quaternary layer.
This mass is composed of clay-silt and thin sands carried by wide rivers and their branches.
The seismic refraction method was used at a natural ground, at locations where the jet grout and Stone column healing methods were applied and the seismic velocities at these three different sites were found to be at different levels.
Among the two healing techniques the jet grout application yields higher velocities.
ÖZET Binaların temel tasarımında, zeminde oturma ve taşıma kapasitesi ile depremde sıvılaşma problemi olmaması durumunda genellikle yüzeysel temeller kullanılarak çözümler yapılmaktadır.
Temel zeminlerinin sorunlu olması durumunda ise, en basit çözüm, derin temel sistemi (kazıklı temeller) seçilerek yapıların çözülmesidir. Taş Kolonlar ve Jet Enjeksiyonu dünyada ve ülkemizde çok sık kullanılan zemin iyileştirme yöntemlerindendir. Taş kolonlar ile üstyapı proje yüklerine, saha ve zemin koşullarına bağlı olarak zeminin taşıma kapasitesi artırılmakta, oturma (konsolidasyon) süresi azaltılmakta ve deprem durumunda sıvılaşan veya mukavemeti kaybeden zeminler sağlamlaştırılmaktadır.
Taş kolonlar genellikle yumuşak ve orta katı kil zeminlerde, problemli zemin tabakası kalınlığının genellikle 10.0 m’den az olduğu koşullarda tercih edilmektedir.
Taş kolon taşıma kapasitesi, iyileştirme oranı ve taş kolon aralığı tespit amacıyla genellikle, plaka yükleme ve CPT deneyleri ile iyileştirmesi kontrol edilmektedir. Jet-grout zeminin, min. 300 bar basınçla püskürtülen su-çimento karışımıyla (grout) iyileştirilmesidir.
Yüksek hızlı (200-250 m/sn) grout, zemini "yırtarak", zeminle bir karışım sağlar (Soilcrete).
Bu karışım, homojen ve sürekli bir yapı özelliğindedir. Bu çok basit tarifiyle jet-grouting, hemen hemen hertür zayıf zemin tiplerinde ve kum, çakıl, kil gibi doğal zemin elemanlarının oluşturduğu kombinasyonlarda, diğer iyileştirme metodlarından daha hızlı, güvenilir, kalıcı ve ekonomik bir çözüm alternatifidir.
İmalat sonrası, iyileştirmenin kontrolü için, Taşıma amaçlı Jet -Grout kolonları üzerinde göçertmeli veya kabul edilebilir max oturmaya kadar yükleme yapılır. Taş kolon ve Jet Grout yöntemlerinin zemin koşullarını nasıl değiştirdiğini belirlemek için jeofizik yöntemlerinden biri olan Sismik Kırılma yöntemi, hızlı ve ekonomik olmasından dolayı, son zamanlarda, sıkça kullanılmaktadır.
Çalışma alnı Gürcistan’ın Karadeniz sahil kasabası olan Poti şehrinde Rioni nehrinin Karadeniz’e ulaştığı kolun kenarında bulunmaktadır. Söz konusu demiryolu hattı Nehrin getirmiş olduğu alüvyon çökelleri üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Araştırma alanı ve civarı genellikle volkanik ve volkano sedimanter bir temel üzerinde yer alan kalın bir pliyokuvatrner istiften oluşmaktadır.
Bu istif genellikle geniş akarsu ağlarına ve bunun yan kollarına bağlı olarak sürüklenen turba kil – silt ve ince daneli kumlardan oluşmaktadır. Doğal zeminde, taşkolon uygulanan sahada ve Jet grout uygulanan alanlarda Sismik Kırılma Yöntemi uygulanmış ve bu üç alandaki hızlarda farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (Tablo 1).
İki iyileştirme yönteminden, Jet grout uygulamasında daha yüksek hızlar elde edilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 84
INVESTIGATION OF SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
SAKARYA-KAZIMPAŞA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
BEYHAN G.–1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, KARAVUL C.-1, KURNAZ F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, conditions of the ground was assessed by applying geological, geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to determine ground engineering parameters of Kazımpaşa Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Sakarya. Kazımpaşa Municipality is almost entirely situated on younger rocks and unconsolidated sediments. In our area of study where sediment thickness generally exceeds 300m, clay is a very predominant facies type. While clay and gravel predominate generally, we can understand that it displays change laterally and vertically. In the area of study, so as to find out the features of the ground, seismic refraction was realized at 19 points and also foundations borings were performed below 15 metres of the ground at 19 points.
According to the seismic studies, in a quaternary-aged alluvion, P waves velocity for second layer is 359-1788 m/sc, S waves velocity for the same layer is 120-898 m/sc, P waves velocity for 3rd layer is 333-2026 m/sc while S waves velocity is 118-1089 m/sn. In addition to that, upon analysing the grounds in Kasımpaşa, it was found out that the local ground class Z4 ground group in alluvion part is D while in Altered Eosen-aged unit, the local ground class Z2 ground group is B. According to the samples taken from the opened borings, ground classes are determined to be CL, ML, SM, GM and SC. According to the boring data, the underground water level in alluvions varies between 0-3 m depending on the season. For this reason, the underground water level was deemed to be zero in the calculations made. In the case that the maximum horizontal gorund velocity is deemed to be 0.4 g in Kazımpaşa, which is situated in 1st degree Risky Earthquake Zone, geotechnical surveys of alluvion lands should be conducted, its liquefaction risk and depth should be determined. Necessary precautions should be planned in detail in accordance with the results of this survey and no structuring should be allowed until these precaution projects are implemented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Sakarya İli, Kazımpaşa Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik parametrelerinin saptanması amacıyla, jeolojik, jeofizik ve jeoteknik metodlar uygulanarak zemin şartları belirlenmiştir. Kazımpaşa Beldesi, hemen tümüyle daha genç kayaçlar veya hiç pekişmemiş sedimanlar üzerinde kuruludur. Sediman kalınlığı genel olarak 300 m. den fazla olan inceleme alanımızda kil çok egemen fasiyes türüdür. Genel olarak kil ve çakıl egemen olmakla birlikte, yanal ve düşey yönde sıkça değişim gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışma alanında, zemin özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması için, 19 noktada sismik kırılma ve 19 noktada 15 m. derinlikte temel sondajları yapılmıştır.
Sismik çalışmalara göre, Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyondaki 2. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 359-1788 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 120-898 m/sn, 3. tabaka için P dalgası hızları 333-2026 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 118-1089 m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca Kazımpaşa’da bulunan zeminleri irdelediğimizde alüvyon kesimde yerel zemin sınıfı Z4 zemin grubu D, Altere olmuş Eosen yaşlı birimde yerel zemin sınıfı Z2 zemin grubu B olarak belirlenmiştir. Açılan sondajlardan alınan örneklere göre zemin sınıfları CL, ML, SM, GM ve SC olarak bulunmuştur. Sondaj verilerine göre alüvyonlarda yer altı suyu seviyesi mevsimsel olarak değişmekle birlikte, 0-3 m arasında değiştiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle yapılan hesaplamalarda yer altı su seviyesi sıfır kabul edilmiştir. 1. Derece Tehlikeli Deprem Bölgesinde yer alan Kazımpaşa’da Maksimum yatay yer ivmesi 0.4g alındığında alüvyon arazilerin parsel bazında jeoteknik etütleri düzenlenmeli, sıvılaşma riski ve derinliği ortaya konularak gerekli önlemler detaylı bir şekilde bu etütlerin sonucuna göre planlanmalı, bu önlem projeleri uygulanmadıkça yapılaşmaya izin verilmemelidir.
POSTER / POSTER 85
INVESTIGATION OF KOCAELI-ALIKAHYA AREA WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
KOCAELİ-ALİKAHYA BÖLGESİNİN JEOFİZİK VE JEOTEKNİK YÖNTEMLER İLE İNCELENMESİ
KESKİNSEZER A.-1, BEYHAN G.–1, KARAVUL C.-1, KURNAZ F.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh.Bölümü – 54187 / Sakarya.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, conditions of the ground was assessed by applying geological, geophysical and geotechnical methods in order to determine ground engineering parameters of Alikahya Municipality zoning area which is in the province of Kocaeli. Alikahya Municipality is almost entirely situated on Devonian old rocks and Quaternary old sediments. In the region averages 300 m thick silt as measured. Working in the field, to uncover characteristics of the ground, seismic refraction studies in 18 points, 14 points have been drilling in the ground in different depth.
According to seismic studies, P-wave speed of 277-2562 m / sec, S-wave speed of 110-1427 m / sec to change between. In addition to that, upon analysing the grounds in Alikahya, it was found out that the local ground class Z-3 ground group in Devonian old clay stones part is B while in low gradient alluvion unit, the local ground class Z-4 ground group is D. According to the samples taken from the opened borings, ground classes are determined to be ML, SM, MH and CL. According to the boring data, the underground water level in alluvions varies between 1-2 m depending on the season. Alikahya is 1st degree Risky Earthquake Zone. Therefore, the region has the potential liquefaction. According to these experimental results, needed for safe construction in Alikahya and insulation of underground water and ground improvement
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli İli, Alikahya Belediyesi imar alanının yer mühendislik parametrelerinin saptanması amacıyla, jeolojik, jeofizik ve jeoteknik metodlar uygulanarak zemin şartları belirlenmiştir. Alikahya ve civarı, Devoniyen yaşlı kiltaşları ve Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyon üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Alüvyon kalınlığı bölgede ortalama 300 m olarak ölçülmüştür. Çalışma alanında, zemin özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması için, 18 noktada sismik kırılma çalışması,14 noktada farklı derinliklerde zemin sondajları yapılmıştır.
Sismik çalışmalara göre, P dalgası hızları 277-2562 m/sn, S dalgası hızları 110-1427 m/sn arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, Alikahya'daki zeminlere ait zemin grupları ve yerel zemin sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre; Devoniyen kiltaşlarının bulunduğu kesimlerde, zemin sınıfı Z-3 zemin grubu B, eğimi düşük olan alüvyon bölgede ise zemin sınıfı Z-4 zemin grubu ise D'dir. Açılan sondajlardan alınan örneklere göre zemin sınıfları ML, SM, MH ve CL olarak bulunmuştur. Sondaj verilerine göre yeraltı su seviyesi 1-2 m. ler arasında değişmektedir. Bölge, 1 derece deprem bölgesinde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle bölge, sıvılaşma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu deneysel sonuçlar, Alikahya'da güvenli bir yapılaşma için yeraltı suyu izolasyonun ve zemin iyileştirmesinin gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 86
GRAFIC INTERFACE AND INVERSION APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATION OF THE LOCAL EARTQUAKES EPICENTER
YEREL DEPREMLERİN EPİSANTR TAYİNİNDE GRAFİK ARAYÜZÜ VE TERS ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI
ŞİŞMAN F.N.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, MMF, Jeofizik Müh. Böl. Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17100 Çanakkale
f.nurtensisman @gmail.com
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ABSTACT In this study, an earthquake location is estimated by using two methods namely, graphical and numerical. First, in graphical method, location of an earthquake is computed with three stations as forward modeling approach. Arrival time and distance differences of each pair of stations are used. Graphical methods are basically base on hypocenter determination of an event by using three stations. Therefore, the common point of crossing cords of three circles for each station is located. Second, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is used to determine the location of the studied earthquake as inverse modeling approach. Number of P-wave arrival times, P-wave crustal velocity in average, origin time, depth of focus, and initial locations (from graphical method) are given as input parameters. Computing algorithms are developed in Matlab (student version). Results show that earthquake location is almost same as from some well known algorithms. This study and computer program would be basically helpful to understand the earthquake location and good for educational purposes.
ÖZET Deprem episantr tayininde kullanılan grafik ve sayısal yöntemler bu çalışmada ele alınmış ve karşılaştırmalı uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Grafiksel yöntem ile üç istasyon kullanılarak depremin yerinin düz modelleme tekniği ile hesaplanmasına gidilmiştir. Bu amaçla istasyonlar arasında çiftler oluşturulmuş ve çiftler arasında varış zamanı farkları ve uzaklıklar hesaplanmıştır. Harita ölçeği göz önünde bulundurularak x yarıçaplı daireler çizilmiş, dairelerin kesişim alanı ve buradan da depremin enlem ve boylamı elde edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada SVD yöntemi ile doğrusal olmayan deprem lokasyon parametrelerinin ters çözüm yapılmıştır. Çok sayıda istasyon için P dalgası varış zamanı okumaları, oluş zamanı, başlangıç derinliği, ortalama kabuk P dalga hızı, istasyonların koordinatları ve depremin grafik yolu ile elde edilen koordinat bilgileri probleme girdi olarak verilmiştir. Bu verilerden hareketle SVD yöntemiyle odak koordinatlar(deprem lokasyonu) ve oluş zamanı kestirilmektedir. Her iki yöntem içinde Matlab (Öğrenci versiyonu) kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, daha karmaşık ve genelde çok tabakalı ortam için çözümleme yapan yazılımlar ile yakın değerler vermektedir. Bu çalışma özellikle konunun temel seviyede anlaşılması ve grafik yol ile çözüm bakımından eğitim amaçlı olarak da uygundur.
POSTER / POSTER 87
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STRONG MOTION AND WEAK MOTION NETWORK IN THE REGION OF ANKARA
ANKARA VE CIVARI ZAYIF VE KUVVETLI YER HAREKETI KAYIT AĞININ KURULMASI
FELEK G.-1, GEL A.C.-2, PAMPAL S-
1–Gazi Üniversitesi Deprem Araştırma Merkezi Maltepe/ANKARA
2-Gazi Üniversitesi M.M.F. İnş.Müh. Böl. Maltepe/ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT Because of its location ,Ankara is surrounded with North Anatolian Fault Line, Keskin fault line from north east , Tuz gölü from South and Eskişehir fault line from South west.These lines are active and have the potential of being a reason for a disastrous quake.Ankara is only 80-100 km far from these fault lines.As a matter of fact, Ankara is drastically affected by Bolu Gerede quake, in 1944 which has a magnitude of 7.2 and affected by
Kırsehir Keskin quake in 1938 which has a magnitude odf 6.6. Also it is affected by from e.quakes which occurred through North Anatolia fault line in 1668. Recently, Ankara is influenced from Dodurga and Bala earthquakes which were not so much hazardous for the region.All of these quakes shows us that Ankara is located in a risky region and as in the past, ank will have to be influenced by the quakes which occurs around the city.ankara also has the importance of increasing the disaster of e.quake because of its geological properties.
For there are many reasons Ankara and its surroundings need to be analysed in detail. The object of our Project is to setup some seismic stations within the easy reach of Ankara to measure weak and strong movements of the earth and to measure the acceleration of the earth which becomes during the quake, to determine the force which is able to give disaster to the buildings. Then by collecting the necessary datas to improve the techniquies of constructing earthquake-resistant buildings
ÖZET Ankara, konumu nedeniyle kuzeyden Kuzey Anadolu Fayı, kuzey doğudan Keskin fayı, güneyden Tuz Gölü fayı ve güney batıdan Eskişehir Fay zonu tarafından çevrelenmiş durumdadır. Belirtilen faylar, aktif olup yıkıcı, büyük depremler üretme potansiyeline sahiptirler. Ankara adı geçen bu faylara 80-100 km uzaklıktadır. Nitekim Ankara 1944 yılında Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu üzerinde oluşmuş ve 7.2 büyüklüğünde olan Bolu-Gerede depreminden, 1938 yılında Keskin Fayı üzerinde oluşmuş ve 6.6 büyüklüğünde olan Kırşehir-Keskin depreminden ve yine 1668 yılında Kuzey Anadolu Fay zonu üzerinde oluşmuş olan depremlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Yakın zamanda ise yukarıda sayılan depremlere göre daha küçük boyuttta olan ve hasara neden olmuş olan Dodurga (Çankırı) ve Bala depremlerinden de etkilenmiştir. Bütün bu depremler Ankara’nın deprem açısından tehlikeli ve riskli bir bölgede olduğunu, geçmişte olduğu gibi gelecektede yakın civarında oluşabilecek depremlerden önemli ölçüde etkilenebileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca Ankara yerleşim alanı jeolojik özellikleri bakımından da deprem hasarlarını arttırıcı özelliklere sahip olmasından dolayı da ayrı bir öneme sahiptir.
Bütün bu nedenlerden dolayı Ankara ve yakın civarının depremselliğinin detaylı bir şekilde incelenmesi gerekir. Projemizin amacı; Ankara kenti ve yakın civarına, deprem nedeniyle oluşacak zayıf ve kuvvetli yer hareketlerini ölçmek için sismik istasyonlar kurmak, deprem sırasında oluşan yer ivmesini ölçmek, her tür yapıya depremle gelen ve hasar yapabilen kuvvetleri belirleyerek buradan elde edilen verilerle depreme dayanıklı yapı yapma tekniklerini geliştirmektir.
POSTER / POSTER 88
STRESS FORECAST - MANYAS EARTHQUAKE
POLAT G.–1,2, OZEL N.M.–2, TAN O.-3, ERGİNTAV S.-3
1-Geophysics Section, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2-Bogazici University, Geophysics Department, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Cengelkoy/Istanbul, Turkey
3-TUBITAK-MAM, Earth & Marine Sciences Institute, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
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ABSTRACT A Mb=5.3 Manyas earthquake has been ‘stress-forecast’ by using variations in time delays of seismic shear wave splitting to evaluate the time and magnitude at which stress-modified microcracking reaches fracture criticality within the stressed volume where strain is relased. Therefore, we processed micro earthquakes recorded by 29 stations installed in the TURDEP (Multi-Disciplinary Earthquake Research in High Risk Regions of Turkey) project and also from KOERI (Bogazici University, Geophysics Department, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute ) stations in the Marmara region by using the methods : The Aspect ratio method, Cross-correlation method and Systematic analysis of crustal anisotropy (Zhigang Peng and Yehuda Ben-Zion,2004. The aim of the analysis is to determine delay times changes before and after the Manyas earthquake. Local investigations indicated the approximate location of the forecast earthquake. In other words, especially delay time changes at GEMT station are very consistent with Anisotropic Poro Elasticity (APE) is related to decreases in delay times before the impending event, but we could not observed same changes another stations surrounding the main event. Therefore, the knowledge allows to get information about logarithms of the duration of the stress-accumulation are proportional (self-similar) to the magnitude of the impending event.
POSTER / POSTER 89
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION MODELLING FOR A WASTE DEPOSIT IN ÇANAKKALE
ÇANAKKALE KATI ATIK DEPOLAMA SAHASI İÇİN YERALTISUYU KİRLİLİĞİNİN MODELLEMESİ
BEŞKARDEŞ D.G.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
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ABSTRACT In this study, a solute transport model was proposed for an active waste deposit in Çanakkale. Resistivity surveys conducted along the same profile in the study area before and after winter term. The variation in resistivity sections were defined as the indication of a possible contaminant plume. Evaluated the resistivity values were transformed into porosity via Archie equation. Mathematical model of the area was generated by using the physical parameter (longitudinal and transversal dispersivities) values extracted from literature. Partial derivative equation of solute transport that describes steady-state, saturated ground water flow was solved by using the finite element method. In modeling scheme, it was assumed that solute transport is realized with both advection and dispersion.
As a result of the modeling practice, the concentrations values obtained for a set of specified time intervals and then the contaminated plume along the profile were produced. Results were in consistent with field observations and these results indicate that similar studies should be performed as a part of management of waste deposit fields. These studies can provide estimation of predictive and current shapes of the contaminant plume and models developed for contaminant transport can serve decision making tools for environmental management (e.g. Sourced from waste disposal site) and potential impacts on human health.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Çanakkale’ de bulunan ve hala faaliyet gösteren katı atık depolama sahası için toplam kirletici taşınım modeli önerilmiştir. İlgilenilen sahada aynı profil boyunca kış öncesi ve kış sonrasında doğru akım özdirenç ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Özdirenç değişimi olan kesimler yeraltı suyu ortamında toplam kirleticinin taşınımına işaret eden olası bölge olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ölçülerinin yorumlanması ile elde edilen özdirençlerden, Archie bağıntısı yardımıyla gözenekliliğe geçiş yapılmıştır. Literatürde önerilmiş fiziksel parametreler (boyuna ve enine iletim katsayıları) kullanılarak, saha için sayısal toplam kirletici taşınım modeli geliştirilmiştir. Kirletici taşınımının modellemesi için, doygun ortam, dengeli hal kabulü ile, toplam kirletici taşınımını tanımlayan kısmı türev denklem, sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Modelleme aşamasında toplam kirletici taşınımının, hem adveksiyon (sadece yeraltı suyu ile kütlenin taşınımı) hem de yayılım (dispersion) ile gerçekleştiği varsayılmıştır.
Modelleme sonucunda, belirlenmiş zaman aralıklarında toplam kirletici derişimleri elde edilmiş ve eş kirlilik kesitleri (toplam kirlilik bulutu) oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar güncel alan gözlemleriyle uyumludur, bu sonuçlar, benzer çalışmaların atık depolama sahalarının işletilmesi evresinin bir parçası olarak yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Benzer çalışmalar ile kirlilik bulutunun gelecekteki ya da güncel biçiminin kestirimi yapılabilir ve kirletici taşınımı amacı ile geliştirilecek modeller çevre yönetimi (örn. katı atık depolama sahaları için) ve insan sağlığına olası etkileri için karar verici olarak kullanılabilir.
POSTER / POSTER 90
CALCULATION OF İZMİT BASIN SEDIMENTARY THICKNESS WITH MICROTREMOR METHOD
İZMİT BASENİNİN ÇÖKEL KALINLIĞININ MİKROTREMOR YÖNTEMİYLE HESAPLANMASI
ÇOBAN K.H.-1, GİDER D.-1, ÇAKIN O.-1, KARAASLAN A.-2, ZOR E.-2, ÖZALAYBEY S.-2, CEVHER M.-3, SANCILI M.-3
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-TÜBİTAK MAM Yer ve Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü
3-Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi
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ABSTRACT In this study, sedimentary thicknesses were planned to obtain by microtremor method along a longitudinal profile which is located in İzmit basin between the North of İZAYDAŞ (Izmit waste and residue treatment incineration and recycling) and the South of Arslanbey, approximately 11 km in length, North-South direction. For this purpose, 11 microtremor measurement points were selected on the profile with 1 km intervals. At these microtremor measurement points, at least 2 hours of three component recordings (Z, N-S and E-W) were collected with Mark Product type seismometer and Reftek 130 DAS type recorder. These measurements were evaluated with GEOPSY program by horizontal component to vertical component spectral ratio (H/V) method, so called Nakamura method.
Sedimentary thicknesses were computed for the microtremor measurement points assuming S wave velocity as 800 m/s. Deepest point of the sedimentary basin along the profile is about ~850 m. Futhermore, a sudden change of sedimentary thickness were found on some measurement points crossing the North Anatolian Fault Zone to the south.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada İzmit baseni içinde kuzeyde İzaydaş çöp fabrikası ile güneyde Arslanbey arasında yaklaşık 11 km uzunluğunda kuzey- güney doğrultulu bir profilde çökel kalınlığı mikrotremor yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Bu amaçla 1 km aralıklarla 11 mikrotremor ölçüm noktası oluşturulmuş ve Mark Product tipi sismometre, Reftek 130 DAS tipi kayıtçıyla , Nakamura tek istasyon yöntemiyle en az 2 saatlik 3 bileşen (Z, N-S and E-W) kayıtlar alınmıştır. Alınan ölçümler yatay bileşenin düşen bileşene spektral oranı (H/V) yöntemiyle GEOPSY programında değerlendirilmiştir.
Bütün İzmit basen içinde S dalga hızı Vs=800 m/s farzedilerek her mikrotremor ölçüm noktası için çökel kalınlığı hesaplanmıştır. Profil boyunca çökelin en derin noktasının yaklaşık 850 m civarında olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca İzmit baseni içinde Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattından güneye doğru geçen noktalarda çökel kalınlığının aniden değiştiği görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 91
DETERMINATION OF RESPONSE OF 3D COMPLEX VELOCITY MODELS BY USING SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS
ÜÇ BOYUTLU KARMAŞIK YER MODELLERİNİN YAPAY SİSMOGRAMLARLA TANIMLANMASI
ARSLAN H.İ.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi 17020 Çanakkale
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ABSTRACT In this study, acoustic wave equation is solved using finite difference method in time domain for three-dimensional structure (3D) with point source. Ricker wavelet is used as a seismic source. Synthetic seismograms have been constructed by calculating the acoustic wave propagation for different velocity models.
One of the most important problems in modeling of the wave propagation is the reflections caused by the borders in order to overcome this problem. For absorbing these reflections, boundaries zone set far away from the model area and the absorbing boundary conditions are used.
Synthetic seismograms produced for various velocity models point out the variations in between 2D and 3D approximations. The first arrivals in the seismograms yielded over the 1D and 2D velocity model are identical. But the effects of discontinuities where they are parallel to the studied profile play an important role to evaluate their interpretation. These kinds of modeling workouts are important to identify the anomalies and are helpful for interpreters.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, üç boyutlu (3B) yer yapısı ve nokta kaynak için akustik dalga denklemleri zaman ortamında çözümlenmiştir. Akustik dalga denkleminin sayısal benzetimi, sonlu farklar yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sismik kaynak olarak Ricker dalgacığı kullanılmıştır. Farklı hız modelleri için akustik dalga yayılımı hesaplanmış ve bu hız modellerine ait yapay sismogramlar üretilmiştir.
Sonlu farklar yöntemi ile dalga yayılımının modellenmesi yapılırken, karşılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan biri, hesaplama alanının sınırlarında meydana gelen yansımalardır. Bu yansımaları bastırmak için, hem sınır bölgesi hesaplama alanından uzak tutulmuş, hem de soğuran sınır koşulları kullanılmıştır.
Çeşitli hız modelleri için üretilen yapay sismogramlarda gözlemlenen değişimler 2B ve 3B yaklaşımlarının farkını ortaya koymuştur. 1B ve 2B hız modelleri üzerinde elde edilen sismogramlardaki ilk varışlarda farklılık yoktur. Fakat uygulama açısından bakıldığında gerçek ölçümlerde ölçüm hattına koşut süreksiz yapıların etkisinin yorumu önem kazanmaktadır. Bu tur modelleme çalışmaları beklenen belirtileri tanımlama açısından önemlidir ve yorumcuya yol gösterici olabilir.
POSTER / POSTER 92
STRUCTRAL AND TECTONIC PROPERTIES OF THE EDREMİT BAY
EDREMİT KÖRFEZİNİN YAPISAL VE TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
DOĞAN E.S.-1, BEYHAN G.–1, SELİM H.-2, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, YILMAZ M.–3, TOYDAR A.R.-3
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü,
2-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü,
3-Türkiye Petrolleri A.O Çankaya-Ankara
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
[email protected],[email protected]
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ABSTRACT In this study, structural and tectonic properties of Edremit Bay which stands in Western Anatolia were analysed using seismic reflection data. Used seismic reflection data has been chosen from profiles which were taken from TPAO, revised according to actual knowledge. As is known, Edremit Bay is located southern branch of North Anatolia Fault (NAF). It is emerged a graben structure which develops controlled by NAF, begins formed on the Pliocene. Thickness of Pliocene-Quaternary sediments is approximately 800m. According to formation mechanism of Edremit Bay, main fault is located north boundary and is a strike-slip fault (southern branch of NAF), secondary fault which is located south boundary and contains normal and strike slip faults, formed a flower structure. Besides displaced canyons of streams in the Edremit Bay have progressions approximately 17 km. These values show that southern branch of fault has ~ 4-5 mm/y slip rate. Another feature affected the Gulf is a secondary extension NNW-SSE oriented by created the eastern side of Crete-Cyprus arc.
ÖZET Batı Anadolu’da yer alan Edremit Körfezi’nin yapısal ve tektonik özellikleri, sismik yansıma verileri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan sismik yansıma verileri, Edremit Körfezi’ni en iyi temsil edecek şekilde TPAO tarafından alınan profillerden seçilerek, bu araştırma sırasında yeniden güncel bilgiler ışığında yorumlanmıştır. Bilindiği gibi Edremit Körfezi, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı (KAF)’ nın güney kolu üzerinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Edremit Körfezi’nin KAF’nın kontrolünde gelişen ve Pliyosen’de şekillenmeye başlayan bir graben yapısında olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Pliyo-Kuvaterner çökellerinin kalınlığı, körfezin tabanında yaklaşık 800 m dir. Edremit Körfezi’nin oluşum mekanizmasına göre; ana fayın kuzey kenarda ve doğrultu atım karakterinde (KAF’nın güney kolu), ikincil faylanmanın ise, güney kenarda ve doğrultu atımlı ve normal faylardan (çiçek yapısı) oluştuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Edremit Körfezi’ndeki derelere ait ötelenmiş kanyonlar, ana fay üzerinde 16-17 km’lik atımlar vermektedir. Bu değerlerden de fayın güney kolunun bu bölgede hızının ≈ 4-5 mm / yıl olduğu görülmektedir. Körfezi etkileyebilecek diğer bir özellik ise, Girit-Kıbrıs yayının doğu kenarı tarafından oluşturulan KKB-GGD doğrultulu ikincil bir gerilmedir.
POSTER / POSTER 93
INVESTIGATION OF TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THRACE-TERZİLİ FAULT BY MEANS OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA INTERPRETATION
SİSMİK YANSIMA VERİLERİNİN YORUMU İLE TRAKYA-TERZİLİ FAYININ TEKTONİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
BEYHAN G.-1, KESKİNSEZER A.-1, ERGÜVEN H.-1, YILMAZ M.-2, TOYDAR A.R.-2, SELİM H.-3
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü,
2-Türkiye Petrolleri A.O Çankaya-Ankara,
3-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
2- [email protected], [email protected],
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ABSTRACT The Thrace basin is located between Ganos uplift and Strandzha massive, is a basin that surfaces Middle Oligocene, Marine Oligocene, Continental Pliocene and Pliocene-Quaternary and Holocene sediments that is quickly sedimentation features a deep basin. The basin shows the extension system at Eocene period and expanded with faults that formed Post-Eocene period are located to the north. Terzili fault is a part of in the Thrace Region and is a NW-SE directional strike slip fault. Many researchers suggest that this fault moved the Anatolian Plate westward until has appeared the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and is a part of the Trakya-Eskişehir shear zone. Fault has not a segment structure. Along discontinuity zone which has the positive flower structure.
In this study, Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO)’s Thrace basin gas in the open call for research was well received around the seismic reflection sections. In the Thrace region is located Terzili Fault character and structural features were researched. Seismic reflection sections of seven different locations were taken on the Terzili Fault. According to previous geological studies and seismic reflection data, can be seen positive flower structure and Mezardere, Osmancık, Danişment formations and Ergene Group boundaries.
ÖZET Ganos yükselimi ile Istranca masifi arasında yer alan Trakya havzası, Orta Eosen, Oligosen (denizel), Pliosen (karasal), Plio-kuvaterner ve Holosen çökellerinin yüzeylendiği, hızlı sedimantasyon özellikli derin bir havzadır. Havzada Eosen dönemiyle birlikte açılma tektoniği gözlenir ve kuzeyde Eosen sonrası oluşmuş normal faylar mevcuttur. Trakya bölgesinde yer alan Terzili fayı, jeolojik çalışmalara göre KB-GD uzanımlı sağ yanal doğrultu atımlı bir fay olarak nitelenmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar tarafından, Terzili fayının Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ) oluşuncaya kadar Anadolu Levhasını batıya doğru hareket ettirdiği ve Trakya- Eskişehir (TEF) makaslama zonunun bir parçası olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Fay tek bir segment olarak değil, süreksizlikler boyunca pozitif çiçek yapısı şeklindedir.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı’ nın (TPAO) Trakya havzasında doğalgaz araştırma kuyularından alınmış olan sismik yansıma kesitleri kullanılmıştır. Trakya bölgesinde yer alan Terzili fay zonunun karakteri ve yapısal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Yansıma kesitleri, Terzili fayı üzerinde yedi farklı lokasyondan alınmıştır. Bölgede daha önce yapılan jeolojik çalışmalar da göz önüne alınarak bu yansıma kesitleri yorumlandığında, pozitif çiçek yapısı ve havzada hakim olan formasyonlardan Mezardere, Osmancık, Danışment Formasyonları ve Ergene Grubu arasındaki sınırlar açık bir şekilde görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 94
INTERPRETATION OF OFFSHORE GRAVIMETRIC DATA IN THE NW OF ALGERIA (MEDITERRANEAN SEA) USING THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM IN THE CASE 3-D
BOUKERBOUT-1, ABTOUT-1, GIBERT-2
1-Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique C.R.A.A.G.-Observatoire d’Alger. B.P 63 Bouzaréah 16430 Alger Algeria
2-Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes I. 263 Avenue du General Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT Rule of gravity and magnetic data in exploration geophysics is increasing since high resolution airborne and marine acquisitions are run to complete seismic and electromagnetic surveys when necessary.
We consider the use of the continuous wavelet transform in the interpretation of potential field data. Basically, it consists in the interpretation in the upward continued domain since dilation of the wavelet transform is the upward continuation altitude. Thus within a range of altitudes, the wavelet transform of the noise is decreased faster than the wavelet transform of the potential field caused by underground sources; this means that the signal to noise ratio is much better than those involved in other enhancing methods (e.g. Euler deconvolution, gradient analysis, or the analytic signals). Then the method has been developed to estimate size and directions of extended sources (e.g. faults and dikes of finite dimensions) and also the magnetization direction in the case of magnetic data. Latest developments show then when combined with a Radon transform, the continuous wavelet transform can help in the automatic detection of elongated structures in 3D, simultaneously to the estimation of their strike direction, shape and depth.
So we present and discuss some preliminary and new results obtained by an application of this method to offshore gravimetric data acquired in NW of Algeria, in Mediterranean Sea, where we depict the geological structures off shore. This region displays a complex geological setting, we try bringing, in this work, a little contribution to identify the causative structures responsible of offshore gravimetric anomalies.
POSTER / POSTER 95
PARAMETER ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC PROFILE DATA BY USING HORIZONTAL DERIVATIVES
MANYETİK PROFİL VERİLERİNDEN YATAY TÜREVLER KULLANIMIYLA PARAMETRE KESTİRİMİ
KARAIŞIK H.-1, EKİNCİ L.Y.-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020 Çanakkale-Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT A numerical technique which is used for determining the depth of the causative body is presented. In this technique the second, third and fourth horizontal derivatives of the magnetic profile data are computed by using successive graticule spacings. Depth problem is transformed into the problem of finding a solution to nonlinear equations. These equations are solved by using simple iteration method.
In the scope of this work, a MATLAB based algorithm was developed in order to apply the technique. The validity of the developed algorithm was tested on synthetically produced noisy free and noisy models. In addition, first and second order regional effects were added to synthetic residual profile data as a further concession to reality. Applications showed that, depth of the causative bodies can be determined successfully and the order of the regional effect can be estimated from the depths obtained from different order of derivatives. Moreover, the algorithm was used to interpret a real data from Turkey.
ÖZET Manyetik belirtiye neden olan kaynak yapı derinliğinin hesaplanması amacıyla kullanılan bir teknik sunulmuştur. Bu teknikte, manyetik profil verisinden, ardışık sayısal örnekleme aralıklarıyla ikinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü yatay türev değerleri hesaplanmaktadır. Derinlik problemi doğrusal olmayan denklem takımlarına dönüştürülmektedir. Denklemler basit yineleme tekniği kullanılarak çözülmektedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, tekniğin uygulanabilmesi amacıyla Matlab tabanlı bir algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen algoritmanın uygulanabilirliği kuramsal olarak hesaplanan gürültüsüz ve gürültülü modeller üzerinde sınanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çalışmaların daha gerçekçi olabilmesi amacıyla kuramsal rezidüel manyetik profil verileri üzerine birinci ve ikinci dereceden rejyonal etkilerde eklenmiştir. Uygulamalar, kaynak yapılara ait derinliklerin başarılı bir şekilde belirlenebildiğini ve farklı dereceden türev değerleriyle hesaplanan derinliklerden rejyonal etkinin derecesinin de belirlenebildiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, algoritma Türkiye’de alınmış gerçek verileri yorumlamada kullanılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 96
THE MAGNETİC MODELS OF MİNE FİELDS
MADEN SAHALARININ MANYETİK MODELLENMESİ
ŞEN İ.-1, AŞÇI M.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT There are some important points to be careful while magnetic methods are applying on mine fields.The geologies of the field’s and some difficulties during the measurement can be the case of mistakes. The anomaly’s of magnetic block can be inside to inside or side to side on the magnetic map which will be formed in magnetic studies on a mine field. Some differences will be appeared on the magnetic map because of the magnetic block’s mineralization. This differences are mainly polarization way, magnetization and remanent magnetizaiton.
This study includes an example, how can explain a magnetic map?, How can be chosen magnetic polarization? And how can be relations with magnetic, gravity and susceptibility map. A Cr study is examined that had investigated in Elazığ.
At the conclusion, realized that all magnetic polarization not to cause of magnetic block, and the source of main problem is remenant magnetization. The profile which was polarization right (present way) was modeled the other porfiles weren’t.
ÖZET Maden sahalarında manyetik yöntem uygulanırken bazı dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar vardır. Hem sahanın jeolojisi hem de ölçüm sırasındaki zorluklar yanlışlıklara neden olabilecektir. Bir maden sahasında yapılan manyetik etüdlerden oluşturulacak manyetik haritalarda birçok manyetik kütlenin anomalisi iç içe veya yan yana olabilecektir. Manyetik kütlenin mineral yapısına bağlı olarak, oluşturacağı manyetik harita da farklılıklar gösterecektir. Bu farklılıklar kutuplanma yönleri başta olmak üzere mıknatıslanma şiddetleri ve kalıcı mıknatıslanmanın varlığı şeklinde karşımıza çıkabilir.
Bu çalışmada bir manyetik haritaya nasıl yaklaşılacağı, manyetik kutuplanmanın nasıl seçileceği ve manyetik harita, gravite haritası ve susseptibilite ilişkilerinin nasıl kurulacağına dair bir örnek yapılmıştır. Bunun için Elazığ dolaylarında yapılmış bir krom etüdü incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın sonucunda seçilen her manyetik kutbun gerçektende bir manyetik kütleden kaynaklanmadığı, kalıcı mıknatıslanmanın önemli bir sorun yarattığı anlaşılmıştır. Kutuplamaları düzgün (mevcut alan yönünde) olan profiller modellenebilmiş diğer profiller ise modellenememiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 97
COMBINATION OF ANALYTIC SIGNAL AND EULER DECONVOLUTION METHODS (AN_EUL) FOR INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC DATA
BANIAMERIAN-1, OSKOOI-1, KARIMI-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St,Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran,Tehran.Iran
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ABSTRACT AN_EUL is a new automatic method for simultaneous approximation of depth, location and geometry of magnetic and gravity sources. The principle of this method is combination of both analytic signal and Euler Deconvolution methods. The derivation of main equations of this method is based on substitution appropriate derivatives of Euler homogeneous equation in to the expression of analytic signal of potential field.This new method is applicable both on profile and girded data. An important advantage of AN_EUL is that one is not restricted to idealized sources (having integer structural index) and structural index can be fractional number that describes arbitrary shaped sources. In this paper for testing the method we have used synthetic data due to a semi infinite thin dike and a magnetic sphere. Afterwards, for simulation of the real data, a series of synthetic data due to a horizontal cylinder have been contaminated by noise. Method is tested further using ground magnetic data acquired from a region in Sweden. In both cases the results represent that the method has acceptable accuracy. All the programming has been performed in MATLAB.
POSTER / POSTER 98
DEFORMATIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES ON THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
KINSCHER J.-1-2, WOITH H.-1, LÜHR B.-1, OTTO C.-2, STRECKER M.-2, BASARAN E.-3, BARIS S.-3
1-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
2-University of Potsdam, Germany
3-Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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ABSTRACT The Armutlu Peninsula, located in the eastern Marmara Sea southeast of Istanbul, is tectonically and seismically strongly affected by the northern and middle strands of the splitting North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The area depicts the western end of a series of strong earthquakes which migrated along the NAFZ from east to west within the past century. The last disastrous event within this series occurred on 17 August 1999. The western end of the Izmit rupture is located offshore some km north of the Armutlu shoreline. Whereas the northern branch of the NAFZ has been seismically active all the time, the middle branch – namely the Iznik-Mekece fault – did not exhibit major earthquakes for a long time. In 2006, two M>5 earthquakes occurred on this fault branch (Kus Göl and Gemlik).
Fault kinematics and seismic focal mechanism for medium size events are not sufficiently solved and do not show any distinct relation to each other. Thus, the deformational behaviour and tectonic significance and role of this area within the dextral trans-tensional Marmara pull-apart environment cannot be deduced clearly. First ideas comprised models which interpreted the whole Armutlu peninsula as a Horstzone between the Gemlik and Cinarcik pull-apart-basins that experienced a block rotational evolution assured by active sinistral anthitetic Riedel fractures crossing the Armutlu peninsula (Eisenlohr 1995). To prove these derivative approximations, further investigations were carried out including remote sensing analysis of satellite Images (Quickbird, Aster), an Aster/SRTM based DEM, and a six week field trip to make structural geological measurements. This included also the recording of morpho-tectonic peculiarities - especially in river drainage systems and coastal terrace complexes giving insight into active landscape formation processes. A detailed tectonic map displaying observed deformational surface structures, their activity state and relevance in the past and recent seismo-tectonic setting as well as their kinematics, which were characterized by pseudo- faultplane-solutions produced with software TECTONICSFP, has been derived. The validity of preliminary tectonic evolutional and seismic source models will be discussed.
POSTER / POSTER 99
NEOTECTONICS OF THE ARMUTLU PENINSULA, NW TURKEY
KINSCHER J.-1, OTTO C.-1, STRECKER M.-1, WOITH H.-2, LÜHR B.-2, BARİS S.-3, BASARAN E.-3
1-University of Potsdam, Germany
2-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
3-Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The geologic evolution of the Armutlu Peninsula, located in the eastern Marmara Sea southeast of Istanbul, is determined by faulting associated with the northern and central strands of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The area coincides with the western end of a series of surface ruptures of strong earthquakes that migrated along the NAFZ from east to west within the past century. The last disastrous event within this series occurred in the Izmit area on 17 August 1999. The western end of the Izmit rupture is located offshore, a few kilometers north of the Armutlu Peninsula shoreline. Whereas the northern branch of the NAFZ has been seismically very active, the central branch – particularly the Iznik-Mekece fault sector – has not generated major earthquakes for a long time. In 2006, however, two M>5 earthquakes occurred on this fault branch (Kus Göl and Gemlik). Although this region has been studied previously, there are still gaps in our understanding concerning the role of alternating fault activity of the different segments of NAF and the corresponding geomorphic manifestations in the landscape. In order to address these issues we studied the neotectonic characteristics of this key region and performed detailed fault-kinematic analyses that we present as pseudo fault-plane solutions.
Fault kinematic studies and earthquake focal mechanisms for medium size events like the Mw=4.6 Cinarcik event of 12 March 2008 are not sufficiently well constrained and their characteristics are ambiguous to a certain extent. This makes a rigorous assessment of this area difficult, especially with respect to the role of this area within the realm of the dextral trans-tensional Marmara pull-apart and the spatiotemporal characteristics of seismogenic surface deformation. Early structural models interpreted the whole Armutlu Peninsula as an integral part of a horst and graben setting between the Gemlik and Cinarcik pull-apart-basins (e.g., Eisenlohr 1995). In these models the pull-apart basins were inferred to have accomodated deformation through block rotations associated with sinistral anthitetic Riedel shears crossing the Armutlu peninsula. In order to test these preliminary assessments, we carried out further studies, including a remote-sensing analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery (Quickbird, Aster), the evaluation of an Aster/SRTM-based DEM, and detailed structural field observations. These efforts included the documentation of tectonics-related phenomena in the landscape, including changes in the fluvial system and deformation of coastal terraces, providing direct insight into active tectonic processes. We present a detailed seismotectonic map which highlights the principal neotectonic phenomena in this region. Our study also entails a temporal analysis of the kinematic characteristics of the principal faults and their state of activity.
POSTER / POSTER 100
RESEARCH OF SELF POTENTIAL DATAS
SELF-POTANSİYEL VERİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ŞAHİN Ö.K.-1, AŞÇI M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Self potential which is one of the searching methods of geophysics , is a preferable and usefull method. Because of we can easily assessment by self potantial. There could be many problem when we assessment self potential datas. Some of them are effect of disruptive mass , the condition of area that under the effect of noise ,or secondary mine masses that under the effect of primary mine masses noise , looks like a noise on datas. In this work , the data , comes from copper mine area , is researched to find out secret mine masses.
ÖZET Jeofizik arama yöntemlerinden, biri olan self-potansiyel, maden aramalarında değerlendirmedeki kolaylığından dolayı çoğunlukla tercih edilen bir metottur. Arazide alınan verilerin değerlendirme aşamalarında, birçok sorunla karşılaşılabilinmektedir. Bu sorunlardan bazıları, bölgenin gürültü etkisi altında bulunduğu durumlar, bozucu kütlelerin etkisi ya da maden kütlesinin etkisi altında kalan ikincil maden kütlelerinin etkileri almış olunan verilerde gürültü gibi gözükmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir bakır madeni sahasından alınmış veriler kullanılarak yukarıda belirtilmiş olan bozucu etkiler incelenip, gizli kütlelerin var olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır
POSTER / POSTER 101
MORPHOTECTONIC FEATURES ALONG THE RAZAK FAULT, ZAGROS MOUNTAINS
HESSAMI K.-1
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), P. O. Box 19395-3913, Tehran, Iran
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ABSTRACT N-S trending strike-slip faults within the basement of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which are inherited from the Pan-African construction phase, reactivated during the suturing and convergence of Arabia and Central Iran since the Late Cretaceous and influenced the NW-SE trending structures of the Zagros belt. The N-S trending Razak fault has long been recognized as one of the major faults in the Zagros basement. Right-lateral strike-slip motion along this fault can be inferred from the associated lateral offset of stream beds observed on aerial photographs and on the field. Morphological features such as uplifted alluvial fan and meandering of the main river bed flowing from east to west also indicate that the eastern block is downthrown relative to the western block along a small normal component of the Razak fault. Although it is hard to make a correlation between fault activity and historical earthquakes in this region, the most southern section of the Razak fault shows clear geomorphic evidence for repeated surface faulting events.
POSTER / POSTER 102
EARTHQUAKE MONITORING NETWORK OF ANKARA (ANKNET)
ANKARA DEPREM İZLEME AĞI (ANKNET)
SEYİTOĞLU G.–1, KAYPAK B.-2, IŞIK V.-1, ESAT K.-1, ÇIVGIN B.-2
1-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Tektonik Araştırma Grubu
2-Ankara Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
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ABSTRACT The seismic wave velocity distribution of crust and mantle, and the tectonic structures (North Anatolian, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü and Eskişehir fault zones and Eldivan-Elmadağ pinched crustal wedge) of Ankara and its surroundings have been studied within a project titled ‘the geological and seismological investigation on the internal deformation of Anatolian plate around Ankara’. The study has been carried out by the Geological and the Geophysical Engineering Department of Ankara University.
Six broad-band seismometers were installed in Ankara and its surroundings. The locations are Yeniceli village (Sulakyurt, Kırıkkale), Kargınselimağa village (Kaman, Kırşehir), Şerefligökgözü village (Haymana, Ankara), Salihler village (Güdül, Ankara), Özlü town (Orta, Çankırı), and Ankara city centre (Başak district, Hüseyingazi). Installation of the stations was completed between 30.08.2007 and 19.09.2007. The seismometers have been recording since their installation. Many local, regional, and teleseismic earthquake records in different magnitudes have been obtained both inside and outside of the network.
The CMG-6TD type seismometers of Güralp Systems have been employed for their easy installation and high sensitivity. The seismometers were installed into the holes with a 1 m3 volume. An attempt was made to minimize the outside effects. The devices are fed by two accumulators and a power supply. If there is no power supply in the area, they are fed by the three accumulators. The data transfer is conducted by visiting the stations in a period of around two or three months.
ÖZET Ankara Üniversitesi’nin desteğinde Jeoloji ve Jeofizik Mühendisliği bölümlerinin yürütmekte olduğu “Ankara civarında Anadolu levhasının iç deformasyonunun jeolojik ve sismolojik yöntemlerle araştırılması” projesi kapsamında Ankara çevresinde yer alan tektonik yapıların (Kuzey Anadolu, Kırıkkale-Erbaa, Tuzgölü, Eskişehir fay zonları ve Eldivan-Elmadağ tektonik kaması) bölgeyi nasıl etkilediği ve Ankara ve yakın çevresinin kabuk ve manto sismik dalga hız dağılımı araştırılmaktadır.
Bu amaca yönelik olarak proje dahilinde altı adet geniş bant sismometre cihazı biri merkezde olmak üzere Ankara çevresine yerleştirilmiştir. İstasyon yerleri Yeniceli Köyü (Sulakyurt, Kırıkkale), Kargınselimağa Köyü (Kaman, Kırşehir), Şerefligökgözü Köyü (Haymana, Ankara), Salihler Köyü (Güdül, Ankara), Özlü Beldesi (Orta, Çankırı) ve Ankara Merkez (Başak Mahallesi, Hüseyingazi)’dedir. Ankara Deprem İzleme Ağı (AnkNET) olarak tanımladığımız proje ile 30.08.2007-19.09.2007 tarihleri arasında istasyonların kurulum çalışmaları tamamlanmış ve cihazlar veri kaydetmeye başlamıştır. İstasyon ağı içinde ve dışında olmak üzere farklı büyüklüklere sahip yerel, bölgesel ve telesismik birçok deprem kaydı alınmaktadır.
Sismometre cihazı olarak Güralp Systems’ın kolay kuruluma ve yüksek hassasiyete sahip CMG-6TD modeli kullanılmaktadır. Cihazlar dış etkilerden olabildiğince yalıtılmış halde yaklaşık 1 metreküp hacme sahip çukurlar içerisine yerleştirilmiştir. Elektrik imkanının olduğu yerlerde güç kaynağı ve iki adet aküyle beslenen cihazlar, elektriğin olmadığı yerlerde üç adet aküyle beslenmektedir. İstasyonların yaklaşık iki-üç aylık dönemlerde ziyaret edilmesiyle veri alımı gerçekleştirilmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 103
A STEP TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION
MOALA M.H.-1
1-Geologica Research Authority of the Sudan Khartoum –
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT The world maps of the distribution of earthquakes epicenters and foci show that most of the earthquakes are generated along plate boundaries. In regard to this, Sudan is wholly contained within the African plate. It is bounded on the eastern side by a diverging plate boundary, but a11 other boundaries are solely of political nature. Thus, it is considered as one of the aseismic regions of the world. That is why most people think that Sudan is seismically stable. In fact, this is not true because the documented data and reports since 1850 showed that all regions of the country had experienced different types of earthquakes during the past years. Some of these earthquakes can be considered as damaging earthquakes reaching magnitude of 7.5 in Richter Scale. This paper is considered as one of the first attempts to review historical data regarding seismicity of the various parts of the Sudan. I tried to collect data from local sources during site visits or from archival material that so far remains unpublished. The material available is as yet far too scanty- but that does not stopped me from tying to direct attention to some of the problems of seismicity of less well documented parts of the world that await solutions and to stimulate others to collect and publish data pertinent to the subject. In this paper, the seismotectonic environments related to seismic events will also be discussed. The available seismic data suggest that there must be structures in this intraplate region capable of producing medium- magnitude damaging earthquakes. The preliminary studies of data showed that the microseismicity in the Sudan is concentrated at certain zones and have definite tectonic meanings. The importance of the study of seismicity of the Sudan arise also from the fact that seismic activity may sometimes be hazardous. Neotectonics and stress patterns are very important elements in the zonation and evaluation of seismic hazard. These two elements are closely associated with active faults and seismotectonics.
POSTER / POSTER 104
STUDY OF THE MOHO DEPTH VARIATIONS IN THE EASTERNMOST ZAGROS USING RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS
SEDGHI M.H.-1, YAMINIFARD F.-1, MOKHTARI M.-1
1-No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee, Farmanieh, Tehran, I.R.Iran, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES).
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Zagros mountain belt results from the closure of the Neotethys oceanic domain and the collision of the northern margin of the Arabian platform with the micro-plates of central Iran, accreted to the southern margin of Eurasia during the Mesozoic. Estimates for the age of the initial collision between Arabia and Eurasia along the Zagros suture vary between late Cretaceous and Pliocene. We studied the easternmost Zagros velocity structure by receiver-functions analysis. Receiver-function analysis is a straightforward method of extracting constraints on crust structure and Moho depth from teleseismic waveforms at three-component seismic stations. In this study we used about 380 teleseismic events with epicentral distance between 25º and 95º and magnitudes greater than 5 which were recorded by minimum 45 dense temporary seismic stations. Teleseismic events were extracted from continuous data after time correction. To calculate the receiver functions the iterative deconvolution in time domain was applied as following: i) calculation of the radial and transverse components; ii) filtering; iii) Calculation of receiver functions by iterative deconvolution in time domain. Analysis of the receiver functions in studied region shows large Moho depth variations across easternmost Zagros. In this presentation after review of velocity structure in the easternmost Zagros region, the result achieved in this study mainly the Moho variations to will be presented.
POSTER / POSTER 105
THE 1962 BUYIN-ZAHRA (QAZVIN) EARTHQUAKE IN NOTHWEST IRAN AND ITS POST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
GHEITANCH M.R.-1, MIRI M.-2
1-Science and Research Branch, Azad University Tehran Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics Tehran University Tehran Iran
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ABSTRACT On September 1, 1962, at 19h, 20m, 40.5s (GMT), a shallow destructive earthquake with a magnitude averaged from several determinations as 7.2 occurred near Buyin-Zahra, in Qazvin province, north west Iran and was felt nearly on the whole area of North Iran. Intensity along the fault zone has been rated IX- to IX but around the fault zone the maximum intensities during the mainshock did not exceed VIII MM. The total area within which the mainshock was felt with an intensity greater than IV- is about 90,000 square miles. The earthquake killed 12,225 and injured 2,776 persons. It damaged beyond repair 21,309 houses and 91 villages were totally destroyed. It is remarkable to mention that up to the middle of November, the main shock was followed by over 1800 aftershocks, which were felt in the epicentral area or were recorded at seismological stations of Iran (Tehran, Shiraz and Sefid Rud); five of these had magnitude 4 to 5.5. The mainshock is the oldest destructive earthquake in Iran recorded by WWSSN. In this paper, using the results of field investigations as additional information, we invert the WWSSN long-period body waves of the Buyin-Zahra earthquake to their sources to investigate the rupture charactristics. We use the inversion technique developed by Kikuchi and Kanamori (1991) where the source process is modeled as a sequence of point dislocations with varying fault mechanisms and time histories. The double-couple point sources, represented by moment tensors, are determined iteratively by matching the observed with the synthetic ones. First the fault system and background seismicity in epicentral area are reviewed. Then the source parameters of mainshock are obtained by waveform modeling. Finally the post earthquake activity in the epicentral area is discussed. No data for the period between 1903-1962 was found but twelve teleseismic earthquakes for the period 1962-1999 are reported by international agencies. Since 1976 that the Iranian Long Period Array system (ILPA) has started its operation in southwest Tehran, not far from the Buyin-Zahra region, recorded many local events in the epicentral region that could not be detected by distant seismic stations. The new Tehran seismic network with 14 seismic stations also has recorded many local events since 1996 when it was operational. The source parameters of the local events were extracted and used in this analysis to investigate the rate of seismic activity in the region. The pattern of locally recorded micro earthquakes showed that the epicentral area was active with high activity in southeast extension. It was concluded that there might be a possibility that the southeast extension of activated fault could be activated by another strong earthquake in future. Regarding the fact that this area is near to the densely populated Tehran and Karaj regions, extensive observations as well as study of crustal deformation is strongly recommended.
POSTER / POSTER 106
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 28TH FEB., 1997 ARDABIL DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKE
ATEFI S.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2
1-Science and Reseach Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
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ABSTRACT Northwest Iran is one of the seismically active areas in the Middle East. Deformation and seismicity in this region is mainly due to the continental shortening between Eurasian and Arabian plates. On February 28,1997, an earthquake occurred in Ardabil province, a densely populated area in Northwest Iran. The mainshock with mb =5.5, Mw =6.0 occurred at 12:57:17GMT in the evening of Friday( the weekend in the nation ), and completely demolished about 6 villages, killed about 1200 in habitants and injured 2600 others. During Ardabil earthquake, strong ground motion was recorded by 25 accelograph stations within 40km from the epicentre of mainshock.
In this paper, by using the recorded mainshock Digital Accelograms Data of Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) and SEISAN software hypocenter of the earthquake was relocated at 38.09o N , 47.11o E . We used Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement time histories and determined the falt portion (k) and corner frequency (fc) after base line correction and band pass filtering of Fourier spectrum. The average seismic moment (Mo=1.28×1018N-m) and the moment magnitude Mw=6.1 were calculated. The maximum acceleration belongs to the horizontal component of the Karigh station(0.61g) at a distance 29Km.
The results of teleseismic waveform modeling in this study, indicates that the source process of this earthquake follows mainly a single event model and focal mechanism of the mainshock is mainly right lateral strike slip with small component of thrust. Rupture during the mainshock initiated around the hypocenter and extended unilaterally to the northwest. The source time function suggests that the main energy was released during the first 10 seconds and the ground motion in the epicentral area was intense. Therefore, the mainshock produced extensive destruction. The analysis of near field data also indicates that the source process mainly followed a unilateral rupture model and the directivity caused extensive destruction and heavy human loss. Finally, the results of this study are compared and discussed with other studies.
POSTER / POSTER 107
COMBINED EM-VLF, 2D AND 3D RESISTIVITY SURVEYS TO IMAGE HIDDEN QANAT CHANNELS IN URBAN AREAS: A CASE OF TEHRAN, IRAN
JAMIE M.-1, OSKOOI B.-1, BARDAR A.E.-1, ABBASI B.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St, Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran.
Postal code:1435944411
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Qanat is a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. Hidden Qanat channels located in urban areas are a significant problem concerning the stability of buildings and installations built in the areas situated above them. Here a case study is presented, in which EM-VLF combined with 2D and 3D resistivity surveys are used to image a hidden Qanat channel in an urban area. The purpose of this study is to find location, depth, direction and the volume of these hidden channels. Totally 5 VLF profiles were conducted to locate Qanat channel. Afterwards, due to advantages of wenner array among the conventional ones, like highest signal-to-noise ratio, the 2D Wenner has been used to determine the location, depth and direction of the anomaly source with high approximation. Also we conducted a 3D resistivity survey, using pole-pole array and interpreted the data. By using Res3DInv. Software, the data was inverted and the 3D model of the channel is obtained.
POSTER / POSTER 108
EFFICIENCY OF COMBINED USE OF VES AND PMR FOR GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS IN SEDIMENTARY AQUIFERS: A CASE OF ABEYEK, IRAN
JAMIE M.-1, OSKOOI B.-1, KAMAL H.S.-1
1-End of Kargare shomali St, Institute of Geophysics of University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran. Postal code: 1435944411
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The study area covers an area of 200 hectares and is situated in Abeyek, Iran. Combined VES and PMR soundings were conducted in the region to investigate sedimentary aquifers. Measurements of 30 Schlumberger VES have been conducted to determine resistivity distribution of the region and also finding the best sites for performing PMR soundings. Totally 5 PMR soundings were carried out in five sites using the NUMIS-Plus PMR instrument. All the sites were tested for noise levels and due to high noise levels in two of them, PMR depth soundings could only be effected using eight-square loop for which the maximum depth of investigation was approximately 75m. In these sites, the VES models have more reliable results. One PMR sounding was conducted just close to an existing borehole; the aim of this measurement was to calibrate the PMR response. The other soundings were performed along one profile. Low resistivity layers interpreted as clay are sometimes identified close to the surface. The PMR result in site 2 is a good example of signals penetrating through the clay and deeper aquifer still being detected.
POSTER / POSTER 109
THE FEBRUARY 1997 GARMKHAN (NORTH-EASTBOJNOURD), NORTHEAST IRAN, EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REGION DURING 2006-2009
AMINIPANAH M.-1, GHEITANCHI M.R.-2, GHORASHI M.-3
1-Science and Research University, Tehran, Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University
3-Geological Survey of Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Bojnourd earthquake occurred in a mountainous area in North Khorasan provinc. The mainshock produced extensive destruction. Field investigation and aftershocks distribution suggest a NW-SE trend faulting. The distribution of locally recorded aftershocks was extended to a length of about 40-50 km and a depth of about 30 km. Aftershock activity was scattered indicating a complex mode of faulting. The result of waveform inversion indicated that the mainshock followed mainly strike-slip mechanism and the source process included at least two main fault slip. The source time functions indicates that the major amount of seismic energy was released within the first 10 seconds. Considering the field observation, the distribution of aftershocks and the source mechanism, an average source dimension of about 45 km, a NW-SE strike and a SW dipping fault plane could be estimated. The mechanism for the total source is obtained as (strike, dip, rake) = (323, 89, 178). The total seismic moment was calculated to be M0= 6.7×1025 dyne cm. The calculated maximum dislocation was about 50 cm and the obtained moment magnitude was Mw = 6.5. The average stress drop was estimated to be 25 bar and the average dislocation was 25 cm.
POSTER / POSTER 110
DETECTING OIL TRAPS USING TIME-FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION
NEJATI M.-1
1-University of Tehran
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Due to difficulties in observating many characteristics of a time-series in time domain, it can be studied in the frequency domain. In fact, amplitude and phase spectrum have the ability to determine a time-series for us. Therefore, for a detailed study of time-series, we transform it from one-dimensional domain to time-frequency domain. Because the transition from time domain to frequency domain provides possibility to survey frequency content of a signal and consequently it provides detailed study of many characteristics of the time-series. For this purpose the spectral decomposition which is an efficient method has been used in recent years (Kastagna and colleagues, 2003). Spectral decomposition method is an useful tool in interpretation of seismic data and seismic exploration also. In fact, analysis of data to their spectral components can specify many of structural and stratigraphy details below the earth surface. The result of Spectral analysis of any trace is a time-frequency map. Spectral decomposition effectively distinguish between vertical and horizontal changes. And therefore it help us in detection of stratigraphy traps and frequency content changes due to hydrocabore.
The spectral decomposition allow the interpreter to use the discrete frequency components of the seismic bandwidth for interpretation and study the exact details of stratigraphy below the earth (Chapra and Marfort, 2006).
Spectral decomposition in seismic exploration encompass methods that give us an continuous frequency analysis of a trace. Higher frequency resolution at lower frequencies and higher
temporal resolution at higher frequencies are the objectives for different time-frequency decomposition methods. Different spectral decomposition methods include short time Fourier transform(STFT), s transform, Matching Pursuit and continuous Wavelet transform(CWT), that by using each of these methods we can enhance the time and frequency resolution. each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. These methods include various applications to determine the thickness of layers (Partyka, 1999), stratigraphy (Marfvrt and Krlyn, 2001) and detection Hydrocarbon Reservoir (Kastagna, and Synha 2003, 2005).
Seismic waves are non-stationary waves, it means that frequency content is variying with time, so for accurate separation of discrete time events, it is better to use the methods that adjust the window length with frequency automatically. Among these methods can continuous Wavelet transform.(Synha and colleagues, 2003). Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) techniques, which are the same as narrow-band spectral analysis methods, provide frequency spectra with high temporal resolution without the windowing process associated with other techniques
CWT method is useful for detecting hydrocarbore reservoir, because these reservoir were detected in low frequencies.
Identifying channels and detection the lithology within them have always been a topic of interest among geophysists. This paper presents a successful application of the CWT method in identifyihng buried channels in one of southern oil fields of Iran.
POSTER / POSTER 111
ROLE OF SOIL LIQUEFACTION IN CLAY SOILS: AN EXAMPLE FROM BURDUR (TURKEY) SETTLEMENT AREA
KİLLİ ZEMİNLERİN ZEMİN SIVILAŞMASINDAKİ ROLÜ: BURDUR (TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ
ÖZÇELIK, M.-1
1- S.D.Ü., Müh-Mim.Fak. Jeoloji Müh.Böl.32260-Isparta
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Burdur settlement area has been founded on a recent sedimentary deposit. Fault steps have been formed in response to vertical displacement along the normal fault zones in recent deposits. Paleoliquefaction traces characterized by sand and mud dykes are observed in three different locations along the fault zones in the recent sediments.In this study, in order to investigate the relations of sand and mud dykes to liquefaction, the present geologic and hydrogeologic environment, evolution of the host sediments, and the paleoenvironment corresponding to duration of liquefaction were investigated. In the field and laboratory, experiments have been performed on the samples taken from liquefied soils and clayey soils cut by sand and mud dykes. Physical-mechanical features of the liquefied material and mineralogical features of the clays were investigated in the experimental studies.The soil samples taken from the liquefaction zones were determined being in the range of liquefiable grain size. During earthquake, water saturated sands and silts with low plasticity are liquefied whereas silts with soft plasticity and clays loose their carrying capacity. In the case of being soft consistency, plastic clays are more affected from earthquake weights. Approaching the natural water content of clay to liqid limits, deformation in clays will increase and pore water pressure will be limited. It is concluded that owing to occurences of groundwater level under critical depth, there is no possibility of liquefaction in the region during possible earthquake.
ÖZET Burdur yerleşim alanını güncel sedimanlar üzerinde kurulmuştur. Burdur fayının doğrultusu boyunca bu güncel sedimanların oluşturduğu topoğrafyada, tektonik aktiviteden kaynaklanan fay eşikleri dikkati çekmektedir. Fay eşikleri üzerinde güncel sedimanları kesen üç ayrı lokasyonda eski sıvılaşma izleri gözlemlenmektedir. Söz konusu eski sıvılaşma izleri; kum ve çamur daykı şeklindedir.Bu çalışmada; kum ve çamur dayklarının sıvılaşma ile ilgisini araştırmak amacıyla, sıvılaşan malzemenin gözlemlendiği yerlerde mevcut jeolojik ve hidrojeoljik ortam, çevre sedimanların oluşum özellikleri, sıvılaşmanın olduğu dönemdeki ortam araştırılmıştır. Sıvılaşan malzemeler ve onların kestiği killi zonlardan alınan numuneler üzerinde arazide ve laboratuvarda deneyler yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneylerde, sıvılaşan malzemenin fiziksel-meknik özellikleri ile birlikte killerin minerolojik özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Sıvılaşan ortamdan alınan örneklerin laboratuvarda yapılan zemin sınflamasına göre sıvılaşabilir dane boyu aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Depremler sırasında suya doygun kumlar ve düşük plastisiteli siltler sıvılaşırken, yumuşak plastik siltler ve killer taşıma gücü kaybına uğramaktadır. Plastik killer, yumuşak kıvamlı olmaları durumunda; deprem yüklerinden daha fazla etkilenmektedir. Kilin doğal su içeriği, likit limit değerine yaklaştıkça, dinamik yükler altında killerde oluşan deformasyonlarda önemli artışlar meydana gelirken, boşluk suyu basıncı sınırlı olmaktadır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda; günümüzdeki jeolojik ortamdaki yeraltı su seviyesinin kritik derinliğin altında bulunması nedeniyle, bölgede olası bir depremde sıvılaşma potansiyelinin olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 112
BLOC ROTATION TECTONICS IN NORTHERN ALGERIA REVEALED BY PALEOMAGNETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE “MITIDJA” BASIN (ALGIERS AREA, ALGERIA)
DERDER M.E.M.-1, HENRY B.-2, DJELLIT H.-1, DORBATH C.-3, YMEL H.-1, GHARBI S.-1, GUEMACHE M.-1, ABTOUT A.-1
1-CRAAG, BP 63, 16340 Bouzaréah, Alger, Algeria
2-Paléomagnétisme, IPGP and CNRS, 4 avenue de Neptune, 94107 Saint-Maur cedex, France.
3-EOST 5 rue René Descartes F67084 Strasbourg cedex France
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic activity in the Western Mediterranean area is mainly concentrated in northern Africa, particularly in northern Algeria, as it was shown by the 21 May 2003 Boumerdes earthquake and the 10 October 1980 El Asnam one (of respectively moment magnitudes Mw =6.9, and Ms= 7.3), which were among the recent strongest ones recorded in the western Mediterranean Sea. This seismicity is due to the convergence between Africa and Eurasia plates since at least the Oligocene. This convergence involves a transpression tectonic with N-S to NNW-SSE direction of shortening, which is expressed by an active deformation along the boundary of these two plates.
In Algeria, the seismicity is focused in a coastal zone (The Tell Atlas) in the northern part of the country. Active structures define there NE-SW trending folds and NE-SW sinistral transpressive faults, which affect the intermountain and coastal basins of Neogene to Quaternary age (e.g. “ Cheliff ”basin, “ Mitidja ”basin). These reverse faults are coupled with NW-SE to E-W trending strike-slip deep faults. The active deformation in northern Algeria could thus be explained by a kinematic model of bloc rotation: the transpression tectonics with NNW-SSE direction of convergence defines NE-SW oriented blocs, which have been possibly subjected to clockwise rotation.
The aim of this study is to look for such blocks rotation in the “Mitidja” basin (Algiers area), by using the paleomagnetic tool. A paleomagnetic study has been thus conducted on the igneous rocks of Middle Miocene age, cropping out on the northern part of the “Mitidja” basin. The preliminary results yield isolation of a magnetic primary component of reversed polarity. According to flows, the direction of this component slightly changes, but remains confined within the SW quadrant. This variation is due to the paleosecular variation of the Earth Magnetic Field, and the mean paleomagnetic direction from several flows is defined by D=238.3°, I= -34.5°. The comparison of this direction with that computed for our site from the reference curve of Besse & Courtillot (2002) for stable Africa indicates that the studied region has undertaken a clockwise rotation of about 40° since the Middle Miocene.
Such a result, which has to be establish in other area of the “Mitidja” basin, confirms that the deformation related to the convergence between the Africa and Eurasia plates is partly accommodated in northern Africa by blocks rotations movements.
POSTER / POSTER 113
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE BENEATH THE LOWER TAGUS VALLEY, SOUTHWESTERN IBERIA USING JOINT ANALYSIS OF TELESEISMIC RECEIVER FUNCTIONS AND SURFACE WAVE DISPERSION DATA
SALAH M.K.-1,2, CHANG S.J.-3., FONSECA J.F.B.D.-1,4
1-ICIST, Earthquake Engineering and Seismology Group, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
2-Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
3-Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-2150, USA
4-Physics Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We conducted a joint inversion of body wave teleseismic receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocities using a genetic algorithm (GA) on seismic waveform data recorded by 5 broadband seismic stations deployed at the Lower Tagus Valley (LTV) region, SW Iberia. The joint inversion improves the uniqueness of the solution compared to separate inversions since the two data sets complement each other. The GA is more appropriate than conventional linearized inversion schemes in regions where there is little a priori information about local crustal structure such as SW Iberia because it does not strongly depend on an initial model. The study region is located on the central western Portuguese mainland a few hundred kilometers north of the Africa-Iberia plate boundary and has a record of historical damage and casualties which are caused by destructive earthquakes occurring either to the southwestern offshore area or onland as a result of intraplate seismic activity. The latter may represent a response of old basement fractures to the current convergence between Africa and Iberia. However, little is known about the deep structure of the crust beneath this region. For this reason, we have adopted the GA to seismic data recorded in the LTV area. The crustal thickness beneath the study region varies from 28 to 30 km with an average of 28.5 km, which is remarkably lower than the global average. The crustal thickness shows a tendency of decrease close to the Tagus River and towards the west near the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, being consistent with the extensional tectonic episodes that led to the opening of the Atlantic in the Middle Jurassic. Nonetheless, more teleseismic receiver functions from earthquakes recorded at denser seismic stations both onland and offshore combined with surface wave dispersion data are necessary for a more detailed crustal model which is a pre-requisite of a complete geoseismic hazard assessment of the LTV in SW Iberia.
POSTER / POSTER 114
MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NORTH WEST OF YAZD SKARN
MACKIZADEH M.A.-1, TAGHIPOUR B.-1
1-Esfahn University, Esfahan, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Cu-skarn is located in NW of Yazd province, within the Cenozoic magmatic belt of Central Iran. The widespread rocks in the region are Eocene age volcanic with granitoids intrusive. The Cretaceous limestones in western parts of NW of Yazd are hosted by skarn – marble mineralization. The skarns are distal type and are characterized by assemblage:
Clinopyroxene, garnet, ilvaite, vezovianite, termolite, epidote, chalcopyrite, magnetite, calcite and quartz. The paragenetic relationships of these minerals have revealed a polygenetic nature of skarn assemblage reveal a polygenetic nature. Black crystals and masses of ilvaite have a close association with hedenbergite clinopyroxene and andradite garnet zone, likely as replacement bodieds. The formation of ilvaite is related to following reactions:
Andradite + Fe (OH)2 + CO2 = ilvaite + magnetite = quartz + calcite + H2
Hedenbergite + magnetite + Fe (OH) 2 = ilvaite. The early skarn minerals are formed at 550 ºc and the decomposition of early minerals to formation of final hydrous assemblages started below 470 ºc in fO2.
POSTER / POSTER 115
SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION: A USEFUL INSTRUMENT FOR FAULT PATTERN VISUALIZATION
RADAD-1, HOZHABRI-2
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, north Kargar st., Tehran, Iran.
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Often it is difficult to map subtle faults and other trace-to-trace discontinuities hidden in 3D seismic data. They may appear as minor changes in the seismic waveform that are not easily correlated using conventional interpretation of seismic cross-sections. During the recent years, seismic attributes have become not only well-accepted by the interpretation community, but have also become a key component in enhancing individual faults and discontinuities. One of the seismic attributes is spectral decomposition. Ordinary 3-D seismic data typically has a 60–80 Hz bandwidth, so it contains energy reflected from the subsurface at a wide range of frequencies, all of which are compounded in a typical seismic volume. Spectral decomposition analysis allows the interpreters to quantify amplitude variation with frequency, and thereby gain insight into the distribution of stratigraphic entities, faults and fractures. Our main goal is to gain a better understanding of and predict fault trends in our study area. It is shown in the present study that with the help of this technique a complex trend of main and cross fault system can easily be identified and properly mapped.
POSTER / POSTER 116
TOMOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE NORTH-CENTRAL IRAN USING THE LG CODA Q
NAGHAVI-1, SHOMALI-1, ZARE-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (IGUT), Tehran, Iran
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The work was done here is the implementation of the Lg Coda to obtain a
tomographical map of the North-Central Iran. The study area, extending from 34°
to
37°
N and from 49°
to 54°
E, is one of the most concentrated areas of seismic activity in Iran. The main tectonic characteristics of the region are dominated by the Alborz Mountain Belts.
Using high-quality 1020 Lg waveforms recorded at 32 local and regional stations, for 194 earthquakes from 2000 through 2008, we measured the Lg coda Q in the frequency ranges of 0.3-7 Hz by the method of Spectral Stacking Ratio (SSR).
The results demonstrate that there are several clear trends corresponding to different characteristics of seismic activity and attenuation field. Our estimation of the low Lg coda Q for the Central Alborz suggests that the seismic activity correspond to this region is probably affected by the thermal characteristics of the Damavand Moutain.
POSTER / POSTER 117
SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION THROUGH 2D TIME LAPSE ELECTRICAL TOMOGRAPHY
ABBASI-1, OSKOOI-1, AZIMI-2, KARGAHI-1
1-Tehran University (Institute of Geophysics, end of North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran)
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Continuous geoelectrical monitoring of earthquake is a proper method of exploring the changes of electrical properties in seismological active environments .With the aid of a transmitter dipole as an artificial electrical source and a set of multi-channel receiver dipoles ,we can prepare a continuous geoelectrical monitoring site in a seismic active zone to measure electrical properties of the crash zone in custom time intervals. In this article we are discussing the simulation of this phenomenon through computer aided modeling and inversion. As the first step we have considered a simple geological model from an active fault .electrical resistivity of crash zone around the fault plane will be temporary nearly zero. Then, we have simulated the geoelectrical response of such an earth against electrical current injection by the way of a forward programming subroutine. In this way, we have product a set of synthetic apparent resistivity of the propose geological model .this is analogous to the direct measurement of resistivity data in field situations. In the next step, in order to show how much the geological model is compatible with inversed model, we have used a time laps inversion procedure in which, the resistivity values are allowed to vary simultaneously in time dimension as well as in the two other spatial dimensions, during the inversion process. Simulation of earthquake prediction in this way, help us to have a bright vision in the subsequent time consuming field measurements.
POSTER / POSTER 118
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WEAK MOTION AND STRONG MOTION SENSORS AND REAL TIME EARTHQUAKE MONITORING IN THE ESKISEHIR URBAN AREAS: ANA-NET SEISMIC NETWORK
ESKİŞEHİR YERLEŞİM YERİNDE ZAYIF VE KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYITÇILARININ KURULMASI VE EŞ ZAMANLI TAKİBİ (ANA-NET)
TÜN M.-1, AVDAN U.-1, PEKKAN E.-1, ÖZEL O.-2
1-Anadolu Üniversitesi Uydu ve Uzay Bilimleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Eskişehir, TÜRKİYE
2-İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Jeofizik Müh. Bölümü, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In order to supply safe and modern life conditions, particularly under the threats of natural hazards, it is necessary to determine appropriate land-use in urban areas considering geological, geophysical and geotechnical properties of the earth material. Variations of the effects of earthquake-induced strong ground motions with respect to different ground conditions could be given as a good enough example for the statement mentioned here. Considerable casualties fell out during the Marmara earthquake occurred in 1999 in our country. After this event, the requirements for the strong ground seismology and earthquake engineering studies was obviously realized to decrease the amount of the casualties. Eskişehir is one of the smartest developing cities in Turkey. However, this nice town is under the threat of active faults locating around the city. The main purpose of this study is to introduce the ground motion monitoring studies performed in Eskişehir. The monitoring campaign namely “Ana-Net Project” is established on five different observation locations having different ground conditions around the city center of the town. All of the stations constructed on the observation points include accelerometers and one of them has a wide-band earthquake recorder. The ground motion data recorded by the observation stations will be used to evaluate the probable structural losses during the potential earthquake anticipated in Eskişehir.
The locations and properties of the stations are provided in Table 1, respectively.
Table 1. The properties of Ana-Net seismic station
Station Code
Latitude (N)
Longitude (E)
Height (m)
Transmission of Data
Device Type
ANA01 39.814 30.529 787 Local Network GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA02 39.791 30.498 815 Local Network GURALP / CMG-5TD
POSTER / POSTER 119
ANA03 39.884 30.463 930 Satellite GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA04 39.773 30.514 794 ADSL GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA05 39.723 30.533 855 ADSL GURALP / CMG-5TD
BORA 39.884 30.463 930 Satellite GURALP / CMG-3T
ÖZET Olası doğal afet durumlarına karşı güvenli, düzenli ve çağdaş yaşam standartlarına uygun bir kentleşme yapılanması çalışmalarında, yapılaşma yerlerinin sınıflamasının; jeolojik, jeofizik ve geoteknik çalışmalarla belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca deprem kaynaklı kuvvetli yer hareketlerinin, yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı etki derecelerinin farklı olduğu bilinmektedir.
Ülkemizde 1999 yılında yaşanan büyük depremlerde önlemi alınabilecek yapı hasarlarından kaynaklı, çok fazla maddi ve manevi kayıplar olmuştur. Kayıpların en aza indirgenebilmesi açısından kuvvetli yer hareketi sismolojisi ve deprem mühendisliği uygulamaları için kullanılmak üzere elde edilen yer salınım periyodu, büyütme oranları ve ivme kayıtlarının gerekliliği bir kez daha önem kazanmıştır. Eskişehir ili ülkemizin yüksek oranda endüstrileşen ve kentleşen illerinden biridir. Bölgede daha önceden yaşanan depremler çalışma alanı olarak seçilen Eskişehir yerleşim yerini en fazla etkileyebileceği düşünülen doğal afetin deprem olduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu çalışmada Eskişehir yerleşim yerinin deprem etkinliğini eş zamanlı izlemek ve olası bir depremin yerel zemin koşullarına bağlı etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sayısal arazi modeli ve sayısal kent haritası oluşturulmasında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ana-Net projesi kapsamında Eskişehir yerleşim yerinde, farklı zemin özellikleri değerlendirilerek, 5 farklı noktada eş zamanlı veri iletişimi sağlayan 5 adet ivme ölçer istasyonu ve 1 adet geniş band deprem kayıtçısı istasyonu kurulmuştur. İstasyon özellikleri (Tablo 1)’de verilmiştir. Bu ivme-ölçer cihazlarından elde edilen ivme kayıtları, çalışma alanında meydana gelebilecek yapısal hasar tahminlerinde, mühendislik uygulamalarında ve bilimsel çalışmalarda oldukça önemli bir veri tabanı sağlayacaktır.
Tablo 1. Mevcut ANANET sismik ağı istasyon kodları ve yerleri
İstasyon Kodu
Enlem (K)
Boylam (D)
Yükseklik (m) İletişim Cihaz Türü
ANA01 39.814 30.529 787 Yerel Üniversite Ağı
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA02 39.791 30.498 815 Yerel Üniversite Ağı
GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA03 39.884 30.463 930 UYDU GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA04 39.773 30.514 794 ADSL GURALP / CMG-5TD
ANA05 39.723 30.533 855 ADSL GURALP / CMG-5TD
BORA 39.884 30.463 930 UYDU GURALP / CMG-3T
POSTER / POSTER 120
ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT MODEL STUDY IN KIRŞEHİR – NEVŞEHİR REGION
KIRŞEHİR NEVŞEHİR BÖLGESİNDE BİR BOYUTLU ISI MODELİ ÇALIŞMASI
BAYRAM B.-1, CANBAY M.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT There are just heat flow and earth temperature values that we have measured from the earth surface to be able to be informed about subterranean temperature. We are not able to have directly information at the present time about the temperature’s vertical gradient, distribution of heat sources in the underground and in which way the heat is conveyed in the underground. Furthermore, we do not have too much information about the temperature at initiation phase of earth formation. However, some assumptions are made with model studies being implemented by benefiting from the information obtained from seismic, electric and magnetic methods. Also, values of the temperature and heat flow at different depths within the time period passing from the earth’s initiation to the present time are able to be obtained from calculations that have been made by utilizing the quantity of heat that radioactive substances have formed at the underground at the present time.
When ‘‘Turkey’s Heat Flow Map’’ that MTA performed in the year of 2006 is analyzed, two closures showing high heat flow within the region between Nevşehir and Kırşehir in Central Anatolia have been encountered. Therefore, the temperature has been calculated up to crust limit by using one dimensional heat equation in a few points within the regions showing high heat flow values and its temperature has been modeled through the region’s deepness.
Three profiles have been determined in such a way that they shall intersect two closures in order to determine continental crust’s thermal structure in the study field. The points at which the calculations shall be carried-out have been determined by performing the heat flow readings at the each 20 km on these profiles. Radiogenic heat production values have been calculated for these points. Then, the temperatures belonging to the study field have been calculated through deepness. The temperatures have been calculated through the deepness with distances of 20 km within three profiles in the study field. A temperature contour map has been drawn by getting together the temperatures that have been calculated through the deepness for each profile. Thus, it has been interpreted that the thermal structure of the crust set forth in the study field and this was associated with geological and tectonic structure of the region.
It was remarked that there was an increase on the temperature values through the deepness within the region where the study is being carried-out. The temperatures are also high in moho limit at the points where the surface temperature is high on the heat flow map. It has been seen that very low temperature values have been calculated at the locations showing low heat flow and representing south-eastern part of the model that the temperature values have higher values like 1600oC on the crust mantle limit accepted as 36 km by depending on the values of heat flow having been observed on the surface
POSTER / POSTER 121
When the seismic studies that have been carried-out in the study field are analyzed, it has been seen that upper crust limit has been approximately 10 km for the region and has shown the shallowness through fault lines. The temperatures in this limit are approximately 250-400oC. The shallowness is also seen in the crust mantle limit while going to south. The fact that the temperatures in the crust mantle limit within southern regions in the obtained heat model are low are in accord with this shallowness. We can say that there were earthquakes of limited number within the region during instrumental period and they were low-magnitude and very shallow earthquakes. It is known that there have been shallow earthquakes within the regions with high heat flow and earthquake depths increase while the heat flow decreases. Gümüşkent Fault passing from middle areas of the study field has a characteristic of fault line not showing any earthquake activities. However, these kinds of models are able to be carried-out if the information in regard to the fault line increases.
ÖZET Yer içindeki sıcaklık konusunda bilgi edinebilmek için elimizde sadece yer yüzeyinden ölçtüğümüz ısı akısı ile yeryüzü sıcaklık değerleri bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde sıcaklığın düşey yöndeki değişimi, yer içindeki ısı kaynaklarının dağılımı ve ısının yer içinde hangi şekilde taşındığı konusunda doğrudan bilgiye sahip olamamaktayız. Ayrıca, yerkürenin oluşumunun başlangıç fazındaki sıcaklık konusunda da çok fazla bilgi sahibi değiliz. Ancak sismik, elektrik ve manyetik yöntemlerden elde edilen bilgilerden yararlanarak yapılan model çalışmalar ile bazı varsayımlar yapılmaktadır. Yine günümüzde yer içindeki radyoaktif maddelerin oluşturdukları ısı miktarlarının belirlenmesinden yararlanarak yapılan hesaplamalardan yer kürenin başlangıcından günümüze kadar geçen zaman içinde farklı derinliklerdeki sıcaklık ve ısı akısı değerleri elde edilebilmektedir.MTA’nın 2006 yılında yaptığı “Türkiye’nin Isı Akısı Haritası” incelendiğinde Orta Anadolu’da Nevşehir – Kırşehir arasında kalan bölgede yüksek ısı akısı gösteren iki kapanıma rastlanmıştır. Bu sebeple yüksek ısı akısı değerleri gösteren bölgelerde birkaç noktada, bir boyutlu ısı denklemi kullanılarak kabuk sınırına kadar sıcaklık hesaplanıp, bölgenin derine doğru sıcaklığı modellenmiştir.Çalışma alanında kıtasal kabuğun ısıl yapısını belirlemek için, iki kapanımı da kesecek şekilde üç profil belirlenmiştir. Bu profiller üzerinde her 20 km’ de bir ısı akısı okumaları yapılarak hesaplamaların yapılacağı noktalar belirlenmiştir. Bu noktalar için radyojenik ısı üretimi değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Daha sonra çalışma bölgesine ait sıcaklıklar derine doğru hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma alanı içerisinde yer alan üç profil içinde 20 km aralıklarla derine doğru sıcaklıklar hesaplanmıştır. Derine doğru hesaplanan sıcaklıklar her profil için bir araya getirilerek sıcaklık kontur haritası çizilmiştir. Böylece çalışma alanının da kabuğun ısıl yapısı ortaya konularak bölgenin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı ile ilişkilendirilerek yoruma gidilmiştir.
Çalışmanın yapıldığı bölgede derine doğru sıcaklık değerlerindeki artış dikkati çekmektedir. Isı akısı haritasında yüzey sıcaklığının yüksek olduğu yerlerde moho sınırında da sıcaklıklar yüksektir.Yüzeyde gözlenen ısı akısı değerlerine bağlı olarak 36 km olarak kabul edilen kabuk manto sınırında sıcaklık değerlerinin 1600 oC gibi yüksek değerler aldığı modelin güneydoğu kısmını temsil eden düşük ısı akısı gösteren yerlerde ise çok düşük sıcaklık değerleri hesaplandığı görülmüştür.Çalışma alanında yapılmış olan sismik çalışmalar incelendiğinde, üst kabuk sınırının bölge için yaklaşık olarak 10 km ve fay hatları boyunca üst kabuk sınırının sığlaşma gösterdiği görülmüştür. Bu sınırda sıcaklıklar yaklaşık olarak 250-400 oC civarındadır. Güneye doğru gidildikçe kabuk manto sınırında da bir sığlaşma dikkati çekmektedir. Elde edilen ısı modelinde güneydeki bölgelerde kabuk manto sınırındaki sıcaklıkların düşük olması bu sığlaşma ile uyum içerisindedir. Bölgede aletsel dönemde sınırlı sayıda deprem olduğunu ve bunların küçük magnitüdlü ve oldukça sığ depremler olduklarını söyleyebiliriz Isı akısı yüksek bölgelerde sığ depremlerin olduğu, ısı akısı düştükçe deprem derinliklerinde artma görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Çalışma bölgesinin orta kısımlarından geçen Gümüşkent Fayı da deprem aktivitesi göstermeyen bir fay niteliğindedir. ancak fayla ilgili bilgilerin artması durumunda bu tür modellemeler gerçekleştirilebilecektir.
POSTER / POSTER 122
METAL HEAVY CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY METHOD IN KOCAELI (TURKEY) AND COMPARISON OF IN SITU FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF SOIL MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY WITH LABORATORY DATA
KOCAELI BÖLGESININ AĞIR METAL KIRLILIĞININ MANYETIK DUYARLIK METODUYLA TESPITI ILE YERINDE VE LABORATUVAR ÖLÇÜLERININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
CANBAY M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
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ABSTRACT In this study it is intended to reveal dimensions of industrial pollution in Province Kocaeli which is rapidly industrialized and migrated to, and to make contribution by applying a different method to the works performed on soil pollution which is one of the environmental pollutions considered as one of the biggest environmental issues. İzmit Waste and Wastes Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Inc. Co (İzaydaş) has been operating since 1996. In this study, purposing to identify environmental damages caused by İzaydaş, the magnetic sensitivity method results and geochemical data for an area of about 1 km are jointly used and the structural features and pollution concentrations of that area have been revealed. For this purpose samples were taken phase of land. The soil profiles of samples were identified and it is considered that A horizon which is thought to be rich for heavy metal is taken from 15 cm. For this reason, the method is conducted by taking sample at 3 separate levels (5-10-15 cm). Furthermore, by means of magnetic sensitivity device to be used for the study, Anisotropic Magnetic Sensitivity (AMS) was measured both on land (surface magnetic sensitivity) and on the directional samples in the lab. The studies regarding whether the waste materials contain heavy metals, and if yes, the change of heavy metal rate as well as geochemical analysis work have been performed one after the other and the heavy metal contents were determined as Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Ni by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in the lab. analysis. In this study, a part of our work is used and in the light of received data, the measures taken on site of land and the lab values are compared with each other.
ÖZET Hızla sanayileşen ve göç alan kentlerimizden biri olan Kocaeli bölgesinde endüstriyel kirlenmenin boyutlarının ortaya konulması ve günümüzde ve gelecekte en büyük çevre sorunlarından biri kabul edilen çevre kirliliklerinden biri olan toprak kirliliği üzerine yapılan çalışmalara farklı bir yöntem denenerek katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.
Kocaeli ili Alikahya beldesinde İzmit Atık ve Atıkları Arıtma Yakma ve Değerlendirme A.Ş. ((İzaydaş) 1996 dan beri faaliyet göstermektedir.Yakma ve Arıtma tesisinin yakın çevrelerinde tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyeti sürdürülmekte olup,tesisin bacasından çıkan dumanın bile insan , hayvan ve bitkilere doğrudan veya meteorolojik koşullarla zarar verdiği bilinmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 123
İzaydaş’ın çevreye verdiği zararın tespiti amacıyla yaklaşık 1 km. lik alan manyetik duyarlık yöntemi sonuçları ile jeokimyasal veriler birlikte korale edilerek sahanın yapısal özelliklerinin yanında ağır metal konsantrasyonları ortaya konmuştur. Bu amaçla çalışma bölgesindeki 13 istasyon noktasından belirli düşey derinliklerden ve koordinatlardan numuneler alınmıştır. Numunelerin, toprak profilleri belirlenmiş ve ağır metalce zengin olduğu düşünülen A horizonunun ilk 15 cm.den alınması düşünülmüştür. Bu sebeple yöntem 3 ayrı seviyeden (5-10-15cm) numune alınarak yürütülmüştür.Ayrıca çalışmada kullanılacak manyetik duyarlık aleti ile hem arazide (yüzey manyetik duyarlık) hem de yönlü numuneler üzerinde laboratuarda Anizotropik Manyetik Duyarlık (AMD) ölçülmüştür. Bu değerler daha sonra karşılaştırılmıştır ve birbirlerine göre uyumu tartışılmıştır. Manyetik duyarlık değerleri toprağın üst katmanlarında genellikle 11.10-6 SI ile 93.10-6 SI arasında değişmektedir. Mass-specific magenetic susceptibility lab. values ise 1. 10-6 SI ile 304. 10-6 SI arasında değerler almaktadır. Atık malzemelerin ağır metalleri içerip içermediği, içeriyorsa ağır metal oranındaki değişim ile jeokimyasal analiz çalışmaları ardı ardına yapılmış ve laboratuar analizlerinde Atomik Absorbsiyon spektrometresi kullanılarak ağır metal içerikleri Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Ni olarak belirlenmiştir. Ağır metal konsantrasyonları standart kabul edilen değerlere göre yüksek olup, çalışma bölgesinde manyetik duyarlık çalışmaları başlatılmış olup özellikle kirlilik araştırmalarında kullanılabilirliği lokal büyüklükteki çalışmalarla denenmiş ve sürdürülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 124
MICRO-SEISMICITY AND FLUIDS RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE WESTERN PART OF SEA OF MARMARA
TARY J.B.-1, BARDAINNE T.-2, GELI L.-1, HENRY P.-3, COMOGLU M.-4., YILMAZER M.-4, TRYON M.-5, NATALIN B.-6, CAGATAY N.-6, BURNARD P.-7, BOURLANGE S.-8
1-IFREMER, BP 70 Centre de Brest, Plouzané, 29280, France
2-MAGNITUDE-SAS, Centre Regain, Sainte-Tulle, 04220, France
3-IFREMER CEREGE/CNRS, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, 13545, France
4-KOERI, Ulusal Deprem Izleme Merkezi - Cengelköy, Istanbul, 34684, Turkey
5-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
6-ITU, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
7-CRPG, BP 20, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, 54501, France
8-CRPG, BP 20, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, 54501, France
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
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ABSTRACT Four Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) were deployed for 2.5 months in the Tekirdag Basin (Western Sea of Marmara), within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault. During the 10-weeks long deployment, the OBSs recorded a total of about 150 events from below the basin and the immediately adjacent submarine areas, while only about 50 events were recorded by the land stations. The data thus confirm previous experiments in the Marmara Sea showing the efficiency of sea bottom instruments to lower the detection threshold compared to land stations. The events distribution shows two particular patches. The first is a cluster of events located below the western ridge, where vent gas originating from Thrace natural gas field has been found. The events of the second cluster are located in the North – West corner of the Tekirdag Basin and occurred in a short lapse of time. These events have very similar arrival times and waveforms, which indicate that they have the same path and source. The focal mechanism calculated for the biggest event (Mw = 2.8) with data coming from OBSs and land station is in strike-slip, its azimuth is parallel to the foot of slope and its dip is subvertical. Visual observations with Nautile show that gas emissions occur through NNE oriented tensile cracks near the base of the Northern escarpment. The events distribution, the short lapse of time and the observation of gas expulsion nearby make think of an events crisis driven by fluids.
POSTER / POSTER 125
DETECTION OF THE TALKHAB FAULT USING A MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDY IN MARKAZI PROVINCE, IRAN
PAKDEL N.-1
1-NO 20, Yasaman apartment, Jomhuri Av., Orumieh,Iran
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ABSTRACT Because of the reflection and refraction of the electromagnetic (EM) waves at both horizontal and vertical interfaces separating the media of different electrical parameters, geoelectromagnetic methods have been developed and employed to recognize the geological features and particularly fault zones in many regions. Due to its lateral resolution and also greater depth penetration, the magnetotelluric (MT) method is one of the most effective EM techniques to image the subsurface structures electrically. During year 2007 wide frequency range magnetotelluric measurements was carried out in Arak area ,Iran to understand the crustal electrical conductivity of the region by putting emphasis on relocating the fault zones. The electric and magnetic field components were acquired along a profile across the geological trend at 3 stations. A robust single site processing followed by the inversion and one dimensional as well as two dimensional modeling were performed. The inversion results revealed electrical conductivity structures in good correlation with geological features. As a significant result, true location of a major fault, Talkhab, was recognized in Arak area.
POSTER / POSTER 126
AN EVALUATION OF NORTH KOREA’S NUCLEAR TEST BY BELBAŞI NUCLEAR TESTS MONITORING CENTER-KOERI
NECMIOĞLU O.-1, MERAL OZEL N.-1, SEMIN K.-1, KOCAK S.-1, DESTICI C.-1, TEOMAN U.-1
1-Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Geophysics Department, 34684, Çengelköy, İstanbul
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ABSTRACT The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has the global responsibility of the verification of compliance with CTBT, which bans all nuclear test explosions in order to constrain the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and end the development of advanced new types of these weapons. Its main task is the establishment of the 337 facility International Monitoring System (IMS) and the International Data Centre (IDC) responsible for data delivery and analysis. Belbaşı Nuclear Tests Monitoring Center-KOERI is responsible for the operation of a long period seismic array in Ankara and a short period seismic array in Keskin as a part of CTBTO-IMS since December 2003 as a primary seismic array, which sends its data in real-time to CTBTO to monitor the globe for evidence of nuclear explosions on earth. Recently, data processing activities using Geotool has also begun and the aim is to install and make full use of Geotool software both at the Central Recording Building (CRB) in Ankara and National Data Centre (NDC) at KOERI.
On 25 May 2009, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) claimed that it had conducted a nuclear test. Corresponding seismic event was recorded by IMS and IDC released first automatic estimation of time (00:54:43 GMT), location (41.2896 º N and 129.0480 º E) and the magnitude (4.52 mb) of the event in less then two hours time (USGS: 00:54:43 GMT; 41.306°N, 129.029°E; 4.7 mb). During our preliminary analysis of the 25th May 2009 DPRK event, we saw a very clear P arrival at 01:05:47 (GMT) at BRTR SP array. The result of the f-k analysis performed in Geotool software was also indicating that the arrival belongs almost certainly to the DPRK event. After the interactive analysis by IDC, Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) was published and we have observed that BRTR arrival was manually picked by analyst and associated to the DPRK event in REB. When comparing our f-k results with REB, however, we have noticed that our calculation and therefore corresponding residuals (calculated with reference to REB residuals) are much better in comparison to REB, despite the fact that we performed f-k only once, i.e. we did not even try to improve the f-k results.
We are now in the mutual process of investigating what the reasons of difference in f-k parameters calculated in ARS (Analyst Review Station-software used by IDC) in comparison to f-k parameters calculated in Geotool are. We believe that through this study we are also giving CTBTO the opportunity to diagnose specific problems concerning the automatic and/or interactive analysis and to improve its capabilities for the verification of the compliance with CTBT.
POSTER / POSTER 127
DISCRIMINATION OF ARTIFICIAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS FROM NATURAL SOURCED SEISMOGRAMS
YAPAY KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLAR İLE DOĞAL KAYNAKLI SİSMOGRAMLARIN AYIRT EDİLMESİ
BAŞER O.-1, SERTÇELİK F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. Jeofizik Müh. Böl. KOCAELİ/TÜRKİYE
[email protected], fasert@kocaeli edu.tr
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ABSTRACT In this study, 149 seismic events data that recorded by Bodrum (BODT), Dalyan (DALT), Datça (DAT), Milas (MLSB) and Yerkesik (YER) broad-band stations were set by Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) are used to identfy the source type of these seismic events occured between Muğla and Aydın in Southern Ege. Epicentre locations and magnitudes of these events in 37.22°-37.50° N and 26.70°-28.40° E were estimated by General Directorate Of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department Directory of Seismology. The magnitudes and time of seismic events were 2≤Md≤3 and 08:00-17:00 (GMT) respectively. Distribution of events and stations in study area were mapped by GMT plot software. The records of events have been made available for discrimination analyze by a band pass filter with frequency range of 1-15 Hz.
This study was used S/P-LogS and Complexity discrimination method. P and S wave amplitudes of vertical components of data recorded by BODT, DALT, DAT, MLSB and YER stations has been read individually. The amplitude peak ratios of S waves to P waves versus logarithms of amplitude peaks of S waves were estimated and plotted. Afterwards the complexity was plotted versus spectral ratio. The time windows and frequency bands used in calculation of C and Sr were selected as t1-t2=2-4 s and t0-t1=the onset time of P wave-2s, h1-h2=5-10 Hz and l1-l2=1-5Hz. As a result of discrimination analyze of 149 seismic events, 30 of events were determined as earthquakes and 119 of events were determined as quarry blast. Applying more methods in succession for discrimination analyze of source types increase the success rates
ÖZET Güney Ege’de, Muğla-Aydın arasında kalan bölgede, oluşan sismik olayların kaynak tipinin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada; Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü (KRDAE) tarafından kurulan Bodrum (BODT), Dalyan (DALT), Datça (DAT), Milas (MLSB) ve Yerkesik (YER) geniş bant istasyonlarına ait 149 adet deprem verisi kullanılmıştır. 37.22°-37.50° K enlem ve 26.70°-28.40°D boylamları arasında olan olayların episantır koordinatları ve magnitüdleri Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Daire Başkanlığı Sismoloji Şube Müdürlüğü'nü tarafından belirlenmiştir. Seçilen sismik olayların magnitüdü 2≤Md≤3, oluş zamanları 08:00-17:00 (GMT) aralığındadır. Depremlerin ve istasyonların bölgedeki dağılımı ise GMT çizim programı ile haritalanmıştır. Sismik olay kayıtlarına, 1-15 Hz band geçişli filtre uygulanmıştır.
Çalışmada S/P-logS ve Karmaşıklık (Complexity) ayırım yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. BODT, DALT, DAT, MLSB ve YER istasyonlarında kaydedilen 149 sismik olayın düşey bileşen kayıtlarının P ve S dalgaları genlikleri okunmuştur. S dalgalarının genliklerinin P dalgası genliklerine oranları ve S dalgaları genliklerinin logaritmaları hesaplanmış ve grafikleri çizilmiştir. Daha sonra karmaşıklık (C) karşısında spektral oran (Sr) grafiklenmiştir. C ve Sr’nin hesaplanmasında kullanılan zaman pencereleri; t1-t2=2-4 sn, t0-t1=P dalgası başlangıç zamanı-2 sn ve frekans bantları; h1-h2=5-10 Hz, l1-l2=1-5 Hz’dir. Yapılan ayrım analizi sonucunda toplam 149 adet sismik olayın, 30 tanesi deprem 119 tanesi patlatma olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kaynak tipi ayrımı analizinde daha fazla yöntemin artarda uygulanması başarı oranını yüksetmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 128
SOME BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY 2008
RRAPO O.-1
1-Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University, Tirana, “Don Bosko” street, Nr.60. Albania.
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ABSTRACT Albania is a country of high seismic activity. It is characterized by intense micro seismic activity and small and medium-size earthquakes and only seldom by large event., The Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University of Tirana using seismic network consist of 13 stations, has recorded a moderate seismic activity at the Albania territory during year 2008. Seismic phases recorded by the Albanian network, integrated with data of Montenegro, Thessalonicy (Greece) and Macedonia networks, are used to prepare the database for this year. We present here the results of the analysis in parameters of events and some features of Seismicity that have occurred in the Albania and surrounding area during 2008. On that territory 39°00’-43°00’ N and 18°50’-21°50’E there are 367 located earthquakes with magnitude M>2 Richter, and 25 of them were felt by population of Albania. The standard procedure uses the program HYPO71 (Lee and Lahr, 1975) of the SEISAN packet (Haskov 1995), and velocity model Vel-Albanid (Ormeni Rr.2007) for earthquake locations. We relocated the earthquakes, which occurred in the Albania in the last year, achieving constrained hypocentral determinations. The most of local earthquakes are distributed in depth between 0 and 25 km, with maximum concentration between 0 and 10 km. The strongest earthquakes in Albania occurred on the 28th of August at 04h37m(GMT) or (05:37 local time), with magnitude 4.1 (Richter), Mw=4.0(ENSC), on the vicinity of Korça town, and on the 24th of October at 20h30m(GMT) or (21:31 local time), with magnitude 4.4 (Richter), mb=4.6(EMSC), on the Elbasani district. These earthquakes have been felt by the population of central Albania and have induced panic. The earthquake foci are concentrated mostly along the some active faults: 1. In the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra transversal fault zone.. From the Seismotectonic point of view, the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra transversal fault zone belongs to a complex faulting environment, and according to the actual map of neotectonic zonation of Albania is located in the boundary between the two main tectonic zones characterized by compression and extensional. 2. In The Korca-Ohrrid-Peshkopia Seismogenetic zone. It lies in the area of inner Albanides, along a depressional zone of faults extending nearly meridional and relatively narrow. 3. In The Ionian-Adriatic Seismogenetic zone. It occurs in the tension stresses directed nearly east-west is characterized by new differentiating movements of high gradients and by many and frequent earthquake epicenters. In the vicinity of Durresi was registered a small series of earthquakes that lasted from September 2007 until May 2008. 4. On the northern part of Albania, in the fault zone of Thethi a small increase of seismic activity was recorded. Increased seismic activity was registered nearby of southern Albania on the Greece territory. The strongest earthquake occurred in Greece on the 6th of January at 06:14 local time, with Richter magnitude of 6.3, and the 9th of January at 13:53 local time, with Richter magnitude of 6.2, were felt with intensity of IV-V degrees on the EMS Scale on the south of Albania.
POSTER / POSTER 129
SOME FEATURES OF LUSHNJE-ELBASANI-DIBRA (ALBANIA) TRASVERSAL FAULT ZONE AND ITS RECENTLY SEISMIC ACTIVITY
ORMENI.R.R.-1
1-Institute of Geosciences, Polytechnic University, Tirana, “Don Bosko” street, Nr.60. Albania.
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ABSTRACT The traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra with Northeastern strike dislocated the structure of Albanides along all their width. This transversal fault is distinguished by the flexure of Lushnja, the diapered dome of Dumrea, the transversal Quaternary depression of Elbasani, the belt of traversal structure of Labinoti, and then it continues toward Northest with traversal horst of Golloborda and goes towards Macedonia in NE direction. The traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra is clearly outlined by the location of medium and weak earthquakes, migration of foci along this fault, the macrosismic field and focal mechanisms. Generally along this traversal fault zone it is the trastensional strike-slip dextral motion that dominates. The traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra has played and is playing an important role in seismotectonic in Albania and nearby. Travel time data from earthquakes of both zones that are crossed from the traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra have been inverted for both hypocenter locations and one-dimensional Vp and Vs structure. The compiled data contains 481 earthquakes occurred 2002-2006 with 2362 P-phases and 2131 S-phases recorded by 29 seismological stations in the inversion procedure. 1-D initial velocity model was obtained using VELEST. The velocity contrasts are more pronounced in depth between 0 and 40km at both zones that are crossed from the traversal fault zone Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibta . The lateral velocity difference is as large as 3-9% and the localizations based on 1D velocity models will be systematically shifted in the direction of increasing velocities. Precisely this is the cause for larger systematic misallocation and the determined fault to be deviated from the real fault. Moderate seismic activity was recorded at the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra transversal fault zones, especially during April 2007. The strongest earthquake occurred on the16th of April at 07:38 local time, with Richter magnitude of 4.5. In the series of about 49 earthquakes with magnitude ML=2.0-4.5 were located in this fault. The earthquakes on the fault Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra during 2007 have occurred mainly in the Elbasani area. On the Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra fault zone there are 67 located earthquakes during 2008 year with magnitude ML=2.0-4.3 Richter. The strongest earthquakes in Lushnje-Elbasani-Dibra fault zone occurred 24th of October at 20h30m(GMT) with magnitude ML=4.4 (Richter), mb=4.6(EMSC). All earthquakes of resently periode 2007-2008 are distributed in depth between 0 – 40 km. From the Seismotectonic point of view, the Lushnje-Elbasan-Dibra transversal fault zones belongs to a complex faulting environment, and according to the actual map of neotectonic zonation of Albania it is located in the boundary between the two main tectonic zones characterized by compressional and extensional movements.
POSTER / POSTER 130
INTERPRETATION WITH EULER DECONVOLUTION OF BOUGUER GRAVITY DATA OF BURDUR REGION
KESKINSEZER-1, BEYHAN-1, KARAVUL-1, KAFADAR-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Köseköy MYO.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
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ABSTRACT Euler deconvolution method is the method of depth estimation which is best suited for anomalies caused by isolated and multiple anomalous sources. This method belongs to the most discussed interpretation methods in potentials fields during last several years. We derive the analytical estimators for the horizontal and vertical source positions in 3D Euler deconvolution as a function of the x, y and z derivatives of gravity anomaly within a data window. In this study, algorithmic programs based on generalize linear inverse theory, uses analytical estimators for the horizontal and vertical source positions is being written using Visual C#.Net. This method was applied on the region’s bouguer gravity map and it has given fast and successful results to detect the depth of the structures of tectonic graben type. A synthetic data is used to test the validity of the proposed method. As a result, 3-D modeling of the Burdur region was made using this method.
POSTER / POSTER 131
DETERMINATION OF DEPTH AND COEFFICIENT FACTOR OF THE RESIDUAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES USING EQUATIONS LINEARIZATION DUO TO LEAST-SQUARES METHOD
HOZHABRI R.-1, ARDESTANI V.E.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics ,University of Tehran ,north kargar st, Tehran
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT The gravity anomaly caused by contrast densities of geologic structure can be represented by a continuous function of both shape and depth related variables with an amplitude coefficient related to mass. For the determination of the coefficient factor and the depth of gravity anomaly we used data acquired along profiles. The gravity anomalies due to spherical and horizontal structures can be represented by an analytical formula which involves both anomaly depth and shape factor variables. The shape factor depends on radius and density contrast of structures. In this study, gravity data acquired from each profile are fitted over functions obtained from spherical and horizontal structures by linear inverse least square method; hence, obtaining the variables mentioned above. Validity of this method is tested by applying synthetic data without and with random noise. This method has also been applied to real gravity data. The agreement between the results obtained by the proposed method and other interpretation methods is good. Moreover, the depth obtained by the proposed approach is found to be in a very good agreement with the depth obtained from drilling information.
POSTER / POSTER 132
ESTIMATION OF STRESS DROP AND RUPTURE RADIUS FOR ZRAND EATHQUAKE
MANSOURI R.-1, GHEYTANCHI M.R.-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Iran
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT We use broad band seismograms to examine source parameters of destructive earthquake of 2005 February 22 near Zarand and its aftershocks, in south-center of Iran. The mainshock ruptured an intermountain reverse fault, striking E-W and dipping north at 61 to a depth of 9 km. Its aftershocks represent the almost same strike as the main shock which have agreement with geological and tectonic settings in Zarand area. The dataset consist mainshock and 9 aftershocks seismograms and their minimum magnitude was 4.
In order to find focal mechanism of these earthquakes modeling has been carried out using ISOLA package (Zaharadnik J. and Sokos E., 2003) which is based on time domain, full waveform three components modeling of seismograms for obtaining the components of seismic moment tensors. The data comprise broadband recordings of stations of Iran National Seismic Network (INSN) within regional distances from the analyzed events.
The results represent that most of these earthquakes have reverse faulting rupture with some minor component but some partitioning was obtained trough this study which consist of 3 focal mechanism that shows striking slip with minor reversal faulting of source process. The depth distribution of earthquakes which were optimum through waveform modeling demonstrate that seismogenic zone have 15-20 km depth.
POSTER / POSTER 133
SINGULARITY EXPONENT FROM WAVELET-BASED MULTISCALE ANALYSIS: A NEW SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE FOR FAULT DETECTION
HADILOO S.-1, SIAHKOOHI H.R.-1, MANSOURI R.-1
1-Institute of geophysics, North Karegar, Tehran, Iran
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ABSTRACT Seismic interpretation has been traditionally based on reflections or amplitudes values. However, amplitude alone can also disguise the true nature of subsurface geology and blur stratigraphic boundaries. In many cases important information is carried by singularities information that is not necessarily associated to certain amplitude patterns. We present Lipschitz exponent (α) as a new seismic attribute which captures the locations and strengths of irregularities in the trace. Lipschitz exponent (α) is a measure of singularity strength defined at or around a point. Higher α indicates higher degree of regularity, and vice versa. We extract this attribute from continues wavelet transform, wavelet transform help us to localize singularity for any point. It is demonstrated that α is a natural attribute for delineating stratigraphy boundaries due to its excellent abilities in detecting detailed geologic features from seismic data. Certainly in this work we can detect every fault in seismic 2D and 3D section. We use Lipschitz exponent as instantaneous attribute for fault and feature detection. We test our concept and wavelet-based multiscale analyzing algorithm on both synthetic and seismic data, and show that α improves our ability in the delineation of stratigraphy layers that would be otherwise vague in the original seismic amplitude display.
POSTER / POSTER 134
RANDOM NOISE SUPPRESSION BY MEANS OF DCT FILTER
RAHMATI-1, RIAHI-1
1-Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, PO Box 14155-6466, Tehran, Iran,
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT Random noise is one of the most important and harmful feature that appears in seismic data over entire time and frequency domain. Various methods have been implemented to suppress this type of noise from seismic records. The prediction filter is widely used method for de-noising. In the ordinary prediction filter, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is used to compute the prediction filter in frequency domain. DFT has some inherent limitations such as: Gips phenomena, energy loss and low spectral resolution, which affect the results. In this paper, to verify the efficiency of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based prediction filter, the DCT and DFT operators were applied on both synthetic and real seismic data. In the present article DCT-based operator appeared with better performance than DFT-based prediction filter. The results obtained from the DCT operator showed the reduction of the Gips phenomena and increased spectral resolution. Besides, results showed that the energy compaction of DCT is better than DFT on seismic data.
POSTER / POSTER 135
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF HIGH ZAGROS SALT DOMES, IRAN
TAGHIPOUR S.-1, TAGHIPOUR B.-2, MACKIZADEH M.A.-3
1-Tehran University
2-Shiraz University
3-Esfahan University
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ABSTRACT According to the mineralogical and petrographical studies of High Zagros igneous rocks related salt deposits, they have complex mineralogical composition. The minerals assemblage in these rocks is formed in three stages, 1. Magmatic stage (plagioclase, clinopyroxcene, apatite), 2. Late magmatic stage (amphibole, biotite, quartz, albite, calcite and sphene) and 3. vein mineralization stage (quartz, albite, epidote, amphibole, calcite and garnet). On the base of amphibole crystal chemistry, actinolite (CaA<0.5, (Na+K)A<0.5, CaB>1.5, Si=7.87-7.93) have been distinguished, which is stable in wide range of temperature (320-520 °C) and total 2 k bar. Studies of fluid inclusion in quartz veinlet from altered volcanic rocks showed the high salinity of hydrothermal fluids. Also this quartz has inclusions of actinolites needles a lot. There are almost three phase including: solid, liquid and gases phases in fluid inclusion.
The thermal rang; 310-330˚c is distinguished for the formation of these quartz veins. The composition chlorites, epidotes and garnetes are determined picnochlorite, pistachist and grossular-andradite respected and also the composition of plagioclases are mainly albite. On the base of thermometric studies those metasomatic mineral are stable in thermal rang of 300-500˚c and intermediate pressure.
POSTER / POSTER 136
GEOPHYSICAL EVIDENCE FOR RADIAL EXTENSION AT THE APEX OF THE ISPARTA ANGLE
ALTUNCU S.-1, TUNCER M.K.-1, PINAR A.-2
1-Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Çengelköy, İstanbul
2-Istanbul University, Department of Geophysics, Avcılar, Istanbul
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ABSTRACT The Isparta Angle is a prominent tectonic feature in Eastern Mediterranean region lying to the north of the Africa-Anatolia collision zone and to the east of the Aegean extensional zone. The distinct morphological view of the eastern and western flanks namely the NW trending Akşehir fault zone and NE trending Fethiye-Burdur fault zone, respectively, marks the boundaries of the angle. The low seismic activity during the last century left the Isparta Angle as a feature with little-known seismotectonics that gave rise to long lasting debates. Several researches identified the western flank as a prominent left-lateral shear zone but the NW-SE oriented normal faulting associated with the M7 1914 and M6 1971 Burdur contradicted them. Similarly, the recent M6 2000 and 2002 Sultandağ earthquakes showing predominantly normal faulting mechanisms took place on the previously defined Sultandağ thrust fault.
Thus, the focal mechanisms of the large events on the eastern and western flanks of the Isparta Angle clearly depicts present day extensional tectonics rather than strike-slip or reverse faulting. The March 30, 2007 (ML=4.7) and April 04, 2007 (ML=4.9) earthquakes in Eğirdir (Isparta) are the two recent events that shed light on the extensional tectonics acting within the Isparta angle showing WSW to SW normal faulting. These two events were accompanied with several smaller earthquakes. The NNW-SSE lineament of this seismic activity is in accordance with the N-S and NNW-SSW trending tectonic features such as Kovada graben and several other normal faults occurring further southward extending toward Mediterranean seaside.
The T-axes of the focal mechanisms of the recent events taking place around the apex of the Isparta angle show systematic variations. The M=6.0 2000 Sultandağ earthquake depicts motion along a NE-dipping normal fault, the focal mechanism of the M=6.4 2002 Çay-Eber event reveals predominantly normal faulting mechanism with slip-vectors toward NNE, while its largest M=5.9 aftershock at Bolvadin have slip vectors oriented NNW. The slip vectors of all of these events along with the ones of Eğirdir activity outlines an obvious radial extension acting within the Isparta angle. A causative for such an extension as suggested by Emre et al. (2009) would be a domal uplifting. To test this hypothesis we modeled several magnetic profiles acquired from an aeromagnetic survey carried out in SW Turkey. These profiles cut the normal faulting geologic features along which the above mentioned earthquakes occurred. The modeling of the magnetic field data clearly indicates steeply dipping bodies beneath the normal faults.
POSTER / POSTER 137
STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCE OF MD=5.3 ANKARA (BALA) EARTHQAUKE OF DECEMBER 27,2007
ÖZTÜRK S.-1, BAYRAK Y.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geophysics, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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ABSTRACT In this study, the statistical properties of the aftershock sequence of Ankara (Bala) earthquake of December 27, 2007 is analyzed. For this purpose, the b-value of the frequency-magnitude relationship and temporal decay rate of aftershocks as described by the p-value are calculated in order to assessment the some characteristics of the aftershock sequence in the five months after the MD=5.3 Bala (Ankara) earthquake of 27 December 2007. The catalog taken from the KOERI contains 539 aftershocks with magnitude MD larger than and equal to 2.6. Aftershock sequence is concentrated around the main shock epicenter and shows an elliptic area in the NW-SE direction. All of the computations are programmed in ZMAP software. Using the maximum likelihood procedure, b-value of Gutenberg-Richter relation is computed as 1.48±0.06, rather large, with magnitude completeness Mc=2.8. The catalogue does not consist any aftershocks with magnitude MD>5.0 and there are only 6 aftershocks greater than M4.0. This large b-value may be resulted by the paucity of aftershocks whose magnitudes are larger than 5.0. By using MD≥Mc (=2.8) and Tstart=0.002 days, p-value of modified Omori law is calculated as 0.75±0.03 to be relatively small. Relatively small p-value may be a result of the slow decay rate of the aftershock activity or small number of aftershocks. Thus, the limitation of the data set strongly affects the results and more detailed future studies are needed for underlying physical mechanism of the b and p-values variations.
POSTER / POSTER 138
EXAMINATION OF GELENDOST AND EGRIDIR (ISPARTA) EARTHQAUKES OCCURED IN 2007 BY DEVIATORIC MOMENT TENSOR METHOD
2007 YILINDA MEYDANA GELMİŞ GELENDOST ve EĞRİDİR (ISPARTA) DEPREMLERİNİN DEVİATORİK MOMENT TENSÖR YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
KILIÇ T.-1, UTKUCU M.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi, Eskişehir yolu 10. km, Lodumlu/ANKARA
2-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Esentepe/SAKARYA
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ABSTRACT A high seismic activity beginning from February 2007 and lasting about four months has been observed in Gelendost and Egridir towns of Isparta located in a prominent tectonic feature of SW Turkey, known as Isparta Angle. Source parameters and focal mechanisms of the 9 earthquakes with magnitude M ≥ 4.0 belonging this activity are investigated by Deviatoric Moment Tensor (DMT) method. In this study, catalog information and broadband seismograms obtained from National Seismic Network that is operated by Seismology Section of Earthquake Research Department under General Directorate of Disaster Affairs are used. For each earthquake, three component records obtained from at least four broadband stations of this network are utilised. Analyses are performed using Isola Gui, Moment Tensor Analysis program. Results of the DMT analysis have shown that the earthquakes studied are mostly having normal faulting character. Total seismic moment, which is a measure of seismic energy released during these earthquakes, is calculated as 2.86E+15 Nm. Epicentre distribution and obtained focal mechanisms suggest that extensional crustal motions related with the Western Anatolia continue within the Isparta angle.
ÖZET Türkiye’nin önemli bir tektonik özelliği olan Isparta büklümü içinde yer alan Isparta’nın Gelendost ve Eğridir ilçelerinde 2007 yılı Şubat ayından başlayıp yaklaşık dört ay devam eden yoğun bir sismik aktivite gözlenmiştir. Bu aktiviteye ait 9 adet büyüklüğü M ≥ 4.0 olan depremin kaynak parametreleri ve odak mekanizmaları Deviatorik Moment Tensör (DMT) yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi, Sismoloji Şubesi tarafından işletilmekte olan Ulusal Sismik Ağa ait katalog verileri ve geniş-bant sismogramlardan faydalanılmıştır. Her bir deprem için bu ağa ait geniş bant istasyonlardan en az dört tanesinin üç bileşen kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Isola Gui, Moment Tensör Analiz programı kullanılmıştır. DMT analizi sonucunda elde edilen odak mekanizma çözümleri bu depremlerin çoğunlukla normal faylanma karakteri taşıdığını göstermiştir. Depremler sırasında açığa çıkan sismik enerjinin bir göstergesi olan toplam sismik moment 2.86E+15 Nm’dir. Depremlerin episantır dağılımları ve elde edilen odak mekanizma çözümleri Batı Anadolu’daki genişleme tektoniği ile ilgili kabuk hareketlerinin Isparta Büklümü içerisinde de devam ettiğini önermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 139
THREE-DIMENSIONAL INVERSION OF MAGNETIC ANOMALIES: A COMPARISON OF INDIVIDUAL AND HYBRID USE OF EXACT AND APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS
MANYETİK ANOMALİLERİN ÜÇ-BOYUTLU TERS ÇÖZÜMÜ: TAM VE YAKLAŞIK EŞİTLİKLERİN AYRI AYRI VE BİRLİKTE KULLANIMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
KONUK T.-1, EKİNCİ Y L-1
1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, 17020, Çanakkale-Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT In this study, three-dimensional inversion of magnetic anomalies resulting from vertical sided prizmatic bodies with arbitrary magnetizations and orientations was presented. A MATLAB-based algorithm was developed for the interpretation of gridded total field magnetic data. In order to calculate the model parameters, non-linear optimization technique based on damped least-squares solution with singular value decomposition solver was used. The partial derivatives of data with respect to the user defined initial model parameters were computed by using numerical differentiation with forward difference approximation.
In order to speed up the inversion procedure for large data sets which may require large iteration number, approximate anomaly equations can be used instead of exact anomaly equations in the developed algorithm. Approximate anomaly equations which treat the prism as a line mass are valid at the user defined grid points that are beyond short distances from the outline of the causative bodies on the observation plane.
In the frame of this work, the efficiency of the inversion algorithm with the use of approximate anomaly equations was tested on syntectically produced total field gridded magnetic data and the model parameters obtained were compared with the ones obtained from the use of exact anomaly equations. Additionally, the effect of the change of user defined grid interval, where the use of exact equations are valid, was investigated as well. Theoretical noise-free and noisy simulations with single and multiple prisms showed that, in case of increasing the number of the grid points for the use of approximate equations, the computing time of the inversion procedure becomes decreasingly low but the misfit between the actual and calculated model parameters becomes increasingly high.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, gelişigüzel mıknatıslanmış ve yönlenmiş düşey prizmatik şekilli yapılardan kaynaklanan manyetik anomalilerin üç-boyutlu ters çözümü sunulmuştur. Gridlenmiş toplam alan manyetik verilerinin yorumlanabilmesi amacıyla MATLAB-tabanlı bir algoritma geliştirilmiştir. Model parametrelerinin hesaplanabilmesi amacıyla tekil değer ayrışımı ile sönümlü en küçük kareler çözümü esasına dayanan doğrusal olmayan optimizasyon tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kullanıcının belirlediği başlangıç model
POSTER / POSTER 140
parametrelerine göre kısmi türevler, ileri farklar yaklaşımı ile sayısal olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Geliştirilen algoritmada, fazla iterasyonun gerekebileceği büyük veri setleri için ters çözüm işleminin hızlandırılabilmesi amacıyla, tam anomali eşitlikleri yerine yaklaşık anomali eşitlikleri kullanılabilmektedir. Prizmatik yapı yerine çizgisel kütle anomalisini hesaplayan yaklaşık eşitliklerin kullanımı, gözlem yüzeyinde kaynak yapı sınırlarından kullanıcının belirleyeceği bir uzaklıkta bulunan grid noktalarında geçerli olacak şekildedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, kuramsal olarak hesaplanan modeller üzerinde yaklaşık eşitlikler kullanımı ile gerçekleştirilen çözümlemelerle, algoritmanın başarısı sınanmış ve elde edilen model parametreleri tam eşitliklerin kullanımı ile hesaplanan model parametreleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, tam eşitliklerin kullanımının geçerli olduğu kullanıcı tanımlı grid aralığı değişiminin çözüm üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tek ve çoklu prizmatik yapılardan hesaplanan gürültülü ve gürültüsüz verilerle gerçekleştirilen benzetimler, yaklaşık eşitliklerin kullanımının geçerli oldugu grid noktası sayısının arttırılmasıyla ters çözüm işlem süresinin azaldığını ancak gerçek ve hesaplanan model parametreleri arasında ki çakışmazlık ölçütünün ise arttığını göstermiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 141
NATIONAL STRONG GROUND MOTION NETWORK OF TURKEY
TÜRKİYE ULUSAL KUVVETLİ YER HAREKETİ KAYIT AĞI
KURU T.-1, KARAKISA S.-1, ALKAN M.A.-1, APAK A.-1, KÖKBUDAK D.-1, ÇAKIR E.-1, ALTIOK S.-1, ALBAYRAK H.-1, ŞAHİN C.-1, TENGİLİMOĞLU E.-1, YAŞAR A.-1, IRAVUL Y.-1, TUZEL B.-1
1-Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Earthquake Research Department, 06530, Ankara, Turkey
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ABSTRACT Strong Ground Motion Network of Turkey is operated by Earthquake Research Department (ERD) under the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (GDDA). The network had been initiated in 1973 and the first strong ground motion had been recorded in 1976. Earthquakes which occured in Turkey near the network since 1976 have been recorded by our network.
Initially, analog acceleration recorders were installed as they were the available technology. Later (after 1993) the system has been supported by digital instruments additionally.
Aim of the Network is; to improve the damage-loss estimations and to develop the seismic intensity attenuation relations, which is in turn connected to the earthquake scenario studies for urban areas. Data from the Network will be used for emergency response, performance assessment, improvement of building codes and scientific studies. And also, earthquake strong motion records can be used by national and international researcher via internet.
According to the aim of the Network, accelometers are installed on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) and Aegean Graben System where the big earthquakes occurred or the expected active areas with a distance about 20-30 km.
Most instruments have been generally installed at freefield and also, end of the yaer 2009 all of them will be installed as freefield.
ÖZET Ulusal Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Kayıt Ağı; Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (AİGM), Deprem Araştırma Dairesi (DAD) tarafından işletilmektedir. Ağ 1973 yılında başlatılmış ve 1976 yılında ilk kuvvetli yer hareketi kaydı alınmıştır. Türkiye ve civarındaki depremlerin kuvvetli yer hareketi kaydı 1976 yılından beri bu ağ tarafından kaydedilmektedir.
İlk olarak; 1973 yılında o günkü teknoloji ile analog ivme kayıtçıları kurulmuştur. 1993 yılından sonra, sistem sayısal aletlerle desteklenmiştir.
Kuvvetli Yer Hareketi Kayıt Ağı’nın amacı; ülke ölçeğinde deprem sırasında oluşan yer ivmesini ölçülmesi, her tür yapıya depremle gelen ve hasar yapabilen kuvvetlerin ölçülmesi, buradan elde edilen verilerle depreme dayanıklı yapı yapma tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi ve alınan kayıtların arşivi ve ulusal ve uluslararası bilim dünyası tarafından kullanılabilir sağlıklı veri tabanının oluşturulmasını hedeflemektedir.
İvme kayıtları kullanılarak, depremin uzaklıkla değişimini gösteren azalım ilişkileri kurulabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, değişik uzaklıklardaki yerleşim birimlerinde olası ivme değerleri hesaplanabilmektedir. Ölçülen değerlere göre bölgedeki hasar durumu ve şiddet dağılımı hızlı bir şekilde tahmin edilebilmektedir. Ayrıca bu kayıtlar internet aracılığı ile ulusal ve uluslar arası araştırmacılara sunulmaktadır.
Ağdaki sınırlı sayıdaki ivme-ölçerler, ülkemizde hasar yapıcı depremlerin oluştuğu Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu (KAFZ), Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu (DAFZ) ve Ege Graben Sistemleri (EGS) üzerine yerleştirilmiştir.
İstasyonların çoğu serbest alanda kurulmuş olup, 2009 yılı sonuna kadar tüm istasyonların serbest alana taşınması planlanmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER 142
THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE VISCOELASTIC ANATOLIAN CRUST SUPPORTED BY MORPHOLOGICAL, HYDROLOGICAL, VOLCANOLOGICAL, SEISMOLOGICAL AND TECTONICAL CLUES
ANADOLU VİSKOELASTİK KABUĞUNUN MORFOLOJİK, HİDROLOJİK, VOLKANOLOJİK, SİSMOLOJİK VE TEKTONİK KANITLARLA DESTEKLENMİŞ KİNEMATİK MODELİ
KAYNAK U.-1
1-İnönü Caddesi, Akasya Sokak, Baltacı Sitesi, A-blok, D.2, Sahra-i Cedit, Kadıköy-İSTANBUL
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ABSTRACT An evolutionary moving model is been created for viscoelastic crust of the Anatolia, supported by quantitative data derived from morphological, hydrological, volcanological, seismological and tectonical clues. These are the morphological evolution of the symmetric Turkish Aegean Bays, the maximum curvature diameters of the mid Anatolian big rivers, the distances between the first and the last linear moving values of the mid continental volcanoes of Anatolia, the epicenters distribution showing deltoid pattern of the Anatolia and the non-stationary FFF triple junction of Karlıova, respectively. Included all of its characteristics this junction can be identified as the FFF non-stationary triple junction working under the radial transpression force. All of the numerical and logical data collected from those of the sources are been took place in a seismotectonic evolutionary map around Karlıova located central part of the Eastern Anatolia. On the other hand the qualitative data obtained from all of these works such as the strike, velocities and ages have been given in a table.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Anadolu Viskoelastik Kabuğu için sayısal verilerle desteklenen evrimsel bir devinim modeli kurgulanmıştır. Bu modelin argümanları, morfolojik, hidrolojik, volkanolojik, sismolojik ve tektonik kaynaklı sayısal verilerdir. Bunlar sırasıyla, Ege Denizi Türk sahillerindeki simetrik körfezlerin morfolojik evrimleri, Anadolu’daki başlıca ırmakların en büyük eğrilik çapları, Anadolu’nun çizgisel yürüyen kıta ortası volkanlar arası açıklıkları, Anadolu’nun deltoid biçemli dışmerkez dağılımı ve Karlıova duraysız FFF üçlü eklemi’dir. Bu eklem bütün karakteristikleri ile “Radyal transpresyon altında çalışan duraysız FFF üçlü eklemi” olarak isimlendirilebilir. Bütün bu verilerden elde edilen sayısal ve mantıksal sonuçlar Doğu Anadolu’nun orta kısmında yer alan Karlıova merkezli bir sismotektonik evrim haritası üzerine yerleştirilmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan bütün bu çalışmalardan elde edilen atım, hız ve yaş gibi nicel veriler tablo halinde sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 143
THE INTERIOR GEOLOGY OF THE ISTANBUL CITY WALL AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE TURKISH STRAITS
İSTANBUL SURİÇİ JEOLOJİSİ VE TÜRK BOĞAZLARI’NIN GELİŞİM SÜRECİ
KAYNAK U.-1
1-İnönü Caddesi, Akasya Sokak, Baltacı Sitesi, A-blok, D.2, Sahra-i Cedit, Kadıköy-İSTANBUL
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (RRR) type non-stationary triple junctions can build a rift-rift-rift’ (rrr’) triple junctions chain, by means of a linear upwelling effect originated on the bottom level of the crust in the initial stage. This preliminary phenomenon can be transit a continental splitting and drifting, driven by the activity of the sea floor spreading effect at least. The west to east travel of the Sinistral Cadomian Transpression Zone driven Vardar Sea and east to west travel of the Dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone driven Likian Sea are the important factors of structural geologic history of the Turkish Straits. When those of local rifting processes was been stopped just on the Tanganyika - Nyassa phase by a well known external force, it has been shown in this study that a building model having all characteristics of the Turkish Straits can be state by the limited rifting case and it do not need any other preliminary argues. This study is affected strongly by the interior geology of the İstanbul city wall.
ÖZET Bir Üçlü eklem türü olan Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (RRR) duraysız üçlü eklemleri, başlangıç aşamasında, kabuk tabanından aldıkları çizgisel kaldırma etkisiyle, yeryüzünde birbirlerine bağlanmış rift-rift-rift’ (rrr’) üçlü eklemleri dizisi oluşturabilmektedirler. Bu olgu sürgit devam ettiğinde kıtasal kabuğun yarılması ile başlayıp, yeni bir okyanus tabanı oluşumuna kadar varabilen bir süreç oluşur. Türk Boğazlarının jeolojik oluşum sürecinde Sinistral Cadomian Transpression Zone’un etkisiyle Vardar Denizinin ve Dekstral Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun etkisiyle Likian Denizinin batı → doğu ve doğu → batı yönlü devinimleri birinci derecede etkin olmuşlardır. Eğer bu oluşum Tanganyika - Nyassa aşamasında iken, iyi bilinen bir dış etmenle açılması durdurulursa, Türk Boğazları’nın bütün karakteristiklerini taşımak üzere bir “oluşum modeli” oluşturabileceği ve başkaca hiçbir ön kabule gerek kalmayacağı gösterilmiştir. İstanbul sur içi jeolojik haritasının bu çalışmaya önemli katkıları olmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 144
THE CRUSTAL FRACTURE SYSTEM, THE EARTHQUAKES AND THE MISUNDERSTANDINGS
KABUKSAL ÇATLAK SİSTEMLERİ, DEPREM VE YANILGILAR
KAYNAK U.-1
1-İnönü Caddesi, Akasya Sokak, Baltacı Sitesi, A-blok, D.2, Sahra-i Cedit, Kadıköy-İSTANBUL
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is supposed that the micro tension cracks are not important according to the knowledge’s before, in the rocks reached to the breaking points in this study. It is shown that the essential agents in cherged before and while the main shock are the lithosphere fracturing system. All of the information about mechanism of the hypocenters need to be a revision because being of the effective interaction between the fracturing system and the earthquakes. When the main shock getting closed; the deformation area of the fault segment suddenly get hotter because of the quasi debris of the lattice forced the rocks expand, the fractures get close, the fluids and the volatiles in the fractures eject to the open air, the deformation area rises up, the fault plane begins to open, breaking of the fault plane lock causes the decreasing of the friction resistance, the bilateral compartments of the deformation area begin to walk with some 1.6-1.7 cm/s velocity to the new unstressed locations and the earthquake begins. According to those of the model, as the on-line cross hole shots and the resistivity measuring on the deformation area observed continuously, the people will be aware, from a few hours to a few days before the main shock, by the proper alert system. Because some dramatically changes at the velocity of the seismic waves and conductivity of the medium will affected by closing down of the fracture system, contrary to the knowledge’s.
ÖZET Çalışmada kopma gerilmesine yaklaşan fay segmentlerinde oluşan mikro tansiyon çatlaklarının sanıldığı kadar önemli olmadıkları varsayılmıştır. Ana şokun hemen öncesinde ve ana şok sırasında asıl görev yapan ajanların sistematik çatlaklar olduğu gösterilmiştir. Sistematik çatlakların depremle karşılıklı etkin etkileşimleri nedeni ile odak mekanizması hakkındaki bütün bilinenlerin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Buna göre ana şok yaklaştığında; segmentin deformasyon bölgesi kısmi latis göçertilmesi nedeniyle aşırı ısınmakta, kayaçlar genleşmekte, deformasyon bölgesi kabarmakta, sistematik çatlaklar kapanmakta, çatlaklardaki akışkanlar yeryüzüne fışkırtılmakta, fay düzlemi açılmakta, fay düzleminin kilidi kırılarak sürtünme direnci azaltılmakta, deformasyon bölgesinin bilateral kompartmanları gerilimi azaltacak yönlerde yaklaşık 1.6-1.7 cm/sn hızla harekete geçmekte ve böylece deprem oluşmaktadır. Bu modele göre gerilim bölgesinde yapılacak on-line kuyu çapraz atışları ve elektriksel direnç ölçümleri sayesinde ana şoktan birkaç günle birkaç saat öncesinde insanlara vakit kazandıracak bir deprem alarmı verilmesi mümkün olacaktır. Çünkü kapanan sistematik çatlaklar yüzünden, bilinenlerin aksine sismik hız ve kayaç iletkenliği aniden yükselmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 145
THE MOVEMENT POTENTIAL EVALUATION AND COMPARING OF THE ACTIVE FAULTS (CASE STUDY: MAJOR FAULTS IN THE SEMNAN REGION)
ARIAN M.-1, MALEKI Z.-1
1-Geology Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research branch
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT One of the most important problems in Seismotectonic investigations is evaluation and comparing of active fault movement potential. This method is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field and used to active major faults in the Semnan region. According to this, the major Quaternary faults can be classified based on their strikes into three sets; northeast, northwest and east – west and they have evaluated. The results show that the north Semnan and the north Sorkheh fault zones are of the highest movement potential in the area, in spite of the lack of the seismic records along them.
POSTER / POSTER 146
DAMAGING SEISMIC HAZARD FOR KHORAMABAD AREA (SPECIAL EFFECTIVE FOR OLD TISSUE)
RAFIEH Z.-1, MALEKI Z.-1
1-Geology Department, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Campus, Member of young Reserchers Club
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Khoramabad city is centeral Lorestan located between 48 .15 - 48.30 and 33.15-33.30 above on the antcline Khoramabad that cover with two faults cover in the north and south of it.
This study is about structural geology and seismisity in the area .It shows that Decolman displacdment is the reseon of folding in the high Zagros mountain belt. According of this study some of the faults indicator determinated active faults.(S.B.F) (Mahdavian , Nayeb2005) and sinocity of Khoramabad mountainseem too.
The oldest rocks is trace and garo formation whit outcropin Khoramabad .
Iran lies on a very active region from seismicity point of view . Sinc a shallow destructive earthquake (M>6.8) and several moderate earthquake will be occur at least every ten years.
The (ZMRF) and (HZF) and the other faults in the regionalare active or Quaternary right- lateral wrench faults almost direction are NW-SE strike.
High Zagros mountain fault and Khoramabad area is seismically actice and following destructive earthquake have occurred along it: The Silakhor earthquake of 23 January 1909 (Ms=7.4)
The maximum magnetude recent earthquake is recorded in 1957 with MS=7.5
At last of this study show estimate risk hazard in Khoramabad and effective old tissue earthquake critical management.
ENGINEERING
MÜHENDİSLİK
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 147
A CASE STUDY: EFFECTS OF SELECTED MODELING PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS OF BUILDINGS
DILSIZ A.-1, GÜLKAN-1
1-Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Çankaya 06531 - ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT During the last two decades, many competing nonlinear analysis procedures have been proposed for earthquake performance determination of engineering structures. The nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) is accepted as the most accurate source of information for nonlinear seismic response, there are several shortcomings (i.e. amount of run time, post processing efforts, and stability and convergence problems) in the application. Therefore, nonlinear static procedures (NSP) have been developed to determine the nonlinear seismic response in terms of demand and performance evaluation. NSPs may also provide reasonable estimates of seismic demand and inelastic behavior. However, adequacy of all proposed NSPs is limited due to the simplifications and approaches as invariant load pattern and consideration of single mode. Due to other inherent approximate assumptions, determination of local or global demands may be difficult or erroneous. Considering the effect of higher modes to the seismic response, many adaptive modal pushover analysis procedures have been proposed, recently.
In this study, a case study has been formed. Two damaged buildings (one moderately and one severely) have been selected from a building model pool that we have crafted and a number of analysis procedures have been applied to them. The buildings for the case study have been selected from among the damaged buildings in Adapazarı city center during 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Since the damage states for buildings are known, comparing them with predictions from NSP analyses, effects of different modeling parameters have been evaluated.
In the sample building models the following parameters have been changed; i. load pattern for each NSP, ii. hinge properties of frame elements, iii. infill wall modeling (considered or neglected), iv. material properties, v. P-∆ effects (included or neglected).
For each parameter combination, the “performance point” are obtained. The results are compared with each other. The difference between these results has also been compared with the case of considering higher mode effects (in adaptive modal pushover analysis procedures).
Comparing with the results of analyses, approximations of NSP’s have been evaluated. This way, reliability of NSP Methods is evaluated and checked whether they are suitable “route signs” for engineers. Since the performance expectations for the models have been different from the “real” damage state, the study has been concluded that, there is as yet no safety for the agreement of pushover procedures with field observations.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 148
FIRE PERFORMANCE OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES IN CEMENT MORTARS
ÖNER A.-1, ÖZTÜRK O.-1, ENGIN S.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In recent years, concrete manufacturing has been increased rapidly with the development of technologies. Development of concrete manufacturing is provided by mineral and chemical admixtures. Materials as slag, fly ash, silica fume and stone dust similar with cement that stored in silo are named mineral admixtures. All mineral admixtures ,except furnace slag, haven’t got the binding properties without any other binder as cement. However, mineral admixtures behave as binder like cement if they used with cement. Therefore, mineral admixtures provide usage of less cement. Chemical admixtures have a widespread use of enhancing the workability properties of concrete Water reducers, superplasticizers, retarders, accelerators and air-entraining admixtures are the mainly chemical admixtures. Chemical admixtures provide advantages for the workability and pumping properties of concrete. Fire performance of concrete with chemical admixtures was determined in this study. 45 cement mortar specimens with 50x50mm dimensions consist of hyperplasticizers and superplasticizers (1 percent of cement volume) were produced. All specimens except reference specimens were fired at 5000 C and 10000 C after the cure time. Compressive strength of mortar specimens were defined after the fire and loss of strength was investigated for each specimens.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 149
EXPERIMENTAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF GULBURNU HIGHWAY BRIDGE
BAYRAKTAR-1, ALTUNIŞIK-2, SEVİM-3, TÜRKER-4
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Trabzon
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Gülburnu Highway Bridge is a reinforced concrete box girder bridge located on the Giresun-Espiye Highway. The bridge deck consists of a main span of 165m and two side spans of 82.5m each. The total bridge length is 330m and total width of bridge is 30m. Construction of the bridge is completed two month ago and opened to traffic. So, dynamic characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of the bridge are determined using experimental measurements to evaluate current behavior. In the experimental measurements, vibrations of the bridge are obtained by Experimental Modal Analysis method under ambient vibrations such as traffic loads. Vibration data are gathered from both box girder and bridge deck. Measurement points, measurement time, frequency span and effective mode number are determined by considering similar studies in literature. Dynamic characteristics are extracted using the Peak Picking method in the frequency domain and the Stochastic Subspace Identification method in the time domain. At the end of the study, the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are obtained and compared with each other for different measurement locations and methods. It is seen from the study, there is a good agreement between all measurements performed on box girder and bridge deck.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 150
EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE HIGH STOREY BUILDINGS DUE TO DYNAMIC LOADING
DİNAMİK DURUMDA ZEMİN KOŞULLARININ ÇOK KATLI YAPI DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ
SÜNBÜL A.B.-1, DAĞDEVİREN U.-1,GÜNDÜZ Z.-1, SİYAHİ B.-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187, Adapazarı, Sakara
2-Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, GYTE Deprem ve Yapı Anabilim Dalı Çayırova Kampusu, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic installations occurred during earthquakes affects the structures abutments and the buildings carrier system and also generate time domain displacement on the joints. The ground soil conditions that the structure is built on have already identified before the design will prevent the structures from the damage of earthquake.
The carrier system of the structures is connected to ground in the foundation. Therefore, ground-foundation and structure is in interaction with each other. And under earthquake shaking the carrier system, foundation and the ground shows different behavior. Soil-structure interaction problem in this case known as; structure, the seismic vibrations into the soft ground will be shown against the reaction in with the hard rock to sit on the ground show that the reaction is different.
The 1999 Marmara earthquake (Mw: 7.4) caused very severe damaged to high storey buildings to low storey buildings. In this study we try to understand the real cause of the damage on the high storey buildings in the centre of Adapazari city during the earthquake. By evaluating the structures in this region about floor number, set for this ratio in the region, the damage has emerged as a factor.
In light of this information; estimation of earthquake ground motion is needed in the design/retrofit phase of a structure and is highly affected from the soil type. The soil type at the site is often the most important factor in determining cost and performance of a structure in seismic regions.
In this study, a damaged high storey building sitting on the bed rock, on the soft soil and the stiff soil is selected on which SDOF structures with periods of vibration up to 5 seconds are supported. An ensemble of ground motions recorded on rock was used as input beneath the soil deposits, and response spectra were generated for the same building on different soil conditions. Ground conditions during the earthquake behavior of the multi-storey buildings and the ground effects features are working to determine the appropriate design criteria.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 151
ÖZET Depremler sırasında meydana gelen sismik yüklemeler; yapıların mesnetlerinde zamana bağlı bir yer değiştirme hareketi doğurarak bir etki oluştururlar. Bu etkiler yapıları, her zamanki yüklerinden farklı yükler altında zorlayarak, uygulama ve tasarım aşamalarında yapılmış hatalarını ortaya çıkartırlar. Yapıların yapılacağı alanların zemin özelliklerinin yapı tasarım aşamalarında önceden belirlenmiş olması ve bu zemin özelliklerine uygun yapı sistemlerinin seçilmesi, binaların deprem sırasında zemin özelliklerine bağlı hasarlar görmesini engeller.
Yapıların taşıyıcı sistemleri zemin içine temelleriyle bağlanır. Bu yüzden zemin-temel-yapı birbiriyle etkileşim içindedir. Deprem titreşimleri altında zemin, kendi özelliklerine bağlı davranış gösterirken, bu zeminde oturan yapının temeli ve taşıyıcı sistemi de farklı davranış gösterir. Zemin-yapı etkileşimi problemi olarak bilinen bu durumda; yapının, yumuşak zemine oturması halinde deprem titreşimine karşı göstereceği tepki ile sert kaya zemine oturması halinde göstereceği tepki farklı olmaktadır.
1999 Marmara depremi ardından inceleme alanı Adapazarı’nda yapılan hasar tespit çalışmalarında, şehrin zayıf zemin özellikleri gösteren bölgelerinde hasar gören yapılar yanında depremi az hasarlı atlatmış yapılara rastlanmıştır. Aynı şekilde şehrin sağlam zemin özellikleri gösteren bölgelerinde beklenenin aksine depremden hasar görmüş yapılar bulunmaktadır. Bu bölgelerde yapıların kat adetleri değerlendirildiğinde, kat adedinin bu bölgelerdeki hasar oranları için belirleyici bir etken olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Bu bilgiler ışığında; çalışma kapsamında sert ve yumuşak zemine oturan aynı plan ve kat adedinde yapılar gerçek ölçülerine bağlı kalınarak farklı deprem büyüklüklerinde, sonlu elemanlara dayalı paket program ile zaman tanım alanında analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda farklı zemin üzerine oturan benzer yapıların depremden nasıl ve ne ölçüde etkileneceği, ayrıca deprem sırasında zemin koşullarının çok katlı yapı davranışına etkisi ve zemin özelliklerine uygun tasarım kriterleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 152
VARIATIONS ON SEISMIC RESPONSE VIA VISCOUS DAMPER PLACEMENT IN PLANAR BUILDING STRUCTURES
AYDIN E.-1, ÖZTÜRK B.-1, POLAT F.-1
1-Division of Mechanics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nigde University, 51240, Nigde, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In recent years, viscous fluid dampers have been incorporated into several civil engineering structures. Viscous dampers (VD) are highly effective in mitigating dynamic responses of building structures due to seismic excitation. It needs to be pointed out how many and/or where the dampers should be supplemented. There are some studies about allocation of the dampers in structures. Optimal damper distribution problem has been studied in limited number in the literature. To obtain an optimal solution of the damper distribution, we should define an objective function dependent on the structural response. An optimal solution upon damper placement relatively changes by the choice of objective function. There are some relevant investigations in the literature. To understand the effect of distribution of dampers, in the first step, it needs to be known which damper placement mitigates which response of the structures. In this study, without using any optimization method, three main structural models that are five stories, ten stories and twenty stories planar buildings, and 96 damper distribution sub-models are constructed and analyzed to understand the best suitable damper design in terms of some structural response parameters such as story displacements, interstory drifts and story accelerations. El Centro earthquake acceleration record is used in time history analyses. For each one of main structural model, a total damper capacity that is the sum of damping coefficient of the added dampers is chosen. Then, a damper whose damping coefficient presents total damper capacity is passed on each story level. In other damper designs, the total damper capacity is divided by the damper number and more than one damper is placed on each story sequentially and is passed on the height of the structure. The results of analyses point out that proper damper distribution relatively changes in terms of different response parameters.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 153
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED DEFORMATION ASSESSMENT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING FOUNDATION SOILS
UNUTMAZ B.-1, ÇETİN K.Ö.-2
1-Civil Engineering Department, Kocaeli University
2-Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Assessment of liquefaction triggering potential estimation of free field soil sites (i.e. when the site is level and there are no structures) has been widely accepted all over the world. However, estimating the liquefaction triggering potential beneath foundations still stays as a controversial and difficult issue. Assessing liquefaction triggering potential under foundations requires the estimation of cyclic and static stress state of the soil medium by means of 3-D dynamic response assessments of the soil, structure and earthquake interacting systems. In this paper, calibration of an alternative simplified, semi empirical procedure for the estimation of structural-induced CSR values has been performed through the results of 3-D numerical simulations of soil-structure-earthquake systems. This paper especially focuses on the validation of the proposed methodology based on well-documented foundation performance case histories of residential structures founded on liquefiable soils after 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The foundation soil profiles of these case histories generally consist of silty soils, sand-silt mixtures and silt-clay mixtures. Overburden and procedure corrected SPT-N values vary in the range of 2 to 5 blows/30 cm in the upper 5 meters and gradually increases up to a maximum value of 25 blows/30 cm beyond depths of 5 to 8 m’s. Overlying structures are mainly 3 to 6 storey, residential buildings with no basements. The structures were composed of frame elements of beams and columns. Foundation systems were either documented or assumed to be mats. Liquefaction triggering performance as well as foundation settlements of the case histories are assessed through the proposed methodology. In addition to calibration and validation efforts, the validity of the following observations based on post earthquake reconnaissance, especially after 1999 Kocaeli and Duzce and 2000 Chi-Chi earthquakes, is assessed: i) sand boils were usually observed at the edges of some structures where as no sand boils were observed at free field soil sites with similar soil profiles, ii) structures located at the end of closely spaced residential building series are more vulnerable to liquefaction-induced bearing capacity loss and corollary tilting. As the concluding remark, the proposed simplified procedure is shown to capture almost all of the behavioral trends and most of the settlement amplitudes.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 154
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 1855 EARTQUAKES ON MASONRY STRUCTURES IN BURSA: CASE STUDY BURSA ÖRDEKLI PUBLIC BATH
BAĞBANCI M.B.-1, KÖPRÜLÜ B.Ö.-1
1-Uludag University Engineering and Architectural Faculty of Architectural Department
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Between the 14th and 15th centuries, the city of Bursa had major commercial activities. There were commercial routes to central Anatolia such as Silk Road, Spice Road. Because of the important location of the city many commercial, public, religious and educational buildings were built during this period due to the commercial activities between Anatolia and Europe. The Ordekli Bath is dated to the end of 14th century in the city of Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. Ördekli Bath began to be built in the period of Sultan Yıldırım Bâyezid I (1389–1402) and was completed in the 15th century by Çelebi Sultan Mehmet.
The Ordekli Bath still preserves its authentic characteristics such as plan layout, mass order, spatial features of construction techniques and most of the original material. The building has a lengthwise rectangular plan -except men’s frigidarium (Soğukluk)- extending along an axis in the east-west direction. The building was built with rubble stone, limestone, horosan mortar, brick and timber in the masonry system. The exterior walls were 100–110 cm. in thickness, and interior walls were 100cm in thickness. Rubble stone was the main structural material in the walls. Limestone was used on the door and window openings and at the corner of the walls. Brick was used on the transition elements (pendentives, Turkish triangles, squinches) and superstructure (arches, vaults and domes). The interior walls were plastered with khorasan mortar.
The first earthquake in 31st January and the second in 18th April in 1855 was damaged the Bursa City and many historical buildings were destroyed. Many of the historical monuments fully or partly collapsed in this earthquakes. Bursa Ördekli Bath is known as an example of these partly destroyed buildings. 1600 people were died in this earthquakes in Bursa City. There were cracks and big cuts on the ground, water blow out under the ground and every where smells heavy sulphur gases.
Researchers of this paper want to investigate the characterization of the materials used in the historical bath, adopted the composite material properties to the finite element model of the Ördekli Bath and make the structural analyses under dead load and earthquake loads. After the analyses the conclusions are discussed and compared with the men’s frigidarium dome which was partly collapsed after the 1855 earthquakes.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 155
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL CONTINIUTY TO STRUCTURAL CAPACITY
BETONARME BİNALARDA PERDE DUVAR SÜREKLİLİĞİNİN YAPISAL KAPASİTEYE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
YÖN B.-1, ÖNCÜ M.E.-2
1-Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, the relationship between the shear wall which continued from ground floor to top floor and the structural capacity was investigated in the multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings. For this purpose, 14 reinforced plane systems have been selected. These structures consist of two plane frames, one of which is 5-strorey and the other is 7-storey, and of 12 dual frame-shear wall systems whose middle axes were shear walls, five of which are 5-storey and seven of which are 7-storey. Column sizes of the plane systems were chosen as 50/50 cm for which are 5-storey and as 60/60 for which are 7-storey, and beam size of all the plane systems were chosen as 30/60 cm. Pushover analysis of these structures were performed and the capacity curves of these were found. The analysis of structures according to strength of 20, 25 and 30 MPa (C20, C25 and C30) was accomplished separately. The areas under the capacity curves which obtained from the analysis were calculated and results from which were evaluated. Accordingly, it was determined that the more shear wall continue to top floors the more increase the capacity of structures; however a significant increase of the capacity didn’t occur after high of shear wall reached certain level. SAP2000 structural analysis software was used in the analysis.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, çok katlı betonarme binalarda yapı yüksekliği boyunca perde duvar sürekliliği ile yapısal kapasite arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, 14 adet betonarme düzlem sistem seçilmiştir. Bunlar, biri 5 diğeri 7 katlı olan iki düzlem çerçeve ile beşi 5 katlı ve yedisi 7 katlı olan ve orta aksında perde bulunan 12 adet perde-çerçeve sistemden oluşmaktadır. 5 katlı düzlem çerçevelerde kolon boyutları 50/50 cm, 7 katlı çerçevelerde kolon boyutları 60/60 cm ve tüm çerçevelerde kiriş boyutları 30/60 cm olarak seçilmiştir. Söz konusu yapıların itme analizleri yapılmış ve kapasite eğrileri bulunmuştur. Düzlem çerçevelerin analizleri 20, 25 ve 30 MPa dayanımlı beton sınıflarına (C20, C25 ve C30) göre ayrı ayrı yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda analizlerden elde edilen kapasite eğrilerinin altında kalan alanlar hesaplanarak sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre, 5 ve 7 katlı betonarme binalarda üst katlara doğru perdenin sürekliliği arttıkça yapıların kapasitelerinin arttığı ancak belirli bir yükseklikten sonra kapasitelerinde önemli bir artışın olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Analizlerde SAP2000 yapı analiz programı kullanılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 156
THE DYNAMICS ANALALYSIS OF THE SYSTEMS BASED ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SOILNAND BUILDINGS
ZEMİN-YAPI ETKİLEŞİMİNİN DİKKATE ALINDIĞI KEMER SİSTEMLERİN DİNAMİK ANALİZİ
AVANOĞLU SICACIK E.-1, SOYLUK K.-1
1-Gazi Üniversitesi Müh. Mim. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Bölümü 06570 Maltepe ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of the spatial variation of ground motion in the dynamic response analysis of arc type systems by considering the soil-structure interaction. In the analysis of embedded, massive and long-span structures the soil-structure interaction should be taken into account. Sub-structure method is used while modeling the system. In the sub-structure method superstructure and soil medium is partitioned into two subsystems. When the analysis of each subsystem is completed, the results can be combined in order to obtain the global response of the entire system. Spatial variation of the ground motion is taken into account with the wave passage and site response effects. Wave passage effect occurs depending on the different arrival times of the ground motion to the supports of the structural system. To take in to account this effect, apparent wave velocities of the ground motions are considered as V=3000m/s, V=300m/s and infinite. Site response effect occurs depending on the different soil conditions located at the supports of the structural system. For the site response effect stiff and soft soil conditions are used for the considered numerical system. As ground motion, a horizontal component of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is applied in the horizontal direction. The results of the study indicate that the spatial variation of the ground motion significantly affect the dynamic response of the arc type systems. When the soil-structure interaction is also considered, the effect of the spatially varying ground motion becomes more important
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı zemin-yapı etkileşiminin dikkate alındığı kemer sisteminin deprem hareketi değişim bileşenlerinin etkilerini incelemek amacıyla dinamik analizi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Zemine gömülü, ağır ve uzun açıklıklı yapıların dinamik analizinde zemin yapı etkileşimi dikkate alınmalıdır. Problemin çözümünde alt-sistem yaklaşımı kullanılmaktadır. Alt-sistem yaklaşımında, üstyapı ile zemin iki ayrı sistem olarak ele alınır ve her iki sistem için ayrı ayrı yazılan dinamik denge denklemleri, daha sonra üstyapı-zemin arakesitindeki geometrik uygunluk ve denge koşulları dikkate alınarak birleştirilir. Deprem hareketindeki değişim dalga yayılma ve zemin etkileri ile birlikte dikkate alınmaktadır. Dalga yayılma etkisi deprem hareketinin bir mesnetten diğerine ulaşıncaya kadar geçen zaman farkından doğmaktadır. Bu etki göz önünde bulundurularak dalga yayılma hızı 3000m/s, 300m/s alındığı durum ve deprem dalgalarının sonsuz hızla yayıldığı kabul edilerek analizler yapılmaktadır. Zemin etkisi ise farklı mesnet noktalarındaki yerel zemin şartlarının faklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu etkinin incelenmesi için de mesnetlerde yumuşak ve sert zemin özellikleri kullanılmaktadır. Dinamik etki olarak 1999 Kocaeli depremine ait yatay bir bileşen kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda dalga yayılma hızının ve mesnetlerdeki farklı zemin cinsinin kemer sistemlerin dinamik davranışında önemli olduğu gözlenirken, zemin-yapı etkileşiminin de dikkate alınmasının bu hassasiyeti daha da arttırdığı gözlenmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 157
THE EXAMINATION OF THE BC III(a) REINFORCING STEEL BARS ACCORDING TO EARTHQUAKE CODES
BÇ III(a) BETON ÇELİK ÇUBUKLARININ DEPREM YÖNETMELİKLERİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ
FIRAT F.K.-1, YÜCEMEN, M.S.-2
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü AKSARAY.
2-ODTÜ Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü ANKARA.
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey, after the researches on the damaged or collapsed structures owing to the important earthquakes occurred recently, it is seen that the quality of materials used to form structural system is insufficient. For this reason, a great number of studies have been carried out for the increase of quality of concrete. On the other hand, the quality of reinforcing steels -which is important as much as concrete- are not taken into consideration adequately and the qualified study on this subject are not performed.
The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of reinforcing steel bars from a statistical point of view, considered the mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate strength and elongations according to the test reports of specimens. The test results on 5693 BCIII(a) reinforcing steel bar specimens with different bar sizes ranging from 8 mm to 22 mm obtained by the material laboratories of Middle East Technical University, Istanbul Technical University and Selcuk University are evaluated. At the end of this study, it is seen that variations in mechanical properties are high and the quality of these bars have improved compared to the past.
In Turkey, the mechanical properties are treated in the TS 500, TS 708 and Turkish Earthquake Code 1997 and 2007. However, there are some discrepancies among these codes. In this study, these discrepancies and the new requirements in the Turkish Earthquake Codes are investigated. Finally, the research shows that 42% of reinforcing steel bars do not conform to the Earthquake Code 1997 and 21% to the Earthquake Code 2007.
ÖZET Türkiye’de son yılarda meydana gelen büyük depremlerden dolayı yıkılan veya hasar gören yapılar üzerinde gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar sonrasında bu yapılarda taşıyıcı sistemin oluşturulmasında kullanılan malzemelerin kalitesinin kötü olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle beton kalitesinin arttırılması için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Ancak, yapı taşıyıcı sisteminde beton kadar önemli olan beton çelik çubuklarının kalitesine yeterince dikkate alınmamış bu konuda fazla çalışma yapılmamıştır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, elde edile deney raporlarına göre, akma dayanımı, çekme dayanımı ve uzama miktarları gibi mekanik özellikleri dikkate alınarak beton çelik çubuklarının kalitesini istatistiksel olarak incelemektir. Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi ve Selçuk Üniversitesi malzeme laboratuarlarında çekme testine tabi tutulan çapları 8 mm ile 22 mm arasında değişen 5693 adet BÇIII(a) beton çelik çubuğu numunesine ait deney raporları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda, beton çelik çubuklarının mekanik özelliklerindeki değişkenliklerin yüksek olduğu ve geçmişe kıyasla beton çelik çubukların kalitesinin arttığı görülmüştür.
Türkiye’de beton çelik çubuklarının mekanik özellikleri TS 500, TS 708 ve Deprem Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Binalar Hakkında Yönetmelik’te ele alınmaktadır. Ancak bu standartlar arasında bir takım çelişkiler vardır. Bu çalışmada bu çelişkiler ve deprem yönetmeliğinde getirilen yeni koşullar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda beton çelik çubuklarının % 42’sinin deprem yönetmeliğinin 1997 baskısındaki, % 21’inin ise 2007 baskısındaki koşulları sağlamadığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 158
A CASE STUDY FOR THE APPLICATION OF FIRST LEVEL SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN DENIZLI
AVŞAR Ö.-1, KOCAMAN C.-1, KURAN F.-1, DEMIROK E.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Eskişehir yolu 10.km Lodumlu / Ankara
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Different procedures are employed to assess the seismic performance assessment of existing buildings in the earthquake prone regions. Seismic vulnerability assessment procedures generally comprise of three levels named walk down survey, preliminary assessment and detailed assessment. In Turkey, the rules of the third level (detailed) assessment procedure for existing buildings were specified by the new Turkish Seismic Code which was enforced legally in 2007. However it is pretty difficult to evaluate the seismic performance of all buildings in the country by using this detailed procedure. Therefore, as an initial step, buildings need to be prioritized according to their vulnerability level by simpler procedures. First two levels of the seismic vulnerability assessment procedures are utilized to make the prioritization of the existing buildings. Although some walk down survey and preliminary assessment procedures were developed in Turkey, there is not a common methodology for these two levels of seismic vulnerability assessment procedures. Therefore General Directorate of Disaster Affairs initiated the works on two levels of the seismic vulnerability assessment and a draft form was developed for the first level of seismic vulnerability assessment. First study was performed in Denizli and 4151 masonry buildings were investigated by using the developed first level form. This paper briefly gives information about the studies performed in Denizli and the developed draft form.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 159
EXAMINATION OF RELIABILITY OF LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON STRUCTURES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
OKAY F.-1, BEYEN K.-1, ENGIN S.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Our country is under the risk of earthquake due to its location on earth. Because of this fact, performance of the structures against earthquake is important from economic view of the country as well. There are two methods in seismic analysis of structures: exact and approximate. “Time history analysis” is usually accepted as the exact method. From various approximate methods, “equivalent static earthquake load” and “mode superposition method” are most frequently used methods. Mode superposition and time history analysis methods are dynamic based methods and both can be applied in either linear or nonlinear forms. In this study, mode superposition method and time history methods are used in order to examine the performance of high rise reinforced concrete structures. Within the scope of the study, the behaviour of 5, 10 and 20 storey reinforced concrete framed buildings are analyzed by using finite element programs in both methods. Five different earthquake records are used in the analysis of time history method. Analysis results are used to investigate the variation of the reliability of approximate method in predicting the structural behaviour with the increase of the number of storeys are investigated.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 160
CONTROL OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL STUCTURE BY MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPERS
TURAN G.-1, KINAY G.-1
1-İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Gülbahçe Kampüsü, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü 35430 Urla-İzmir
[email protected] , [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Several lives and millions of dollars have been lost in recent earthquakes all over the world, including Kobe, Japan (1995), Kocaeli, Turkey (1999), Düzce, Turkey (1999), Chi-Chi, Taiwan (1999), Bhuj, India (2001), West Coast North Sumatra, Indonesia (2004), Kashmir, Pakistan (2005), Eastern Sichuan, China (2008). These detrimental effects due to earthquakes can be reduced by using control devices in civil structures for vibration reduction. The technology has received attention in recent years due to the afflicting losses in earthquakes. Three main categories exist for structural control: active, semi-active and passive control. Among these, semi-active control devices are more energy-efficient than active devices and are more effective in reducing structural vibrations than passive devices [Wilson]. Therefore semi-active control devices became popular in recent times. Furthermore instability problems in the sense of bounded-input-bounded-output stability do not occur since semi-active control devices do not add energy into the system being controlled. The scope of this study is on Magnetorheological (MR) dampers, which are semi-active control devices that utilize magnetorheological fluids to generate controllable damping forces. In the present research a three dimensional model structure is excited individually by two horizontal components of El Centro and Düzce Earthquakes. The modified Bouc-Wen model proposed by Spencer et.al. is utilized for phenomenological model. A modified clipped-optimal acceleration feedback control strategy is applied to control the magnetorheological damper. The effectiveness of magnetorheological dampers to control vibrations of three dimensional structures are demonstrated through numerical examples.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 161
THE EFFECT OF THE POTENTIAL OF LIQUEFACTION SENSITIVITY ON DAMAGE: ISTANBUL (HISTORICAL PENINSULA)
TARİHİ YARIMADA (İSTANBUL)’NIN SIVILAŞMA HASSASLIĞI POTANSİYELİNİN HASARA ETKİSİ
İNCE ÇİCEK G.-1
1-Aksaray Üniv.Mühendislik Fak.İnşaat Müh.Böl.Geoteknik Anabilim Dalı 68100/AKSARAY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, damage information on the historical artifacts and structures in the Historical Peninsula during the previous earthquakes and the liquefaction hazard of the region have been evaluated together with the seismic micro-zoning maps, and the effect of the ground behavior on the damages have been researched. Liquefaction potential micro-zoning maps of the study area have been generated using earthquake movements calculated in accordance with the 10% and 40% probability of exceedance in 50 years. In the study, geological and geotechnical features of the region have been examined in detail, and regions in which liquefaction sensitivity may occur have been determined with the help of the obtained geological maps and sections. Liquefaction analysis has been conducted in a total of 108 250m*250m cells which have liquefaction risk in accordance with the Simplified Method developed by Seed, et al., (1984, 1985), and the liquefaction potential of the region has been found as PL (liquefaction potential index). Geographical information systems have been utilized in joining the damage information on the historical artifacts observed in the region (Erdik, et al., 2003), regional damage information on the earthquakes of 1509 and 1894 (Barka, 1991), damage information on 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (Disaster Management Center Directorate) and liquefaction hazard seismic micro-zoning maps. It has been concluded that liquefaction may partially affect the observed damage.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Tarihi Yarımada’da geçmiş depremlerde tarihi eserlerde ve yapılarda meydana gelmiş hasar bilgileri ile bölgenin sıvılaşma tehlikesi sismik mikrobölgeleme haritaları birlikte değerlendirilerek hasarlar üzerinde zemin davranışının etkisi araştırılmıştır. İnceleme alanının sıvılaşma potansiyeli mikrobölgeleme haritaları 50 yılda % 10 ve % 40 aşılma olasılıklarına göre hesaplanmış deprem hareketleri kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Çalışmada bölgenin jeolojik ve geoteknik özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen jeolojik harita ve kesitlerden faydalanarak sıvılaşma hassaslığı olabilecek bölgeler belirlenmiştir. Sıvılaşma analizi sıvılaşma riski bulunan toplam 108 adet 250m*250m hücrede Seed vd., (1984, 1985) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan Basitleştirilmiş Yöntem’e göre yapılarak bölgenin sıvılaşma potansiyeli PL (sıvılaşma potansiyel indeksi) olarak elde edilmiştir. Bölgede gözlenen tarihi eserlere ait hasar bilgileri (Erdik vd.,2003), 1509 ve 1894 depremlerine ait bölgesel hasar bilgileri (Barka,1991) ve 1999 Kocaeli Depremi hasar bilgileri (Afet Yönetim Merkezi Müdürlüğü) ile sıvılaşma tehlikesi sismik mikrobölgeleme haritalarının birleştirilmesinde coğrafi bilgi sistemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Gözlenen hasarlar üzerinde sıvılaşmanın kısmen etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 162
PREFABRICATED MULTI-STOREY STRUCTURES AND PAST EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCES
PREFABRIKE ÇOK KATLI YAPILAR VE GEÇMIŞ DEPREM DENEYIMLERIMIZ
ATAKÖY H.-1, BARKA G.-1
1-Türkiye Prefabrik Birliği
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Following the earthquakes that our country has experienced in the last 10 years, performances of especially single-storey R.C. prefabricated industrial structures were investigated by professionals with different perspectives. It was concluded that the major problem was due to the application process and that structures that have been properly detailed and designed according to national standards have performed very well.
Based on a comprehensive outlook on this article, prefabrication technology, which is generally reduced to performance of single-storey industrial structures, will be discussed in the prospect of application details and design criteria of multi-storey construction style, referencing examples that have performed well in past earthquakes.
The structures that will be discussed are;
A)Ozdilek Izmir Shopping Mall-Construction Year 1997
B)Bahcecik Pirelli Residences- Construction Year 1990
C)Bingol Earthquake Houses- Construction Year 1987
All of these structures are between three and five stories high, constructed with R.C. prefabrication technology using different application techniques and have experienced 1999 Korfez Earthquake and 2003 Bingol Earthquake.
ÖZET Ülkemizde son 10 yılda yaşadığımız depremlerden sonra; özellikle tek katlı prefabrike betonarme sanayi yapıları performansları çeşitli açılardan ve farklı yorum sahipleri tarafından irdelenmiş ve sorunun uygulama kökenli olduğu,mevcut ve yürürlükte bulunan tasarım kriterlerine uyulduğu ve doğru detaylandırmanın yapıldığı örneklerde yaşanan depremlerde ilgili yapıların olumlu servis verdiği saptaması yapılmıştır.(1)
Bu makaleden kapsamlı bir bakışla tek katlı sanayi yapıları performansına indirgenen prefabrikasyon teknolojisi eleştirisinin, genellikle konu edilmeyen ,edilse de yanlış yapım tarzlarına atfedilen çok katlı yapım tarzıyla yapılmış deprem geçirmiş ve başarılı servis vermiş örnekleri ele alınarak deprem performansları, uygulama detayları ve mevcut tasarım kriterleri bağlamında irdelenmesi yapılacaktır.
İrdelenecek yapılar;
A)Özdilek İzmit Alışveriş Merkezi-Yapım Yılı 1997
B)Bahçecik Pirelli Konutları-Yapım Yılı 1990
C)Bingöl Deprem Konutları-Yapım Yılı 1987
Bu yapıların tümü de üç ile beş kat arasında olup, betonarme prefabrikasyon teknolojisiyle farklı uygulama teknikleri ile tasarlanarak inşa edilmiş ve
1999 Körfez Depremi ile 2003 Bingöl Depremi etkilerine maruz kalmışlardır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 163
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME MALPRACTICE APPLICATIONS ON REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING
BAZI ONARIM VE GÜÇLENDİRME HATALARININ İNCELENMESİ
ÇAĞATAY H.İ.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey, with more than 90% of its land being in highly seismic regions, is an earthquake-prone country and has been struck by many devastating earthquakes throughout history. In our recent history, Erzincan, Dinar, Adana-Ceyhan, Adapazarı-İzmit, and Bingöl earthquakes have occurred. In all these earthquakes so much loss of life and building damages has occurred that could have been prevented. Although, it has been no secret that all the region is vulnerable to high-intensity earthquakes, the negligence and ignorance in lot allocation for high-rise buildings on alluvial deposits having unsuitably low bearing pressures, inadequate design against seismic loading, mis-production of lateral reinforcement, and especially inadequate quality of concrete, non-controlling of the building, caused devastation in reinforced concrete structures. Hence, an earthquake reveals the buildings built without appropriate engineering applications. Therefore, no damage has been observed in the buildings built with full engineering practice while heavy damage has occurred in buildings built without any engineering practice. The main purpose of repair and strengthening of a structure is to provide a required security against earthquake. Repairing one or more elements of the structure that are damaged from an earthquake does not mean that the whole structure is strengthened and should be safe against further earthquakes. Generally, repairing of a building by someone without appropriate technical education and detailed care may result in a worse condition. In this study, some structures repaired or retrofitted wrongly are examined and presented. The new earthquake regulations are also examined.
ÖZET Ülkemizin tamamına yakın bir bölümü aktif deprem kuşağında yer almaktadır. Tarih boyunca sık sık büyük depremle olmuş ve olmaya da devam etmektedir. Yakın tarihimizde Erzincan, Dinar, Adana-Ceyhan ve Adapazarı-İzmit, Bingöl depremleri meydana gelmiştir. Bütün bu depremlerde aslında hiç bu kadar olmaması gereken çok fazla can ve mal kayıpları meydana gelmiştir. Tüm depremlerde yapıların yıkım nedenleri incelendiğinde hemen hemen tümünün ortak oldukları görülür. Bunlar genel olarak depreme dayanıklı yapı yapılmaması yani, yapıların projesiz veya çok hatalı projelendirilmiş olması, yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerin özellikle betonun çok kötü olması, malzemelerin yanlış kullanımı, denetimin olmayışı veya yetersizliği ve hatalı uygulamalardır. Depremler bu nedenlerle hatalı mühendislik uygulamalarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Dolayısıyla mühendisliğin tam olarak uygulandığı yapılarda hiç bir hasar olmazken, mühendislik hizmetlerinin uygulanmadığı yapılarda çok büyük hasarlar meydana gelmiştir. Onarım ve güçlendirmede temel amaç yapının depreme karşı güvenliğinin sağlanmasıdır. Eğer depremden yapının bir veya birkaç elemanı hasar görmüş ise sadece hasar gören bu elemanların onarılması veya güçlendirilmesi mevcut yapının da güçleneceği veya depreme karşı güvenli olduğu anlamına gelmemelidir. Genellikle halkın bilinçsizliği ve eğitimsizliği nedeniyle hasar gören yapı herhangi bir teknik destek almadan onarılmaya çalışılmakta yapıyı onarmak veya güçlendirmek yerine daha da kötü duruma getirmek mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada yazarın çeşitli zamanlarda bilirkişi olarak görev yaptığı ve incelediği bazı yapılarda onarım ve güçlendirme konusunda yapılan hatalar burada verilmektedir. Ayrıca yönetmelik kuralları da incelenmektedir. Aşağıda sadece bazı örnekler şekillerde verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 164
AN ENERGETICALLY APPROACHED STUDY OF SOIL BEHAVIOR AT STRONG EARTHQUAKES OR OTHER DYNAMIC INFLUENCES
GÜÇLÜ DEPREM VE DİĞER DİNAMİK ETKİNLİKLERİNDEKİ TOPRAK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİNE ENERJİK YAKLAŞIMLAR
KOCOBAYEV K.A.-1
1-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Kırgızistan, Bişkek şehri, Mira cd. 56
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Study of soil behavior at strong earthquakes or other dynamic influences needs the energetically approaches. By the transfer of dynamic influences, such as oscillatory displacement on a soil sample, transferred amount of energy on its unit is much more than by transfer of dynamic loadings to a quasistatic soil - at identical average pressure. The identical effect of these two kinds of dynamic influences can be expected for an ideal soil with absolutely identical structural communications between all its particles of the identical size and identical density. As in the nature such soils do not exist, also the effect from these two kinds of dynamic influences turns out various. But at different frequencies and amplitudes of fluctuation, but at equal accelerations, the different quantity of energy is transferred to unit of soil volume. It leads to different change degree of structure, durability and ground deformation, and also rheological realization is different. By this, the choice of research methods of soils at strong earthquakes should be based, among other things, on energetic and rheological substantiation. It is theoretically shown that, while modeling the dynamic influences that transfers to a soil oscillatory displacement, particularly strong earthquakes, it is necessary to observe equality of acceleration size, speed size, fluctuations and specific energy. And, as it is known, the size of specific energy, except the specified parameters of fluctuations, depends also on the sizes of the sample and static loading. This research, for low loaded soil samples are confirmed by experimental researches on high amplitude vibration table.
ÖZET Güçlü deprem ve diğer dinamik etkinliklerindeki toprak davranışlarının incelenmesi için enerjik yaklaşım ve yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Toprak numunesine dinamik etkinliklerinden olan titreşimin verilmesi zamanında eşit ortalama gerilme şartlarında ona düşen enerji niteliği statik durumundaki niteliğinden çok büyüktür. Sadece ölçek, yoğunluk ve yapısal bağları yönünde eşit olan ideal topraklarda statik ve dinamik şartlarda benzer davranışlar olabilir. Doğada ideal benzer toprakların olmaması sebebiyle bu iki durumdaki etkinlikler farklı olacaktır. Titreşimin farklı frekans ve amplitüt, ama benzer hızlandırma şartlarında toprağın birimine farklı enerji niteliği verilmektedir. Bu olay toprağın farklı derecedeki yapı, yoğunluk ve deformasyon değişikliklerine sebep olur ve reolojik özellikleri de farklı olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Buna göre güçlü deprem zamanında toprakları inceleme yöntemlerinin seçiminde enerjik ve reolojik delillere dayanmalıdır. Teorik olarak, toprağa titreşim veren güçlü deprem ve dinamik etkiniklerinin modellemesi için hızlandırma katsayısı, titreşlim hızı ve özgül enerji değerleri yerlerine getirilmelidir. Bilindiği gibi hızlandırma katsayısı ve titreşlim hızı hariç, özgül enerji değeri numunenin büyüklüğüne ve statik yüküne bağlıdır. Bu araştırmalar az yüklü numuneler için deneysel olarak yüksek amlitütlü ‘titreşim masası’nda delillenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 165
IDENTIFICATION OF THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES THROUGH TWO DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR WAVE PROPAGATION ANALYSIS
TOPOĞRAFIK YAPILARIN DINAMIK DAVRANIŞ KAREKTERISTIKLERININ İKI BOYUTLU NONLINEAR DALGA YAYILIMIYLA TANIMLANMASI
BEYEN K.-1
1-Civil Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is crucially important for the cities located on seismically active regions to be ready against the natural disasters such as severe earthquakes with high return periodicy. Cities were developed in ancient time over the city-states depending upon the location and distance to commercial transportation corridors, safety and defense potentials. Although some of such historical cities forming the central part of today’s modern cities, many of them after the wars or natural disasters such as flooding or earthquake were moved to safe places like on the skirts of the mountains or hill sides. Depending on economical products and other local potentials in growth, such cities were urbanized around the first original locations.
Todays, new residential areas and sustainable urban underground in the old cities survived after heavy damages are important planning problem in case of new earthquake risks and for newly developing areas re-evaluation is inevitable. After the intensive earthquakes occurred at 17 August and 12 November in 1999, such critical problems and sustainability appeared in Adapazarı and Düzce. Although, the scale of cities cannot infinitely grow at the surface for many countable reasons. Urban planers and managers of cities tend to consider new locations without development control plan after an extensive earthquake. Cities at similar risks may prepare urban planning based on true site response analysis. City decision makers can be informed regularly, in long run, local soil effects in block scale under expected future earthquakes, surface effects and the effects of the topographic locations may be studied to utilize true local dynamic characteristics for urban design and planning. Such studies minimize the errors of the empiric solutions.
Land use, growth management, and environmental planning need analysis results performed for the basin structure underneath the city, skirts, hills and surface topography in case of the different wave fronts propagating in channel structure, therefore channel effects, or wedge effects in case of the subsurface geology changing with hard rock structure, or focusing effects for imbedded concave or convex soil mediums.
In this study, effects of the nonlinear-dynamic characteristics of the two dimensional irregular topographic structures on the soil amplification are studied from different perspective. Effects of the local ground conditions on the soil amplification in transition
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 166
zones, but particularly over the skirts, are numerically modeled for different surface slopes and for the cases of the different incidence angles. Analyses are performed based on total stress and strain theory.
Results of these case studies for all site models under the effects of the strong and weak ground motions are discussed from the bilateral interaction between the frequency content and varying incidence angle point of view. Results from the two dimensional nonlinear site response analyses with all parameters are discussed for practical purposes.
ÖZET Aktif kuşaklar üzerinde bulunan ve şiddetli depremlere maruz kalınma periyodu ve riski yüksek olan şehirlerde önceden deprem gibi bir afete hazır olunması çok önemlidir. Şehirler genellikle şehir devletlerinin var olduğu çağlarda güvenlik/savunma ve ticaret yollarının aldığı değerler göz önünde bulundurularak kurulmuşlardır. Bu tarihi şehirler hala günümüz coğrafyası içinde şehir çekirdeklerini oluşturan merkezler olmalarına rağmen geçmişlerinde savaşların getirdiği savunma yapıları ve deprem gibi doğal felaketlerden sonra yeni alanlarda yeniden kurulmuş veya ekonomik gücün azalması/artmasıyla veya ticaret/ulaşım yollarının değişimiyle ilk kuruldukları noktaların etraflarında tekrar tekrar biçimlenmişlerdir.
Günümüzde depremi ağır hasarlarla yaşayan şehirlerimiz için yeni yerleşim alanları ve gelişim alanları deprem riskine göre tekrar düşünülmesi gereken önemli bir yerleşim planlama sorunudur. 17 Ağustos ve 12 kasım 1999 depremlerinden sonra Adapazarı ve Düzce’de bu sorunlarla karşılaşılmıştır. Yer değiştirme veya kaydırma çalışmalarına yıkıcı depremlerden sonra maruz kalabilecek benzer risk altında bulunan diğer şehirlerin imar planlarının geliştirilmesi aşamasında, karar verici mercilerin doğru bilgilendirilmeleri ile şehirlerin gelişme ve imar şartlarını deprem öncesi belirlemek ve zaman içinde imar planlarıyla doğru seçilmiş yeni yerleşim bölgelerine doğru taşıyarak büyütmek, şehirlerin mevcut deprem hasar dağılımını azaltmak mümkündür. Şehirleşmeyi iyileştirme çalışmalarında, uzun süreç içinde, yerel zemin tepkilerinin modellenmesi muhtemel depreme göre analizlerinin yapılması ve sonuçların şehir plancılarının çalışmalarında kullanılması ada hatta parsel bazlı yerel etkilerin tahmin hatalarını azaltacaktır.
Şehirlerin gelişme alanlarının kontrollu/kontrolsuz vadi, yamaç ve tepelere yayılması bilinen yerel zemin risklerinin yanı sıra topoğrafik, kanal, kama, odaklanma gibi analiz yapılmadan öngörülemeyecek tehlike riskleriyle karşı karşıya kalınacak olması bu çalışmanın çözmeye çalıştığı bir problemdir. Bu çalışmada, düzensiz geometriye sahip topoğrafik yapıların doğrusal olmayan zemin davranışının zemin büyütmelerine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Yerel zemin şartlarının etkisi, özellikle basenden/ovalardan dağlara geçiş bölgelerinde modellenerek ve parametrik anlamda incelenerek deprem yer hareketine farklı yüzey eğimi olan şekillerin etkilerinin görülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Analizde toplam gerilmeler ve birim şekil değiştirmeler esas alınmıştır.
Bu çalışmada örnek olarak alınan değişik yamaç eğimli dağ, tepe gibi yüzey modelleri kuvvetli ve zayıf deprem kuuvvetleri altında sırasıyla doğrusal olmayan zemin davranış (nonlinear) ve doğrusal zemin davranış (linear) modelleri altında üreteceği etkiler karşılıklı olarak değişen frekans içeriği ve geliş açıları açısından karşılaştırılmalı olarak irdelenmiştir. İki boyutlu doğrusal olmayan ortamın davranışıyla ilgili nümerik neticeler, sonuç ve önerilen çalışmalar yönetmeliklere konulacak parametrik değerler olarak sunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 167
COMPARISON OF METHODS WITH REGARD TO ENERGY PRODUCTION IN A MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM
ÇOK BARAJLI BIR SISTEMDE ENERJI ÜRETIMI AÇISINDAN YÖNTEMLERIN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
OPAN M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Water resource planning integrated with national economics and desired living standards is a multi-dimensional and complicated process. Water resource planning and management must incorporate all activities to provide the optimal uses of water resources, while meeting requirements and taking criticisms into account. In this study, optimization model with energy production objective for long term planning to a multi-object water resource system with multiple reservoirs presented on the Ceyhan River in the Ceyhan Basin of Turkey is developed. Dynamic programming with successive approximations as optimization technique is used in the model. In this optimization model, firstly, maximization of the firm power value of the system by using the monthly inflow data of the drought period is realized and monthly minimum operational levels are obtained. Then, in the same optimization model, the maximization of the total energy of the system is achieved by locating the firm power value as a c constant and using the monthly average inflows and normal operational levels are determined. When operational levels obtained from optimization process are illustrated, it has controlled and managed by reservoirs with large storage. This system by an approach used to the basin planning and management of DSİ is analyzed. The results obtained are compared with results of optimization model. The firm power value obtained from optimization model is presented 20 % bigger than its value obtained from approach of DSİ and also total energy production of the system is 153%
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri üzerinde bulunan çok amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine uzun sureli planlama için enerji üretimi amaçlı optimizasyon modeli kurulmuştur. Optimizasyon tekniği olarak ardışık yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Bu optimizasyon modelinde, ilk olarak, kurak dönemin aylık ortalama akımları kullanılarak güvenilir güç değerinin enbüyüklenmesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve minimum işletme seviyeleri bulunmuştur. Daha sonra, aynı modelde, güvenilir güç değeri kısıt olarak yerleştirilip, aylık ortalama akımlar kullanılarak toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesine çalışılmış ve normal işletme seviyeleri elde edilmiştir.. Elde edilen işletme seviyelerine bakıldığında optimizasyon sürecini büyük hacimli barajların kontrol ettiği ve yönettiği görülmüştür. DSİ’ nin havza planlaması için kullandığı bir yaklaşım ile analiz yapılmıştır. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlar optimizasyon modelinin ürettiği sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Optimizasyon modelinin ürettiği güvenilir güç değeri DSİ tarafından kullanılan yaklaşım ile üretilen değerden % 20 daha büyük olduğu ve toplam enerji üretimi değerinin ise % 153 daha büyük olduğu görülmüştür.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 168
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR DESIGNATING THE EFFECT of INCLINED CFRP PLATE USAGE ON SHEAR BEHAVIOR
TANARSLAN H.M.-1, ŞAKAR G.-1
1-Department of Civil EngineeringDokuz Eylul University, Izmir,
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The strengths of unidirectional composites are highly anisotropic. Perpendicular to the fibers, the strengthening material is weak and failure is controlled by fiber/matrix debonding and/or by the demolish of adhesive. In this instance, it would be best to place the fibres perpendicular to shear cracks for increasing shear capacity. Therefore, an experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclined CFRP plate usage on shear behavior. Specimens, one of which was the control specimen and the remaining three were the shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) T-section test specimens, were strengthened with side bonded CFRP plates. One shear deficient specimen was tested with its virgin condition to serve as a reference to shear deficiency. BEAM-2 was strengthened with perpendicular CFRP plates. The first ply was bonded parallel to beam axis (0°) and the second ply was bonded perpendicular to beam axis (90°). BEAM-3 was strengthened with inclined CFRP plates. Inclination angles of CFRP were 45 and 135 degrees. The last specimen was strengthened with CFRP plates with inclination angle of 60 and 120 degrees. Debonding reduces the strengthening potential of the externally bonded CFRP thus obstructs structures to meet the expected requirements from strengthening material. To block debonding mechanical anchorages were used at the end regions of CFRP plates. Test results confirmed that all performed CFRP arrangements improved the strength and behavior of the specimens in different level significantly.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 169
THE EFFECTS OF CONFIGURATION IRREGULARITY ON THE DETERMINATION OF PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES IN R/C STRUCTURES
KUTANIS M.-1, HÜRYAŞAR S.K.-1
1-Esentepe Kampüsü, Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. A1 Blok No 309 Serdivan-Sakarya
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Recently, simplified nonlinear methods have been implemented in codes for seismic resistant design of new buildings and evaluation of existing buildings. For regular structures, these methods are considered to be efficient, but, in construction practice, most of the structures are built as irregular, asymmetric structures. Therefore, simplified nonlinear methods must be extended to irregular structures. The goal of the study is to investigate the efficiency of the simplified nonlinear methods using the generic 3 dimensional reinforced concrete structures: a 5 storey, 2 bay symmetric and asymmetric buildings. In this study, firstly, both structures are designed according to TEC 2007. Secondly, their pushover curves are obtained using several techniques such as, static pushover, adaptive pushover etc… Then, these curves are compared with the results of nonlinear Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). The results are presented in terms of top displacement versus base shear of generic frame structures.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 170
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF A SOIL NAILED WALL UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADINGS
TERZİ N.-1, SELÇUK M.E.-1, YENİDOĞAN C.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. AKSARAY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Soil nailing is an effective method of reinforcing in-situ soils for stabilization of slopes, landslides and excavations. In recent years, engineers have gradually faced with the challenge of retrofitting and maximizing the use of existing structures and minimizing the construction costs. Soil nail walls may be used in such cases. The basic principle of soil nailing is to increase the shearing resistance of the ground by insertion of closely spaced inclusions which can withstand tensile forces. Evidence from the field and full scale laboratory tests suggest that soil nail walls perform remarkably well under both static and seismic conditions. In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate the performance of soil nail wall supporting a vertical cut-off 10 m height under seismic loading. Seismic data from Düzce earthquake is used for pseudo-static and dynamic analysis. The performance of soil nail structure is evaluated by determining the parameters such as maximum lateral displacement behavior and development of stress forces under dynamic loadings. Results of numerical analysis indicate that the use of soil nail walls is a effective method to improve the stability to retaining structures under earthquake effects.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 171
RETROFITTING OF SHEAR DEFICIENT RC BEAMS USING CFRP STRIPS
ALTIN S.-1, TOPTAŞ T.-1 ANIL Ö.-1, KARA M.E.-2
1-Civil Eng. Dept., Gazi University, Maltepe, Ankara, Türkiye, 06570
2-Civil Eng. Dept., Aksaray University, Aksaray, Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], eminkara@aksaray .edu.tr
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The results of an experimental investigation were presented in this paper for retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams by using CFRP strips. The purpose of this study was to obtain ductile flexural behavior for shear deficient reinforced concrete beams. The experimental program consisted of total seven T cross sectioned ½ scale simply supported beam specimens at which all of them constructed with deficient shear reinforcement. First specimens are loaded up to 80% of shear capacities, and then shear damaged beams are repaired by using CFRP strips. One beam was used as a reference and six beams were retrofitted using U shaped CFRP strips with or without fan type anchorage. Three different CFRP strips spacing were used such as sf=125 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm. The effect of anchorages that were used at the ends of the strips on shear strength and behavior of the retrofitted specimens were investigated. CFRP strips without anchorages were improved the shear strength, but no flexural behavior was observed. Specimens were failed with brittle shear failure due to peeling of CFRP strip from RC beam surfaces. Specimens with deficient shear reinforcement that were retrofitted with anchoraged CFRP strips were showed improved shear strength and ductile flexural behavior was observed. When the CFRP strains of the strips with anchorages and without anchorages were compared, maximum strains at anchoraged strips were approximately 68% larger than that of strips without anchorages
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 172
STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF FATIH (PRISHTINA) AND SINAH PASHA (PRIZREN) MOSQUES - KOSOVO
GAVRILOVIC P.-1, CEKO B.-2, ACKAY M.-3
1-Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
2-ARK, Prizren, Kosovo
3-Akcayalar Restarosion, Afion, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The monuments in Kosovo dating back to the Ottoman period are of a special interest having in mind their significance from historic and artistic point of view. The Kosovo authorities in cooperation with TIKA (Turkish International Agency,) supported the conservation projects for two important mosques in Kosovo, i.e., the Fatih Mosque in Prishtina and the Sinan Pasha Mosque in Prizren.
This paper deals with conservation, structural consolidation and seismic strengthening of two important historic monuments in Kosovo. Having in mind the present conditions, the risk assessment and the need for conservation activities, a detailed study and design of structural stability and seismic strengthening have been performed. The concept of structural strengthening and consolidation has been selected respecting the modern requirements and criteria referring to protection of historical monuments. A new technology has been used and new composite materials –carbon fibers and appropriate adhesives have been selected.
On the basis of a detailed study of the structural stability and the expected seismic intensity at the considered locations, design of structural consolidation, repair and seismic strengthening has been performed and field work has already started. For both monuments, the general concept of seismic strengthening has been adopted on the basis of experimental and analytical study performed for the Mustafa Pasha Mosque at the IZIIS’ Dynamic Testing Laboratory in Skopje within the framework of the PROCHITECH Research Project.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 173
CALCULATION COLLAPSE LOAD OF STRUCTURE FRAMES
YAPI ÇERÇEVELERİNDE GÖÇME YÜKÜ HESABI
OĞUZ S.-1, EFE P.-1
1-Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Müh.Mim.Fak. İnşaat Müh. Bölümü, Çağış Kampüsü, BALIKESİR
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Although Turkish Code “TS 500”, “TS 4561” and “Turkish Earthquake Resistant Design Code” oblige to use Limit State Design Method in static account of structures, the current methods used in static account of frame structures are still methods of elastic behavior account. Meanwhile, the cross section calculations are made with Limit State Design Method. In this study, a method has been given that determines collapse load of steel frame structures made of ideal elasto-plastic material and/or reinforced concrete frame structures in which cross-sectional carrying moments are calculated by Limit State Design Method.
While calculating by the given method, the moment balance equations of structure frame were established by considering two special theorems that were improved for this method besides main principles and theorems that had been considered in collapse investigation. The collapse load parameter of structure frame was determined by the solution of equation set which consists of the moment balance equations and restricting equations by using “Lindo Nonlinear Optimization Computer Program”.
By the method given in the study;
Collapse load which caused the structure to be in a state of mechanism can be determined in a short time,
The state of the collapse mechanism of structure can be determined,
The place of the first hinge in the structure and the load which caused to form the first hinge can be determined,
Displacements in the structure can be determined,
As the mechanism of the structure is known, the control of estimation can be done easily by the “Theorem of Virtual Work”.
ÖZET “TS 500”, “TS 4561” ve “Afet Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkında Yönetmelik” yapıların statik hesaplarının yapılmasında “Taşıma Gücü Yöntemi”ni zorunlu hale getirmiş olmasına rağmen, yapı çerçevelerinin statik hesaplarında kullanılan yöntemler halen elastik davranış hesap yöntemleridir. Bu arada kesit hesapları ise Taşıma Gücü Yöntemi ile yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada İdeal Elasto-Plastik davranış gösteren malzeme ile teşkil edilen çelik çerçeve yapılar ve/veya Taşıma gücü Yöntemi ile kesit taşıma momentleri hesaplanan betonarme çerçeve yapıların göçme yükünü belirleyen bir yöntem verilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 174
Verilen yöntem ile hesap yapılırken; göçme incelemesinde göz önüne alınan ana prensip ve teoremlerin yanısıra bu yöntem için geliştirilen iki özel teorem göz önüne alınarak yapı çerçevesine ait moment denge denklemleri kurulmuştur. Moment denge denklemleri ve kısıtlayıcı denklemlerden oluşan denklem takımı “Lindo Nonlineer Optimizasyon Bilgisayar Programı” ile çözülerek yapı çerçevesine ait göçme yükü paremetresi belirlenmiştir.
Çalışmada verilen yöntem ile;
* Yapıyı mekanizma durumuna sokan yük “göçme yükü” kısa sürede belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapının göçme mekanizma durumu belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapıda oluşacak ilk mafsalın yeri ve ilk mafsalın oluşmasına sebep olan yük belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapıda oluşacak deplasmanlar belirlenebilmekte,
* Yapının göçme mekanizma durumu bilindiğinden “Virtüel iş Teoremi” ile hesabın kontrolü kolaylıkla yapılabilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 175
THE HISTORICAL IMPROVEMENT, LITERATURE REVIEW OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS AND USING IN HIGH SEISMIC REGIONS
DUSAK S.-1, YELGIN A.N.-1
1-Civil Engineer Sakarya Universitesi Sakarya/Türkiye
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The main aim of this article is to summarize the valuable studies on steel plate shear walls and to thanks to all researchers which studied on these subjects. One another aim was to give a summarized information about using an alternative lateral load resisting system to the designers and researchers. This shear wall system was used in some buildings, as lateral load carrying system, in Japan and North America. Designers choose this system because of its advantages which explained in this article. Our country also located in a high seismic region so it is important to study on such alternative and beneficial lateral load resisting systems. Steel plate shear walls consisted of boundary frames which infilled by stiffened or unstiffened thin steel plates. The beam to column connections of the frame can be moment resisting or shear type connection. The infill plate can be connected to the frame either directly or through fish plate which used weld or bolt.
Analitical and experimental studies on steel plate shear walls have been conducting since early 1970's. Most of the studies have done in Japan, United States of America and Canada. Early researches was conducted in Japan and a few years later such studies began in United States and Canada. Today it is possible to reach tens of PhD thesis and technical articles about steel plate shear walls. Early experimental and analitical studies in Japan was conducted with heavily stiffened plates and some designs also has been made in this way. The early studies and designs of steel plate shear walls were the result of the opinion of preventing shear buckling of infill plates under lateral loading. With this opinion it was impossible to use the post buckling strength and load-carrying mechanism.
Using of thin plates in a shear wall to resist lateral loads is not a new idea. The history of steel plate shear walls is not younger than 3 or 4 decades. This innovative lateral load resisting system has not only studied at resarch but also has found application area at the buildings in Japan, United States of America and Canada. [2] At the end of the article the effectiveness of the system as a lateral load resisting system with its large energy absorbation capacity, ductility and initial stiffnes has been discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 176
COMPARISON OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CALCULATION BY VARIOUS FORMULAE FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
FARKLI YÖNTEMLERDEN ELDE EDİLEN ZEMİN EMNİYET GERİLMESİ DEĞERLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
PİŞEN S.-1, PEKŞEN E.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İzmit
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In geotechnical engineering, calculation of bearing capacity and safe bearing capacity is vital. When you consider Turkey; the correct calculation of these parameters are very important for us, since there are a lot tectonic activities occurring in Turkey.
Bearing capacity and safe bearing capacity can be estimated either static or dynamic. When we need to know these parameters, we should pay attention not only static but also dynamic parameters. We think that the calculations of these two methods are important with respect to earthquake engineering. Especially during an earthquake, dynamic parameters are much more important than static parameters. Dynamic parameters can be calculated by the seismic refraction method.
In this study, we have compared previously introduced some formulae for using bearing capacity and safe bearing capacity calculations. By using these formulae, we calculated and compared safe bearing capacity values with data collected 3 different sites. We investigated the result of formula of Terzaghi (1943), Keçeli (1988), Kurtuluş (2000), Türker (2004), Tezcan et. al (2006) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT). The safety factor generally is taken 3 for all kind of soils. Our investigation suggest that the safety factor may be estimated better than 3 if we take GS=Vp/Vs ratio.
ÖZET Geoteknik mühendisliğinde hesaplanan zeminlerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet gerilmesi değerleri önem taşımaktadır. Ülkemizin birçok tektonik olaya ev sahipliği yaptığı göz önüne alınırsa bu değerlerin doğru hesaplanması önemlidir.
Zeminlerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet gerilmesi statik ve dinamik olarak hesaplanmaktadır. Bu parametreler gerektiğinde hem statik hem de dinamik olarak hesaplanmasının özellikle deprem mühendisliği açısından önemli olduğunu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Özellikle bir deprem anında dinamik parametreler statik parametrelerden daha önemlidir. Dinamik parametreler sismik dalga hızlarından hesaplanabilir.
Bu çalışmada sığ temellerin taşıma gücü ve zemin emniyet gerilmesi hakkında çeşitli araştırmacıların önceden yaptığı çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmalar ışığında 3 farklı arazide alınmış ölçülerden hesaplanan zemin emniyet gerilmesi değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Klasik yöntem (Terzaghi, 1943), Keçeli (1988), Kurtuluş (2000), Türker (2004), Tezcan (2006) ve Standart Penetrasyon Deneylerinden elde edilen vuruş sayılarından bulunan zemin emniyet gerilmesi değerlerinin uyumluluğu sorgulanmıştır. Kullanılan güvenlik sayılarının zeminlerin heterojen olduğunu bildiğimiz halde her tür zemin için 3 kullanılması yerine, GS= Vp/Vs oranından elde edilerek kullanılmasının o zemin için daha doğru değerler verebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 177
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF STEEL FIBERS ON CRACKING LOAD OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER THE EFFECT OF TORSION
ENGIN S.-1, OKAY F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
__________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Concrete beams subjected to torsion lose their rigidity totally with the first crack and than collapse. Longidutinal reinforcement applied to beams do not change the mentioned bahaviour. However with the shear reinforcement applied with longidutinal reinforcement effects the behaviour after crack and increases the torsional rigidity and effects the capacity according to reinforcement on the cracking load on cross section. In this study ten reinforced concrete beams are produced whose longidutinal and shear reinforcement ratios are constant. Compressive strength of the concrete, aspect ratio of the fibers and volumetric content of fiber are taken to be the variables of the experiments. Beams are subjected to torsion after the curing period and torsional moment versus unit angle of twist graphs are obtained for each specimen. It is observed that addition of steel fiber have no efefct on cracking load of the specimens produced with normal strength concrete; whereas it increases the cracking torque of high strength concrete specimens. A new approach is suggested for the cracking torque of high strength reinforced concrete beams containing steel fibers; considering the expressions already found in literature. However, it should be noted that this approach should be supported by a several number of experiments in order to increase the reliability.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 178
COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF RUBBER-BASED SEISMIC ISOLATION BEARINGS
PINARBASI S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Civil Engineering Department, 41040, Kocaeli, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT According to the traditional seismic design philosophies, the resistance of a structure to high seismic effects is ensured by designing the structure in such a way that it will have either sufficiently high strength or sufficiently high ductility when it is subjected to strong ground excitations. One of the conflicts a structural engineer is faced with while designing such a structure is the requirement that neither the interstory drifts nor floor accelerations exceed the code-limited values. The drifts can easily be reduced by stiffening the structure, however, increasing the stiffness of the structure usually leads to the amplified accelerations. Thus, by using conventional structural systems, it does not seem to be possible to limit the drifts and accelerations simultaneously. On the other hand, it is possible to do this by using a recently-developed seismic design technique, named “seismic isolation”. In this technique, flexible and dissipative elements, called bearings or isolators, are inserted at the base of the structure to reduce the seismic force transmitted from the soil to the structure. Accordingly, a properly designed seismic isolated structure has sufficient flexibility due to the presence of an isolation system at its base to reduce the floor accelerations, and at the same time has sufficient rigidity with its rigidly moving superstructure on flexible isolators to reduce the interstory drifts. Although seismic isolation technique is known as a relatively new approach for earthquake resistant design, the idea of isolating a structure from movements is not new. Composed of thin rubber layers bonded to interleaving reinforcing sheets, rubber bearings were originally developed to isolate bridges from movements produced by creep and shrinkage of concrete, thermal expansion, and traffic-induced forces, and to isolate machines and equipment from mechanical vibrations. During the development of seismic isolation technique, it has been recognized that this type of bearings can also be effectively used in mitigating the devastating effects of earthquakes since a multi-layered rubber bearing incorporates two basic abilities that any seismic isolator has to have into a single unit; namely, flexibility under shear and rigidity under compression and bending. Free to deform under shearing forces, soft rubber layers provide lateral flexibility required to isolate the superstructure from lateral seismic loads. On the other hand, acting as confinement, reinforcing sheets prevent the bulging of rubber layers to which they bonded, which increases the compression and bending stiffnesses of soft rubber layers, which, in turn, provides large vertical and flexural rigidities required to support the heavy weight of the superstructure safely. Nowadays, besides sliding bearings, rubber bearings are accepted as the most widely used seismic isolator types. In the design of a multilayered rubber bearing, it is generally assumed that the presence of the reinforcing sheets does not influence the horizontal stiffness of the bearing. Thus, it is usually not so difficult to compute the horizontal stiffness of the bearing. On the other hand, the determination of the vertical or bending stiffness of such a bearing may not always be so easy since this requires well understanding of the behavior of “bonded” rubber layers. Studies on bonded elastic layers have clearly shown that there are three basic parameters that control the compressive behavior of a rubber bearing: shape factor of the bearing (i.e., the ratio of one loaded area of a single bonded rubber layer to its bulge free areas), compressibility of the rubber material and extensibility of the interior reinforcing sheets. This paper provides a review on the behavior of multi-layered elastomeric bearings under uniform compression with particular emphasis on the effects of the above-mentioned three basic parameters on their “compression modulus”.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 179
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL MODAL ANALYSES OF A PROTOTYPE ARCH DAM-RESERVOIR-FOUNDATION MODEL
BAYRAKTAR A.-1, SEVİM B.-1, ALTUNIŞIK A.C.-1, ADANUR S.-1, AKKÖSE M.-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, TURKEY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, dynamic characteristics of a prototype arch dam-reservoir-foundation model are determined using experimental and analytical modal analyses. For this aim, Type-1 arch dam presented in the literature is selected. And this arch dam is constructed in a laboratory with 6cm crest width and 60cm dam height considering reservoir and foundation. In experimental modal analysis, Type-1 arch dam is excited by an impact hammer and the frequency response functions are measured. To obtain frequency response functions of Type-1 arch dam five sensitive accelerometers are used. These accelerometers are placed to crest of the arch dam. Measurements are done for empty and full reservoir of the arch dam. In analytical modal analysis, Type-1 arch dam-reservoir-foundation system is modeled using ANSYS software, and natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined for empty and full reservoir. It is stated from the study that, natural frequencies obtained from experimental and analytical modal analyses are almost closed the each other. In addition, the natural frequencies of the arch dam are changed about 20 % for empty and full reservoir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 180
RESTRAINED SHRINKAGE: AN ENEMY CRYPTIC
AKPINAR E.-1, MEYDANLI ATALAY H.-1, OZDEN S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Shrinkage, by wording, means loss of volume due either to a chemical process, or a thermal activity or due and mainly to the loss of water from the composite material itself; all having distinct names, such as autogenous, thermal and drying shrinkage. Shrinkage may mainly be divided into two categories: free shrinkage and restrained shrinkage. Free shrinkage does not result in any internal force in the reinforced concrete members. Such a shrinkage usually takes place in statically determinate structures. Simply supported bridge beams, beams and columns of a pin supported type of precast construction or a single foundation member of a precast frame may be listed as the members of a statically determinate system. On the other hand, restrained shrinkage may yield forces well beyond the capacity of either the shrinking member or the restraining members. In case of a staged construction, where the shear walls are cast before the reinforced concrete floor slabs, the shear walls undergo free shrinkage throughout the curing period, while the slabs casted afterwards and attached to these cured members experience restrained shrinkage. In turn, lateral loads causing flexural moments and shears are observed on shears walls, while in plane tensile forces are observed in the slab plates during the curing period of the floor slab itself. The in-plane floor slab forces are consistent with the lateral stiffness of the vertical members. In other words, the stiffer the shear wall, the higher the in plane tensile stresses in the floor slabs. The forces, either moment, shear or in plane tension, may cause unexpected and immature failures.
Restrained shrinkage should be considered in the structural analysis in order to calculate the reinforcement required to carry the loads caused. Experimental and analytical research yielded that the shrinkage induced member forces results in cracks and the reinforcement crossing such cracks may reach yielding. It should be noted that the yielded reinforcement may no more create an increasing resistance to load.
Authors have experienced several structural overloads, sometimes failures, due to restrained or partially restrained shrinkage. The reinforcement amount and the distribution calculated through linear structural analysis performed without shrinkage loads is usually not enough in the case of shrinkage loading. The shrinkage cracking strength may well be calculated via the material properties of the concrete, while the shrinkage force is calculated through the shrinkage properties of the concrete and through the adverse environmental affects.
In this paper, failures due to shrinkage in some structures will be given and the means of shrinkage calculation in structural analysis will be discussed
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 181
OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IRRIGATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE MUNZUR RIVER BASIN, TURKEY
MUNZUR NEHRI HAVZASINDA SULAMA SUYU ILE ENERJI ÜRETIMI ARASINDAKI OPTIMAL İLIŞKI
TEMİZ T.-1, OPAN M.-1, ÖNER A.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, optimization model with energy production objective for long term planning to a multi-object water resource system with multiple reservoirs presented on the Munzur River in the Munzur River Basin of Turkey is developed. Dynamic programming with successive approximations as optimization technique is used in the model. In this optimization model, firstly, maximization of the firm power values by using the monthly inflow data of the drought period and changing the irrigation water parametrically are realized and monthly minimum operational levels are obtained. Then, in the same optimization model, the maximization of the total energy of the system is achieved by locating the firm power values for irrigation water amounts as a parametric constant, using the monthly average inflows and changing the irrigation water parametrically and normal operational levels are determined. As a result, when operational levels obtained from optimization process are illustrated, it has controlled and managed by reservoirs with large storage. When irrigation water is increased, its benefit is decreased, and the firm power values and energy production benefit are reduced. Optimum irrigation water value is obtained as 60x106 m3 where total benefit of the system is a maximum value.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Munzur Nehri Havzası’nda Munzur Nehri üzerinde bulunan çok amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine uzun sureli planlama için enerji üretimi amaçlı optimizasyon modeli kurulmuştur. Optimizasyon tekniği olarak ardışık yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Bu optimizasyon modelinde, ilk olarak, kurak dönemin aylık ortalama akımları kullanılarak ve sulama suyu parametrik olarak değiştirilerek güvenilir güç değerlerinin enbüyüklenmesi gerçekleştirilmiş ve minimum işletme seviyeleri bulunmuştur. Daha sonra, aynı modelde, güvenilir güç değerleri sulama miktarına göre kısıt olarak yerleştirilip, aylık ortalama akımlar kullanılarak ve sulama suyu parametrik olarak değiştirilerek toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesine çalışılmış ve normal işletme seviyeleri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen işletme seviyelerine bakıldığında, optimizasyon süreci büyük hacimli barajlar tarafından kontrol edilmiş ve yönetilmiştir. Sulama miktarı arttığı zaman, güvenilir güç değerleri ve enerji faydası azalmakta, sulama faydası artmaktadır. Toplam faydanın en büyük olduğu yerde, optimum sulama suyu miktarı 60x106 m3 olarak elde edilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 182
VERTICAL GROUND MOTION INFLUENCE ON SEISMICALLY ISOLATED&UNISOLATED BRIDGES
REYHANOĞULLARI N.E.-1, AKYUZ U.-1
1-Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study influence of vertical ground motion on seismically isolated bridges are investigated for seven different earthquake records. Bridges which are isolated with different lead-rubber bearings are compared with the results of unisolated bridges. Several runs are used to be able to have a satisfactory comparison between different types. The earthquakes are chosen considering primarily two different parameters. One is peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity ratios (Ap/Vp). There is a range of 7.70 to 20.28 for Ap/Vp. The other one is earthquakes’ classification. All are classified as near-fault vertical ground motion. Analytical calculations are conducted using well known structural analysis program SAP2000. The bridge is a three span steel composite bridge having concrete piers, mat foundation and pile system. The isolated one has lead-rubber bearings installed under each steel girder. On the other hand, unisolated one has a fix connection between steel girders and concrete piers. The bridge is aimed to have reasonable sections which may be a structural design output. In this sense, the steel girder bridge sections are checked per AASHTO provisions and analytical model is updated accordingly. Response data collected from the analysis program is used to determine the vertical load on the piers and mid-span moment on the steel girders due to the vertical component of excitation. A comparison between all configurations is introduced. Also, a correlation for different bearings and earthquakes considering isolated and unisolated system is provided.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 183
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CLAMPED LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK
TOPAL U.-1, ÖZTEKIN E.-1
1-Gümüşhane University Department of Civil Engineering 29000 Gümüşhane Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Computer simulation of dynamics behaviour of composite laminates is related with advanced FEM software and quality expertise. The response of laminate plates depends on fibre orientation, laminate thicknesses and type of loading. It takes quite sometime to carry out modelling and simulation and there is a need of quick prediction of responses.
The term ‘artificial neural network’ comes from the intendedanalogy with the functioning of the human brain adopting simplified models of ‘biological neural network’. The human brain consists of nearly 1011 neurons (nerve cells) of different types. In a typical neuron, one can find nucleus with which the connections with other neurons are made through a network of fibres called dendrites. Extending out from the nucleus is the axon which transmits, by means of complex chemical process, electric potentials to the neurons, with which the axon is connected to. When signals, received by neuron, become equal or surpass their threshold values, it ‘triggers’ sending an electric signal of constant level and duration through axon. In this way, the message is transferred from one neuron to the other. In an artificial neural network (ANN), the neurons or the processing units may have several input paths corresponding to the dendrites. The units combine usually by a simple summation, that is, the weighted values of these paths. The weighted value is passed to the neuron, where it is modified by threshold function such as sigmoid function. The modified value is directly presented to the next neuron. The connections between various neurons are strenghened or weakened according to the experiences obtained during the training.
In this study, the prediction of frequency analysis of clamped composite laminated plates is carried out using artificial neural networks. To automate the response predictions, the results are trained back propagation neural network. The first-orders shear deformation theory is used for frequency analysis of finite element solution. The numerical analysis is carried out for 2- and 4-layered laminated plates. The prediction of network to unknown problems shows that there is close agreement between the finite element solution and the network.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 184
THE EFFECT OF MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTİON ON THE BEHAVİOR OF A STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADS
MUTMAN U.-1, KAVAK A.-1, ATALAY H.-1
1-Kocaeli University Civil Engineer Departmant
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil on the structural behavior under the earthquake loads. For this aim, a seven storey structure is modeled by using SAP2000 program. The dimensions of the structure are 16 m x 16 m on plan and have 4 openings at each side. The height of a typical storey is taken as 3 m, the columns are chosen as 50 cm x 50 cm and the thickness of the floor is chosen as 13 cm for the modeling of the structure. The soil beneath the structure is mentioned by using the springs in the program. The modulus of elasticity of the soil is used as spring constants. In the study different modulus of subgrade reaction values are used for simulating various soil conditions for analyzing the structural behavior of the structure under the earthquake loads. The values of modulus of subgrade reaction values are chosen for different soil conditions defined in earthquake regulations manuals. In the research, it is observed that: when the modulus of elasticity values increases, the period of the structure decreases and axial forces in the columns increase. The shear forces in the columns and beams increase with increasing modulus of elasticity on the earthquake direction but decrease on the other direction. The lateral displacement during earthquake decreases with increasing modulus of elasticity values.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 185
INTEGRATED APPROACH IN REPAIR AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF MUSTAFA PASHA MOSQUE IN SKOPJE
SENDOVA V.-1, GAVRILOVIC P.-1, STOJANOSKI B.-1
1-Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, R. Macedonia
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Mustafa Pasha's Mosque is one of the biggest and the best preserved monuments of the Ottoman sacral architecture in Skopje and the Balkan. The building style belongs to the early Constantinople period at the beginning of the second half of the 15th century. The catastrophic Skopje earthquake of 1963 inflicted damage to the mosque structure that dominantly affected the central dome and the domes of the porch, the east facade and the minaret. In 1968, these damages were repaired by injection of cement mortar based mixtures.
Today, Mustafa Pasha’s Mosque represents a cultural historic monument of an extraordinary importance for the city of Skopje and R. Macedonia. As such, it is under protection of the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage. According to its role and cultural-historic values, this monument is categorized as a structure belonging to the first category.
At the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Skopje in the recent time intensive research activities have been performed for evaluation of a procedure for repair and strengthening of valuable historic monuments. Such integrated approach is based on conventional understanding of retrofitting, although in our concept are also techniques which are based on the idea of structural control.
Presented in the paper will be the project on repair and strengthening of Mustafa Pasha’s mosque, elaborated in IZIIS in compliance with the Project for Conservation of the Architecture realized in 2006 and prepared by the Foundation of the University of Gazi in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of R. Turkey, the Ministry of Culture of R. Macedonia and the National Conservation Centre in Skopje.
The main principles of seismic strengthening are (i) application of new technologies and materials, (ii) reversibility and (iii) invisibility of the applied technique. The concept of structural strengthening and repair aimed at reaching the designed level of earthquake protection has been selected based on: (i) investigations of the soil conditions, (ii) investigations of the characteristics of the built-in materials, (iii) investigation of the main dynamic characteristics, as well as (iv) previous experimental investigation of the mosque model.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 186
DETERMINATION SITE EFFECT OF ZARQA CITY-JORDAN BASED ON MICROTREMORS FIELD MEASUREMENTS: A MICROZONATION STUDY
OLIMAT W.-1
1-11118, P.O.Box 7, AMMAN – JORDAN Jordan Seismological Observatory, Natural Resources Authority
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Zarqa governorate is one of the important governorates in Jordan. It is the second populated after the capital Amman, the location of Zarqa gives the city a great importance because it lies on the main high ways leading to Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, most of Jordan's industries, power plants and strategic projects are located in Zarqa, which gives this city a special importance.
The Nakamura's technique is applied in this study for both areas; Zarqa city and Hashemite University Campus in order to determine the resonance frequencies and amplification factors for each site then draw there maps which will be of a great use in the field of civil and structural engineering by enriching the building codes.
The results of our study show that; values of resonance frequency F are not affected by the time of recording. While values of amplification factor A can vary accordingly. Results also show that the amplification factor A varies from 0.8 to 8.55 in Zarqa city and the resonance frequency (F) also varies between 0.37 Hz and 2.98 Hz in Zarqa city , that means some constructions in the study area, in case of a major earthquake, may experience minor damages respectively.)
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 187
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS FOR MODELING OF THE HISTORICAL OTTOMAN MINARETS
FAHJAN Y.M.-1, ERTEK E.-1
1-Department of Earthquake and Structural Science, Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Analytical Modeling of Ottoman minarets are of great challenges to contemporary engineering analysis tools. Historical minarets for the major ottoman mosques are slender and high elevated masonry structures built by special techniques. The Ottoman construction techniques proved their efficiencies for building minarets that can resist wind and earthquake forces many centuries. A better understanding of the structural components and the and the special connection techniques between different parts of minarets structure is the key issue for a comprehensive structural analysis, interpretation of the analysis results and a proper intervention.
Minarets were initially constructed as elevated structures attached to Islamic mosques to be used by the “Müezzin”. Although in modern times, minarets are no longer used for this function, they still represent the most prominent architectural feature of Islamic mosques. A large number of historical minarets now exists all over Turkey to be existed near the mosques and were built during “Selçuk” and Ottoman periods. Different type of construction materials were used for outer shells and inner stairs. Even though, there are number of studies considering modeling and analysis of historical minarets Lomlu (1996), Al-Attar et al (2005), comprehensive modeling methodology is still not existed.
The Ottoman Minarets generally consists of different parts: Foundation, rectangular pedestal, Cubic connection, cylindrical body, balcony (surrounding a minaret), honeycomb to hold conical cover, conical cover and Flag parts.
In general, modeling and analyzing the historical structures require not only the knowledge of geometrical and material properties of the structure but also the skills to use the best elements to model different parts of the structures and how to connect the different structural elements in order to get the correct results.
In this study, the minarets constructed during Ottoman period are classified in terms of its structural components and systems. The different construction technology and materials used are investigated. Different aspects in the modeling and analysis of historical construction are reviewed and various difficulties that are typically encountered in the geometric modeling are emphasized. The finite element techniques are utilized to model the different minarets systems.
The effects of different structural elements on the total behavior of the minarets are studied and the effects of interconnection between inner stairs and outer shell are discussed in details. Models using different materials and different support conditions are studied and compared.
POSTER / POSTER 188
THE BEHAVIOR OF MULTISTORY REINFORCED CONCRETE PANEL BUILDINGS UNDER LATERAL LOADING A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
ÇOK KATLI BETONARME PANEL YAPILARIN YATAY YÜK ALTINDA DAVRANIŞI DENEYSEL ARAŞTIRMA
İLGÜN A.-1
1-Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Konya
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The subject of this research is the study of the strength and behavior of multi-story buildings constructed by the tunnel-framework technique subjected to earthquake excitations. For this purpose, a section composed of the connection regions of the structural walls which are the vertical members and the floors which are the lateral members of the buildings constructed by the tunnel-framework technology is modeled.
The modeled structural system has been tested under reverse-cyclic loading within a lateral load testing frame assembled from steel profiles at Selcuk University, Engineering-Architecture Faculty, Civil Engineering Department Structures Laboratory. The reversed-cyclic loading are applied on the models at the 4th, 3rd and 2nd floor levels by varying the parameters belonging to the amount of reinforcement and keeping the thickness of shear wall and slab constant.
In order to determine the effect of the spacing of vertical reinforcement in reinforced concrete shear walls, experiments have been carried out on three different models namely Type-A; Type-B and Type-C. The diagrams of moment-curvature, load-deformation and load-displacement of the bottom of shear wall are plotted with respect to the reinforcement patterns used in the specimens.
By inspecting the cracks of the model shear walls occurred during the application of lateral force, some conclusions have been made about the failure modes.
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın konusu, tünel kalıp tekniği ile inşaa edilen çok katlı yapıların deprem yükleri altındaki dayanım ve davranışının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, tünel kalıp teknolojisi uygulanmış yapıların yatay elemanları olan döşemeler ile düşey elemanları olan perdelerin birleşim bölgelerinden oluşan bir kesit modellenmiştir
Modellenen yapı sistemi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü Yapı Laboratuarında çelik profillerden imal edilmiş yatay yük çerçevesinde tersinir-tekrarlanır yük altında denenmiştir. Modeller üzerindeki tersinir-tekrarlanır yatay yük uygulaması; perde ve döşeme boyutları sabit olmak üzere, perdelerdeki donatı miktarlarına ait parametreler değiştirilerek 4. kat, 3. kat ve 2. katlardan uygulanmıştır.
Betonarme perdelerde yatay ve düşey donatı aralıklarının etkisinin belirlenmesi için TİPA; TİPB ve TİPC olmak üzere üç çeşit model üzerinde deneyler yapılmıştır. Numunelerde kullanılan donatı düzenine göre moment-eğrilik, yük-şekil değiştirme ve perde tabanında meydana gelen yük-deplasman grafikleri hazırlanmıştır.
Model perdelere yatay yük uygulaması sırasında meydana gelen çatlaklar incelenerek göçme türleri hakkında görüşler ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 189
A NEW DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING SIGNALS OBTAINED FROM MODAL TESTS OF STRUCTURES: SIGNALCAD
YAPILARIN MODAL DENEYLERİNDEN ALINAN SİNYALLERİN ANALİZİ İÇİN YENİ BİR SAYISAL SİNYAL İŞLEME PROGRAMI: SİGNALCAD
ŞAHİN A.-1, BAYRAKTAR A.-1
1-Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Experimental and operational modal analysis methods are among the most effective experimental methods for nondestructive evaluating the dynamic behaviours of structures. The dynamic characteristics of structural systems which consist of frequency, mode shape and damping ratios are determined by experimental and operational modal analysis. Analytical finite element models are updated depending on experimentally determined modal parameters, so it will be possible to use much more realistic analytical models to determine earthquake performance of structures. In this study, SignalCAD software developed for processing signal records collected from structural systems where forced and ambient vibration tests are carried out. SignalCAD is an interactive analysis software written in MATLAB media as functional which has graphical user interface. The spectral functions representing dynamic behaviour of the structure are produced by analyzing unprocessed acceleration records collected from structural systems. Frequency response functions, autopower spectrums, crosspower spectrums, power spectral densities, transfer functions, coherence functions and spectrograms may be produced and in addition, complex mode indicator functions may be obtained by post processing the produced spectrums. The leakage errors caused by FFT transform are filtered by using windowing methods widely used in literature. Also, faulty signals are extracted from signal sets by filtering in ambient vibration tests. The spectral functions produced by SignalCAD software constitute the input data of the algorithms developed to determine dynamic characteristics of the structures. As an application, acceleration records obtained from forced and ambient vibration tests of three dimensional steel frame model produced in laboratory are analyzed with SignalCAD software and the comparisons of obtained results with those of commercial PULSE software are presented in this study.
ÖZET Yapıların dinamik davranışlarının tahribatsız olarak değerlendirilmesinde deneysel ve operasyonel modal analiz yöntemleri en etkili deneysel yöntemler arasında yer amaktadır. Deneysel ve operasyonel modal analiz ile yapı sistemlerinin frekans, mod şekli ve sönüm oranlarından meydana gelen dinamik karakteristikleri belirlenirler. Deneysel olarak bulunan bu modal parametreler referans alınarak analitik solu eleman modelleri iyileştirilir, buna bağlı olarak yapıların deprem performansının belirlenmesinde çok daha gerçekçi analitik modellerin kullanılması mümkün hale gelir. Bu çalışmada zorlanmış ve çevresel titreşim deneyleri yapılan yapı sistemlerinden toplanan sinyal kayıtlarının
POSTER / POSTER 190
işlenmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan SignalCAD programı tanıtılmaktadır. SignalCAD programı MATLAB ortamında fonksiyonel olarak yazılmış grafik kullanıcı arayüzüne sahip interaktif bir analiz programıdır. Bu program ile yapı sistemlerinden toplanan işlenmemiş ivme kayıtları analiz edilerek, yapının dinamik davranışını gösteren spektral fonksiyonlar üretilmektedir. Frekans davranış fonksiyonları, otogüç spektrumları, çaprazgüç spektrumları, güç spektral yoğunlukları, transfer fonksiyonları, koherans fonksiyonları ve spektrogram grafikleri üretilebilmekte, bunun yanında üretilen spektrumların ileri analizleri yapılarak kompleks mod gösterge fonksiyonları elde edilebilmektedir. FFT dönüşümünden kaynaklanan sızma hataları, literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan pencereleme yöntemleri kullanılarak filtrelenmektedir. Bununla beraber, çevresel titreşim deneylerinde sinyallerin içerisine karışan hatalı sinyaller filtrelenerek sinyal kümelerinden çıkartılmaktadır. SignalCAD programı ile üretilen spektral fonksiyonlar, yapıların dinamik karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi için geliştirilen algoritmaların giriş verilerini oluştururlar. Bu çalışmada uygulama olarak laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin zorlanmış ve çevresel titreşim deneyleri sonucu toplanan ivme kayıtlarının SignalCAD programı ile analizi yapılmış, elde edilen sonuçların ticari PULSE programı ile karşılaştırmaları sunulmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER 191
A NEW DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES: MODALCAD
YAPILARIN DENEYSEL VE OPERASYONEL MODAL ANALİZLERİ İÇİN YENİ BİR DİNAMİK KARAKTERİSTİK BELİRLEME PROGRAMI: MODALCAD
ŞAHİN A.-1, BAYRAKTAR A.-1
1-Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, ModalCAD software with graphical user interface developed in MATLAB media as functional for dynamic characteristic identification of structural systems where forced and ambient vibration tests are performed is presented. Spectral functions obtained by analyzing raw measured data obtained from dynamic tests constitute the input data of solution algorithms used in ModalCAD software. In ModalCAD software, dynamic characteristics constituted from frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes of tested structural system may be obtained by using Operating Vectors Method, Complex Exponential Method and Polyreference Time Domain Method which are used widely in literature. In addition, accuracies and consistencies of determined dynamic characteristics may be controlled numerically with modal assurance criteria (MAC) and modal phase Collinearity (MPC) graphics. Frequency points where modes are balanced may be detected with stability diagrams, synthesized spectrums may be compared with experimentally obtained spectrums. Determined mode shapes may be viewed visually in animation screen. As an application, dynamic characteristics of three dimensional steel frame model produced in laboratory are determined by carrying out experimental and operational modal analyses with ModalCAD software and the comparisons of obtained results with those of commercial OMA software are presented in this study.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada zorlamış ve çevresel titreşim deneyleri yapılan yapı sistemlerinin dinamik karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla MATLAB ortamında fonksiyonel olarak geliştirilmiş olan grafik kullanıcı arayüzüne sahip ModalCAD programının tanıtımı yapılmaktadır. Dinamik deneyler sonucunda elde edilen işlenmemiş ham verilerin analizi ile elde edilen spektral fonksiyonlar ModalCAD programında kullanılan çözüm algoritmalarının giriş verilerini oluştururlar. ModalCAD programında literatürde yaygın olarak kullanılan İşletim Vektörleri Yöntemi, Kompleks Eksponansiyel Yöntemi ve Çokreferanslı Zaman Ortamı Yöntemleri kullanılarak ölçüm alınan yapı sistemlerinin frekans, sönüm oranları ve mod şekillerinden oluşan dinamik karakteristikleri elde edilebilmektedir. Bununla beraber, belirlenen dinamik karakteristiklerin doğruluk ve tutarlılıkları modal güvence kriteri (MAC) ve modal faz doğrudaşlık (MPC) grafikleri ile sayısal olarak kontrol edilebilmektedir. Stabilite diyagramları ile modların dengeye ulaştığı frekans noktaları tespit edilebilmekte, sentezlenen spektrumlar deney sonucunda elde edilen spektrumlar ile karşılaştırılabilmektedir. Belirlenen mod şekilleri animasyon ekranında görsel olarak takip edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada uygulama olarak laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin ModalCAD programı ile deneysel ve operasyonel modal analizleri yapılarak dinamik karakteristikleri belirlenmiş, elde edilen sonuçların ticari OMA programı ile bulunan sonuçlarlarla karşılaştırma sonuçları sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 192
A NEW SOFTWARE FOR OPTIMIZATION ANALYTICAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELS WITH SQP METHOD: FEMUP
YAPILARIN ANALİTİK SONLU ELEMAN MODELLERİNİN SQP YÖNTEMİ İLE OPTİMİZASYONU İÇİN YENİ BİR PROGRAM: FEMUP
ŞAHİN A.-1, BAYRAKTAR A.-1
1-Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, FemUP software developed for optimal updating the analytical finite element models of structures depending on experimental result is presented. FemUP software is prepared in MATLAB media for optimization of finite element model produced in ANSYS by referencing experimental models obtained as a result of experimental modal analysis. The result file of ModalCAD software developed by authors is used for experimental model and the file prepared by using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) is used for analytical model. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) Algorithm is used as optimization method. The minimum difference value of experimental and analytical models is taken as objective function in solution algorithm. Constraint function is produced to hold difference in a limit between mode shapes determined by user while scanning for objective function. In constraint function, MAC limit is determined, therefore the harmonies between mode shapes are considered. As an application, experimental modal analyses of three dimensional steel frame model produced in laboratory are carried out, then finite element model of system is optimized by referencing experimental model.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada yapıların analitik sonlu eleman modellerinin deneysel sonuçlara bağlı olarak optimum seviyede iyileştirilmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan FemUP programı tanıtılmaktadır. FemUP programı, ANSYS programı kullanılarak üretilen sonlu eleman modellerinin deneysel modal analiz sonucu elde edilen deneysel modeller referans alınarak optimizasyonun yapılması amacına yönelik olarak MATLAB ortamında hazırlanmıştır. Deneysel model için yazarlar tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ModalCAD programı tarafından üretilen sonuç dosyası ve analitik model için ANSYS parametrik tasarım dili (APDL) kullanılarak hazırlanan dosya kullanılmaktadır. Optimum model iyileştirme çalışmasında deneysel ve teorik modelin doğal frekansları ile mod şekilleri arasındaki farkın minimum seviyeye getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Optimizasyon yöntemi olarak Ardışık Kuadratik Programlama (SQP) Algoritması kullanılır. Çözüm algoritmasında hedef fonksiyonu olarak analitik ve deneysel modeller arasındaki farkın minimum değeri alınmaktadır. Hedef fonksiyonu için tarama yapılırken, mod şekilleri arasındaki farkın kullanıcı tarafından belirlenen sınırda tutulması amacı ile sınırlandırma fonksiyonu üretilmiştir. Sınırlandırma fonksiyonunda MAC limiti belirlenerek, optimizasyon çalışması sırasında modal vektörlerin uyumunun dikkate alınması sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada uygulama olarak laboratuarda üretilen üç boyutlu çelik çerçeve modelinin deneysel modal analizleri yapılmış, deneysel model referans alınarak sistemin sonlu eleman modelinin optimizasyonu yapılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 193
BOUNDARY CONDITION EFFECT ON THE VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF LABORATORY BRIDGE MODEL
ALTUNIŞIK-1, BAYRAKTAR-2, SEVİM-3, ADANUR-4
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Trabzon
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this paper, it is aimed to determine the boundary condition effects on the vibration characteristics of the laboratory bridge model. A steel footbridge which has arch type structural system is selected as an example and modeled in the laboratory. The main span of the bridge and the height of the bridge column are 6m and 0.85m, respectively. The maximum arch height is 0.95m. The vibration characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios of the steel arch bridge are determined using Operational Modal Analysis method. In this method, the bridge is excited using natural excitations. The vibration characteristics are extracted using the Peak Picking method in the frequency domain and the Stochastic Subspace Identification method in the time domain. As the boundary conditions, the bridge columns are both fixed and not fixed to the floor. Also, tightness of the connections of the structural elements is changed by screw of the bolts. At the end of the study, the vibration characteristics of the bridge model are determined for different boundary conditions and the result are compared with each other. It is seen from the study, the boundary conditions are very effective on the vibration caracteristics.
POSTER / POSTER 194
COLLAPSING REASONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY NEW EARTHQUAKES
BETONARME YAPILARIN DAVRANIŞLARI HAKKINDA DEPREMLERDEN ÖĞRENDİKLERİMİZ
DURMUŞ A.-1
1-KTÜ İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü 61080 Trabzon/TÜRKİYE
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey has one of the most active seismic zones of the world. It is well-known that so many earthquakes have occurred throughout the history of human being in this zone. Many structures have collapsed related to the properties of earthquake, structure and soil. According to Earthquake Engineering, these kinds of earthquakes will occur in Turkey in future. This situation shows that the results of the earthquakes, happened in the past, must be taken into account.
Ground motion, caused by earthquake, depends on several variations and most important parameters affecting response of structures are mass, stiffness and dumping during this motions. Former seismic records are utilized for determining of earthquake loads. Analyses carried out by using these records indicate that reinforced concrete structures show beyond elastic behavior and damage or collapse.
In this study, stability, resistance, durability, stiffness and dumping properties which must be included by earthquake resistant structures are deliberated with below order.
Indicating of the most important characteristics of recent earthquakes in Erzincan (1992), Kocaeli (1999) and Bingöl (2003). Summarizing of life and property lost caused by the earthquake. Determination of damages and collapsing reasons in connection with design, application and usage processes, by the light of observations on projects, at laboratories and in its places at foregoing cities.
ÖZET Dünyanın aktif deprem kuşaklarında dolayısıyla da bu kuşaklardan biri üzerinde bulunan Türkiye’de insanlık tarihi boyunca birçok depremin meydana gelmiş olduğu hemen herkesçe bilinmektedir. Bu depremlerin etkisiyle; depremin, yapının ve zeminin özeliklerine bağlı olarak birçok yapının kullanım dışı kaldığı da bir gerçektir. Deprem mühendisliği bilimine göre bu tür depremler bundan sonra da anılan deprem kuşaklarında meydana gelecektir. Bu durum geçmişte meydana gelmiş olan deprem sonuçlarından ders alınmasının gerekliliğini ve önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Depremden doğan yer hareketini birçok değişkenin yönlendirdiği, yapının bu harekete göstermiş olduğu tepkiye etki eden en önemli parametrelerin ise, kütle, rijitlik ve sönüm oranları olduğu da bilinmektedir. Yapılara etkiyecek deprem yüklerinin belirlenmesinde dünyanın aktif deprem kuşaklarında meydana gelmiş olan deprem kayıtlarından yararlanılmaktadır. Bu kayıtlar dikkate alınarak gerçekleştirilen yapısal çözümlemeler, bugün yürürlükte bulunan deprem yönetmeliklerinde öngörülen deprem yüklerine göre projelendirilmiş olan, betonarme yapıların elastik ötesi davranışa itilerek hasar görmeye mecbur edildiklerini de ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu bildirinin temel amacı, Türkiye’de özellikle son Erzincan (1992), Kocaeli (1999), Düzce (1999) ve Bingöl (2003) depremlerinin bazı önemli özeliklerini özetledikten sonra mahallinde, laboratuvarda ve yapı projeleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olan incelemelerin ışığında Türkiye’nin anılan illerindeki betonarme yapıların davranışlarını bir yapının oluşturulmasındaki proje, yapım (uygulama) ve kullanım (servis) aşamaları ile bu aşamalara ilişkin yer seçimi, sistem seçimi, yüklerin belirlenmesi, statik- dinamik yapısal çözümleme, kesit hesapları, donatı planı- kesit detayları, denetim, bakım ve onarım adımları sırasında belirleyerek depreme dayanıklı yapılarda bulunması gereken başta stabilite olmak üzere, dayanım, dayanıklılık, rijitlik, süneklik, sönüm ve yeniden dağılım özelikleri konusunda bazı hatırlatmalardan sonra yeterli güvenliğe sahip yapı tasarımı için gerekli ve yeterli koşullar üzerinde durmaktır.
POSTER / POSTER 195
CREATING THE MICROZONATION MAPS OF SAPANCA DISTRICT BY USING GIS
COĞRAFI BILGI SISTEMLERI KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLI – SAPANCA İLÇESI MIKROBÖLGELEME HARITALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KARAVUL C.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi Balgat/ Çankaya/ ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study we aimed to form the GIS based microzonation maps of Sapanca district. Fort his purpose 63 drilling data and 61 seismic refraction data collected and transferred to numerical domain. We carried out a data analysis for the database and eliminated the faulty data. The SPT values belongs to 1,5 m, 3 m, 4,5 m and 6 m, shown on GIS based maps and observed the variation on SPT values along with the depth rises. The seismic velocity maps are also formed by GIS and we investigated the harmony with the SPT maps. All the maps are show that the southern parts of the study area have better soil parameters. The Mahmudiye region have also firm soil parameter located on southwest part of the study area but towards the Kırkpınar, there are some rapid transition on the soil characteristics. We can see that the SPT values and seismic velocities are low level at the Göl Mahallesi and Uzunkum regions.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Sakarya İli Sapanca İlçesinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı mikrobölgeleme haritalarının oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda inceleme alanında, zemin araştırmalarına yönelik olarak yapılan 63 adet zemin sondajı ve 61 adet sismik kırılma çalışmasına ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi tutularak sapma gösteren veriler atılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m , 4,5 m ve 6 m derinliklere ait SPT değerleri, CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile birlikte SPT değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. Sismik kırılma çalışmalarına ait 1. ve 2. tabaka sismik hız haritaları da CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturularak, SPT haritalarıyla olan uyumu incelenmiştir. Oluşturulan haritalara bakıldığında, çalışma alanının güneyinde yeralan kesimlerin, zemin açısından diğer alanlara göre daha iyi özelliklere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma alanının güneybatısında yeralan Mahmudiye’ nin eteklerindeki bölgelerde de zeminin iyi özellikler gösterdiği fakat çalışma alanının batısındaki Kırkpınar’ a doğru zeminde ani geçişlerin olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma alanın doğusundaki Göl Mahallesi ile kuzeydoğusundaki Uzunkum civarında ise gerek SPT değerlerinin gerekse de sismik hız değerlerinin düşük olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 196
CREATING THE SPT MAPS OF DERINCE DISTRICT BY USING GIS
COĞRAFI BILGI SISTEMLERI KULLANILARAK KOCAELI ILI–DERINCE ILÇESI SPT HARITALARININ HAZIRLANMASI
KARAVUL C.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KURNAZ T.F.-1, DURMUŞ, H.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi Balgat/ Çankaya/ ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to point out the SPT values of Derince district on GIS based maps. For this purpose, 41 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical domain. We carried out a data analysis for the database and eliminated the faulty data. The SPT values belongs to 1,5 m, 3 m and 4,5 m shown on GIS based maps and observed the variation on SPT values along with the depth rises. SPT value is the most important parameter to determine the stiffness of soils. The maps are show that the SPT values are increasing from south to northern part of study area. The low SPT values at southern part of study area result from the sedimets of Marmara Sea. Along with the depth rises the SPT values are increasing all over the study area.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kocaeli ili Derince ilçesinde, zemin sondajlarında yaygın olarak uygulanan Standart Penetrasyon Testi (SPT) değerlerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı haritalar üzerinde gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma alanında zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak yapılan 41 adet sondaja ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi tutularak sapma gösteren veriler atılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m ve 4,5 m derinliklere ait SPT değerleri, CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile birlikte SPT değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. SPT değeri, zeminlerin sıkılık-gevşeklik derecelerini gösteren en önemli parametrelerden biridir. Haritalara bakıldığında inceleme alanında güneyden kuzeye doğru SPT sayılarında artış olduğu görülmektedir. Güney bölgelerdeki düşük SPT sayılarının, inceleme alanının güneyindeki Marmara Denizi’nin biriktirdiği çökellerin varlığından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Derinlik artışı ile birlikte inceleme alanı genelinde SPT sayılarında artış olduğu görülmüştür.
POSTER / POSTER 197
VISUAL SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN CYPRUS
EMINAGA A.-1
1-Eminaga Construction Ltd., Universite yolu No:7, Karaoglanoglu, Girne, KKTC
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Since the existence of the Planet Earth, earthquakes occur and result by injury and death of thousands of people, structural losses and damages to the buildings and great economic losses to the countries. Although search and rescue is an important component, the most rational way to reduce the impact of the earthquakes is through proper mitigation and preparedness efforts. In the long term, from the economical view point, preparedness pays off response. Besides, the response activities never save human lives which have already been lost.
On architectural and engineering perspective, “Being Prepared” means “Design against Earthquake”. Considering the architectural and engineering designs and buildings of last decades, it can be said that they have followed the new earthquake design codes and can be assumed to be Earthquake-Safe. But, what about the buildings being designed before relevant design codes? As a general statement, it has been thought that 80% of the existing buildings over the world have been built before relevant codes and needs to be seismically assessed and retrofitted in terms of seismic deficiencies.
As a part of the current dissertation study, the national standards of FEMA-United States, NRCC-Canada, EUROCODE-Europe, FIB-Europe explaining the guidelines for physical examination and seismic reliability assessment of the existing buildings have been discussed and compared for their applicability to Cyprus. It has been aimed to propose a methodology for the use of the experienced civil engineers and architects to assess and rank the seismic reliability of existing reinforced concrete buildings in Cyprus. There is a need to carry out a study specific for Cyprus on this issue, not just because Cyprus is on active region and is under the threat of earthquakes, it is also required because there are differences between the seismicity and construction systems of the countries which make them generate their own guidelines for seismic assessment.
In this paper it is aimed to discuss the main principles of current national standards of USA, Canada and European Union and provide guidelines specific to Cyprus for the physical assessment of the existing reinforced concrete buildings.
POSTER / POSTER 198
GROUND MOTION SIMULATIONS OF THE 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKES
ASKAN A.-1, UĞURHAN B.-1
1-Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering and Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 06531 Ankara
[email protected]; [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Evaluating the ground motions to which structures are exposed to during their lifetimes is the main step in earthquake-resistant design, retrofitting of the existing structures and reduction seismic risk. In regions with sparse or no seismic recordings are available, ground motion simulations become essential. In this study, the stochastic finite-fault technique is used to simulate strong ground motions of the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli and 12 November 1999 Düzce earthquakes. In this method, originally proposed by Beresnev and Atkinson (1997), the finite- fault plane is discretized into a number of rectangular subfaults, each of which is treated as a stochastic point source with an w-square spectrum. The contribution from each subfault is lagged properly and summed at the observation point to obtain the ground motion from the entire fault. Ground motion simulations are carried out using regional model parameters as well as local soil conditions. For taking the soil amplification account, we compare standard H/V ratios and existing empirical relations. The region-specific seismic model parameters are calibrated against the strong ground motion recordings of the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. The results are expressed in terms of the simulated acceleration and velocity time histories, Fourier amplitude spectra and response spectra. Further simulations are performed for regions where there are not ground motion recordings and the distribution of ground motions is assessed.
POSTER / POSTER 199
SEISMIC BEARING CAPACITY AND THE PARAMETERS AFFECTED ON THE FOUNDATIONS
TEMELLERDE OTURMALARA ETKİYEN PARAMETRELER VE SİSMİK TAŞIMA GÜCÜ KAYBI
SÜNBÜL A.B.-1, GÜNDÜZ Z.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 54187, Adapazarı, Sakarya
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The seismic installations occurred during earthquake or immediately after the earthquake caused building damages. Most of the damages are related to soil failures, such as sliding, tilting, settlement, and breakage in foundation piles, and subsequent to the cracking of walls. This damage reasons generally can be explained with soil liquefaction under the structure foundation or exchanging of the underground water level, this effect can also be explained by the reduction of the bearing capacity with the seismic impact. After the 1999 Marmara Earthquake these damage mechanisms only explained with soil liquefaction without detailed investigation.
Due to the laboratory studies and field observations of seismic bearing capacity according to the basic dynamic load resistance not occurred only in the ground saturated and loose properties like liquefaction, seismic bearing capacity can occur all types of ground and water availability does not depend on the circumstances.
In the literature study of fluid transport power loss (fluidization) was defined with the concept, and today these issues are tried by many researchers (Richards et all., 1993)
In Turkish Earthquake Code have not a method to calculate seismic bearing capacity. The seismic design basis for the static case, only the safety of increasing the understanding of stress is dominated. However, for seismic analysis and using a higher number of security strength and safe transportation of these values such as design an application in our country is not settled.
The purpose of this study is to determine the parameters of the bearing capacity of the foundations and the coefficients about the seismic bearing capacity. And to attract attention about to coefficients to earthquake regulations have to be entered.
Within the scope of this study; migration mechanisms which develop under foundation will be determined, for static state bearing capacity formulas and the dynamic effects of earthquake parameters added that moving the seismic strength formulas were obtained. Different acceleration values, different ground properties designated for the basic effects of the earthquake dynamics in the power and transport primarily occurring sitting calculated seismic forces carry most influence on the parameters of the horizontal acceleration coefficient (kh), vertical acceleration coefficient (kv), the basic depth (DF) as was determined.
POSTER / POSTER 200
ÖZET Depremler sırasında meydana gelen sismik yüklemeler; deprem sırasında veya depremin hemen ardından üzerlerinde bulunan yapılarda zemine batma, yan yatma veya yerinden çıkma gibi zemin özelliklerine bağlı hasarlara neden olurlar. Bu hasarlar eğer sıvılaşma veya yapı altında yer altı suyu seviyesi (YASS) değişimine bağlı değilse, taşıma gücünün sismik etki ile azaltılmasına bağlı olarak açıklanabilir. 1999 Marmara depremi ardından oluşan bu tür hasarların davranış mekanizmaları yerinde ayrıntılı çalışmalar yapılmadan sıvılaşma (liquefaction) olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Laboratuar çalışmaları ve arazi gözlemlerine göre dinamik yükler altında temellerin direncini kaybetmesiyle oluşan taşıma gücü kaybı sıvılaşmada olduğu gibi sadece doygun ve gevşek zeminlerde gerçekleşmez ve bütün zemin tiplerinde ve suyun bulunma şartına da bağlı değildir. Literatürde ilk kez Richards ve diğ. (1993) yaptıkları çalışmalarda taşıma gücü kaybını akışkanlaşma (fluidization) kavramı ile tanımlamışlar ve günümüzde birçok araştırmacı tarafından bu konu çalışılmaktadır.
Türkiye Afet Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkındaki Yönetmelikte (ABYYHY) sismik taşıma gücü azalmasını hesaplamak üzere bir yöntem bulunmamaktadır. Sadece sismik tasarımda statik durum için bulunan zemin emniyet gerilmelerinin arttırılması anlayışı hâkimdir. Ancak sismik analiz için ayrı ve daha yüksek bir güvenlik sayısı kullanarak emniyetli taşıma gücü bulunması ve bu değerlerle tasarım yapılması gibi bir uygulama ülkemizde yerleşmiş değildir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı depremler sırasında temellerin taşıma gücü kaybıyla oluşan oturmaları ve ilgili parametreleri belirlemek ve sismik tasarım için gerekli katsayıların deprem yönetmeliklerine girmesi gerektiğini göstermektir. Bu çalışma kapsamında deprem etkisi ile temel altında gelişen göçme mekanizması belirlenerek, statik durum için geçerli taşıma gücü formülleri, dinamik deprem etki parametreleri eklenerek, sismik durumda ki taşıma gücü formülleri elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Farklı ivme değerleri, farklı zemin özelliklerinde belirlenmiş temel için deprem etkileri altında dinamik durumda taşıma gücü ve temelde meydana gelen oturma hesaplanarak sismik taşıma gücüne en çok etkiyen parametreler yatay ivme katsayısı (kh), düşey ivme katsayısı (kv), temel derinliği (Df ) olarak belirlemiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 201
APPLICATION OF CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD FOR PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING STRUCTURES LOCATED IN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE REGIONS IN TURKEY
ÖZTÜRK B.-1, SADAK M.-1, DEMİRALAN F.-1
1-Division of Mechanics, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nigde University, 51240, Nigde, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Precast concrete building structures are the main construction type applied in industrial areas in Turkey. Two major earthquakes, namely Marmara Earthquake (August 17th, 1999) and Duzce Earthquake (November 12th, 1999), occurred subsequently in Turkey. Excessive levels of damage were observed at precast concrete structures especially in the city of Izmit and its vicinity after these earthquakes. The observed damage was mainly destruction at column-girder connections or column failures. Investigation of seismic behaviour of precast concrete structures located at this highly earthquake-prone region in Turkey seems to be vital. Hence, seismic response of precast concrete industrial building structures representative of the current design practice in Turkey are examined. They are designed considering the current seismic code in Turkey and are subjected to ground motions from the recent earthquakes in Turkey. Seismic responses and the anticipated levels of damage for these buildings are evaluated in the light of results of dynamic analyses. The capacity spectrum method is applied in order to assess the performance of investigated precast concrete buildings subjected to selected earthquake excitations.
POSTER / POSTER 202
THE EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS IN ISTANBUL
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KENTSEL GELİŞME PLANLARININ İSTANBUL İLİ KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
ŞENGÜL D.-1, SAYIN B.-2
1-Çevre ve İnşaat Mühendisi
2-İ.Ü. Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACTIstanbul has the cutting edge as becoming one of the leading international metropolises due to its potentials, opportunities and geopolitical position. Therefore, it is necessary to consider Istanbul’s role in Turkey’s economic, politic and cultural life. The challenge of becoming a leading metropolis can be achieved by utilising the geopolitical and cultural advantages. It is possible to convert the city’s cultural, historical and natural values and the conjectural advantages into sustainable and systematic gains by proper developments in infrastructure. This gives Istanbul the chance of becoming a leading and sample metropolis in terms of economic, cultural and scientific values within its region, as it has been in the past.
Evaluating the urban and regional development plans shows that regional plans have inconsistencies in term of content and scale, and sustainability has not been considered in the urban plans. The realizations of the growth of selected centre strategies were partly successful. The selected provinces were progressed for the considered period and they failed to create any development beyond their borders.
The most important issues that affect the sustainable urban development in Istanbul are that the city development boundaries threaten the irrigation and agricultural lands and the city partly sits on some risky areas for natural disasters. The unplanned urban development caused many environmental, social, economical and cultural problems, which resulted a very low quality of life for society and affected a sound progress, causing a total chaos. The urban development plans for the cities which threaten its surrounding environment, such as pollution, must be devised very carefully. Therefore, it is essential to realize that urban planning must be carried out in a way that will improve the quality of life and decrease the possible damages during natural disasters.
The proposed research highlights the importance of the role of planned sustainable developments for Istanbul in order to take its deserved place amongst the World’s leading metropolises and the benefits of such development for Turkey as a whole. Achieving a sustainable development for Istanbul must be an unavoidable priority for urbanization policies for both the city’s vision and Turkey’s development and use of its resources.
ÖZET İstanbul’un uluslararası metropoller yarışında mevcut potansiyelleri, fırsatları ve konumu ile küresel cazibe merkezlerinden biri olacağı kuvvetle tahmin edilmektedir. Bu
POSTER / POSTER 203
kapsamda uluslararası alanda önemli bir metropol olmaya aday bir kent olan İstanbul’un, Türkiye’nin ekonomisi, siyaseti ve kültür hayatındaki ağırlığının göz önüne alınması gerekmektedir. İstanbul’un önündeki yeni açılımını kapsayacak şekilde uluslararası bir metropol olabilmesi, dünya coğrafyası içindeki yeri, sahip olduğu jeopolitik ve jeokültürel avantajları ile gerçekleşebilecektir. Kentin tarihi kültürel kimliği, sahip olduğu doğal değerleri ile bu konjonktürün sunduğu avantajların, altyapıda sağlanacak gelişmeler ile kalıcı ve yapısal kazanımlara dönüştürülmesi mümkün olacaktır. Böylelikle İstanbul’un, tarihsel geçmişinde olduğu gibi, yaşanılan süreçte de; Akdeniz ve çevresinde, Asya, Avrupa, Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika bölgesinde, ekonomik, kültürel ve bilimsel açıdan, uluslararası bir metropoliten merkez olma konusunda kendisiyle yarışacak bir başka kentin olmayacağı sadece bir beklenti olmaktan uzakta durmaktadır.
Türkiye'deki planlı dönemde yürütülen kentsel ve bölgesel planlama çalışmaları değerlendirildiğinde, kalkınma planlarının bölge planlamasına yaklaşımında kapsam ve ölçek açısından tutarsızlıklar barındırdığı, kentsel gelişimde sürdürülebilirliğin hedeflenmediği görülmektedir. Uygulamalarda ise gelişme merkezleri stratejisinin ancak kısmen başarılı olduğu söylenebilir. Merkez olarak seçilen iller ise, sadece dönemsel gelişme göstermekle birlikte, çevrelerinde hiç bir hareketlenmeye yol açmamıştır.
İstanbul’un, yaşadığımız yüzyılda, sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimini kısıtlayan en önemli konular kentsel yayılmanın su havzaları, tarım alanları gibi doğal alanları tehdit etmesi, doğal afetler için risk oluşturan alanların bir kısmına yerleşilmiş olmasıdır. Plansız kentsel gelişmenin, kentsel alanlarda çevre sorunları ile oluşan düşük yaşam kalitesine sebebiyet vermesine bağlı olarak, şehrin ve ülkenin birçok ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel gelişine temelsiz planlarla sekte vurulmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ise, gözle görülür keşmekeşin artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Su havzaları gibi hassas doğal alanların, çevre kirliliği ve diğer nedenlerle tehdit altındaki bölgelerdeki kentsel gelişmelerin dikkatlice ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda, kentsel planlamanın, yaşam kalitesini artıracak şekilde yapılarak, afet durumlarında olası zararların azaltılacak bir yaklaşımla ele alınması zorunlu bir durum olarak çıkmaktadır.
Gerçekleştirilecek çalışmada, İstanbul’un kentleşme stratejilerinde, dünya metropolleri arasında hak ettiği yeri almasının, sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimin temel alınması ile mümkün olabileceği irdelenecek ve bu durumun Türkiye için de faydaları anlatılacaktır. Böylece, İstanbul için sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişimin sağlanmasının, hem kentin vizyonu açısından, hem de ülke kaynakları ve gelişimi açısından, kentleşme politikaları arasında öncelikli olarak ele alınmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu gösterilecektir.
POSTER / POSTER 204
SOME EVOLUTION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-STEEL FRAMES
ÇAPRAZLI ÇELİK ÇERÇEVELERİN SİSMİK PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE BAZI DEĞERLENDİRMELER
AY Z.-1, ÇELİK İ.D.-1, KIMILLI N.A.-1
1-Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü Çünür/ISPARTA
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes showed that new technologies and structural configurations are needed to limit damage to steel structures subjected to moderate and large ground motions. In order to evaluate the behavior and seismic capacity of structures under earthquake effect traditionally, seismic design methods are insufficient. In recent years, many studies about seismic performance of steel frames have been carried out in the world. Most of these studies are numerical studies. Numerical studies carried out by making use of advanced computer programs and to be supported with experimental studies. Experimental studies, though few in number, are carried out as well. In these studies, main differences are both on the bases of numerical and experimental modeling or computer programs and experiment sets. This paper is written to present some assessments and discuss about experimental and analytical studies which are carried out about seismic performance of steel structures in last decade.
ÖZET Yapıda deprem anında oluşacak plastik deformasyonların yeri, şekli ve oluşum sırasını düzenleyecek geometrik tasarım ilkeleri ortaya doğru bir şekilde konmadıkça, yapılacak olan güçlendirme yöntemleri yapıya fayda yerine zarar getirmektedir. Çelik yapılarla ilgili en bunun belirgin örnekleriyle 1994 Northrige ve 1995 Kobe depremlerinde karşılaşıldı. Bu depremler sonrasında, sistem geometrisi ve birleşim detayları bakımından yeterli deprem dayanım koşullarını sağlamayan çelik yapıların, beklenildiği gibi deprem karşısında yüksek performans sergileyemediği görülmüştür. Yine , bu depremler, depreme dayanıklı çelik yapı tasarımında bir dönüm noktası olarak kabul edilmekte ve depreme dayanıklı çelik yapı tasarımı konusunda yeni arayışların başlangıcı olmuşlardır. Bu arayışlar çerçevesinde, son yıllarda, çelik yapıların sismik performansı üzerine çoğu sayısal olmak üzere pek çok çalışma yapıldı. İleri mühendislik programları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen sayısal çalışmaların bir kısmı, deneysel çalışmalarla da desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmalarda, temel farklılıklar ya sayısal ve deneysel modelleme ya da kullanılan programlar ve deney düzenekleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, son on yılda çelik yapıların sismik performansı üzerine yapılmış sayısal ve deneysel çalışmalarla ilgili genel bazı değerlendirmeler sunmaktır.
POSTER / POSTER 205
INCLINOMETER MONITORING: A METHOD FOR MONITORING DEEP EXCAVATION DEFORMATIONS
DERİN KAZILARDA DEFORMASYONLARIN İZLENMESİNDE BİR YÖNTEM; İNKLİNOMETRİK GÖZLEM
ÖZCAN E.-1
1-Mithatpaşa Mah. İstanbul Cad. Gökşin Sk. No:16 Kemerburgaz /İSTANBUL
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT While making the projects deep excavations, it is necessary to have some presupposition about the soil. It is unknown if the conditions of the soil prepared by the preceding phases of the product meet the accepted values or how conservative the design is without making specific observations. For this reason, monitoring in deep excavations is absolutely vital. Many methods of monitoring have been developed to satisfy this necessity.with its practicality,sensitivity and handiness, monitoring with inclinometers have become a widely used method. Inclinometers are used to determine displacements.
Inclinometers can be defined as tools measuring deformations seen in the vertical axis through a pipe line with the help of a sensitive prob that stands against gravity. Vertical inequalities on the pipe axis are transformed to deplacements with the help of the trigonometric functions. Basic usage of the inclinometers is to monitor horizontal deformations that are expected to be seen in certain depths from the surface in a cost-effective way. For that reason, pipe is positioned vertically or a degree that is close to vertical and that helps measuring horizontal deformations in lower levels.
Being able to save the data automatically on the field makes it easy to process and present the raw data. Recently, this transducer type is the most sensitive inclinometer monitoring type.
In the context of deep excavation projects, controlled excavation is processed by having frequent readings from inclinometer wells which are positioned according to the project engineer's directives. In this paper, it has been stated that important engineering constructions have measuring methods which use inclinometric monitoring that consists millimetric changes in deep excavations. In addition to that, subjects related to how inclinometer pipe is installed, how measurements are taken have been mentioned. Moreover, how the gathered data is going to be matched with the standards in the next steps of the project and how conservative is the design are going to be discussed with certain examples from the project.
ÖZET Derin kazıların projelendirilmesi esnasında zeminle ilgili birçok kabul yapmak gerekmektedir. İmalatın ilerleyen safhalarında oluşan zemin koşullarının kabul edilen değerlerle ne derece örtüştüğü veya yapılan dizaynın ne derece konservatif olduğu belirli gözlemler yapılmadığı sürece bilinmemektedir. Bu nedenle, derin kazılarda gözlem her zaman gereken ve büyük önem arz eden bir olgudur. Bu gerekliliği karşılamak üzere çeşitli gözlem yöntemleri geliştirilmiş bulunmaktadır. Inklinometrik gözlem, pratikliği,
POSTER / POSTER 206
hassasiyeti ve sağladığı verilerin kullanışlılığı ile bu yöntemler arasında en çok kullanılanlardan biri olmuştur. İnklinometrik gözlem yer değiştirmelerin ölçümünde kullanılmaktadır.
İnklinometreler, bir boru boyunca, yerçekimine karşı hassas bir prob yardımıyla borunun eksenine dik yönlerde oluşan deformasyonların ölçümüne yarayan aletler olarak tanımlanabilir. Boru eksenine dik olarak gerçekleşen sapmalar trigonometrik fonksiyonların yardımıyla ölçülen deplasmanlara dönüştürülür. İnklinometrelerin esas kullanım amacı, fazla pahalı olmayan bir şekilde yeryüzeyinden belirli bir derinlikte meydana gelmesi beklenilen yatay deformasyonların gözlemlenmesidir. Bunun için boru genellikle düşey veya düşeye yakın bir açıyla yerleştirilir ve bu şekilde alt seviyelerdeki yatay deformasyonların ölçümüne olanak sağlar.
Verinin arazide otomatik olarak kaydedilmesi, ham verinin işlenmesi ve sunumu konularında da kolaylıkları vardır. Günümüzde hassasiyeti en yüksek inklinometrik gözlem tipi transdüserli tiptir.
Derin kazı projeleri kapsamında proje muhendisinin öngördüğü lokasyonlara yerleştirilen inklinometre kuyularından sürekli okuma alınarak deplasman kontrollü kazı işlemi gerçekleştirilir.
Bu çalışmada, önemli mühendislik yapılarının derin kazılarında inklinometrik gözlemlemenin mm boyutunda dahi oluşacak hareketlerin izlenmesinde kullanılacak bir ölçüm metodu olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, gözlem yapabilmek için inklinometre borusunun nasıl yerleştirileceği nasıl ölçü alınacağı konuları ele alınmıştır. Bunlara ilave olarak, elde edilen verilerin derin kazı projesinin imalatının ilerleyen safhalarında oluşan zemin koşullarının kabul edilen değerlerle ne derece örtüştüğü ve yapılan dizaynın ne derece konservatif olduğu konusu irdelenerek uygulamadan örnekler verilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 207
GEOTECHNICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE IN YALOVA (TURKEY) CITY
YALOVA KENTİNDE OLUŞAN DEPREM HASARLARI ÜZERİNE GEOTEKNİK VE SİSMOLOJİK DÜŞÜNCELER
OZCEP F.-1, KARABULUT S.-1, OZEL O.-1, CİCEN C.-1
1-Istanbul University Faculty of Engineering Department of Geophysical Engineering Avcilar 34850 Istanbul, TURKEY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Yalova is located on a geodynamic position (especially, affected the Northern Branch of North Anatolian Fault Zone). The 1999 earthquakes (which had magnitudes Mw of 7.4 and 7.2) in Turkey caused great destructions and damages for Yalova (Turkey) sites. The causes for the heavy damages to buildings and other civil engineering structures are focused on the liquefaction induced settlements and site effects (resonance and amplifications). For the study area, the probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard analysis shows very high seismic activity. By using design earthquake parameters, cyclic stress analysis of liquefaction were applied to the field data (both SPT (N) data), obtained from over 200 borehole sites in the Yalova region. Then FS (factor or safety) values of liquefaction were estimated by this approach. By using FS, liquefaction potential index (PL) was estimated. In the last phase of the liquefaction analysis, by using Isihara and Yoshimine (1992) approach, the liquefaction induced soil settlements for several design earthquakes were estimated. Second phase of the study, site effects in Yalova soils was investigated by using microtremor and earthquake data. The fundamental periods and amplification in soft soil were compared by using microtremor measurements at 37 points and by using strong ground motion records obtained by a local array of 8 accelereograph stations deployed in Yalova. All results (liquefaction or site effects) are evaluated in integrated form with earthquake damage caused by 1999 Golcuk earthquake.
ÖZET Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu’nun kuzey kolunun etkisi altında bir bölgede yer alan Yalova kenti, tektonik olarak aktif bir konumdadır. Ülkemizde 1999 yılında oluşan (7.4 ve 7.2. büyüklüğündeki) depremler Yalova kentinde büyük yıkımlara ve hasarlara neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, binalar ve diğer mühendislik yapıları için ağır hasarların nedenlerinden ikisi olarak sıvılaşma-tetiklediği zemin oturmaları ve zemin etkisi (rezonans ve büyütmeler) üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışma alanı için deterministik ve probabilistik deprem tehlike analizi bölgenin çok yüksek bir sismik etkinlik içerisinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Tasarım depremi parametrelerini kullanarak, devirsel kayma gerilmesi yaklaşımı Yalova bölgesindeki 200 üzerindeki sondaj ve bu sondajlardan alınan numuneler üzerinde yapılan test sonuçları verileri ile bölgenin zeminleri için sıvılaşma analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucu elde edilen sıvılaşma güvenlik katsayıları (GK) bu yaklaşımla kestirilmiş, güvenlik katsayısı ve diğer sıvılaşma analiz parametreleri kullanılarak sıvılaşma potansiyeli indeksi (PL) ve sıvılaşmaya bağlı oturmalar kestirilmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında Yalova kentinde zemin etkisi, reel deprem ve mikrotremor verileri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bölgedeki zeminlerin hakim periyotları ve büyütmeleri 37 noktada mikrotemor ölçümleri ve 8 ivme kayıt istasyonu kuvvetli yer hareketi verileri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Bütün sonuçlar (sıvılaşma ve zemin etkisi) 1999 Gölcük depremi hasar dağlımı verileri ile bütünleşik biçimde değerlendirilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 208
DYNAMIC (EARTHQUAKE) SLOPE STABILTY ANALYSIS: GURPINAR CASE HISTORY
DİNAMİK (DEPREM) YAMAÇ STABİLİTE ANALİZİ: GÜRPINAR (İSTANBUL) ÖRNEĞİ
OZCEP F.-1, EROL E.-2, SARAÇOĞLU F.-3, HALİLOĞLU M.-4
1-İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul,
2-Granit Jeofizik, Çatalca, İstanbul,
3-SRC Geoteknik ve Deprem Mühendisliği, İstanbul,
4-Jeoson Yeraltı Araştırma ve İnşaat Merkezi, İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Slope failures triggered by the earthquakes are one of the most important soil problems. In this study, dynamic (earthquake) slope stability analysis was carried out in Gurpınar area. For this aim, in situ tests (SPT) were carried out and laboratory samples were obtained from 6 boreholes (their max. dept 50.0m) to determine soil classification and strength characteristics. Moreover, geophysical studies (seismic refraction and MASW) were also carried out in the area to estimate the structure and strength characteristics of the slope to 50.0 m. All of data, obtained in field and laboratory, was used to construct the mechanical and structural (geometrical) behavior of the slope. To solve slope stability problem, tree soil slope model was considered for the area. In dynamic state, to estimate the earthquake acceleration seismic hazard analysis was carried out in the region. In the end of the analysis, while there is not any problem in static condition/loads, some slope stability problems was appeared with increasing earthquake acceleration. A geotechnical slope improvement project was proposed for the study area.
ÖZET Depremler ve yamaç yenilmeleri en önemli zemin problemlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada dinamik yamaç stabilite analizi, İstanbul Gürpınar’da bir sahada uygulanmıştır. Bu amaçla sahada derinlikleri maksimum 50.0 m’ye kadar değişen derinliklerde altı (6) adet sondaj yapılmıştır. Bu sondajlarda, arazi deneyi kategorisinde SPT deneyleri yapılmış ve zemin özellikleri tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, jeofizik çalışmalardan sismik kırılma ölçümleri ve sismik çok kanallı yüzey dalgası analiz (MASW) yöntemleri yapılmıştır. Arazi deneyleri (jeofizik ve SPT) ile ortamın mukavemet karakteristikleri ve zemin sınıfı ortaya konulmuş ve projelendirmeye baz oluşturacak veriler elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, temel zeminini karakterize edeceği düşünülen ortamdan sondaj yolu ile alınan zemin numunesi üzerinde; laboratuarda zeminin mukavemet ve sınıflama karakteristiklerini açığa çıkarmak amacıyla sınıflama ve mukavemet deneylerinden su içeriği, doğal birim hacim ağırlık, Atterberg limitleri, serbest basınç deneyi, direkt kesme deneyleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanında yapılan sondajlar, jeofizik ve geoteknik laboratuar ve arazi deneyleri ile yamaç stabilite problemi oluşturabilecek ortamın geometrik ve mukavemet karakteristikleri açığa çıkarılmıştır. Bölge ile ilgili yamaç stabilite analizi için ortamın geometrik ve mukavemet karakteristiklerinden stabilite problemi yaratabilecek üç model düşünülmüştür. Dinamik durum için yamacı tetikleyecek ivmenin kestiriminde, deterministik ve probebilistik deprem tehlike analizi yapılmış ve proje ivmesi kestirilmiştir. Yapılan yamaç stabilite analizinde statik koşullar için problem oluşmazken dinamik durumlarda deprem ivmesine bağlı oluşabilecek olası stabilite problemlerinin giderilmesi için geoteknik proje önerilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 209
CREATING THE SPT (STANDART PENETRATION TEST) MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK SAKARYA İLİ ERENLER BÖLGESİ SPT (STANDART PENETRASYON TESTİ) HARİTALARININ OLUŞTURULMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2, KARAVUL C.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Esentepe Kampüsü 54187 Adapazarı/Sakarya
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankara
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Erenler Region is located on southern part of Adapazari that has a very active tectonism features according to the North Anatolian Fault System. In this study, we aimed to point out the SPT values of Erenler region on GIS based maps. For this purpose, 488 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical domain. We carried out a data analysis for the database and eliminated the faulty data. The SPT values belongs to 1,5 m, 3 m, 4,5 m and 6 m, shown on GIS based maps and observed the variation on SPT values along with the depth rises. SPT value is the most important parameter to determine the stiffness of soils. SPT 1 and SPT 2 maps are show that, the study areas generally have low SPT values at related depths. Yeşiltepe, Baglar and Yeni districts have low groundwater depths and also they have high SPT values. SPT 3 and SPT 4 maps are show that, there are some local increases on the SPT values at the study area. Along with the depth rises, Yeşiltepe, Baglar and Yeni districts keep their strong soil characteristics but Tabakhane and Hacıoglu districts and southern parts of study area are still have low SPT values.
ÖZET Adapazarı’nın güneyinde yer alan Erenler Bölgesi, güneyinden geçen Kuzey Anadolu Fayı (KAF) itibariyle birinci derece deprem kuşağı üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Sakarya ili Erenler bölgesinde, zemin sondajlarında yaygın olarak uygulanan Standart Penetrasyon Testi (SPT) değerlerinin Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı haritalar üzerinde gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışma alanında zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak yapılan 488 adet sondaja ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanı, veri analizine tabi tutularak sapma gösteren veriler atılmıştır. Çalışma alanında, 1,5 m, 3 m , 4,5 m ve 6 m derinliklere ait SPT değerleri, CBS tabanlı olarak oluşturulan haritalar üzerinde gösterilerek, derinlik artışı ile birlikte SPT değerlerindeki değişimler gözlemlenmiştir. SPT değeri, zeminlerin sıkılık-gevşeklik derecelerini gösteren en önemli parametrelerden biridir. 1,5 m derinliğe ait SPT 1 ve 3 m derinliğe ait SPT 2 haritalarına bakıldığında, inceleme alanı genelinde SPT sayılarının düşük değerler aldığı görülmekte ve zeminin gevşek yapıda olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yeşiltepe Mah., Bağlar Mah. ve Yeni Mahalle sınırları içinde kalan alanlarda yer altı su seviyesinin de düşük seviyelerde olmasına paralel olarak SPT değerleri diğer alanlara göre yüksek çıkmıştır. 4,5 m derinliğe ait SPT 3 ve 6 m derinliğe ait SPT 4 haritalarına bakıldığında lokal olarak artan SPT değerleri görülmüştür. Derinlik artışı ile birlikte, Yeşiltepe Mah., Bağlar Mah. ve Yeni Mahalle sınırları içinde kalan alanlar, diğer alanlara göre daha sıkı zemin olma özelliğini korurken, Tabakhane Mah. ve Hacıoğlu Mah. ile inceleme alanının güneyinde kalan alanlarda zemin özelliklerinde pek bir değişim görülememiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 210
CREATING THE LITHOLOGY MAPS OF ERENLER REGION IN SAKARYA BY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
SAKARYA ERENLER BÖLGESİ LİTOLOJİ HARİTALARININ COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ KULLANILARAK OLUŞTURULMASI
KURNAZ T.F.-1, KIYAK A.-2
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Esentepe Kampüsü 54187 Adapazarı/Sakarya
2-MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Jeofizik Etütler Dairesi – 06800 / Ankar
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Erenler Region is located on southern part of Adapazari. In this study, we aimed to point out the lithologic distribution in the study area on GIS based maps. For this purpose, 488 drilling data collected and transferred to numerical domain. The study area and also Adapazari city is located on thick alluvial deposits. Becose of the historical earthquakes and the active tectonism, lithologics have quite complex conditions in the alluvial deposits. We carried out a lithology classification before the lithology maps were prepared. For the lithology classification, considered only gravel, sand, silt and clay soils and their mixtures, ignored the placticity, firmness, softness of the soils. According to lithology classification, lithology number came down to 37 from 531. Then, 0,5-1 m, 1,5 m and 3 m depth lithology maps are formed by GIS. 0,5-1 m depth lithology map show that, the study area covered by botanical soils at related depths. It is clear that on the other maps, 1,5 m depths are controlled by silty soils, conversely 3 m depths are controlled by clayey soils
ÖZET Erenler Bölgesi, Adapazarı şehir merkezinin güneyinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Erenler Bölgesi zeminlerinde, litolojik birimlerin nasıl bir dağılım gösterdiğini, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı haritalar üzerinde görebilmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, öncelikli olarak Erenler Bölgesinde zemin araştırmasına yönelik olarak yapılmış olan 488 adet sondaja ait veriler toplanarak sayısal ortama aktarılmıştır. İnceleme alanını da içine alan Adapazarı ili, kalın bir alüvyon zemin üzerine kurulmuştur. Tarih boyunca meydana gelen depremlerden ve fay hareketlerinden ötürü alüvyon zeminde litolojik birimler oldukça karmaşık ve birbirleriyle geçişli bir hal almıştır. Litoloji haritaları oluşturulmadan önce sondaj loglarında görülen tüm litolojiler göz önünde bulundurularak basit bir litoloji sınıflaması yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflamanın oluşturulmasında kil, silt, kum, çakıl gibi ana birimler ve bunların birbirleriyle olan bileşenleri dikkate alınmış, zemin birimlerinin plastisite, sıkılık, gevşeklik gibi özellikleri göz ardı edilmiştir. Sondaj loglarında tespit edilen 531 adet litoloji birimi içerisinde, sınıflamaya uygun olarak yapılan eleme ile, litolojik birim sayısı 37’ye indirilmiştir. Oluşturulan yeni litoloji sınıflamasında temel olarak çakıllı, kumlu, siltli ve killi birimler olmak üzere 4 ana grup bulunmaktadır. Hazırlanan yeni sınıflamaya uygun şekilde, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden yararlanılarak inceleme alanında 0,5-1 m arası, 1,5 m ve 3 m derinliğe ait litoloji haritaları oluşturulmuştur. 0,5-1 m arası litoloji haritasına bakıldığında bu metreler dahilinde tüm inceleme alanının nebati topraktan oluştuğu, 1,5 m litoloji haritasında, bu seviyede inceleme alanının genelinde silt ağırlıklı birimlerin hakim olduğu, 3 m litoloji haritasında ise ağırlıklı olarak killi birimlerin egemen olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 211
DESIGN ASPECTS OF FLAT-SLAB BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
IN SEISMIC ACTIVE REGIONS
NECEVSKA-CVETANOVSKA-1, APOSTOLSKA-1, MIRCIC-1, CVETANOVSKA-1
1-University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology , IZIIS, Salvador Aljende Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
[email protected], [email protected] [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Flat-slab building structures possesses major advantages over traditional slab-beam-column structures because of the free design of space, shorter construction time, architectural –functional and economical aspects. Because of the absence of deep beams and shear walls, flat-slab structural system is significantly more flexible for lateral loads then traditional RC frame system and that make the system more vulnerable under seismic events.
To evaluate the seismic behaviour and resistance of the flat-slab structural system, comparative analyses have been made between the five different models of structural systems and the referent frame structure. The effects of the designed structural modifications upon the dynamic characteristics as well as upon the bearing and deformability capacity of the flat-slab structure have been investigated. Results from the analysis show that the design structural measures improve small bearing capacity of the system and increase its strength and stiffness. Selected results from the analysis are presented in the paper.
POSTER / POSTER 212
SITE EFFECT ASSESSMENT OF SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS OF ALBANIA THROUGH HVNR TECHNIQUE
RECİ H.-1
1-Department of Seismology, Institute of Geosciences, Str. Don Bosko, Tirana, Albania
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this work is represented the study of site response parameters of Albanian Seismological Stations (ASN) from ambient noise measurements and two felt earthquakes located generally in hard rock formations, which use the VSAT communication technology.
The aim of Methodology is to compare the response parameters of the sites (fundamental frequency, amplification) for both of registered seismic signals, form microtremors and the earthquakes as well.
The predominant frequency of the site of every seismological station is determined using the methodology of Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVNR), of the triggered noise and two felt earthquakes in Albania territory. From the results of this study, is concluded that fundamental frequency (F0) and the amplification in this frequency (A0), are almost the same for the microtremors and seismic events. As far as for the amplification factor, we concluded that on the sites of seismological stations situated on hard rock (basement) there is not amplification. In the contrary, for the Vlora station site, the amplification factor is 5-6 at fundamental frequency 6 Hz, showing that this station is not situated on the hard rock. The microtremors are a useful technique for the site assessment effects, used in microzonation of urban areas, that complement the lack of seismic data in a region (boreholes, geology, etc.).
POSTER / POSTER 213
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF MARMARA ON 17 AUGUST 1999, THE ANALAYSIS OF PREFABRİCATED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, WHICH ARE LOCATED IN KOCAELI, IN THE RESPECT OF STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI KOCAELİ İLİNDE BULUNAN PREFABRİKE SANAYİ YAPILARIN HASAR DURUMLARININ YAPISAL YÖNDEN İNCELENMESİ VE ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
BAYRAKTAR H.-1, KOÇ U.-1
1-Merkez Mah. Kültür Cad. Belediye İş Merkezi Kat:1 Düzce Üniversitesi Kaynaşlı Meslek Yüksekokulu, 81900, Kaynaşlı, Düzce
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara earthquake which occured on 17 august 1999, affected a huge area. Because of the population and the role of the affected areas in country’s economy, it had seen that more acute statement appeared both spiritual and material. Marmara earthquake affected Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova, İstanbul, Düzce, Bolu, Bursa and Eskişehir. One of these cities, in Kocaeli, big damages occured in industrial structures although it has a very important place as such industrial. Usually prefabricated structures has chosen as a structure type of industrial buildings owing to its easy assembling and fast production. So it brings prefabricated systems in the foreground.
In this study, we handle the determination of the damages of the prefabricated industry structures during Kocaeli earthquake, the analaysis in the respect of structure and solution suggestions with displaying the importance of Kocaeli in the area’s economy. The factors which affected damages, the damages of prefabricated structures of some industrial companies during earthquake, and today the systems prefered by these companies, and the changes of prefabricated industrial structures in Kocaeli before and after earthquake displayed by this study
ÖZET 17 ağustos 1999 Marmara Depremi çok geniş bir alanda etkili olmuştur. Etkilenen alanların nüfus yoğunluğunun fazla olması, Ülke ekonomisi açısından da önemli bir yere sahip olmaları; depremde hem manevi hem de maddi olarak daha da vahim bir tablonun ortaya çıkmasına sebep olduğu görülmüştür. Marmara Depremi Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova, İstanbul, Düzce, Bolu, Bursa ve Eskişehir gibi illeri de etkilemiştir. Bu illerden Kocaeli endüstriyel anlamda önemli bir yere sahip olmasına karşın depremde bu endüstriyel yapılarda büyük hasarlar meydana gelmiştir. Endüstri yapılarının yapı türü olarak özellikle hızlı yapımı ve kolay montajı gibi avantajlarından dolayı prefabrike yapılar seçilmektedir. Bu da sanayi yapılarında prefabrike sistemleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır.
Biz bu çalışmada Kocaeli’nin bölgedeki ekonomik yerinin önemini de ortaya koyarak Kocaeli’nde deprem sırasında prefabrike sanayi yapılarında meydana gelen hasarların tespiti, yapısal açıdan incelenmesi ve çözüm önerileri konusunu ele almaktayız. Bu hasarların meydana gelmesinde hangi faktörlerin yer aldığı, deprem sırasında hasar gören prefabrike yapıya sahip bazı sanayi firmalarının hasarlarını ve bugün bu incelenen firmaların yapısal olarak hangi yapı sistemini tercih ettikleri gibi durumları ve deprem öncesi ve sonrası Kocaeli’nde bulunan prefabrike sanayi yapılarındaki değişiklikler ortaya konulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 214
AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME PROPERTIES OF MORTARS INCLUDED BINARY COMBINATIONS OF PC AND FLY ASH, SILICA FUME AND GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
PC VE ÜÇ FARKLI MİNERAL KATKISINI İÇEREN HARÇ NUMUNELERİNİN BAZI ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1, ÖZDEMİR E.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Due to the rapid technologic development and the growth in the world population, energy consumption over the world has significantly increased recently. While natural resources are getting reduced, air and environmental pollution are increased. Thus, the idea of using waste industrial material has gained popularity. Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) are three of the most common cement and concrete ingredients due to their pozzolanic properties. In this study, an experimental investigation on the effect of binary combinations of fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and portland cement (PC) on compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion strength of mortars at 1, 3, 7, 28, 90, 180 and 360 days is presented. All the mixtures were prepared with 0.5 water/binder ratio. According to results of compressive, flexural and abrasion strength, it is observed that for binary mixtures %5-%30 FA, %5-%20 SF and %5-%50 GBFS can be used as mineral additive for cement and concrete. The abrasion strength of mortars was generally better at longer periods.
ÖZET Dünya nüfusundaki artış ve teknolojinin hızlı gelişmesinden dolayı, dünyadaki enerji tüketimi son yıllarda önemli derecede artmaktadır. Doğal kaynakların azalması, hava ve çevre kirliliği, endüstriyel atık malzemelerin kullanılma fikrine popülerlik kazandırmıştır. UK, SD ve GYFC puzolanik özelliklerinden dolayı çimento veya betonda kullanılan atık malzemelerin en etkili olanlarındandır. Bu çalışmada, portland çimentosu (PÇ) ile birlikte uçucu kül (UK), silis dumanı (SD) ve granüle yüksek fırın cürufu (GYFC) mineral katkı maddelerinin ikili harç numunelerinin 1, 3, 7, 28, 90, 180 ve 360 günlük basınç, eğilme ve aşınma özelliklerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Tüm karışımlar için su/bağlayıcı oranı 0.5 alınmıştır Basınç, eğilme, aşınma dayanımı sonuçlarına göre mineral karışımlarda UK’ ün %5-%30 mertebesinde, SD’ nın %5-%20 mertebesinde, GYFC’ nun %5-%50 mertebesinde çimento katkı malzemesi olarak kullanılabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır. Harç numunelerinin aşınma değerleri genel olarak uzun dönemde daha iyi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 215
AN EXAMPLE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT IDEAL BUILDING
DEPREME DAYANIKLI İDEAL YAPI İÇİN BİR ÖRNEK
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
[email protected] _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Various process from the beginning of design to manufacturing of a building are required to finish in best conditions for an earthquake resistant ideal design of structures. To achieve this, all of the service loads and its combinations which will be act on a building in design step must be determined, a suitable design in accordance with local codes and standards must be achieved by modeling the structures in a coherent with the real structure. The producing of structure by using suitable materials and tests and controls are also required. In this study, a building, which was built by satisfying all the steps aforementioned before, is introduced here and its importance for civil engineering is also mentioned. The building was built in America, California on Lake Merritt. The building, which has two different blocs, one of it has 20 storeys, was completed in 2002, and was awarded as best design projects. There are many reasons for representing the building as ideal building which are some: To make a special carefulness for both design and producing, and reinforcement works which can be an example for civil engineering students, good site conditions, applications of contemporary materials as prestressed concrete. There may be many examples for an ideal structure, but the author represents the example from his current archives. A general view and some reinforcement works are given in figures below.
ÖZET Depreme dayanıklı ideal bir yapı için tasarım aşamasından yapım aşamasına kadar çok çeşitli süreçlerin en uygun bir biçimde tamamlanması gerekmektedir. Tasarım aşamasında yapının ve yapıya gelebilecek tüm etkilerin hesaplanması ve daha sonra uygun bir şekilde tasarımının yapılması ve en uygun malzemeleri kullnarak yapının imal edilmesi ve gerekli kontrollerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu aşamaları uygulayarak yapılmış bir bina genel olarak ve inşaat mühendisliği açısından önemi vurgulanarak tanıtılacaktır. Yapı Amerika’da Kaliforniya eyaletinde Okland’da Merritt gölünde bulunmaktadır. En yüksek katı 20 olan iki farklı bloktan oluşan yapı 2002 yılında tamamlanmış ve en iyi tasarım ödülünü almıştır. Yapının çeşitli aşamalarından bilgiler de verilmektedir. Bu yapının ideal bir örnek olarak sunulması için pek çok neden bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları ise, gerek tasarım, gerekse yapım aşamalarında gerekli tizliğin gösterilmesi, donatı uygulamalarının ki inşaat mühendisliği öğrencilerine örnek olabilecek titizlikle yapılmış olması, şantiye koşullarının gerekli şartları sağlaması, öngerilmeli beton gibi çağdaş uygulamaların olması sayılabilir. İdeal yapı için pek çok örnek verilebilir, ancak yazar kendi arşivinden bir örneği uygun bulmuştur. Sadece yapının genel bir görünüşü ile bazı donatı detayları örnek olarak verilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 216
EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
ÇELİK LİF KATKILI BETONLARIN BAZI MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
DİNÇER R.-1, ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, effect of steel fibers on some mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. Hooked-end steel fibers were used in concrete samples with three volume fractions (vf) of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% and for two aspect ratios (l/d) of 45 and 65. Compressive and flexural tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete were determined for cylindrical, cubic and prismatic samples at the age of 7 and 28 days. The stress-strain curves of standard cylindrical specimens were also studied. In addition, the relationship between compressive strength and the flexural tensile strength of SFRC were reported. Finally, a simple model was proposed to generate the stress-strain curves for SFRC based on strains corresponding to the peak compressive strength and 60% of peak compressive stress. The proposed model was shown to provide results in good correlation with the experimental results. The increasing in compressive strength depends on the volume fractions, aspect ratios as well as the age of the concrete. For the same volume contents, the specimens with higher aspect ratio and fiber content showed better mechanical properties under all mechanical strength. Increase in compressive strength, is maximum for fibers having higher volume fraction and for higher aspect ratios
ÖZET Bu çalışmada çelik lif katkılı betonların betonun bazı mekanik davranışlarına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çelik lifler iki farklı narinlik oranında (boy/çap) 45 ve 65 ve üç farklı oranda betona beton hacminin %0.5, %0.75 ve %1.0 oranlarında katılmıştır. Küp, silindir ve prizmatik örneklerin 7 ve 28 günlük basınç, eğilme ve elastisite modulü hesaplanmıştır. Silindir numunelerin gerilme şekil değiştirme eğrileri de çelik lifli betonların davranışı için incelenmiştir. Çelik lifli betonların basınç ve eğilme ilişkisi ayrıca incelenmiştir. Çelik lif katkılı betonun gerilme şekil değiştirme eğrisi için basit bir model önerilmiştir. Önerilen model ile deneysel sonuçların uyumlu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Betonun basınç dayanımındaki artışın lif miktarına, narinlik oranına ve beton yaşına bağlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Aynı lif için narinlik oranının artışı numunelerin tüm mekanik davranışlarının da iyileşmesine sebep olmaktadır.
POSTER / POSTER 217
ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SITE EFFECTS USING STRONG MOTION RECORDS
İVMEÖLÇER KAYITLARI İLE FARKLI METODLARLA ZEMİN BÜYÜTME ETKİSİNİN HESAPLANMASI
ALKAN M.A.-1, ALTIOK S.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi
[email protected], altı[email protected],
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We have used acceleration records which were recorded at the eleven strong motion stations that were installed between Denizli and Aydın (DATNET) and additionally Izmir and Uşak. DATNet stations equipped with Etna, Uşak, İzmir (Bornova) and Denizli stations epuipped with GSR16. Instruments are operating with trigger mode and data sample rate is 0.01 sec.
We selected S phases of 29 acceleration data and we applied 0.4 sec parzen window for smoothing. Two method have been applied for the determining of the amplification. First of them is ratio method (Borcherdt, 1970) and the other one is the Nakamura (1989) method. At the end of the process, amplification factors that were determined from two method are compared. These results are also compared with the Vs 30 velocities which were calculated using seismic refraction (MASW) method.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada Denizli ve Aydın illeri arasına kurulmuş olan ivmeölçer istasyonları (DATNet) ile İzmir ve Uşak illerine kurulmuş olan ivmeölçer toplam 11 adet ivmeölçer cihazı ve bu istasyonlarının kaydetmiş oldukları ivme kayıtları bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. DATNet istasyonları Etna tip cihazlardan, Uşak, İzmir (Bornova), Denizli istasyonları ise GSR16 tipi ivmeölçer cihazlarından oluşmaktadır. Cihazlar tetiklemeli moda çalışmakta ve depremler 0.01 sn örnekleme aralığı ile kaydedilmiştir.
Seçilen 29 adet ivme kaydının S fazları değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuş ve 0,4 sn’lik parzen penceresinden geçirilerek yuvarlatılmıştır. Büyütmeleri hesaplayabilmek için iki farklı yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki klasik oranlama yöntemidir (Borcherdt 1970), diğeri ise Nakamura (1989) yöntemidir. Son olarak iki yöntemle elde edilen büyütme değerleri birbirleri ile kıyaslanmıştır. Aynı zamanda istasyonlarda daha önce yapılmış olan sismik kırılma (MASW) çalışmalarından elde edilmiş olan Vs30 hızları ile de karşılaştırılmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 218
SEISMIC SITE CLASSIFICATION, ZONING AND DETERMINISTIC EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ASSESSMENT of KOCAELI PROVINCE, TURKEY
CEVHER M.-1, MENGÜÇ G.-1, SOYDABAŞ M.-1, BİLGİÇ A.-1, AYAN E.-1, ZOR E.-2, ÖZALAYBEY S.-2
1-Metropolitan Municipality of Kocaeli, Site and Earthquake Investigation Management, Kocaeli
2-TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Earth and Marine Sciences Institute
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We present the results of a Site Classification and Seismic Hazard Assesment study carried out for the Kocaeli Province of Turkey. This study is one of the main outcomes of a joint project conducted by the Greater Metropolitan Municipality of Kocaeli and Marmara Research Center of TÜBİTAK. A series of geological and geophysical surveys and investigations has been made to obtain a macro scale site classification for the province. These surveys include ambient noise array and active source surface wave measurements to determine S-wave velocity profiles at 60 different sites selected in various settlement areas. A site classfication map of Kocaeli was produced based on average S-wave velocity down to 30 m depth (Vs30) and surface geological class map. The deep structure of the Izmit Basin using a joint analysis of the S-wave profiles and newly collected 327 point Gravity data has also been investigated to obtain a map of three-dimensional bedrock depth. The results show that bedrock depth reaches down to 750-800 m depth in the middle of the Basin. A total of 422 three-component microtremor measurements were made to directly obtain site resonance frequency and horizontal to vertical amplification parameters using the well-known spectral ratio method.
Vs30 derived from the S-wave velocity profiles and bedrock information were used to perform a deterministic Seismic Hazard analysis for selected scenario earthquakes that may threaten the city of Kocaeli both at local and regional scales. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Maps were produced in terms of maximum horizontal Peak Ground Accelarations (PGA) and Spectral Accelerations (SA) using Geographical Information Sytems. These maps were then unified into a single map of ‘Seismic Hazard Zones of Kocaeli’. These macro-scaled maps are anticipated to lead decision makers in settlement&city planning actions, seismic retrofitting, engineering designs, identification of earthquake safe regions. The Turkish Earthquake Code (2008) is used to evaluate the predicted PGA and SA values in these maps. This evaluation leads to a conclusion that the structural damage associated with large earthquakes in Kocaeli is not due to any shortcomings in the code, but is due to lack of enforcement of the code itself.
POSTER / POSTER 219
COMPRESSION OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF STEEL STRUCTURES USING DIFFERENT SOFT WARES
ÇELİK ÇERÇEVE SİSTEMLERİN FARKLI BİLGİSAYAR PROGRAMLARI İLE İTME ANALİZİ
SONMEZ M.-1, KOMUR M.A.-1
1-Aksaray Universities, Engineering Faculty, Dept of Civil Eng. Aksaray 68100, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, nonlinear static analysis of a 9 story and 5-bay steel frame has been performed using Ruaumoko and NPFrame++ programs. The first one is a commercially available program developed by Carr in University of Canterbury, New Zealand. The second one is developed by the first author of this paper. This frame was modeled with according to Uniform building Code (UBC-1994). Frame was pushed to 2% of the height of the frame. The lateral load shape was selected as the inverse triangular shape. The frame is analyzed two different programs which have different back ground and the capacity curves, distribution of plastic hinges and relative lateral displacements are compared. The results obtained from both programs are in good agreement.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada 9 katlı- 5 açıklıklı çelik çerçeve sistemi Ruaumoko, ve NPFrame++ programları ile doğrusal olmayan statik analizleri yapılmıştır. İlk program Canterbury Üniversites’inden Carr tarafından geliştirilmiştir. İkincisi ise bu makalenin ilk yazarı tarafından geliştirilmiştir Literatürde mevcut olan çerçeve sistem Uniform Building Code (UBC,1994) a göre modellenmiştir. Çerçeve sistem toplam yüksekliğinin %2 si kadar itilmiştir. Yanal yük olarak ters üçgen biçimli yük kullanılmıştır. Farklı teorik altyapıya sahip programlara yapılan analizler sonucunda çerçeve sistemin kapasite eğrisi, plastik mafsal dağılımları ve katlar arası göreli yer değiştirmeler karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan karşılaştırmalardan her iki programın birbirine yakın sonuçlar verdiği saptanmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 220
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF 27 NOVEMBER QESHM ISLAND 2005 (SOUTHEAST OF IRAN)
ASKARI M.-1
1-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Science and Research Branch
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We analyze the strong motion accelerograms of the moderate (Mw=6.2), November 27, 2005, Qeshm.At first we introduce a generalized method for simulating strong ground motion from large earthquakes by summing subevent records to follow the ω^2 law. Secondly aftershocks that were recorded in 16 stations by Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC) are considered and processed for simulating these earthquake, Finally we use these approximate values and an empirical Green’s function approach in an iterative manner, to optimally model the strong ground motion and rupture characteristics of the main event in terms of peak ground acceleration /velocity/displacement and duration of ground shaking and thereby provide improved, more reliable estimates of causative fault parameters of the main event and its asperities
POSTER / POSTER 221
EVALUATION OF SITE EFFECTS IN TABRIZ CITY
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, BEHROO R.-2
1-Disaster Risk Management Research Center, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering & Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran.
2-Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran.
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is well known that local soil conditions largely affect the amplitude, frequency content, composition and duration of ground motions. The extent of their influence depends on the geometry and material properties of the subsurface materials, site topography, and the characteristics of the input motion. The nature of local site effects can be estimated in several ways: by simple, theoretical ground response analysis using geotechnical and geophysical information; by empirical methods using measurements of the actual surface and subsurface motions at the same site; and by measurements of ground surface motion or microtremors from site with different subsurface conditions.
In this paper, the site effects are estimated using available geologic, geotechnical and geophysical data along the east-west cross-section of Tabriz City, one of the mega cities in northwest of Iran. Series of geologic, geotechnical and geophysical information are gathered and processed to characterize different soil units and their distribution along the cross-section. Based on collected data, the variations of soil amplification factor and site dominant frequency were obtained. Furthermore, this information were employed to estimate linear and non-linear site effects based on predicted input motion on the engineering bedrock (shear wave velocity of 600-800 m/s). Then, the surface ground motions were estimated, and its distribution along the east-west cross-section of Tabriz City is examined.
POSTER / POSTER 222
YIELD-CAPACITY-RISK RELATIONSHIP FOR A RESERVOIR IN EARTHQUAKE
DEPREMDE BİR BARAJ HAZNESİ İÇİN VERİM-KAPASİTE-RİSK İLİŞKİSİ
OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1, ÖZTÜRK O.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT. In the water resource systems; yield is defined as annual water amount supplied from the reservoir, capacity is defined as storage volume of reservoir and risk is defined as to obtain the same yield with lower capacity. The purpose of this study is to determine yield-capacity-risk relationship for reservoir storage in earthquake. For this purpose, firstly, the capacity values are calculated against to the various yield values of the reservoir storage. According to the data obtained from the calculations; it has been observed that capacity values are increased while the annual yield values are increasing and reduced while the annual yield values are reduced. Then, Earthquake forces acted on the reservoir in the earthquake can be reduced by changing capacity amount. Here, capacity with risk should be defined by changing the capacity amount to obtain the desired annual yield value. The desired annual yield value in the capacity with risk can be obtained from the capacity with different risk values. In this study; according to situations described as above, it has been observed that the capacity is reduced due to risk of earthquake and the desired annual yield value at the statement without earthquake can be obtained with the reduced capacity under the certain risk.
ÖZET Su kaynakları sisteminde verim, barajdan yıllık çekilen su miktarı, kapasite, barajın depolama hacmi ve risk ise küçük kapasite ile aynı verimin sağlanması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem durumunda verim kapasite risk arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi üzerindedir. Bu amaçla, ilk olarak, baraj haznesinde çeşitli verimlere karşılık kapasite değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilere bakıldığında, kapasite miktarı artıkça yıllık verimin arttığı, azaldıkça azaldığı görülmüştür. Daha sonra, deprem durumunda baraja gelen deprem kuvvetleri, kapasite miktarı üzerinde yapılan değişiklikler ile azaltılabilir. Burada, hedeflenen verimi elde etmek için, kapasite miktarı değiştirilerek riskli kapasite tanımlanmalıdır. Riskli kapasitede hedeflenen verim, farklı risk değerlerine sahip kapasitelerden elde edilebilir. Bu çalışmada; yukarıda tanımlanan durumlara göre yapılan analiz sonucunda, deprem olma riskine karşılık kapasitenin azaldığı, azalan kapasite ile depremsiz durumdaki hedeflenen verimin belirli bir risk altında sağlanabildiği görülmüştür
POSTER / POSTER 223
DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITIES FOR FLOOD AND DROUGHT CASES IN A RESERVOIRS WITH IRRIGATION OBJECTIVE
SULAMA AMAÇLI BARAJLARDA OLASI TAŞKIN VE KURAKLIK DURUMU İÇİN BARAJ KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, a water resources system with multi-objective and multiple reservoirs is described and optimization models with flood/drought control objective for short term planning are established using this system. The optimization technique of dynamic programming with successive approximations is used. In the optimization models, objective function has three stages, related to the maximum/minimum safe discharge in downstream and the additional flood/drought control volumes of reservoirs and the peak values of the flow data released from reservoirs are minimized. Inflows released from one reservoir to other reservoir are carried by using kinematic wave approach. As a result of the optimization, the reservoirs of the largest storage control and manage to the optimization process. Storage capacities of reservoirs are calculated by using operational levels obtained
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri üzerinde bulunan sulama amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi üzerine kısa sureli planlama için taşkın/kuraklık kontrolü amaçlı olarak optimizasyon modelleri kurulmuştur. Modellerde optimizasyon tekniği olarak ardışık yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama kullanılmıştır. Optimizasyon modellerinde, amaç fonksiyonu, ilave taşkın/kuraklık kontrol hacmine ve mansaptaki debi kontrol kısıdına bağlı olarak üç aşamalıdır. Barajlardan bırakılan akımlar enküçüklenmeye çalışılmakta ve diğer barajın aksına akarsu yatağı boyunca kinematik dalga yaklaşımı kullanılarak taşınmaktadır. Optimizasyon sonucu elde edilen işletme seviyelerine bakıldığında optimizasyon sürecini büyük hacimli barajların kontrol ettiği ve yönettiği görülmüştür. Elde edilen işletme seviyeleri kullanılarak barajların depolama kapasiteleri belirlenmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 224
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL OPERATIONAL LEVELS IN MULTIPLE RESERVOIRS SYSTEM: THE CEYHAN BASIN, TURKEY
ÇOK BARAJLI SİSTEMDE OPTİMAL İŞLETME SEVİYELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: CEYHAN HAVZASI, TÜRKİYE
OPAN M.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study, a water resources system with multi-objective and multiple reservoirs is described. Optimal operational models of long term with energy production and short term with flood/drought control objectives are developed by using this system. In these models, the optimization technique of the dynamic programming with successive approximation (DPSA) is used. In short term optimal operation, objective function have three stages, related to additional flood/drought control volumes and discharge control limit in downstream , and Carrying by routing inflows released from one reservoir to other reservoir, kinematic wave approach is used. In long term optimal operation, objective function is the form of the maximization of firm power and the total energy of the system. The developed optimal operation models are applied to a water resources system with multi-objective and multiple reservoirs presented on the main line of the Ceyhan River in the Ceyhan Basin, Turkey. Optimal operational levels obtained are evaluated to flood/drought control and energy production.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, çok amaçlı ve çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemi tanımlanmıştır. Bu sistem kullanılarak enerji üretimi amaçlı uzun süreli ve taşkın/kuraklık kontrolü amaçlı kısa süreli optimal işletme modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu modellerde ardışık yaklaştırmalı dinamik programlama optimizasyon tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kısa süreli optimal işletmede, amaç fonksiyonu, ilave taşkın/kuraklık kontrol hacmine ve mansaptaki debi kontrol kısıdına bağlı olarak üç aşamalı olup barajdan bırakılan akımların diğer barajın aksına taşınması için kinematik dalga yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Aylık akımların kullanıldığı uzun süreli optimal işletmede amaç fonksiyonu güvenilir ve toplam enerjinin enbüyüklenmesi şeklindedir. Geliştirilen optimal işletme modelleri, Ceyhan Havzası’nda Ceyhan Nehri ana kolu üzerinde bulunan çok barajlı bir su kaynakları sistemine uygulanmıştır. Buradan elde edilen optimal işletme seviyeleri, taşkın/kuraklık kontrolü ile enerji üretimi bakımından değerlendirilmiştir
POSTER / POSTER 225
PARAMETERS INCREASING SHORT COLUMN EFFECTS IN R/C STRUCTURES AND SOLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS
BETONARME DOLGU DUVARLI ÇERÇEVELERDE KISA KOLONA ETKİ EDEN PARAMETRELERİN İNCELENMESİ
BİKÇE M.-1, AÇIKYOL H. E.-1, GENEŞ M. C.-1
1-Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 31040 Antakya-Hatay, TÜRKİYE
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Band windows shorten column length and consequently, the columns are exposed to higher shear forces compared with hollow frames and damaged during earthquakes. However, band windows are generally preferred on the ground floors for ventilation and lighting. In the present study, the contributions of the parameters such as the width and height of the band windows, the width and height of the frame, the bay number, the storey number and the soil class on the short column effect in with ground floors infilled by reinforced concrete walls buildings were investigated. According to the results obtained, that when the width of band window was lower than 60% of the total open floor high, almost all of the shear force on the short column was absorbed by the reinforced concrete existing in the frame and it behaves like coupled shear wall. The height of the reinforced concrete wall inside the frame starts to affect the column after one third of the storey height. In the present study, it was seen that, it increased the shear force affecting the short column up to four folds compared with the hollow frame according to the parameters under consideration. Also, alternative designs were recommended with the help of the results obtained from the parameters under consideration in the present study to decrease short column effect.
ÖZET Yapıların bodrum katlarında yapılan bant pencereler nedeniyle kolonların boyları kısaltılmaktadır. Kısa kolonlar, diğer kolonlara göre, yatay yük etkisinde daha büyük kesme kuvvetine maruz kaldıklarından hasara uğramaktadır. Buna rağmen, havalandırma ve ışık ihtiyacını giderilmek için, yapıların genellikle en alt katlarında, bant pencere uygulamaları tercih edilmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, zemin kat çerçeve iç dolgusu Betonarme’den oluşturulmuş yapılar için bant pencere genişliği ve yüksekliği, çerçeve genişliği ve yüksekliği, çerçeve açıklık sayısı ve kat adedi gibi parametrelerin kısa kolona etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada dikkate alınan model ve parametre sonuçlarına göre; bant pencere genişliği, çerçeve iç genişliğinin %60’dan daha küçük olması halinde ve çerçeve içi betonarme duvar yüksekliği, kat yüksekliğinin yarısından daha az olması halinde kısa kolona gelen kesme kuvveti önemli ölçüde azaldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, dikkate alınan parametrelere bağlı olarak, kısa kolona gelen kesme kuvvetinin, içi boş çerçevedekine göre dört kata kadar arttırdığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın sonunda, kısa kolona etki eden parametreler dikkate alınarak bant pencere boyutlarında sınırlamalar önerilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 226
APPLYING SPAC METHOD TO DETERMINE SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY, A CASE STUDY IN MILAD TOWER, TEHRAN
GHAYAMGHAMIAN-1, KARGAHI-2, SADIDKHOUY-2, FEREYDOUNI-3
1-IIEES (No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee, Farmanieh, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran)-1
2-Tehran University (Institute of Geophysics, end of North Karegar Ave., Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran)
3-University of Western Ontario
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The variations of shallow soil properties to the dynamical response of the ground have been widely shown to be the cause of local variations in the seismic intensity and/or peak ground acceleration. Furthermore, detail knowledge of the soil properties for shallow and deep structures provide valuable information in ground motion simulation of scenario earthquake. Therefore, it is essential to identify the soil profile up to depth where it is difficult or even impossible to be explored by the conventional seismic exploration methods in engineering practice. Array observation of microtremors is a passive method for determining s-wave velocity structure up to the large depth in the sedimentary basin. It is favorable in shear wave profiling because of its simplicity in data acquisition, analysis and low cost. The spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) analysis, first presented by Aki (1957), is popularly used to infer phase velocities of surface waves from a circular array of seismic sensors deployed on the ground surface.
In this study, array measurements of microtremor were conducted at the western part of Tehran, the capital of Iran. The site under investigation is located in the residential area close to the Farahzad Valley. Microtremor data were recorded in the three concentric circular arrays with radius of 15, 30 and 60 m for 60-140 minutes. The obtained waveforms were band-pass filtered from 0.3-20 Hz and corrected. Multiple windows were selected from stationary parts of continuous records. Then, the SPAC coefficients were calculated in the desired frequency ranges corresponding to arrays size. Based on the assumption that microtremors mainly consist of the surface waves, dispersion curves of Rayleigh wave were extracted using SPAC coefficients. The dispersion curve resulting from combination of the all arrays was inverted using a genetic algorithm inversion determine S-wave velocity structure. The validity of the inversion results was investigated by comparison with the available geotechnical and geophysical data in the area.
POSTER / POSTER 227
INVESTIGATION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS OF FEBRUARY 22, 2005 DAHOOEYEH (ZARAND) EARTHQUAKE (IN CENTRAL IRAN)
NEYESTANI B.-1
1-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Science and Research Branch
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We analyze the strong motion accelerograms of the moderate (Mw=6.4), February 22, 2005, Zarand earthquake of central Iran and also those of one of its prominently recorded, large (Mw=4.8) aftershock. At First we objectively estimate the parameters fc (corner frequency) and c (stress drop) and β (shear wave velocity), appropriate for simulating strong ground motion of the earthquake .then we use these approximate values and an empirical Green’s function approach in an iterative manner ,to optimally model the strong ground motion and rupture characteristics of the main event in terms of peak ground acceleration /velocity/displacement and duration of ground shaking and thereby provide improved , more reliable estimates of causative fault parameters of the main event and its asperities. Finally the simulation indicates that the rupture is propagated from west to east.
POSTER / POSTER 228
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED and UNREINFORCED PAVEMENTS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
TERZİ N.-1, SELÇUK M.E.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Müh. Fak. İnşaat Müh. Böl. AKSARAY
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Geogrid reinforcements have been used commonly to improve performance of roadway pavements and to reduce its base course thickness. The primary aim of this work is to present a numerical study that may be used to evaluate the behavior of reinforced and unreinforced pavements under plane strain conditions and subjected to cyclic dynamic loading. Pavement material and soil layers are expressed as using triangular elements of elastoplastic behavior that obeys Mohr Coulomb soil model. Geogirid reinforcement material is modeled using one dimensional linear elastic element. Based on the numerical studies, load-displacement relationships, settlement behaviors, stress and strain distributions of reinforcement materials are determined both in reinforced and unreinforced conditions. The results indicates that, reinforcement can provide lateral confinement at the pavement layers by improving interface shear resistance and improving stress distribution on the pavement section. The presence of reinforcement reduces surface the deformation and nonuniform settlements.
POSTER / POSTER 229
DETERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND SAFETY FACTORS FOR A CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM IN EARTHQUAKE
DEPREMDE BETON AĞIRLIK BARAJI İÇİN DEPLASMAN ILE GÜVENLIK SAYILARI ARASINDA ILIŞKILERIN BELIRLENMESI
ÖZTÜRK O.-1, OPAN M.-1, TEMİZ T.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Kocaeli, Türkiye
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between deflection and safety factors for a concrete gravity dam (CGD) in earthquake. Tipping, sliding and shear safety factors for a selected concrete gravity dam with base width “b” and height “H” were specified using the pseudo analysis in case of the b/H ratios and earthquake acceleration value between 0.1g-0.4g. Deflection values of CGD for the specified parameters were obtained from the structural analysis program “SAP2000”. Deflection-safety factors curves depends on the b/H ratios and the values of earthquake acceleration were obtained. As a result of analysis, safety factors reduced while the strain values were increasing.
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, beton ağırlık barajında deprem durumunda oluşan deplasman ile güvenlik sayıları arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi üzerinedir. Bunun için taban genişliği b yüksekliği H olan bir beton ağırlık barajı seçilerek, b/H oranı ve deprem ivmesinin 0,1g-0,4g değerleri arasında değişmesi durumuna göre, devrilmeye, kaymaya ve kesmeye karşı güvenlik sayıları pseudo analiz yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. Baraja ait deplasman değerleri belirlenmiş olan parametreler kullanılarak yapısal analiz programı SAP2000 kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Barajın b/H oranına ve deprem ivmelerine bağlı olarak deplasman ve güvenlik sayıları arasındaki ilişkiye ait grafikler elde edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler neticesinde, deplasman miktarı artıkça güvenlik sayılarının küçüldüğü görülmüştür.
POSTER / POSTER 230
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR TORSIONALLY COUPLED BUILDING-SYSTEMS
BURULMALI BAĞLAŞIK YAPI SİSTEMLERİNİN DİNAMİK DAVRANIŞININ İNCELENMESİ
DALDAL A.M.-1, ÇELEBI E.-1, KIRTEL O.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi Müh. Fak., İnşaat Müh. Böl., A1 Binasi, 54187 Esentepe Kampüsü, Serdivan/ Sakarya
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ABSTRACT In this study, the dynamic response of the asymmetric torsionally coupled 3-dimensional multistory buildings under harmonic type of vertical sinusoidal loading increasing with its amplitudes linearly is considered analytically. In the improved mathematical model by using modal superposition method, a comprehensive parametric investigations and systematic calculations are accomplished with different controlling parameters to evaluate the effects of the torsional vibrations on the structural vertical response.
To obtain the forced vibration response for both single and multistory asymmetric structure models subjected to frequency dependent varied harmonic loading is analyzed and the effectiveness of the dynamic magnification factor on the dynamic behavior of the system depending on the stiffnesses of the lateral load resisting elements which are arranged so that the system has no symmetrical distribution in the plan, are also investigated.
The maximum values of translational and torsional displacement components of the floor deck for various structural eccentricities are obtained with respect to the frequency of the harmonic excitation applied. The comparison of the resulting response curves for corresponding parameters are presented.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada genliğinin doğrusal artıran sinüzoidal harmonik yük etkisi altındaki burulmalı bağlaşık çok katlı uzay çerçeve sistemlerin dinamik davranışı analitik olarak ele alınmıştır. Ayrıntılı parametrik araştırmalar ve sistematik hesaplamalar farklı kontrol parametrelerine bağlı yürütülerek burulma titreşimlerinin yapısal davranış üzerindeki etkileri geliştirilen matematik model üzerinde modal analiz yöntemi kullanılarak irdelenmiştir.
Dış yükün değişen açısal frekans değerlerine göre tek katlı ve çok katlı uzay yapı sistemlerinin zorlanmış titreşim davranışı, planda simetrik dağılım oluşturmayacak şekilde yerleştirilen farklı çerçeve rijitliklerine bağlı elde edilerek dinamik büyültme çarpanının sistem üzerindeki etkisinin değişimi incelenmiştir.
Dinamik büyültme çarpanının ve ona bağlı olarak yapı sisteminin farklı doğrultulardaki tepe yanal yerdeğiştirme ve burulma-dönme bileşenlerinin boyutsuzlaştırılmış dış yükün frekansına bağlı değişimi, özellikle sistemin rezonans durumu dikkate alınarak dış merkezliğin farklı değerleri için elde edilmiş ve karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 231
SITE AMPLIFICATION IN THE NORTH-WESTERN MARMARA REGION
BATI MARMARA BÖLGESİNDE ZEMİN BÜYÜTMELERİ
KARAGÖZ Ö.-1, DEMİRCİ A.-1 1-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü [email protected] , [email protected] _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The amplification factor as a soil dynamic parameter can be significantly affected by the local subsurface geology and it is widely used in microzoning and soil classification studies. This parameter can be determined by using different techniques as receiver function methods, shear wave measurements and Standard spectral ratio methods.
Standard spectral ratio (SSR) method works on the basis of the ratios of spectral contents of earthquake data recorded at investigation station and at a reference station established on hard-rock site. In the cases of the non-existence of the reference station, spectral ratios of horizontal to vertical components of shear wave part in recordings at each station can be used as an alternative method by assuming the there is no amplification on the vertical component.
In this study, earthquake acceleration data recorded in stations established and being operated by Turkish Republic The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department (ERD) and located in the North-Western Marmara Region between longitudes of 26 and 29o E and between latitudes of 39 and 41oN are analyzed and amplification factor and dominant period of the soil belong to local geological conditions of stations are calculated by applying H/V technique. Consequently, the soil classifications by using amplification values will be presented for the purpose of obtain input data to seismic hazard assessments.
ÖZET Zeminlerin, yer hareketinin davranışına etkisinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan zemin dinamik parametrelerinden büyütme faktörü mikrobölgeleme çalışmalarında ve zemin sınıflama çalışmalarında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu parametre, birbirlerine göre farklı avantajları ve dezavantajları olan yöntemler ile belirlenebilmektedir. Alıcı fonksiyonları kullanımı, S dalgası ölçümleri ve spektral oran yöntemleri örnek gösterilebilir.
Standart spektral oran yöntemi, aynı kaynak için elde edilmiş, zemin etkisi belirlenecek istasyona ait deprem kayıtlarının spektrumlarının, sağlam zemin üzerinde bulunan ve zeminden etkilenmediği düşünülen referans istasyonundaki spektruma bölünmesi esasına dayanmaktadır. Referans olarak değerlendirilecek bir istasyon bulunmadığı durumlarda, standart spektral oran yöntemine alternatif olarak düşey bileşen kaydında büyütme olmadığı varsayılarak, Nakamura (1989) tarafından geliştirilen her bir istasyondaki kayıtlara ait, pencerelenmiş S dalgasının Yatay/Düşey Spektral Oran Yöntemi kullanılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, 26-29o D boylamları ve 39-41o K enlemleri arasında yer alan Batı Marmara Bölgesinin zemin davranışının incelenmesi amacıyla, T. C. Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi (DAD/ERD) tarafından işletilmekte olan kuvvetli yer hareketi kayıt şebekesine bağlı bulunan deprem istasyonlarında kaydedilen tüm depremlerin ivme kayıtları analiz edilerek, istasyonların üzerinde bulundukları yerel jeolojik koşullara ait, zemin büyütmesi ve baskın frekansı Yatay/Düşey spektral oran yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sismik risk analizi çalışmalarının temel girdi verisi olarak kullanılmak üzere, istasyonlara ait elde edilen ortalama zemin büyütme değerleri kullanılarak zeminlerin farklı zemin grupları olarak sınıflandırılması sunulacaktır.
POSTER / POSTER 232
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING METHODS FOR THE HERITAGE STRUCTURES
MEYDANLI A.H.-1, AKPINAR E.-1, OZDEN S.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kocaeli
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ABSTRACT The repair and strengthening of heritage structures need special expertise, due to their unique existence and due to the complicated intervention processes regarding their load bearing systems. The strengthening methodologies have fundamental differences, even for the same type of structures, like bridges, varying along with the centuries. A roman bridge, of which the bulky stones are seated on top of each other, carries the lateral loads by means of frictional forces between construction stones, should be evaluated truly different from a recent century slender stone-masonry bridge of which the stones are tied together by means of steel stitches fixed through lead anchorages.
The heritage structures may be listed as bridges, inns or hostelries, religious structures like mosques or churchs, baths, houses and palaces. For such a list of structures, it is possible to see another list for the construction materials, ranging from wood to adobe, stone to brick masonry, each having different lay-ups. Sometimes, the above materials may be encountered in a single wall with various lay-ups. Therefore, the repair and strengthening methodologies should be decided according to the materials and aly-ups unique to this structure.
The load carrying system for the contemporary buildings are taught and discussed in the engineering education system thoroughly. On the other hand, the load carrying system of a stone masonry arch, at which the stones are freely seated side-by-side in the form of the arch, is totally different from that of the reinforced concrete arch. The engineer or the architect aiming for the repair or strengthening of such structures is expected to visualize the load flow and to calculate the capacity. Otherwise, interventions without through knowledge on the special system will cause partial and even total damage.
Repair and strengthening materials may range from ordinary reinforced concrete, usually opposed by the architects and heritage conservatives, to application of glass or carbon fiber laminates. They all depend on what is expected from an added material in terms of strength. Replacing the stone, brick or wood parts of the structures with the same may also be an alternative intervention.
It is necessary to keep in mind that any intervention must obey the load flow and load bearing system of the original structure. It is not rare to see heritage structures damaged more and more after a non-rational repair and strengthening techniques. In this paper, the authors aim at highlighting possible methodologies for different structures and discuss the inferiority or superiority of different methods.
POSTER / POSTER 233
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS OF ADAPAZARI REGION DUE TO 17 AUGUST 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ ETKİSİNDE ADAPAZARI BÖLGESİNDE OLUŞAN OTURMALAR
NURTEKİN T.-1, FIRAT S.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Yapı Bölümü, Geoteknik Anabilimdalı, 54187, Sakarya
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT The Marmara earthquake on 17th August 1999 at 03:02 on local time occurred and lasted 45 sn with the maximum ground acceleration as 0.41 g. Sakarya province severely affected from the earthquake. Intense failure and damages were effected especially city center where is called Adapazarı. The city of Adapazarı quite far away from the epicenter of earthquake but heavily affected due to its ground conditions. Ground conditions of Adapazarı are formed thick alluvial basin and water table is very high. Bedrock is formed quite deep and soil formations are generally clay, silt and sand.
In this study, the 17th August 1999 Marmara earthquake’s peak ground acceleration is used to analyze liquefaction and settlement analysis in terms of bearing capacity failure. Analysis are carried out by using SHAKE2000 programme and SPT data. Settlements are occurred due to liquefaction in sand and silty sand formations by strong shaking and building loads on clay deposits. According to results, liquefaction caused severe settlements on sand and silty sand then clay formation layers.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremi gece saati ile 03.05’te meydana gelmiş ve 45 sn süren depremin maksimum ivmesi 0.41 g olarak kaydedilmiştir. Sakarya ili de söz konusu depremde ciddi derecede maddi ve manevi kayıplara uğramıştır. Hasarların yoğunluğu, Adapazarı bölgesi olarak bilinen şehir merkezinde bulunan mahallelerde gözlemlenmiştir. Adapazarı bölgesinin söz konusu depremin merkez üssüne uzak olmasına rağmen bu denli hasara uğraması yerel zemin koşullarının özelliği ile ilgili problemleri gündeme getirmiştir.
Yeraltı su seviyesinin sığ durumda bulunduğu Adapazarı bölgesi genç ve kalın çökellerden oluşan alüvyon zemin yapısına sahiptir. Ana kayaya ulaşabilmenin problem olduğu bölge genellikle kil, silt ve kum içeren tabakalardan meydana gelen zeminlerden oluşmaktadır.
Çalışmada 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremi kuvvetli yer hareketi etkisinde sıvılaşma ve beraberinde getirdiği taşıma gücü kayıplarından dolayı oluşan zeminlere ait oturma analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde bir boyutlu yer tepki analizi yapan SHAKE2000 bilgisayar programı ve SPT sondaj verileri kullanılmıştır.
Oturmalar genel olarak, kuvvetli yer hareketi esnasında dinamik yük ve söz konusu zemin üzerinde bulunan yapıların nihai yükünün de etkisi ile kumlu ve siltli zeminlerin sıvılaşmasından ve düşük plastisitedeki kil tabakalarının büzülmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu durum ve yeraltı su seviyesinin sığ durumda bulunuşu göz önünde bulundurularak yapılan analizler incelendiğinde, Adapazarı bölgesi ve yakın çevresindeki yerleşim merkezlerinde, kumlu ve siltli zeminlerde sıvılaşma ve taşıma gücü yenilmelerinden dolayı oluşan zemin oturmalarının, büzülen killi tabakalara göre daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 234
EXTRACTION OF SPATIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF EARTHQUAKE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
ZARINKAMAR S.-1, MIRZAEI M.-1
1-Islamic Azad University of Arak, Iran.
[email protected] , [email protected]
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ABSTRACT With due attention to human and economical damages measurement problem and locating the earthquake is of great importance. Nowadays there are different methods locating earthquake around the world. Most of the poly station ways use simple velocity model of the earth determining source parameters such as position and focal depth of the earthquakes occurred. As it is well known velocity structure of the earth is usually estimated with use of inversion of travel time data, recorded in seismological stations. In this study primary parameters of earthquakes and velocity model of crust determined in north-western of Iran, 36-40 northern degree, 44-50 westerner degree, has been used for purpose of locating earthquakes. In this area velocity structure are estimated using a 3D inversion of travel time data, recorded in the stations of the area. Then, estimated velocities are used to locate earthquakes. For locating earthquakes a neural network inversion is employed which in it number of observations are more than the number of model parameters. This advantage, called over-determined problem, put more constraints on the inversion for estimating model parameters. In this way inverse problem will be stable. The usable networks in this case are supervised Learning type and algorithm learning is back propagation error. These networks use first arrival travel times for estimating parameters. Travel time data used in the inversion are recorded in eight stations in north western part of Iran. Results of locating earthquakes by choosing a neural network including 5 and 3 stations in optimization procedure shows good results. Obtained results demonstrate that the neural network method used is an efficient method for locating earthquakes from recorded first arrival travel time data.
POSTER / POSTER 235
SEISMIC ZONATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION FOR THE 2005 DAHOOIYEH-ZARAND, IRAN EARTHQUAKE
GHAYAMGHAMIAN M.R.-1, AHMADZADEH S.-2, MIRZAEI N.-2
1-International Institute Of Earthquake Engineering And Seismology, Disaster Research Center,Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University, Iran (No. 26, Arghavan St., North Dibajee, Farmanieh, Tehran, Iran)
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ABSTRACT In this paper, peak ground acceleration (PGA) was estimated in the damaged areas of 2005, Dahooiyeh-Zarand, Iran earthquake. PGA was evaluated in the damaged areas using both interpolation technique and attenuation relationships. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was applied as a robust and widely used interpolation method to estimate PGA in the damaged areas where no recordings of acceleration were available. The optimum power of IDW method was decided from the root mean square error statistic. Then, the PGA was estimated in the damaged areas using Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) and Fukushima (2003) attenuation relationships. Furthermore, the attenuation relationships were corrected by minimizing the difference between estimated and recorded PGAs in meizoseismal area of 2005 Dahooiyeh-Zarand earthquake. The results revealed that the estimated PGAs from corrected attenuation relationships are more accurate than those derived from the original attenuation relationships and IDW method. Finally, Seismic Zonation of peak ground acceleration was presented using both IDW interpolation technique and attenuation relationships.
POSTER / POSTER 236
OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSIS OF A SCALED BUILDING MODEL FOR EACH CONSTRUCTION STAGE
BAYRAKTAR-1, TÜRKER-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080,Trabzon, Turkey.
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is a known fact that the dynamic characteristics of buildings vary depending on the construction stage. This arises that the mechanical properties of each level may be different because the buildings are not monolithic. Also, brick walls and coating cause an increase on the building rigidity. They are not taken into consideration of the design of the buildings. The dynamic behavior of a building depends on the dynamic characteristics, natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, therefore, it is very important to determine these values experimentally in order to evaluate real behavior of the building.
In this study, the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and mode shapes are determined for each construction stage of a scaled building model. The measurements are done by using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) method under ambient vibrations. The scaled building model has three stories with 1.5m height. The construction stages are considered as a first storey building, a second storey building, a third storey building, brick walled building, and coating building. In each construction stage, the measurements are made on the floors of the model using twelve single axis accelerometers. The analytical model of the scaled building for each construction stage is created and updated according to the experimental values by minimizing the differences between the experimental and analytical dynamic characteristics. This study provides an experimental and analytical evaluation of the building construction stages in terms of dynamic characteristics.
POSTER / POSTER 237
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A ONE STOREY BUILDING MODEL FOR DIFFERENT DAMAGE CASES
BAYRAKTAR-1, TÜRKER-1
1-Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, 61080,Trabzon, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Damage cause changes in the dynamic characteristics of the buildings. The changes vary depending on the damage location and level. Damages result in a decrease in the rigidity of the building and in the natural frequencies.
In this study, different types of damages are created on a scaled one storey building model. The model has 1.5m height and there are two spans in longitudinal direction and one span in transverse direction
The natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and mode shapes are determined for each damage case. The measurements are done by using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) method under ambient vibrations. A progressive damage is taken consideration. Firstly, the concrete cover of the upper and lower parts of the all columns are cracked and removed. Then, the core concrete of the upper and lower parts of the columns are damaged in a similar way respectively. Lastly, the ends of the beams are damaged progressively. The dynamic characteristics of each damage case are compared with the undamaged case. It is observed that the changes in the natural frequencies are highly affected the damages in the columns. The beam damages have a slight decrease in the natural frequencies. Also, the mode shapes of the model change according to the damage location and level.
POSTER / POSTER 238
PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY IN BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKES ACORDING TO THE TURKISH EARTHQUAKE CODE
İNAN T.-1, KORKMAZ K.-1
1-İzmir Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture,35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Torsional irregularity is a common type of structural irregularity, which caused devastating effects on buildings under earthquake loading. It is defined in the Turkish Earthquake Code as the ratio of the maximum relative storey displacement to the average relative storey displacement calculated at any storey, is greater than 1.2. The purpose of this study is to investigate the main factors causing torsional irregularity. The number of axes, the number of stories, the overhangs direction, and the building’s symmetry have been investigated. The changes in the torsional irregularity coefficient are evaluated according to the Turkish Earthquake Code. For this purpose at first, a model having regular plan geometry is constituted, and then the model is changed constantly according to the defined parameters. All of them are analyzed by IdeCAD structural software package according to the Turkish Earthquake Code. And also later, the effects of the earthquake zone and the soil type are compared for having the best torsional irregularity coefficient model and having the worst torsional irregularity coefficient model. Finally, the main factors caused torsional irregularity coefficient are examined.
POSTER / POSTER 239
TURKISH READY MIXED CONCRETE ASSOCIATION
AKAKIN T.-1
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ABSTRACT Concrete is the most used construction material in Turkey and World. So the quality of concrete is very important for our constructions. First of all I would like to give information about current status of the industry in Turkey and Europe.
After the modest 2007 growth, the decline set in 2008- and unfortunately the trend has continued this year, as a further major slowdown is anticipated. Our industry is suffering everywhere.
The causes of this slowdown in the world economy are well known: the international financial crisis started from subprime loans and the bursting of the bubble in real estate markets–then moved to the world of derivatives and collaterals. These were debts written on paper with no real value behind them. The crisis in the banking system has affected the whole economy not only in the Americas and in Europe but also in Middle and Far East also, where growth had been expected to continue. In 2008 the picture seems to be even worse from the first 2009 data or concrete.
The concrete quality has been increasing in Turkey every year. The concrete classes have been increasing each year. But there are some drawbacks in this increase of quality one of which is unfair competition.
In 1996, technical Specifications were set for membership in the TRMCA. On this basis, along TSE certificate, membership in the QAS and having an adequately equipped laboratory were accepted as prerequisites for membership. At the end of 2008, TRMCA member firms have above 300 plants in operation.
There is no mandatory certification in Concrete. But there is a new legislation which requires national certification on Concrete and other construction materials which has ne Ce marking. When this legislation has finished G (national Mark) will be mandatory. I will also give detail information about Quality Systems applied on QAS Certified concrete
POSTER / POSTER 240
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTED PATCH MASS ON FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION OF LAMINATED PLATES
TOPAL U.-1, ALBAYRAK S.-1, UZMAN Ü.-1
1-Gümüşhane University Department of Civil Engineering 29000 Gümüşhane Turkey
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ABSTRACT Vibration problems of plates with and without mass loading are very common in engineering applications. Rectangular plates have wide applications in civil and mechanical engineering. Plates form an essential part of many aerospace, marine and automobile structures. These structural components, in many instances, are subjected to vibration. The problem of plates carrying distributed masses initiated from the design of electronic systems. The printed circuit boards and plate-like chassis can be approximated as flat rectangular plates carrying distributed masses and subjected to vibration. Laminated composite plates are widely used in industry and new fields of technology. Due to high degrees of anisotropy and low rigidity in transverse shear, Kirchhoff hypothesis as a classical theory is no longer adequate. The hypothesis states that transverse normal to the mid-plane of a plate remains straight and normal after deformation because of the negligible transverse shear effects. Refined theories based on removing those restrictions of transverse normal have been recently used. As a result, the free vibration frequencies calculated by using the classical thin plate theory are higher than those obtained by Mindlin plate theory, in which transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are included.
This paper deals with effect of distributed patch mass on frequency optimization of angle-ply laminated plates. The objective function is the maximization of the fundamental frequency of the laminates and the design variable is the fibre orientation. The first-order shear deformation theory is used for the finite element solutions. Firstly, the numerical results are compared with the results of some investigators for without mass. The modified feasible direction (MFD) is used for the optimal solutions. Also, some solutions are compared with the solutions for golden section (GS) method. Finally, effect of size and location of the distributed patch mass, boundary conditions and plate aspect ratios on the optimum results is investigated and the results are compared.
POSTER / POSTER 241
OPTIMUM STACKING SEQUENCE OF SYMMETRİC HYBRID LAMINATED THIN PLATES FOR MAXIMUM FREQUENCY SEPERATION
TOPAL U.-1
1-Gümüşhane University Department of Civil Engineering 29000 Gümüşhane Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Laminated composite plates, one of the most basic structural elements, have been increasingly applied in many industry fields such as aviation, automobiles, marine and submarine vehicles, aerospace and mechanical/ civil engineering etc. This is mainly due to the fact that these components, over the conventional and traditional structures, have great advantages of promising high stiffness and high strength to weight ratios and high rigidity. Hence, the pursuit of corresponding mechanical and mathematical models for predicting their behavior of dynamic characteristics, which is of great significance in modeling many mechanical parts in the afore-mentioned employment aspects besides other systems, has been an intensive research focus for several decades.
On the other hand, the maximum frequency problems are of practical impostance in the design of laminates against resonance due to external excitation. The frequency of an external excitation can be placed either between zero and the fundamental frequency or in a gap between two consecutive higher-order frequencies depending on its magnitude.
This paper studied the design of hybrid symmetric angle-ply laminated thin plates consisting of high-stiffness surface and low-stiffness core layers. The objective function is the maximization of the frequency separation of the laminates and the design variable is the fibre orientation. The classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) is used for the finite element solutions. Modified feasible direction (MFD) method is used for the optimization routine. Finally, the effect of hybridization is investigated for various parameters of the laminate such as the aspect ratio, the number of layers and boundary conditions. Results are given for hybrid graphite-epoxy/glass-epoxy laminates.
POSTER / POSTER 242
DYNAMIC COMPACTION ANALYZE WITH SAP2000
MUTMAN U.-1, ATALAY-1
1-Kocaeli University Civil Engineer Departmant
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Dynamic Compaction is a soil improvement and strengthening method for loose and soft soils at building, road or heavy weight structure constructions. Dynamic compaction method is applied with a 10-40 ton tamper dropped from a special designed crane with 10-40 m. height to predetermined points at construction site. The first 10-15 meters of soil section can be improved with this method. According to Wayne et.al, the major parameters affecting the performance of dynamic compaction are soil properties, tamper properties and applied energy quantity. Tamper weight, tamper shape, drop height and drop amount are considered as tamper properties. Tamper weight, drop height and drop amount are exactly known parameters that affect efficiency of compaction while the tamper shape is a discussion subject. In this study, dynamic compaction is modeled with SAP2000 and tamper shape was investigated. Firstly, the circular tamper with a diameter of 2,50 m with area of 4,90 m2 is studied. In the second step the square tamper with 2,21x2,21 m dimensions with an area of the same as the first one is used. At the last stage the rectangular tamper with 2x2,45 m dimensions which has the same area of the previous ones is modeled. Soil properties were constant for all modeling studies. Drop height was 10 m and drop amounts are 10. While deformations and bearing coefficient are obtained after each drop at all models, young modulus is obtained after last drop at all models.
POSTER / POSTER 243
ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICAL AND SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF STRUCTURES
FAHJAN Y.M.-1, ZEYTINCI A.-1, MERT A.-1, SUNBUL F.-1
1-Department of Earthquake and Structural Science, Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Seismic design codes generally define ground shaking in the form of a response spectrum of acceleration and allow using response spectrum compatible time history records in linear and nonlinear time history analyses. These records can be obtained from synthetically, and artificially generated accelerograms, or natural earthquake records and have to be selected and scaled according to the rules defined in codes.
Synthetic accelerograms can be generated from seismological source models and accounting for path and site effects. These models can be used to produce more realistic time-histories than those produced by methods that do not contain seismological controls. In order to generate synthetic accelerograms there is a need for a definition of a specific earthquake scenario in terms of magnitude, rupture mechanism in addition to geological conditions and location of the site (Bommer et al., 2003).
An alternative for the finite source modeling methodology, stochastic point source modeling are applied to generate one component synthetic accelerograms, Boore (1983) developed a Band-Limited-White-Noise model for stochastic simulation of high-frequency ground motions. This simulation procedure does not generate ground motions from a given stochastic slip model. Instead, this procedure generates random white noise, multiplies it by a window function appropriate for the expected source duration and then filters the windowed white noise to obtain a time-history having a band-limited Fourier amplitude spectrum specified for Brune source model (Brune 1970) and incorporating wave propagation effects of homogenous crust with geometrical attenuation. Silva and Lee (1987) use a similar formulation for the Fourier amplitude spectrum, but they use the phase spectrum from a natural time-history to generate the synthetic time-history. These stochastic procedures are well calibrated and validated for the calculation of response spectra. Related computer codes RASCAL (silva and Lee 1987) and SMSIM (Boore, 1996). SMSIM does not provide the means to calculate local site effect. due to the soil column. RASCALS (Silva and Lee,1987) incorporate and equivalent linear site response analysis.
In this study, synthetic accelerograms records are generated using SMSIM and RASCALS for a set of different locations with different site classes. The nonlinear response of SDOF to the generated synthetic time history input motions will be assessed and discussed in terms of engineering design parameters.
DISASTER-RISK MANEGEMENT
AFET YÖNETİMİ
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 244
ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL SOCIETIES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT, FEDERATION FOR SEARCH AND RESCUE SOCIETIES
SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ AFET YÖNETİMİNDEKİ ROLLERİ,
ARAMA VE KURTARMA DERNEKLERİ FEDERASYONU
DEMİREL A.-1
1-Yalova İl Özel İdaresi, Afet Yönetim Merkezi, Yalova
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ABSTRACT A non-governmental organization (NGO) is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service.
The difference between NGOs and a group of people is that the former are organized around specific issues known by public; that they are usually well-organized; that they are acknowledged by official institutions and agencies and that they are driven by social responsibility.
It is understandable, after large-scale disasters, that not only the officials but also the citizens of a country want to help affected population in goodwill. It is the NGOs where the said good will is crystallized. NGOs replace the idea that “the government and its institutions should meet all the needs of the affected population” with active citizenship ideal. NGOs may specialize after disasters and may help responsible bodies and beneficiaries on a voluntary base in a variety of areas like search and rescue, communication, health etc.
Since NGOs work in small groups, they can act instantly and may assume the responsibility of guidance in coordination with official institutions. They can especially mobilize and organize the public will to help affected by disasters at home and abroad and may show others how benevolent Turkish people are.
The aim of the Federation for Search and Rescue Societies is to minimize the spiritual and material loss of the disasters such as earthquake, flood, fire and accidents through well-organized, active search and rescue societies at city and county levels. The Federation was set up by five different search and rescue societies in 2002. Our components are in Aydın UMUT, Balıkesir- Gönen GÖNDAK, Antalya- Alanya DAD, Edirne EDAK ve Yalova K-77.
Teams from the federation have so far taken part in numerous search and rescue operations after earthquakes, accidents, fires and other disasters as well as various exercises and training programs since 2000.
Our federation, composed of five search and rescue societies allover Turkey, commits itself to create common understanding among different stakeholders including volunteers taking part in disasters and emergencies.
ÖZET Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu bir toplumda yaşayan bireylerin belli amaçlar ve hedefler doğrultusunda bir araya gelerek kurumsal bir çatı altında gönüllü olarak, kar amacı
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 245
gütmeksizin çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunduğu yapılanmadır. Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Bir Araya Toplanmış İnsan Gruplarından Farkı;
Hukuki çerçevelerinin ve sorumluluklarının bulunması, ilke ve amaçlarının resmi kurumlara ve topluma duyurulmuş olması ve bunlara uygun davranması, Resmi kurumlar tarafından tanınması, ilkelerini ve amaçlarını gerçekleştirmeleri için bir organize bir yapıya sahip olması, ticari amaç gütmemesi ve Sosyal Sorumluluk bilinciyle hareket etmesi’dir.
Geniş alanları ve nüfusu etkileyen felaketlerde sadece devletin değil bütün vatandaşların kardeşlik ve işbirliği içinde afetten etkilenen vatandaşlara yardım etmek istemesi doğaldır. İşte bu yardım etme isteğini resmi olarak kanalize eden kurumlar Sivil Toplum kuruluşlarıdır.
Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ‘Afetlerde devletin resmi kurumları bütün hizmeti gerçekleştirmelidir’ fikrinin yerine aktif vatandaşlık bilincini uyandırmaya çalışmaktadır. Afet öncesi esnası ve sonrasında bazı konularda uzmanlaşabilirler ve bu şekilde devlet görevlilerine ve ihtiyaç olan kişilere bazı konularda gönüllü uzman hizmeti verebilirler. (Arama Kurtarma,İletişim, Çevirmenlik, Sağlık….)
Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları mikro gruplar halinde çalıştıkları için hızlı hareket kabiliyetine sahiptirler ve resmi kurumlar işbirliği içinde kılavuzluk görevini üstlenebilirler. Özellikle insani yardım konusunda hem halkımızın hem de özel kuruluşların sahip olduğu yardım etme isteğini organize edebilirler ve başka ülkelerde meydana gelen felaketlerde Türk İnsanının, Türk Sivil Toplumunun yardım severliğini ve insan sevgisini dünya insanına gösterirler.
Arama ve Kurtarma Dernekleri Federasyonu’nun amacı Ulusal ve uluslar arası düzeyde deprem, sel, yangın, orman yangını, dağ, çevre, ulaşım ve benzeri kaza ve afet gerçeklerinden yola çıkarak; refleks ve inisiyatif gücüne sahip, müdahale hızı yüksek il ve ilçe düzeyinde kurulmuş gönüllü arama ve kurtarma dernekleri bünyesinde, birlikte çalışacak ekipler oluşturarak afetlerin getireceği maddi ve manevi zararı en aza indirmektir.
Arama ve Kurtarma Dernekleri Federasyonu kısaca AKDF 2002 yılında 5 arama kurtarma derneğinin oluşumu ile kurulmuştur. Federasyonumuz; Aydın UMUT, Balıkesir- Gönen GÖNDAK, Antalya- Alanya DAD, Edirne EDAK ve Yalova K-77 ‘dan oluşmaktaktadır.
Federasyonumuza bağlı ekipler tarafından 2000 yılından günümüze birçok arama operasyonuna, çeşitli deprem bölgelerinde kurtarma çalışmalarına, trafik kazalarında kurtarma çalışmalarına, yangın söndürme çalışmalarına, diğer ekiplre lojistik destek çalışmalarına katılınmış ve katılmaya devam edilecektir. Ayrıca 2000 yılından yine günümüze birçok tatbikat ve eğitim programlarına katılmış ve görev almıştır.
Federasyon olarak Yalova'da dahil olmak üzere Türkiye'nin değişik şehirlerinde kurulmuş aynı etik ve disiplin içinde faaliyet gösteren 5 gönüllü arama ve kurtarma derneği, afetlerde ulusal boyutta gönüllüler içinde standartları ve ortak dili sağlamak için örgütlenmek üzere bir araya geldik ve çalışmalarımıza hız kesmeden üye olsun olmasın tüm derneklerin, kurum ve kuruluşların afetler ve kazalar karşısında iletişim sağlanması, dil birliğinin oluşturulması çalışmalarımız devam edecektir.
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ORAL / SÖZLÜ 246
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC DAMAGE TO RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN TURKEY
ASKAN A.-1, YUCEMEN-1
1-Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering and Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 06531 Ankara
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Three alternative stochastic methods, one of them being purely empirical and the other two semi-empirical, are presented for the prediction of potential seismic damage to low and mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey. As the first method, “best estimate” damage probability matrices for each seismic zone are developed by combining expert opinion and the damage statistics compiled from the recent earthquakes occurred in Turkey. Second technique utilizes a reliability-based model, where the earthquake force and seismic resistance are considered as lognormally-distributed random variables. This model expresses potential seismic damage in the form of a damage rate distribution, which is a function of modified Mercalli intensity or peak ground acceleration. As the final methodology, discriminant analysis technique is utilized to perform a statistical evaluation of the damage data compiled during recent earthquakes that occurred in Turkey. These three methods are applied on the building damage databases compiled in the aftermath of several recent earthquakes in Turkey, namely: 1992 Erzincan, 1995 Dinar, and 1999 Düzce earthquakes. The stochastic damage profile obtained according to these three methods is expressed in terms of damage ratios and the results are compared with each other.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 247
DISASTERS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN AND COMMUNICATION IN EMERGENCIES CASE STUDY of YALOVA CITY
AFETLER ACİL YARDIM PLANI VE OLAĞAN DIŞI DURUMLARDA HABERLEŞME, YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
YALÇIN B.-1
1-Yalova İl Özel İdaresi, Afet Yönetim Merkezi, Yalova
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This study aims at adopting and implementing measures to save lives and help victims of large-scale disasters that would occur in Yalova city such as earthquake, flood, landslide, fire, nuclear and chemical accidents and epidemics.
As is known, Turkey is an earthquake-prone country and Yalova is in the first degree earthquake risk zone and was heavily affected in 1999 Marmara Earthquake. It is now crystal clear, after the lessons learned during 1999 Marmara Earthquake, that each and every city has a disaster contingency plan and that it is practical.
The fact that earthquakes pose near and immediate risks and threats in Turkey brings emergency communication issue into the agenda. Emergencies are complex issues where parameters like place, type, intensity, time and affected areas are difficult to foresee. Although it is possible to forecast meteorological emergencies, the process at which they may occur has a good deal of unknown features.
All in all, it is possible to state that all these “surprising elements” have two “fixed, normal consequences”.
1. State resources in emergency areas are not enough to cover emerging needs,
2. Communication infrastructure collapses due to excessive use and/or physical damage.
It is now established that necessary steps should be taken so as to non-governmental resources are mobilized to create an alternative communication capability. It is also stated that the primary alternative communication capability is radio communication.
As a result of the said researches, “Yalova Emergency Response Plan” has been prepared in conformity with related national legislation and all towns, counties and the city centre of Yalova are equipped with radio equipments so as to have continuous communication among local authorities and responders in times of emergencies.
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile, Yalova İlinin mülki hudutları içinde genel hayatı etkileyecek boyutta deprem, su baskını, toprak kayması, büyük yangınlar, nükleer ve kimyasal sızıntı ve salgın hastalık gibi afetlerin meydana gelmesi durumunda afete maruz kalanların kurtarılması ve halkın yaşam şartlarının düzeltilmesi ve tekrar eski düzeyine getirilmesini sağlayacak tedbirlerin önceden alınması ve afet sırasında süratle reaksiyon göstererek uygulamaya sokulması amaçlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 248
Bilindiği üzere ülkemiz bir deprem ülkesidir ve Yalova İlide birinci derece deprem bölgesinde yer almakta olup; 1999 Marmara Depremini de yaşayan bir ilimizdir. 1999 Marmara Depreminde karşılaşılan zorluklar, edinilen acı tecrübeler ışığında bir İlin Afet Planının bulunmasının ve uygulanabilir olmasının önemi aşikardır.
Ülkemizin gündemindeki depremsellik gerçeği acil durum (afet) haberleşmesi konusunu da gündeme getirmektedir. Acil durumlar, zaman, yer, tür, şiddet, etki ve etkilediği alan gibi parametrelerinin önceden tahmin edilmesi mümkün olmayan karmaşık (kompleks) olaylardır. Meteorolojik acil durumlar bağlamında genel bir tahmin yapılabilse bile, bu tür acil durumların gelişimi birçok bilinmeyeni (sürpriz) barındırır.
Bu noktalardan hareketle tüm bu olası "sürpriz gelişmelerin" iki tane "değişmez olağan sonucu" olduğu görülmüştür.
1. Acil durumun yaşandığı bölgedeki kamusal kaynakların gerekli acil müdahale için yetersiz kalması,
2. Telefon altyapısının aşırı yük ve/veya fiziki tahribat nedeniyle çökmesidir.
Yapılan çalışmalarda kamu dışı kaynakların seferber edilebilmesi ve alternatif haberleşme olanaklarının oluşturulması için gerekli adımların atılması kaçınılmaz bir gereklilik olduğu saptanmıştır. Alternatif haberleşme olanaklarının en birincili ise telsiz haberleşmesi olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Bu çalışmalar sonucunda “Yalova İli Afetler Acil Yardım Planı”, 5302 Sayılı İl Özel İdaresi Kanunu, 5393 Sayılı Belediye Kanunu, 5442 Sayılı İl İdaresi Kanunu, Yalova Valiliği Afet Yönetim Merkezi Yönergesi ile 7269 Sayılı Umumi Hayata Müessir Afetler Dolayısıyla Alınacak Tedbirlerle Yapılacak Yardımlara Dair Kanunu ve Yönetmeliği esaslarına göre hazırlanmış, ayrıca İlimizde meydana gelebilecek olası afetlerde İlimiz, Merkez, İlçeleri ve Köyleri arasındaki acil haberleşmenin sağlanması amacıyla alınan telsizler ile İlimizdeki tüm muhtarlara kamu kurumlarına ve askeri birimlerle kesintisiz iletişim sağlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 249
THE INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE RISK OF POPULATION AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE NÜFUS VE ÇEŞİTLİ SEKTÖRLERİN DEPREM RİSKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
UYSAL C.-1
1-İTÜ Maden Fakültesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This project is carried out to investigate the earthquake risks of population and various industrial sectors in Turkey. By using official data from Turkish Statistics Institution, The Ministry of Health of Turkey, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department, the hospital bed capacities for each city have been found and populations of every earthquake zone degrees inside each city have been calculated. In addition, with informations about the airport list of Turkey, taken from Wikipedia, the locations of airports in each city have been found by using the algorithm “Google Earth”. Thus, airport locations in every earthquake zone degrees were designated for each city in Turkey. In the continuation of the project, according to informations and data from The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, the earthquake risks of some industrial sectors that are registered to this union, as electric and gas produce and distribution firms, LPG and other gas filling and storing firms, in addition to water providing and distribution firms have been studied. As a result, earthquake risks of population and various sectors have been found, personal opinions and advices are indicated. “Cementation Factor” , which is referred as “m” power parameter, is very important to find out porosity of the reservoir and gives reliable information about fracturing of the reservoir. This graduation project analyses “m” power parameter equations mathematically and physically, according to connection type of fractures with matrix. In addition; graphics drawn to determine “m” and “v” with these equations. Finally, some applications made and graphics tested with logs which taken from a real reservoir
ÖZET Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin nüfus ve çeşitli sektörlerinin deprem risklerinin incelenmesi adına yapılmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Araştırma Dairesi gibi resmi kurumlardan alınan verilere dayanılarak, Türkiye’nin 81 ili için her ilin ayrı ayrı deprem bölge derecelerine göre nüfus sayıları hesaplanmış, her il için hastahane yatak sayıları tesbit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Wikipedia’dan alınan Türkiye Havaalanları Listesi’nden elde edilen havaalanları bilgileri ve Google Earth programı ile her ilin sınırları içinde kalan havaalanlarının yerleri bulunarak, bu alanların deprem bölge derecelerine göre kaçıncı derece deprem bölgelerinde bulundukları saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın devamında, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği’nden alınan veriler doğrultusunda, ülkemizde bu kuruma kayıtlı olarak faaliyet gösteren elektrik ve gaz üretim dağıtımını yapan firmaların, LPG ve diğer gazların dolumu ve depolanmasını sağlayan firmaların, suyun sağlanması ve dağıtılmasını sağlayan firmalar ile yabancı sermayeli firmaların illere göre dağılımları incelenmiş, bu sektörlerin deprem risklerinin bulunmasına çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, nüfusu, ekonomiyi ve yaşamı etkileyecek çeşitli sektörlere ait deprem riskleri belirtilerek, kişisel yorumlar ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 250
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT TURKEY
DEPREME DAYANIKLI TÜRKİYE
KASAPOĞLU E.-1
1-Doğal Afetler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, HÜDAM Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Is Istanbul ready for a big earthquake? Or not? Debates about this question has been going on since 17 August, 1999. The answer of scientists and authorities for this question is unfortunately “no”. In fact, many person, institution and organization from various parts of the society have been trying to do something and prepare Istanbul for such an earthquake. However, each of thiese attempts is limited with its narrow circle as no senior institution or organization exists to compile these efforts for providing a perceptible results and making Istanbul ready for a probable big earthquake. Also, earthquake is a natural disaster threating not only İstanbul but also all of the other cities in Turkey %96 of its total surface area is under earthquake risk and % 98 of its total population live in these areas. For this reason, we need to start a big project with the slogan of “Earthquake Resistant Turkey” including all cities of Turkey. For this; an international conference has to be held regularly every year with participation of local and central government delegates, related career chambers, non-governmental organizations and native and foreigner scientists. At the first meeting; what should be done to prepare the city for a big earthquake must be determined in all details and then which of them will be done by which parts of the society and sources of finance for all of these works should be decided. At the second meeting to be held the next year, first of all which of the works planned at the previous conference were achieved; if not, why they couldn’t be achieved, the required precautions to achieve these and things should be done in the next year should be expressed and discussed in all details and so the city should get more prepared for an earthquake every year. For example, the state of California in the U.S.A has started such a project about eight years ago and today California is almost %90 ready for an expected big earthquake. Turkey also should start this reasonable and effective process as soon as possible. First one of these conferences can be organized for Istanbul under the name of “Earthquake Resistant Istanbul” this year and this should be carried on until the city is %100 prepared for a probable big earthquake. It is not yet too late because no one can know when the earthquake will occur.
ÖZET İstanbul olası bir büyük depreme hazır mı? Değil mi? tartışmaları 17 Ağustos 1999 dan buyana sürüp gidiyor. Bilim adamlarının ve yetkili ağızların bu soruya yanıtı ne yazık ki “Hayır”. Oysa, toplumun hemen her kesiminden bu konu ile ilgili kişi, kurum ve kuruluşların her biri kendi olanakları çerçevesinde bir şeyler yapmaya, İstanbul’u olası bir büyük depreme hazırlamaya çalışıyor. Ancak, tüm bu çalışmaları bir araya getirip bütünleştirecek ve somut sonuçların alınmasına olanak sağlayacak bir üst kurum ve organizasyon olmadığı için bu çalışmalar kendi dar çevreleri ile sınırlı kalmış, İstanbul’u olası bir büyük depreme hazır hale getirme hedefine bir türlü ulaştırılamamıştır. Ayrıca
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 251
toplam yüzölçümünün %96 sı aktif deprem bölgesi olan ve toplam nüfusunun %98 i bu bölgelerde deprem riski altında yaşayan Türkiye’de deprem yalnız İstanbul’u değil tüm kentlerimizi tehdit eden bir doğal afettir. Bu nedenle, “Depreme Dayanıklı Türkiye” sloganı ile, tüm kentlerimizi kapsayan bir büyük projeyi başlatmak durumundayız. Bunun için öncelikle büyük kentlerimizin Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin organizatörlüğünde toplumun konu ile ilgili tüm kesimlerinin, merkezi ve yerel yönetim temsilcilerinin, , ilgili meslek odalarının, sivil toplum örgütlerinin, yerli ve yabancı bilim adamlarının katılacağı ve her yıl düzenli olarak toplanacak bir uluslar arası kongrenin düzenlenmesi gerekir. İlk toplanacak kongrede öncelikle kenti olası bir büyük depreme hazır hale getirebilmek için yapılması gerekenler öncelik sırasına göre belirlenmeli; sonra, bunların hangilerinin toplumun hangi kesimleri tarafından ve nasıl yapılacağı; gerekli finansmanın nereden nasıl sağlanacağı karara bağlanmalıdır. Ertesi yıl yapılacak ikinci kongrede ise, önce bir önceki kongrede yapılması planlanan işlerin hangilerinin ne kadar yapılabildiği; yapılamayanların neden yapılamadığı; bunların da yapılabilmesi için alınması gereken önlemlerin neler olabileceği; bir sonraki yılda nelerin yapılacağı tüm ayrıntıları ile tartışılıp karara bağlanmalı; ve bu süreç, her yıl düzenli olarak toplanacak kongrelerde tekrarlanarak sürdürülmeli; böylece kent, her geçen yıl depreme daha hazır bir duruma getirilmelidir. Örneğin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Kaliforniya Eyaleti böyle bir süreci bundan 8 yıl önce başlatmış ve bugün Kaliforniya’yı olası bir büyük depreme %90 hazır hale getirebilmiştir. Türkiye de bu akılcı ve etkili süreci mutlaka başlatmalı ve öncelikle İstanbul için “Depreme Dayanıklı İstanbul” adı altında uluslararası kongreler serisinin ilkini hemen bu yıl organize etmeli ve bunu her yıl tekrarlayarak, İstanbul olası bir büyük depreme %100 hazır hale gelene dek sürdürmelidir. Bunun için henüz geç kalmış sayılmayız. Çünkü İstanbul’u etkileyecek olası bir büyük depremin ne zaman olacağını bugünden kestirmek olanaklı değildir. O nedenle, hem söz konusu deprem hiç olmayacakmış gibi; hem de hemen yarın olacakmış gibi düşünerek; bu konuda yapılması gerekenleri hiç zaman yitirmeden bir an önce başlatmak ve sürdürmek gerekir. Öyle bir projenin kamuoyundan da büyük destek göreceğini ve başarı ile uygulanabileceğini düşünüyorum.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 252
TSUNAMI DISASTER EVACUATION PLAN
ALPARSLAN E.-1,GUİLLANDE R.-2, KOSCİENY M.-2, GADRİ A.-2,VALENCİA N.-2,SCHEER S.-3, BUCKLE P.-4, SİLVA A.-5, RANGUELOV B.-6, ATİLLAH A.-7, TİNTİ S.-8
1-TUBITAK MRC Earth and Marine Sciences Institute 41470 Gebze Turkey
2-Géosciences Consultants sarl, 157 rue des Blains, 92220 Bagneux, France
3-RC-Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Commission
4-University of Coventry, Centre for Disaster Management, UK.
5-Hıdromod, Portugal
6-Bulgarian Academy of Science - Space Research Institute, Bulgaria
7-Céntre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale, Morocco
8-Céntre University of Bologna, Geophysics Laboratory, Italy
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT A recent coseismic tsunami in Izmit Bay caused by the Kocaeli earthquake on 17 August 1999 has once more emphasized the fact that a tsunami might occur as the consequence of a large-scale earthquake. When the tsunamigenic potential of the Sea of Marmara is assessed, over 40 tsunamis have taken place during the course of an observational period of about 2000 years. The areas in which such waves have concentrated are Izmit Bay, Istanbul coasts, Gemlik Bay, Kocaeli Peninsula and Gelibolu coasts. These facts point out to the necessity of availability of a tsunami evacuation plan in the hands of local authorities of the coastal towns to let them increase public awareness against tsunami.
An evacuation plan is an essential tool for any emergency situation and the way it has to be devised, distributed, tested and implemented is a chapter of the disaster management strategy, namely of the disaster preparedness and of the emergency response. As regards tsunami, evacuation from potentially attacked areas is the most obvious way to save lives. The main purpose of a tsunami evacuation plan is that of allowing people to reach a position safe from tsunami waves in a very short time and in an orderly way, avoiding chaos and panic, and avoiding as much as possible deadlock conditions, such as traffic jam and blocks. Conditions may be very different from place to place along the coast, and on a given place can be very time dependent, and moreover, evacuation capability can be age and gender dependent, business dependent, etc. Therefore, evacuation plans may cover a very broad range of sophistication, from very basic to very elaborated, depending on the means employed by the local authorities and by the expertise in terms of human resources they are able or willing to mobilize. What is certain is that the evacuation plan must be devised for local coastal communities and adapted to any given specific coastal place. They cannot be implemented on a regional or national basis, though many elements, especially as regards the actuators structure, i.e. the line of command and the designated authorities, can be defined on a national level.
In a strict sense, an Evacuation Plan (EP) consists
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 253
of the identification of the area that can be inundated by a tsunami along a given stretch of the coast, and
of the identification and of the related signaling of the routes that can be used by people (who at the time of the tsunami warning happen to be in such evacuation zone) to reach safe places from the waves either because they are too far from the coast (outside the evacuation zone) or because they are too elevated above the see level (vertical shelters). In addition,
the EP should indicate the authority responsible to order the people to evacuate, to confirm and/or to clear the evacuation conditions.
The coastal communities that have adopted an EP are much less than required, but in many countries in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific Ocean one may find examples of tsunami protection strategies, including EPs. If one turns to Euro-Mediterranean region, however, the situation is quite different, since, conversely, EPs are very rare. The first example of an adopted EP comes from Italy, and more specifically from the island of Stromboli that in 2002 was affected by a double tsunami. The Civil Protection authorities gained awareness that repetition of such events is not improbable and set up a very local tsunami warning system, inclusive of sophisticated monitoring and EP.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 254
DEFICIENCIES AND PROBLEMS THROUGH EMERGENCY ACTIONS AFTER EARTHQUAKES: KOCAELİ CASE
AVLAR E.-1, KORKMAZ E.-1
1-Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Barbaros Bulvarı 34349, Yıldız/Beşiktaş, İstanbul
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Türkiye is affected from natural disasters such as earthquake, landslide, water flood, fire, snow slide, underground water rise, according to meteorological effects and its location and ground properties. Earthquake is the most destructive disaster, devoted to researches and statistics on building damages, magnitude of disaster, types and significance of losses (life, good etc). The significance of emergency action arises, depending on to numerical data of life losses and injuries notably after earthquake. 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake is such an important indicator of increase of injury and life losses quantities and importance of emergency actions after a big earthquake. Main reasons of increase of injury and life losses quantities are building damages and problems and/or deficiencies through emergency actions. Some medical buildings’ (hospitals) which were not regulated to “2007 Regulations about Buildings on Disaster Regions” (2007 Afet Bölgelerinde Yapılacak Yapılar Hakkındaki Yönetmelik) already deficient quantities were decreased by damages and collapses after Kocaeli Earthquake. After earthquake, necessary conditions such as treatments of injurers and protection of corpses couldn’t provide in this region’s hospitals due to their deficient quantity. In other words, deficient hospital quantity, increases panics, prevents survivals by emergency actions and finally causes the life losses. The deficiency of some disciplines’ coordination arises as well as the deficiency of hospital quantity. Providing this coordination is important to make the emergency actions on necessary conditions and as fast as possible after earthquake. The main reason of deficiencies and problems after this Kocaeli Earthquake is the absence of an analytical system. Consequently, studies should be made devoted to medical buildings system after earthquake. This system should be taken on as a priority situation, to solve the treatment problems of injured survivors and emergency action needed people, to minimize the losses and invalidities and to prevent the epidemic diseases. The problems and deficiencies, which were mentioned before, after Kocaeli Earthquake will be studied by analysis and determinations in the scope of this paper. In this context, it is thought that these analysis and determinations will be efficacious to prevent the instauration of problems after the possible future earthquakes.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 255
GIS APPLICATION ON PROBABILSITIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS LEASON LEARNED FROM YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE, INDONESIA
MUKTAF H.A.-1
1-Center for Assessment of Regulatory System and Technology of Nuclear Installations and Materials, Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency-Bapeten
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake hazard analysis is a computation about the possibility of earthquake event per set of time. In general, this analysis is assumed in an earthquake hazard curve, that shown annual probability of accidence against ground movement amplitude. Implementation of seismic zonation in Indonesia that has been quantified can help to identify many earthquake sources and their potential and to get the most important information on how severe damage will be happen in the future and influenced seismic model. The earthquake happened on 26 May 2006 has changed seismotectonic condition in this region that was interpreted Yogyakarta Province is more stable against seismic hazard. This study focuses on Yogyakarta Province, located on the middle of Java Island, Indonesia. It lies on 7°33’-8°15’ latitude and 110°02’50”-110°50’ longitude. It is prudent to use an attenuation relation to estimate expected ground motion at bedrock. Due to insufficient Peak Ground Acceleration data needed to derive an attenuation function, there is no attenuation function developed particularly for Indonesia regions. The only way is to adapt attenuation function derived in other region, which is similar to Indonesia region tectonically and geologically. It is important that the selected attenuation function was based on earthquake mechanism, which in Indonesia is generally categorized into sub-duction zone earthquakes and shallow crustal earthquakes. Probabilistic approach uses maximum earthquake design for earthquake hazard that assumed the earthquake will happen in 50 year is 10 % (500 years). De-aggregation is useful to identify the most influence of earthquake sources in calculating hazard toward a given location for a certain level hazard. Implementation of the logic tree enables to present several alternative models that each alternative model has been weighted with a factor as the possibility relative of the model will give a real correct value. Furthermore, it is essential to understand and to identify what dominant earthquake events that could provide critical seismic hazard to structure analysis. The PGA value calculated on 7.96o NE and 110.46o SW with 500 return periods is 0.496 g.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 256
AFTER MARMARA EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION WORKS (PERMANENT BUILDING APPLICATION METHODS AND RESULTS)
MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI YENİDEN YAPIM ÇALIŞMALARI (KALICI KONUT UYGULAMA YÖNTEMLERI VE SONUÇLARI)
ŞENGÜN H.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Planlama Hak Sahipliği ve Borçlandırma Dairesi Başk., Eskişehir yolu 10. km, Lodumlu/ANKARA
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The leading events our country faced in the last century is 17 August Marmara Earthquake which affected Marmara Region districts. Besides thousands of loss of life, billions of economic loss with social and pscyhological losses will not be erased from memories over many years. Starting from the first hours of the earthquake in the studies prolonging up to today the resettlement studies carry an important place. The refloating of destroyed cities, the meeting of homeless victims to new residential places in a short period of time is among the important studies. With the provision of permanent residential place land choice, planning and succeeding search and rescue and debris removal studies of the temporary residential places construction studies have started in a short period of time. The Ministry of Public works and Settlement General Directorate of Disaster Affairs in light of duties of law numbered 7269 Permanent residential studies are continuing. The construction period of permanent buildings, carrying out damage assesment and after the finalization of the ownerships was realized with three different methods. These methods are; aid for the home maker (EYY), contract and available building methods. With these three methods approximately a total of 70000 permanent building was carried out.
In this study, besides permanent building application methods and results for the first time after Marmara Earthquake the application of available building application at issue is going to be discussed. With this application by reaching to the ownerships that had buildings at Ankara the application results are being discussed
ÖZET Ülkemizin geçen yüzyılda yaşadığı en önemli olayların başında, Marmara Bölgesi illerini etkileyen 17 Ağustos Marmara Depremi gelmektedir. Binlerce can kaybı, milyarlarca dolarlık ekonomik kaybın yanı sıra sosyal ve psikolojik kayıplarla uzun yıllar hafızalardan silinmeyecektir. Depremin ilk saatlerinden başlayarak günümüze kadar süren çalışmalar içerisinde yeniden yerleşim çalışmaları önemli yer tutmaktadır. Yıkılan kentlerin yeniden ayağa kaldırılması, evsiz kalan afetzedelerin kısa sürede yeni yaşam alanlarına kavuşması en önemli çalışmalardandır. Arama- kurtarma ve enkaz kaldırma çalışmalarını izleyen geçici yerleşimin sağlanmasıyla beraber kalıcı yerleşim yerlerinin yer seçimi, planlaması ve inşaat yapım çalışmaları kısa sürede başlamıştı. Kalıcı yerleşim çalışmaları Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğünün 7269 sayılı Yasa’nın verdiği yetkiler çerçevesinde sürdürülmüştür. Kalıcı konutların yapım süreci hasar tespitlerin yapılması ve hak sahipliklerinin kesinleşmesi sonrasında üç farklı yöntemle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunlar; Evini Yapana Yardım, İhale ve Hazır Konut Yöntemleridir. Bu üç yöntemle toplam yaklaşık 70000 kalıcı konut yapılmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 257
ISTANBUL MEGACITY INDICATOR SYSTEM PROJECT
BAŞ M.-1, KILIÇ O.-1, KHAZAI B.-2, KONUKCU B.E.-1, BASMACI A.E.-1, MENTESE E.Y.-1, SUNGAY B.-3
1-Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Directorate of Earthquake and Ground Analysis, Fatih/Istanbul;
2-Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction (CEDIM) Geophysical Institute, Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe/ Germany;
3-Department of Earthquake Engineering Kandilli Observatory & Earthquake Research Institute, Bogaziçi University, İstanbul
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Megacities Indicators System (MIS) for Disaster Risk Management in Istanbul is a risk communication and planning tool useful for illustrating urban seismic risk, benchmarking, and measuring disaster risk management performance of megacities. Working closely with a core group of local practitioners; in particular technical staff and officials at the Municipality of Istanbul, the main goal of the project is to train and engage the Municipality’s technical staff in the development and implementation of indicators system to help enhance stakeholders’ ownership and assist in policy development, decision-making, and monitoring the effectiveness of specific risk reduction options. Building on prior methodology, the MIS Index provides an overview of not only the expected physical damage, through a Physical Risk index, but also looks into the social fragility and lack of resilience in the different districts in Istanbul through a Social Vulnerability index. Social fragility is assessed in Istanbul through a detailed field survey on issues such as community preparedness, risk perception, risk awareness, risk mitigation and solidarity. Another index, the DRMi, measures the performance and effectiveness of disaster risk management policies at the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM) based on predefined performance targets or benchmarks classified as risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management, and financial protection. The Disaster Risk Management index is used as a “control system”, for the stakeholders to measure performance and effectiveness of different operational and organizational policies and their effect on the total Urban Seismic Risk in the different regions for which the indicators are developed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 258
DISASTER PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS–PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS
PETAL M.-1
1-Ibrahim Aga Mah. Blok C2/C/60 Daire, Acibadem, Istanbul, 81010
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Eight million students in Turkey live in 1st and 2nd degree seismic risk zones. The impacts of earthquakes on schools, major factors in school vulnerability, and challenges to education posed by the 1999 earthquakes are examined. Essential steps in assessment and planning, physical protection, and response capacity development are proposed. Activities and progress in Turkey in three areas of major concern for disaster prevention in schools are reviewed 1. The structural safety of school buildings; 2. School disaster management and educational continuity; 3. Disaster prevention education. Ongoing projects, new proposals and remaining gaps will also be identified.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 259
TRAININGS ON EARTHQUAKE AWARENESS IN USKUDAR
ÜSKÜDAR’DA DEPREME DUYARLIK EĞİTİMLERİ
İLKIŞIK O.M.-1, GÖKÇE S.-1
1-Kemerburgaz Cad. Sular İdaresi Mevkii İSKİ Tesisleri AKOM Binası Nurtepe/Kağıthane İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Historical and instrumental data during last century show that the probability of an earthquake around Istanbul with a magnitude of greater than 7 within 30 years is 41% . Following the Kocaeli and Duzce earthquakes, many projects on disaster mitigation were started in the 12 million populated Istanbul City by central and local governments. Some of the implementation studies under the framework of “Earthquake Master Plan” –which is prepared by İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality- is on going but unfortunately some of them has not been develop properly by some causes on administrative and legal issues.
One of this is; “Public Awareness Against Earthquake” could not raised. People who are not donated with the exact information are acting with panic at disaster time. In order to change this, some of the local governments or non governmental organizations had developed certain number of public projects on “preparedness against earthquake”.
The training given on earthquakes, search and rescue and first aid issues with a simulation vehicle which is the present of its sister city Shibuya to Uskudar Municipality, is a sample. 583,000 people are living in 43,200 buildings at the 55 neighborhoods in Uskudar which is a historical district of Istanbul. 5400 teachers are giving training to 106,000 pupils in 175 schools in total. And also 9 hospitals and many pharmacies and policlinics are located within the district as well. It is estimated that an earthquake larger than 7 magnitude will cause a damage with intensity of 7-8 around the district.
As a first step 48 of 68 primary schools were identified in Üsküdar for the training in 2007/08 period. In this period 12,000 pupils at 40 schools were trained two days a week through practices. Remaining schools left for 2008/09 period . Also simulated exercises on earthquake was done for the public at 23 Cinema Nigths during Summer season.
Details of the implementation and the project are being given in the presentation.
ÖZET Tarihsel veriler ve son yüz yıl boyunca yapılan aletsel gözlemler İstanbul ve civarında 7 büyüklüğünde bir deprem olma olasılığının 30 yılda %41 gibi yüksek bir değer olduğuna işaret etmektedir. 1990 Kocaeli ve Düzce depremlerinden sonra; 1,300,000 kadar binada 12 milyondan fazla kişinin yaşadığı İstanbul’da Merkezi ve Yerel yönetimler tarafından birçok zarar azaltma projeleri başlatılmıştır. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nce hazırlatılan “İstanbul Deprem Master Planı” çerçevesindeki uygulamaların bazıları ilerlemiş ise de bazılarında özellikle hukuki ve idari nedenler ile önemli gelişmeler sağlanamamıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 260
Bunlardan birisi de “Depreme Karşı Toplumsal Duyarlığın” arttırılamamış olmasıdır. Doğru bilgiler ile donatılamamış bireylerin soruna yaklaşımı genelde “panik” anlayışı kapsamındadır. Bu olguyu değiştirmek amacı ile bazı yerel yönetimler veya sivil toplum kuruluşlarınca, kişilerin “depreme karşı hazırlanma” konusunda geliştirilmiş kısıtlı sayıda da olsa bazı toplumsal projeler vardır.
Üsküdar Belediyesi’ne Japonya’dan Shibuya Belediyesince hibe edilen gezici “Deprem Simülasyon Aracı” ile deprem, arama kurtarma ve ilk yardım konularında mahallelerde ve okullarda yapılan eğitim buna bir örnektir. İstanbul’un tarihi ilçesi Üsküdar’da, 55 mahallede 43,200 kadar binada 583,000 kişi yaşamaktadır. 175 okulda 5400 öğretmen toplam 106,000 öğrenciyi eğitmektedir ve İlçede 9 büyük hastahane birçok özel poliklinik ve eczane vardır. Yakın çevrede olası 7 den büyük bir depremin İlçe’de 7-8 şiddetinde hasar yapacağı tahmin edilmektedir.
İlk aşamada 2007/2008 eğitim döneminde İlçedeki 68 İlköğretim Okulundan uygun olan 48 okul belirlenmiştir. Bu dönemde haftada iki gün olmak üzere 40 okulda yaklaşık 12,000 öğrenciye “Simülasyon Destekli Depreme Hazırlık Eğitimi” verilmiş, olumsuz hava şartlarından dolayı çalışma yapılamayan 8 okul ise yeni okul grupları ile birlikte 2008/2009 yılı eğitim programına alınmıştır. Ayrıca Üsküdar İlçesindeki mahallelerde 2007 ve 2008 yazları Sinema Günlerinde toplam 23 film gösterimi öncesi kısa süreli Simülasyonlu Deprem Tatbikatları yapılarak halkın bilgilendirilmesi sağlanmıştır.
Sunumda projenin içeriği ve uygulamanın ayrıntıları verilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 261
COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERING FROM NATURAL DISASTERS, LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE GREAT HANSHIN- AWAJI EARTHQUAKE
1995 BÜYÜK HANSHİN - AWAJİ DEPREMİNDEN ALINAN DERSLER IŞIĞINDA DOĞAL AFETLERE KARŞI KAPSAMLI YENİDEN YAPILANMA STRATEJİLERİ VE İYİLEŞTİRME ÇALIŞMALARI
BEYHAN M.-1, HONJO Y.-2
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Eskişehir Yolu 12. Km. Lodumlu / ANKARA TÜRKİYE
2-Kobe Institute of Urban Research, KOBE/JAPAN
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In this study The Great Hanshin – Awaji (Kobe) earthquake and its recovery and reconstruction studies has been explained under the Kobe City Recovery Plan and lessons have been touched upon in detail learned from the event. The event occurred on January17, 1995 in Kobe where the southern part of Hyogo prefecture of Japan. Magnitude of the event is 7.2 and it caused 6.434 deaths and 14.678 injuries by collapsed houses and fires. Three following lessons learned from the earthquake were utilized for formulation of Kobe City Recovery Plan which covered 10 year period. Urban conveniences well-balanced with safety precautions, awareness of both benefits and hazards of nature and human to human contact and interchange.
The materials in this study have been supplied by Kobe International Community Center (KICC) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). In addition, Japan disaster management system is explained and Plan Do Check Action (PDCA) cycle has been discussed. Reconstruction of lifelines, public works projects including infrastructure building, and the formulation and promotion of recovery planning, to the effective use of social capital and approaches to recovery in the viewpoint of “self help, mutual help, and public assistance” have been explained by using example of Kobe City Plan. Machizikuri (Community Development) a concept of recovery process has been explained and compared with İmece (in Turkish). Also life recovery has been explained in a framework in order to apply for future disaster in Turkey.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Kobe şehrine ağır zarar veren Büyük Hanshin - Awaji depremi ve sonrası Kobe Şehri İyileştirme Planı kapsamında yeniden yapılanma ve iyileştirme çalışmalarından detaylı olarak bahsedilmiş ve afetten çıkarılan derslere değinilmiştir. 7.2 büyüklüğündeki deprem 17 Ocak 1995 tarihinde Hyogo eyaletinin güneyinde yer alan Kobe şehrinin altında meydana gelmiş, yangın ve yıkımlar sonucu 6.434 kişinin ölümü ve 14.678 kişinin yaralanması ile sonuçlanmıştır. 10 yıllık bir periyoda yayılan Kobe Şehri İyileştirme Planı izleyen derslerden faydalanılarak düzenlenmiştir. Bunlar, şehrin rahatlığı güvenli önlemler alınarak iyi bir şekilde dengelenmesi, doğanın faydaları ve zararları hakkında bilinçlenilmesi ve insan insana olan ilişki ve yardımlaşma geliştirilmesi olarak sıralanabilir.
Bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal Uluslararası Kobe Toplum Merkezi (KICC) ve Japon Uluslararası İşbirliği Ajansı (JICA) tarafından sağlanmıştır. Bununla beraber, Japon afet yönetim sistemi açıklanmış ve planlama uygulama kontroletme ve eyleme geçirme döngüsü tartışılmıştır. Kobe şehri planı örnek alınarak, afetlere karşı alltyapı, binaların altyapıları ile ilgili bayındırlık projeleri, iyileştirme planlamasının formülasyonu, “kendi kendine yardım”, “karşılıklı yardımlaşma” ve “halkın yardımlaşması” ile ilgili kavramlar ışığında sosyal kapitalin etkili şekilde kullanılması gibi konulara değinilerek açıklamaları yapılmıştır. Yeniden yapılanma çalışmaları içerisinde oluşan, Machizikuri kavramından bahsedilmiş ve Türkiye’de ki İmece kavramı ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak en son yaşam iyileştirme çalışmalarından bahsedilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 262
RECONSTRUCTION OR RELOCATİON PLANNİNG ISSUES OF LONG-TERM RECOVERY FROM EARTHQUAKE DİSASTER
NAKABAYASHI I.-1, ICHIKO T.-1
1-G.School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT We have three steps of countermeasures for damage reduction from disasters. The first step is the disaster prevention measures for the damage reduction that is implemented before occurrence of disaster through the measures such as retrofitting, fire-proofing and renewal of facilities of old buildings. The second step is the disaster response measures for the damage mitigation through the fire-fighting, rescue, relief, sheltering and the other disaster response activities. And the third step is the recovery and reconstruction measure for the reduction of indirect damage such as a economic losses caused by the jobless and decrease of local productivity.
The second step of measure is very common measures in the world. However, the first and third steps of measures are different among every state, because these measures are implemented under the each political, legal, institutional, historical, social and cultural situation.
In Japan, the urban reconstruction is implemented simultaneously with houses rebuilding in each severely damaged district especially caused by fire, like an urban redevelopment. Every people are able to recover their lives in the same district or nearby district, if they want. The renters are supported by governmental side through the rental fee grant or the public houses which fee is very low. Most important issue is the urban reconstruction for the improvement of infrastructures by the method of a land readjustment in the district of very crowded wooden houses and very narrow streets like a old stale of Gecekondu.
In Turkey, especially in a case of Marmara Earthquake, it is not so necessary to reconstruct or to improve the urban infrastructures like a street in the severely damaged area. The most important issue is the house rebuilding and its quickness, especially for the owner-occupiers. In comparison of the h0ouses rebuilding in Kobe, the lost houses are very quickly recovered by new development of houses in the suburban area for owner-occupiers. These houses are sold for cheap price. On the other hand, the new regulation of building height is implemented for the safety of reconstruction of the damaged area. The many houses, shops and offices are constructed newly in the damaged central areas. It looks like a new urbanization.
In the case of the next Istanbul Earthquake, which nobody knows when it will occur, it is not so easy to development a great mass of houses in the suburban areas of Istanbul in the same methodology of the Marmara Earthquake recovery. There are many important issues which are discussed from now; recovery finance, shortage of cite area for new development, urban problem caused by urban expanding such as traffic problem, ecological problem, urban decrease in central Istanbul, and so on. How is Istanbul recovered from next Earthquake?
In Tokyo, a mega-scale of houses are collapsed and burnt down by fire after earthquake, Approximately 800,000 buildings are lost and 1,500,000 families lose their homes. How can we recover from such mega-disaster in the Japanese system of recovery as a ”Reconstruction”?
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 263
IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER TRAINING AND ROLE OF EUROPEAN NATURAL DISASTER TRAINING CENTER-AFEM
AFET EĞİTİMİ VE AVRUPA DOĞAL AFETLER EĞİTİM MERKEZİ AFEM’İN ROLÜ
VAROL N.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Avrupa Doğal Afetler Eğitim Merkezi, Eskişehir yolu 10. km Lodumlu/ANKARA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Comprehensive disaster risk reduction can be achieved through education and awareness-raising activities.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is a global blueprint for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Framework offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. 3 rd priorities for action is use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. We know that, disasters risks can be substantially reduced if people are well informed and motivated towards a culture of disaster prevention and resilience.
The European Natural Disasters Training Center (AFEM) is a center which was founded by the European Council member countries through the Open Partial EUR-OPA Agreement aiming “cooperation in preventing and taking measures against major natural and technological disasters and organizing disaster aids”. It has 25 member countries at the present day. This Agreement was signed by the member countries for the purpose of cooperating and information exchanging with each other for research and training on the prevention of disasters, the elimination of their effects and the organization of post-disaster aid.
The target mass for training of AFEM, which was a center founded as a consequence of European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA), is experts, administrators, trainers, decision makers, elementary schools and the common public. It is the main purpose of the European Natural Disasters Training Center (AFEM) to create disaster awareness and create a community ready for disaster by gradually training the common public on disaster.
ÖZET Kapsamlı bir afet risk azaltma çalışması ancak eğitimle ve farkındalık artıran faaliyetler ile başarılı olabilmektedir. Hyogo Çerçeve Eylem Planı (HFA), Afet Risk Azaltımı için küresel bir projedir. Bu eylem planı, afete karşı hassas toplulukların afete direnç kazanmaları için pratik yöntemler, öncelikler ve temel esaslar sunmaktadır. HFA’nın 3. önceliği, güvenlik kültürü oluşturmak amacıyla, tüm seviyelerde bilginin kullanımı ve eğitimdir. Bildiğimiz gibi, eğer insanlar afetler konusunda iyi bir şekilde bilgilendirilir ve afet önleme kültürü oluşturma konusunda yönlendirilirlerse afet riskini büyük ölçüde azaltmış oluruz.
Avrupa Doğal Afetler Eğitim Merkezi (AFEM), Avrupa Konseyi’ne üye ülkeler tarafından “Büyük doğal ve teknolojik afetlerin önlenmesi, bunlara karşı önlem alınması ve afet yardımlarının organize edilmesinde işbirliği” yapılmasını amaçlayan Açık Kısmi EUR-OPA Antlaşması ile kurulmuş bir merkezdir. Günümüzde 25 üye ülkeye sahiptir. Bu anlaşma afetlerin önlenmesi, etkilerinin giderilmesi ve afet sonrası yardımlaşmanın organizasyonu konularında aralarında araştırma ve eğitim konularında yardımlaşmak ve bilgi alışverişinde bulunmak amacı ile imzalanmıştır.
Avrupa ve Akdeniz Büyük Afetler Anlaşması (EUR-OPA) neticesinde kurulmuş bir merkez olan AFEM’in eğitim hedef kitlesi, uzmanlar, idareciler, eğiticiler, karar vericiler, ilk öğretim okulları ve halktır. Halkın kademeli olarak afet konusunda eğitilerek afet bilincinin oluşturulması ve afete hazır bir toplum oluşturulması Avrupa Doğal Afetler Eğitim Merkezi (AFEM) in ana amacıdır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 264
NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL DISASTER DATABASES AND IMM-AKOM DISASTER INFORMATION SYSTEM: AKOMAS
ULUSAL-ULUSLARARASI AFET VERİ TABANLARI VE İBB-AKOM AFET BİLGİ SİSTEMİ: AKOMAS
ERGENC N.-1, TURK M.T.-1, ILKISIK O.M.-1
1-Kemerburgaz Cad. Sular İdaresi Mevkii İSKİ Tesisleri AKOM Binası Nurtepe/Kağıthane İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT 2008 saw a marked increase in the number of deaths and economic losses compared to 2000–2007 yearly average. For example the death toll in 2008 was three times more than the annual average for 2000–2007 (ISDR, 2009).
The dramatic increase in human and economic losses from disasters in 2008 is alarming. By this reason, many of the organizations in the world have recognized the importance on systematic collection of information for emergency relief and planning. The collection of real time natural and technological disaster data is important for mitigating the risk in future. Also these kinds of data are important for the insurance sector. In recent years, the need of data on disasters is increasing; but there are no databases on disasters or disaster information at real time and systematically published.
The most common international and commercial databases are; NatCatSERVICE and SwissRe CatNet, and publicly accessible EM-DAT and GLIDE. National databases are the newly developed systems such as; TUAA and AKOMAS.
“Natcat SERVICE” and “SwissRe CatNet” are private international level disaster databases which are maintained by Reinsurance Companies. These databases collect information on disasters. Entries include dead, missing, injured and homeless, along with detailed accounting of insured and uninsured damages. But there is lack of public accessibility to these services.
Different kind of data in a database must be searchable, accessible, detailed, real-time and also must address the different sectors and researchers.
The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Disaster Coordination Center was publishing the disaster bulletins both for World and Turkey since 2005 at the AKOM Web page. AKOMAS system is newly developed database system of these bulletins with detailed and searchable information. Also the data on the fires around Istanbul are accessible through this system.
In our study different international and national databases are examined and the standards, service sectors and implementations in already developed and developing disaster databases are discussed.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 265
ÖZET 2000–2007 yılları arasında Dünya’da olan afetlerdeki ortalama ölü sayısı ve ekonomik kayıpları, 2008 yılında olanlar ile karşılaştırıldığında dikkati çeken bir artış gözlenmektedir. Örneğin 2008 yılında ölen insan sayısı 2000–2007 yıllarında ölen insan sayısının ortalama üç katına denk gelmektedir (ISDR, 2009).
2008 yılındaki afetlerin meydana getirdiği can kayıpları ve ekonomik kayıplardaki artış uyarıcıdır. Bu nedenle dünyada birçok kurum, afetlere ilişkin bilgilerin sistematik olarak toplanmasının acil yardım faaliyetlerinin planlanması ve gerçekleştirilmesindeki önemini anlamıştır. Doğal ve teknolojik afetlerin gerçek zamanlı olarak incelenmesi riskin gelecekte azaltılabilmesi için de önemlidir. Ayrıca sigorta sektörü açısından bu tür ayrıntılı bilgilere çok ihtiyaç vardır. Türkiye’de de son dönemlerde afetlere ilişkin veri talebi artmakta; ancak ya afet bilgilerini içeren veri tabanları bulunmamakta veya afet bilgisi gerçek zamanlı ve sistematik olarak yayınlanmamaktadır.
Uluslararası veri tabanlarından en önemlileri ticari amaçlı “NatCatSERVICE” ve “SwissRe CatNet” ile ticari amaçlı olmayan EM-DAT, GLIDE olup; ulusal anlamda ülkemiz için yeni geliştirilmeye başlanan TUAA ve AKOMAS sistemleri sayılabilir.
“Natcat SERVICE” ve SwissRe CatNet” sigorta şirketlerine ait özel veritabanlarıdır. Bu veri tabanları afetlere ilişkin bilgiler toplamaktadır. Girdilerde ölü, kayıp, yaralı ve evsiz bilgileri ile sigortalı ve sigortasız hasar kayıp tahminlerine ilişin bilgilerde yer almaktadır. Ama veri tabanlarına erişim kısıtlıdır.
Farklı özellikteki afetlerin aynı veritabanında gerçek zamanlı, sorgulanabilir ve ayrıntılı bilgi içeren biçimde tutulması, farklı sektörlere ve araştırmacılara hitap edebilmesi gereklidir.
İstanbul Büyük Şehir Belediyesi’nin Afet Koordinasyon Merkezi AKOM un Web sayfasında 2005 itibariyle yayını başlatılan bültenlerdeki Dünya ve Türkiye ölçeğindeki afetler, oluşturulan AKOMAS sistemi ile kayda alınarak kullanıma açılmakta, ayrıca İstanbul ölçeğindeki itfai olaylara ait veriler de izlenebilmektedir.
Çalışmamızda uluslararası ve ulusal afet veri tabanları incelenerek, geliştirilmiş ve geliştirilmekte olan afet veri tabanlarında uyulması gereken standartlar, hizmet sektörleri ve uygulamalar tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 266
PREPARING OF URBAN AREAS AGAINST EARTHQUAKES: BURSA
TAŞ N.-1, TAŞ M.-1
1-Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, 16059 Görükle, Bursa
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Minimizing the physical, social and economic damage in a possible earthquake and the necessities to be done before a disaster to overcome the problems in earthquakes are of great importance. The procedures to mitigate possible earthquake damages in Turkey comprise an organization which will function effectively during and after an earthquake. The 1999 Marmara earthquake caused serious losses. Not only the deficiencies in the design and construction of buildings, but also the negative aspects of urban plans and applications have been influential in the experience of numerous losses of people and properties. The system of “Disaster Management” is to be applied to reduce the risks of potential disaster as much as possible, to eliminate the risks of that or to get prepared for the risks that cannot be avoided and to carry out the necessary interventions in time after a disaster. In this study, we present activities that will minimize the possible earthquake damage prior to, during and after the disaster to upgrade earthquake security levels of urban areas. A table is prepared to present together the responsibilities of private and public institutions doing the activities. Accordingly, recommendations about the necessities are presented by practicing these activities in the province of Bursa.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 267
BURSA DISASTER DAMAGES REDUCTION TRAINING CENTER
BURSA AFET ZARARLARINI AZALTMA EĞİTİM MERKEZİ
TAŞ M.-1, TAŞ N.-1
1-Uludağ Üniversity, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of Architecture, 16059 Görükle, Bursa
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey is subject to natural disasters such as earthquake, being in the first place, fires, floods, landslides, avalanches, extreme southwester, etc. The city of Bursa, similarly, suffers losses due to the reasons such as extreme southwester and fires as well as being situated in first degree seismic zone. Even tough trainings and drills are provided by various foundations in order to raise awareness on disasters; these efforts remain inadequate as people do not have the opportunity to actually experiment them. None of our cities yet have a “Disaster Damages Reduction Training Center”, which is aimed at raising the awareness of the public by using simulation technique, like the ones in Japan, which suffers earthquake. This project is specialized as a leader project for Turkey.
Bursa Disaster Damage Reduction Training Center is a training center designed so as to allow people experience, by means at simulation technique, disaster like earthquake, storms/ extreme southwester, fires, landslides, floods, etc. and to raise awareness and train them in order to survive the disaster with minimum harm. In this tranining center, all visitors have the opportunity to experience the educations mentioned above.
“Disaster Damages Reduction Training Center” Project was prepared with the support of experts from Japan and Turkey by examining the samples in place in Japan and in accordance with the conditions in Turkey/ Bursa. The aim of this paper is to be a guide for the project to become widespread in Turkey, especially in cities with high risk of earthquake. Consequently, in the scope of this paper information about this project and its preparation process are given.
The scope of this declaration includes information on the preparation process of this project and the project itself so that it will became widespread in Turkey, especially in cities with high risk of earthquake.
ÖZET Türkiye, başta depremler olmak üzere yangın, sel, toprak kayması, çığ düşmesi, şiddetli lodos vb. doğal afetlerle karşı karşıyadır. Bursa İli de 1. Derece Deprem Bölgesi’nde olmasının yanı sıra şiddetli lodos, yangın gibi nedenlerden dolayı can kayıplarına maruz kalmaktadır. Çeşitli kurumlar tarafından afetler konusunda toplumu bilinçlendirmeye yönelik eğitimler verilmesine ve tatbikatlar gerçekleştirilmesine rağmen bizzat insanların deneyim imkânı olmadığı için bu çalışmalar yetersiz kalmaktadır. Afetlere maruz kalan Japonya’da örnekleri olduğu gibi simülasyon tekniği kullanarak toplumu bilinçlendirmeye yönelik bir “Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi” henüz hiçbir kentimizde bulunmamaktadır. Bu proje Türkiye geneli için bir pilot proje özelliği taşımaktadır.
Bursa Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi, simülasyon teknikleri kullanarak deprem, fırtına/şiddetli lodos, yangın, toprak kayması, sel vb. afetleri insanlara deneyim yolu ile yaşatmak ve afeti en az zararla atlatmak amacı ile bilinçlendirmek ve eğitmek için projelendirilen bir eğitim merkezidir. Bu eğitim merkezinde ziyaretçilerin tamamının sözü edilen eğitimleri deneyimleme imkanı bulunmaktadır.
“Bursa Afet Zararlarını Azaltma Eğitim Merkezi” Projesi, Japonya ve Türkiye’deki uzmanlardan destek alınarak, Japonya’da yerinde örnekleri incelenip Türkiye/Bursa koşullarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu bildiri kapsamında, Türkiye’de özellikle deprem riski altında olan kentlerimizde yaygınlaşması için bu projenin hazırlık süreci ve proje hakkında bilgi aktarılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 268
TURKEY’S NATIONAL DISASTER ARCHIVE SYSTEM (TNDAS)
TÜRKİYE ULUSAL AFET ARŞİV SİSTEMİ (TUAAS)
KOÇ N.-1, HAMZAÇEBİ G.-1, SOYAL L.-1, AKIN D.-1, YILDIZ A.R.-1, VELİOĞLU Ö.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü,Deprem Araştırma Dairesi Eskişehir Yolu 11.km Lodumlu/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey, due to its geological, topographical and meteorological conditions, is often faced with major natural disasters. In those regions which experience natural disasters, losses are increasing more and more because of population density and extent of economical activities. In order to create a more resistant society against natural disasters, it is necessary to be successful in every phase of the disaster management. Nowadays, phase of preparations, loss mitigation and especially planning process are becoming important. So, importance of knowledge about the previous disaster events among information, which researchers and decision-makers should have, is increasing. In developing countries which have poor social memory such as Turkey, this issue is significant. Erzincan is a remarkable example for this. Because, after at least 10 major earthquakes which happened in the last thousand-year in Erzincan, the fact of earthquake is being forgotten and people are living as if it has never happened. In order to awaken the social memory, these events should be archived. In the global world, archive is a very important knowledge which sheds light on the future from the past. Decision-makers, researchers and executives should build their policies and strategies on this knowledge.
In recent years, public archives have been opened to researchers in the internet. Therefore, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (GDDA) is targeting to contribute this process by developing National Disaster Archive System. Financing facilities of this system is obtained within the context of MEER project of the Turkish Government-World Bank and has been initiated by giving priority to earthquakes, landslides, floods, avalanches, rock falls which affect Turkey most. In this scope, data in the papers, which are in the archive of the GDDA, have been scanned and transferred to computer. In the next phase, we were contacted with other public institutions and got all disaster data which are in the archives of these institutions then they entered into the system. In conclusion, an archive system, which could be reached by researchers from at home and abroad, will be developed. In TNDAS, you may search by according to coordinates, regions, provinces, dates and also according the type of disaster. This system can be accessible in Turkish, English and French language and in the web page there are general information, search engine and publication sections on it. You can register to the system and get disaster archive bulletin in every three mounts in electronic format.
TNDAS is compatible with e-government concept and depends on information technology; and it opens up Turkey’s experience about national disasters, consequences, documents, images and statistical information to researchers in the internet environment.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 269
In this study, information about the aim, scope, targets, types of the archives, archives criteria of the National Disaster Archive System, glide number and disaster archive system in abroad are stated.
ÖZET Türkiye sahip olduğu jeolojik, topografik ve meteorolojik koşulların olumsuzluğu nedeniyle sık sık büyük doğal afetlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Doğal afet olan bölgelerde nüfus yoğunluğunun ve ekonomik faaliyetlerin yaygınlığı kayıp miktarlarını arttırmaktadır. Doğal afetlere karşı dirençli bir toplum yaratmanın yolu afet yönetiminin her aşamasında başarılı olmaktan geçer. Günümüzde, afet yönetiminde hazırlık, zarar azaltma ve planlama aşamaları daha önemli kabul edilmektedir. Bundan dolayı özellikle araştırmacıların ve karar vericilerin daha önceki yıllarda meydana gelmiş afetlerle ilgili bilgi sahibi olmaları çok önemlidir. Bu durum özellikle Türkiye gibi sosyal hafızası zayıf ülkelerde daha fazla öneme sahiptir. Bu alanda en dikkat çekici örnek Erzincan’dır. Bunun nedeni son bin yıllık süreçte Erzincanda meydana gelen en az on büyük depreme rağmen burada yaşayanlar sanki yaşananlar olmamış gibi davranmaktadırlar. Sosyal hafızayı uyandırmanın yolu olayları arşivlemekten geçmektedir. Arşivler küreselleşen dünyamızda geçmişten gelerek geleceği aydınlatan bilgi birikimleridir.
Son yıllarda kamu arşivleri internet üzerinden araştırmacıların hizmetine sunulmaktadır. Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü bu sürece Ulusal Afet arşiv Sistemini kurarak katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Finansal kaynakları, Dünya Bankası ile Türk Hükümeti arasında imzalanan MEER projesinden sağlanan projede Türkiye’yi en fazla etkileyen deprem, heyelen, su baskını, kaya düşmesi ve çığ olaylarına öncelik verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğünün arşivinde bulunan kağıt ortamındaki veriler taranmış ve bilgisayara aktarılmıştır. İkinci aşamada diğer kamu kuruluşundan alınan teknolojik ve insan kaynaklı afet verileri sisteme eklenmiştir. TUAAS’de koordinatlara, bölgelere, illere, tarihe ve afetin türüne göre sorgulama yapılabilmektedir. Sisteme Türkçe, İngilizce, Fransızca dillerinde ulaşılabilmekte ve web sayfası üzerinde genel bilgiler, arama motoru ve yayınlar kısmı bulunmaktadır. Sistem üye olunabilecek ve bu durumda üç ayda bir elektronik ortamda afet arşiv bülteni üyelere iletilecektir. TUAAS e- devlet konsepti ile uyumlu olup bilgi teknolojileri üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Türkiyenin afet alanındaki deneyimlerini, afetlerin sonuçlarını, ilgili dökümanları, istatistiki bilgileri ve resimlerini internet ortamında kullanıcıların hizmetine sunmaktadır. Sonuçta ülke içinden ve dışından araştırmacıların ulaşabileceği bir arşiv oluşturulmuştur.
Bu çalışmada arşiv sistemi hakkında bilgiler, amacı, kapsamı, hedefleri, arşiv türleri, Ulusal afet Arşiv Sistemimizin kriterleri, glide number (küresel arşiv no) ve yurtdışından arşiv örnekleri konusunda bilgiler sunulmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 270
“ISTANBUL DISASTER PREVENTION AND EDUCATION CENTER” PROJECT OF ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
KILIC O.-1
1-İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Istanbul Disaster Prevention and Education Center Project:
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is planning to establish a “Disaster Prevention and Education Center” in İstanbul to promote public awareness and to be well prepared of all people from seven to seventy before any possible disaster. In accordance with this aim, following section will be placed in the center:
Earthquake Shaking, Smoke, Fire Extiguishing, Storm-Wind Simulation Rooms,
4D Video Room,
Conference, Seminar, Workshop Saloons,
Library,
First Aid Education Room, Emergency Case Communication Education Section,
Exhibition Saloons to introduce; Search&Rescue and Fire Fighting Equipments, Earthscience Projects in IMM, Liquefaction, Earthquake Waves Mechanism, Tsunami small-models, etc..
Planetarium,
The center’s location have been defined and its project and budget studies are about to be completed. We hope to start construction and equipments installation in three months and finish in the end of 2010.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 271
SCHOOL DISASTER READINESS: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST GREAT SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SHAKEOUT TO TURKEY SCHOOL DRILLS
SANDUVAC TURKMEN M.Z.-1
1-Soyak Yenişehir, Palmiye Evl. A5 D:58, 34770. Umraniye Istanbul
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Great Southern California ShakeOut on November 13th, 2008 initiated the largest community-wide earthquake drill in U.S. history with 5.5 million participants. Almost four million children (80% of Southern California students in Kindergarten through 12th grades) participated in the drill through schools. Two hundred and seven separately governed school districts and 650 private schools in 8 counties (including 1 county outside S. CA). Schools in California are required to develop and implement disaster management plans based on national emergency management systems. The ShakeOut provided an important opportunity for schools to test these plans in a community-wide earthquake simulation drill based on a scientifically selected scenario for a likely earthquake in the area. It also provided an opportunity for researchers to investigate current school disaster prevention and preparedness in California, with lessons to be drawn for school safety, worldwide. To leverage this ShakeOut drill, Risk RED, an international, California-based non-profit, with support from the Earthquake Country Alliance (ECA), teamed with Western Washington University’s Institute for Global and Community Resilience (GCR) and the Coalition for Global School Safety and Disaster Prevention Education taking a participatory action approach to research the state of school disaster prevention and preparedness in California and its implications for school disaster management worldwide. A School Disaster Preparedness Survey and School Post-Drill Evaluation Survey were designed to aggregate school self-evaluation observations. The surveys were distributed via the ShakeOut website to registered schools. An international team was assembled to participate with local schools in on-site observation in an effort to fill some long-standing gaps in scientific research on community disaster risk reduction and school safety and lessons of importance internationally. Detailed observations demonstrated the tremendous learning that comes from long-term engagement in drills and in reflection and action after each drill. Lessons from the ShakeOut Drill were implemented in other schools at all over the world in order to improve future disaster school drills. Real-time drill collaboration would be more effective if the intended schools had participated in national drills. The drills would optimize the effectiveness of the limited human and equipment resources in such disasters. The drills should be built carefully in order to maximize their contribution to national preparedness. A generic format for the conduction and evaluation of such drills is presented in this paper. Turkey School community has also drill experiences a few times in a school year. Disaster Education Week is part of the Turkish national primary school curriculum. There are also school drills and take home information regarding disaster preparedness. Turkish Ministry of Education calls for evacuation drills to be held in all schools.
POSTER / POSTER 272
THE PLACE OF IMPORTANT OF EARTQUAKE WARNING DEVICES IN FORMING THE ACTION PLAN OF EARTQUAKE POINT
DEPREM UYARI CİHAZLARININ DEPREM ANI HAREKET PLANININ OLUŞTURULMASINDAKİ YERİ VE ÖNEMİ
KARAKAYA Ç.-1
1-Sakarya Üniversitesi, Karasu Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Makine Bölümü, Karasu, SAKARYA
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The earthquake is an indispensable part of our life. The necessity of living with this consciousness and taking necessary precautions are always mentioned by authorized people and institutions. But these issues come into the question when there is an earthquake. In spite of the works done, making up an earthquake consciousness, hasn’t been reached. Although the physical precautions for an earthquake are aburous it hasn’t been successed.
Nowadays earthquake warning devices are being developed in lots of country and are being presented to usage the humanity. These kinds of works are envisaged for particularly cutting off natural gas and electricity automatically during the earthquake. Whereas these warning devices must be used for practice in all everyday life. Civil defence buzzers, such as state of the fire, ware etc. are being used in lots of area expecially in offical institution, expensively. But lock of a kind of standard buzzer for an earthquake is an indication of an important deficiency.
It is given point in this work to function of earthquake warning devices on forming of earthquake conscious. The prototype was produced with mechanic approach by designing and earthquake warning device. This device based on mechanical vibration, will play an important part to get rid of in difiniteness which happens during earthquake point. Applying of what must be done during a warning like this will lessen to panic condition at earthquake point during the earthquake. For example, It is predicted that this will help children who can’t think consciously, people who are in work area and compact living quarters, and asleep to take instant precaution during earthquake.
ÖZET.Deprem bilinci ile yaşamak ve gerekli önlemleri almak gerektiği hususu bütün yetkili kişi ve kurumlar tarafından sürekli olarak dile getirilmektedir. Fakat bu konular genel olarak deprem belitileri görüldüğünde veya olduğunda gündeme gelmektedir. Deprem bilincinin oluşması için birçok çalışma yapılmasına rağmen istenilen düzeye henüz erişilememiştir. Depremler için fiziki açıdan alınacak önlemler belli olmasına rağmen bu konuda da başarı sağlanamamıştır.
Günümüzde deprem uyarı cihazları birçok ülkede geliştirilmiş ve kullanıma sunulmuştur. Özellikle doğalgaz, elektrik gibi kaynakların deprem esnasında otomatik olarak kesilmesi için tasarlanmış cihazların araştırılması önemlidir. Depreme ilişkin alınacak tedbirler hem eğitim esaslı, hem de teknoloji kullanımına yönelik olmalıdır. Uyarı cihazları, daha çok tüm yaşam alanlarında tatbikat için kullanılmalıdır. Yangın, savaş hali gibi sivil savunma alarm ve ikaz sesleri resmi kurumlar başta olmak üzere birçok yerde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Deprem alarmı için standart ikaz sesinin ve sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi faydalı olacaktır.
Bu çalışmada deprem uyarı cihazlarının, deprem bilincinin oluşmasında ki fonksiyonu üzerinde durulmuştur. Mekanik-elektronik yaklaşım ile bir deprem uyarı cihazı tasarlanarak prototip imalatı yapılmıştır. Mekanik titreşim temeline dayalı bu cihaz, deprem anında çoğunlukla meydana gelen belirsizliğin giderilmesinde önemli bir rol oynayacaktır. Böyle bir uyarı esnasında neler yapılması gerektiğinin önceden tatbik edilmesi, deprem anındaki panik durumunu azaltacaktır. Deprem anında; çocukların, uyku esnasında insanların panik nedeniyle karşılaştıkları zararların azaltılmasına yönelik tedbirler bu makalede incelenmektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 273
ENDÜSTRİYEL KAZALARDA PLANLAMA, MÜDAHALE VE YALOVA İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
IRMAK E.-1
1-Yalova İl Özel İdaresi, Afet Yönetim Merkezi, Yalova
_______________________________________________________________
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile başta Yalova İlinde olmak üzere daha sonra tüm ülkemizde uygulanması hedefiyle olabilecek Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal kazalara karşı müdahale edecek ve etkilenecek kişiler başta olmak üzere tüm halkımızda bilinç oluşturulması öngörülmüş olup; Plan ile Yalova İli’nin Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal riski taşıyan bölgelerinin ve muhtemel risk maddelerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bu noktadan hareket edilerek yapılan araştırmalarda Tehlikeli maddelerin taşınması, yüklenip boşaltılması esnasında kontrolsüz gelişmelerden kaynaklanan ya da herhangi bir kuruluşun işletilmesi esnasında ve kuruluş içinde veya dışında çevre ve insan sağlığı için anında veya daha sonra ciddi tehlikeye yol açabilen bir veya birden fazla Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasalın sebep olduğu bir kimyasal yayılma, yangın veya patlama olayı meydana gelmesi durumunda ciddi sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalındığı gözlenmiştir.
Yalova İli hızlı sanayileşme ve şehirleşme süreçlerine ek olarak bünyesinde barındırdığı kimyasal fabrikaları ve Marmara Bölgesi’nin üç büyük ili (İstanbul, Kocaeli ve Bursa)arasında yer aldığından taşıdığı kaza riski yüksektir. Bünyesindeki sanayi tesisleri haricinde karayollarından her gün onlarca tehlikeli madde taşıyan tankerler geçmektedir. Yalova İlinin üç büyük şehirle bağlantısını sağlayan şehirlerarası karayollarının şehrin merkezinden geçiyor olması bu tehlikenin boyutunu maksimum düzeye çıkarmaktadır.
Zehirli Endüstriyel Kimyasal olaylarında söz konusu olan ikincil kazalarda tehlikeyi daha da artırmaktadır. Örneğin bir tankerden sızan LPG gazının insanlara yapacağı sağlık etkisinin yanında patlama ve yangın riskinin de yüksek olması tehlikeyi daha da artırmakta ve müdahaleyi güçleştirmektedir.
Bu kapsamda kurum ve kuruluşların Endüstriyel Kazlarla müdahalede farklı uygulamalar içerisinde olduğu görülmüş, çalışma sonucunda Yalova İlinde görevli kurum ve etkili kuruluşlar ile gerektiğinde diğer ilerlide kapsayacak şekilde bölgesel koordinasyonu da sağlayarak zararı en az düzeyde tutacak ve tekrar eski düzeyine getirilmesini sağlayacak tedbirlerin önceden alınması ve kaza sonrasında süratle reaksiyon gösterecek uygulamaların belirlenmesi sağlanmıştır
POSTER / POSTER 274
THE STATISTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE LOSSES DUE TO THESE DISASTERS IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE MEYDANA GELEN DOĞAL AFETLER VE KAYIPLARININ İSTATİSTİKSEL OLARAK İNCELENMESİ
FIRAT F.K. -1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi İnşaat Bölümü AKSARAY.
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ABSTRACT It is known that, Turkey has experienced significant economical and human loss after the natural disasters occurred in the past due to its geographical location and progression of urban development. For the determination of functional and effective natural disaster strategies, it is very important that the kinds of natural disasters which was came into existence in the past and loses caused by these disasters should be known. Natural disasters considered in this study are earthquakes, landslides, floods and snow avalanches which caused a large quantity of property and human losses in Turkey and the results of these natural disasters are shown in the tables. While making these tables, it is taken into consideration that where the natural disasters occurred in Turkey and how much loses took place in addition to the distribution of the number of the accommodation unit affected natural disasters. With the help of these tables, a certain number of results are derived and different evaluations are made. As a result of these results and evaluations, it is seen that the large portion of Turkey have natural disaster risks and Turkey has lived a lot of human and property loses due to natural disasters which have occurred throughout its history
ÖZET Türkiye’nin, yaşanan doğal afetler sonucunda, hem coğrafi konumu hem de kentsel gelişim süreci nedeniyle, birçok problem ile karşı karşıya geldiği bilinen bir gerçektir. Afet ülke staretejisinin etkili ve işlevsel bir şekilde ortaya konmasında geçmişte meydana gelen doğal afet türlerinin ve bu afetlerde meydana gelen değişik nitelikteki kayıpların bilinmesi önemli bir konu olarak karşımızda durmaktadır. Bu çalışmada incelenen doğal afetler, Türkiye’de şimdiye kadar en fazla mal ve can kaybına neden olan deprem, heyelan, su baskını ve çığ düşmeleri olup, bu doğal afetlerin neden olduğu sonuçlar tablolar halinde özetlenmiştir. Bu tablolar hazırlanırken, afet olaylarından etkilenen yerleşim birimlerinin sayılarının ülke içerisinde genel dağılımı ve son yıllarda meydana gelen doğal afetlerdeki can ve mal kayıplarının ne kadar ve nerelerde olduğu dikkate alınmıştır. Bu tablolar yardımı ile bir takım sonuçlar çıkarılmış ve çeşitli değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bu sonuç ve değerlendirmelerden anlaşılacağı üzere, Türkiye şimdiye kadar yaşamış olduğu doğal afetlerde çok ciddi can ve mal kayıpları vermiş ve büyük bir kısmı afet tehlikesi altında olan bir ülkedir.
POSTER / POSTER 275
SPACIAL SCALE EARTHQUAKE STATISTICS IN GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES
KHACHIKJAN G.-1
1-Institute of seismology, al-Farabi, 75a, 050060, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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ABSTRACT The integrated studies involving seismology, geodynamics and geomagnetism are essential for advances in understanding of the dynamics of our planet. In a report, the results obtained on this subject in the Institute of seismology in Kazakhstan are presented. They demonstrate a relationship between spatial distribution of seismic belts, boundaries of tectonic plates, and geometry of the main geomagnetic
field. In this study, the data on earthquakes with М 0.4≥ detected at the planet from 1973 to the present were taken from [1], and for each of the epicenters (more than 250000 events) the parameters of the main geomagnetic field were calculated using the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model, which computer codes are available at [2]. Then, a spatial scale earthquake statistics in relation to the main magnetic field parameters was obtained. It is found [e.g. Khachikjan et al., 2007; 2008; Khachikjan and Petelina, 2008]: 1) local peaks of seismic activity in the northern and southern hemispheres are better organized according to the angle of geomagnetic inclination, than the geographic latitude; 2) the main amount of earthquakes at the planet occurs in the areas with nearly zero values of the angle of geomagnetic declination; 3) three main seismotectonic areas: orogeny at continents, island arcs along the Pacific coast, and rifts on the ocean’s bottom show systematization according to the angles of geomagnetic declination, namely: in the areas of continental orogeny the declination angles are mainly close to zero, in the areas of island arcs along the Pacific cost the declination angles are large and positive, whereas in the areas of rifts on the ocean’s bottom the declination angles are large and negative; 4) the boundaries of some lithospheric plates are magnetically conjugated in corrected geomagnetic coordinates, for example, the southern boundary of Pacific plate is magnetically conjugated with its northern boundary, the southern parts of the Middle Atlantic Ridge are magnetically conjugated with its northern parts, the southern boundary of Nazca plate is magnetically conjugated with northern boundaries of plates Caribbean and Cocos. Surprising, the western and southern boundaries of forming now Somalian plate may be traced with earthquakes very well, if one presents the map of epicenters not as usually in geographic coordinates, but rather in coordinates: longitude-geomagnetic inclination.
POSTER / POSTER 276
CAUSES OF DEATHS & INJURIES IN THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE
PETAL M.–1
1-Ibrahim Aga Mah. Blok C2/C/60 Daire, Acibadem, Istanbul, 81010
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ABSTRACT An epidemiological study of the causes of deaths and injuries in the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake was conducted with 453 households representing 1,861 individuals in order to contribute to a scientific foundation for earthquake risk mitigation and disaster preparedness education for people in Turkey. A geo-spatial random covered both those whose homes were damaged beyond repair and those whose homes were re-habitable in Gölcük, the worst hit area. Results examine a variety of variables: building-level variables (damage level, age of building, number of floors), injury level variables (type and source of injuries, severity of injuries, part of body injured), human behavior variables (time, activity, actions). All of these results have important implications for disaster prevention education.
POSTER / POSTER 277
USE OF SATELLITE IMAGERY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND COLLABORATION
AFET YÖNETIMINDE UYDU GÖRÜNTÜLERININ KULLANIMI: ULUSLARARASI KURULUŞLARIN VE İŞBIRLIĞININ ROLÜ
KUTERDEM N.K.-1,TEKİN B.M.-1,ÖZSARAÇ V.-1, ÇOLAKOĞLU Z.-1, NURLU M.-1
1-Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Deprem Araştırma Dairesi, Eskişehir yolu 10. km, Lodumlu/ANKARA
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ABSTRACT Turkey is vulnerable to various kinds of disasters due to its geological and meteorological conditions. Most frequent disaster types in Turkey are; Earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, snow avalanches and floods. General Directorate of Disaster Affairs is responsible from almost all phases of disaster management especially pre disaster mitigation and risk reduction. Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis and remote sensing techniques are amongst the most frequently used instruments used at projects. The use of such systems are becoming widespread around the world. The importance of international and regional partnership and collaboration on disaster response is increasing and most countries are becoming aware of this partnership. There are several initiatives in order to respond disasters effectively. Amongst them the use of satellite imagery and the application of rapid cartography by integrating GIS instruments to remote sensing are becoming popular. For catasrophic events affecting wider areas, satellite images give a valuable input for emergency managers by providing rapid damage assessment and impact area mapping. There are several international organisations those provide value added products like satellite image derived damage assessment maps and the meta data. International Charter “Space and Major Disasters” is a good example for this. Charter provides pre and post disaster images to its authorized users for the use emergency management at no cost. GDDA triggered Charter after 2003 Bingöl earthquake and used thematic damage maps prepared by Charter and became an authorized user in 2006.
ÖZET Türkiye jeolojik ve meteorolojik özelliklerinden dolayı değişik türde doğal afetlere karşı duyarlıdır. Türkiye’de en çok gözlenen afet türleri depremler, heyelanlar, kaya düşmeleri, çığlar ve su baskınlarıdır. Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü afet öncesi, sırası ve sonrası olmak üzere afet yönetiminin her safhasından sorumludur. Projelerde coğrafi bilgi sistemleri analizler ve uzaktan algılama teknikleri en sık kullanılan araçlar arasındadır. Bu tür sistemlerin dünyada kullanımı da yaygınlamaktadır. Afetlere müdahale konusunda uluslar arası ve bölgesel işbirliği ve ykınlaşmanın önemi gittikçe artmakta ve çoğu ülke bu tür işbirliklerinin öneminin farkına varmaktadır. Afetlere etkin bir şekilde müdahale etmek amacıyla birçok oluşumlar bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında uzaktan algılama teknikleri ve coğrafi bilgi sistemlerininentegrasyonu ile oluşturulan hızlı kartoğrafya teknikleri popüler olmaya başlamaktadır. Büyük alanları etkileyen afet olayları için uydu görüntüleri hasarlı alanlar hakkında fikir verebilmeleri ve hasar haritaları oluşturmaları açısından acil durum yöneticilerine önemli bir girdi sağlamaktadır. Uydu görüntüsü kullanarak hasar tespitine yönelik veriler ve haritalar üreten uluslararası birçok oluşum bulunmaktadır. International Charter “Space and Major Disasters” buna en iyi örneklerden birisidir. Charter yetkili kullanıcılarına afet bölgesine ait afet öncesi ve sonrası görüntüleri acil durum yönetimi çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere ücretsiz olarak vermektedir. 2003 Bingöl depremi sonrasında Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü Charter oluşumunu tetikleyerek üretilen hasar tespit haritalarını kullanmış daha sonra 2006 yılında bu oluşumun Türkiye yetkili kullanıcısı olmuştur.
POSTER / POSTER 278
MICROZONATION PROJECTS IN ISTANBUL
BASMACI A.E.-1, KILIÇ O.-1
1-İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü
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ABSTRACT Istanbul City locates on the west edge of North Anatolia Fault, and characterized as high seismic activity area. Current population of Istanbul City exceeds 10 million and the city is still growing as center of commerce, tourism and culture in Turkey. Two big earthquakes occurred in 1999 alongside of the North Anatolian Fault. The Earthquake struck urban area of Kocaeli City in August and also urban area of Duzce City in November. The phenomena of strong earthquake migrating from east to west along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) continue to be observed therefore it is likely that sometime in the future another large earthquake will strike Istanbul. Disaster prevention studies of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality focuses on risk mitigation and are being carried out under two basic topics;
-Risk Management: Scientific and Technical Studies
-Disaster management: Emergency Response Studies
One of the most remarkable projects for Istanbul is ‘Microzonation’ with 250mx250m grids in which different hazardous potentials such as landslide, liquefaction, site amplification, flooding, etc. are trying to be identified. Project was proposed by previous studies like IMM/JICA, IEMP (Earthquake master Plan), Housing & Construction Ministry Earthquake Council, etc. It is an efficient tool to mitigate risks for hazard related land use management. First two stages of covers about 650 km2. It is planned that microzonation project which will be used to revise all kind of construction plans with all scales will cover whole Istanbul in the future.
To reach the ultimate goal of having a disaster resistant city, Istanbul Municipality has been conducting remarkably unique national and international projects and ready to cooperate with international organizations committed to decrease vulnerabilities globally.
POSTER / POSTER 279
DETERMINATION OF STATES FOR AFFECTED BY MARMARA EARTHQUAKE AND PREPARATION FOR POSSIBLE EARTHQUAKES OF THE 112 EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE SERVICE STAFF IN MARMARA REGION
MARMARA BÖLGESİ 112 ACİL YARDIM VE KURTARMA HİZMETLERİNDE ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN GEÇMİŞ AFETLERDEN ETKİLENME VE OLASI AFETLERE HAZIRLIK DURUMLARININ SAPTANMASI
ER A.R.-1, ÇAKMAK E.-1, ÖZ Y.C.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Kocaeli Sağlık Yüksekokulu Umuttepe Merkez Yerleşkesi 41380-KOCAELİ
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ABSTRACT There were two major earthquakes in the Marmara region in the recent past. These two earthquakes affect the people who live in the region with an impact on health personnel who have worked and some of those staff still continues to live in the region. However, expectations of an earthquake in the region are available.
In this study, the purpose is determination of states for affected by the Marmara earthquake and preparations for new earthquakes of the 112 Emergency Assistance and Rescue Service staff in Marmara region. This study was carried out on 737 people at between September 2004 and December 2007,and in the provinces in the Marmara region (Istanbul, Bursa, Adapazari, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Yalova, Bilecik, Çanakkale, Balıkesir) and working in 112 Emergency Aid and Rescue Services (doctor, nurse, medical officer , midwives and emergency medical technicians) who agreed to participate. Studies were gathered by researchers from the literature data and expert support in the form.
33.5% of the participants in the Marmara region during the earthquake taken duty and responsibility, and faced mental trauma reactions rate of 11.8% to 19.3% were determined. 45% of participants, who are 112 employees, feel ready to work in case of any new disasters and 63.6% 'would be successful when the task is given. The factors those are none of their relatives has lost, to fell safe themselves and relatives and that employees know the needs are met are affecting devastating effects of disasters. Men employees are more powerful than women to work after disasters, women employees have much concerns and fears than men. 53.5% of the participants' knowledge about the working conditions in the disaster that has been expressed.
Operating results in the area of personnel working in emergency assistance units shows in terms of psychological support and at the same time is reasonably necessary in the working conditions of disasters and disaster information to be useful.
ÖZET Marmara bölgesinde yakın geçmişte iki büyük deprem yaşanmıştır. Yaşanan bu iki deprem, bölgede yaşayan halkla birlikte görev yapan sağlık personelini de etkilemiştir ve
POSTER / POSTER 280
bu personelin bir kısmı halen bölgede yaşamaya devam etmektedir. Bununla birlikte bölgede bir deprem beklentisi de bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada; Marmara Bölgesi 112 Acil Yardım ve Kurtarma Hizmetleri’nde çalışan personelin, Marmara depreminden etkilenme ve olası yeni depremlere hazırlık durumlarının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma; Eylül 2004 ve Aralık 2007 tarihleri arasında, Marmara bölgesindeki illerde (Kocaeli, Bursa, Adapazarı, Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Yalova, Bilecik, Çanakkale, Balıkesir) 112 Acil Yardım ve Kurtarma Hizmetleri’nde çalışan (hekim, hemşire, sağlık memuru, ebe ve acil tıbbi teknisyen) ve çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 737 kişi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışma verileri araştırmacılar tarafından literatür ve uzman desteği alınarak hazırlanan çalışma formu ile toplanmıştır.
Katılımcıların %33.5’inin Marmara bölgesinde yaşanan depremler sırasında görev ve sorumluk aldıkları, afete bağlı ruhsal travma tepkilerini %11.8 ile %19.3 oranında yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan 112 çalışanlarının %45’i kendilerini herhangi bir yeni afet durumunda çalışmaya hazır hissetmekte ve %63.6’sı görev aldığında oldukça başarılı olacağını düşünmektedir. Yakın kaybının olmaması, kendilerinin ve yakınlarının güvende olduğunu ve ihtiyaçlarının karşılandığını bilme çalışanların görevlerini yerine getirmelerini ve afetin yıkıcı etkileriyle baş etmelerini etkileyen faktörlerdir. Afet sonrasında çalışmakla ilgili erkek çalışanların kadınlara oranla daha hazır oldukları, kadın çalışanların erkeklerden daha fazla endişe ve korku duydukları saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların %53.5’i afette çalışma koşulları ile ilgili bilgisinin olmadığını ifade etmiştir.
Çalışma sonuçları bölgede acil yardım birimlerinde çalışan personelin ruhsal açıdan desteklenmelerinin ve aynı zamanda afetler ve afetlerde çalışma koşulları konularında bilgilendirilmelerinin yararlı olacağını göstermektedir.
POSTER / POSTER 281
RELATION BETWEEN BUILDING DAMAGE AND GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS IN ZARAND REGION, CENTRAL EAST IRAN
GHAYAMGHAMIAN-1, AHMADZADEH-2, MIRZAEI-2
1-International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and seismology, Disaster Research Center, Iran
2-Institute of Geophysics, Tehran University
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ABSTRACT One of the most important reasons of human casualty and economic and social losses of earthquakes is the vulnerability of residential buildings in urban and rural regions. Damage function is one of the existing methods in studying building vulnerability which varies for each region or country with regard to the type of structure, materials and construction methods. In this paper, the relation between building damage with peak ground acceleration and seismic intensities was investigated in Zarand region, central east Iran. To this end, the damage to the residential buildings was defined in different villages within Zarand province, caused by the Dahooiyeh-Zarand earthquake of 22 February 2005 , and seismic intensities were estimated using European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98) in the damaged areas considering vulnerability class and damage grade of buildings. The strong ground motion was rarely recorded in the damaged areas, so the peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the sites with no recorded ground motion determined by Campbell and Bozorgnia (2008) and Fukushima (2003) attenuation relationships. Finally, the damage function of non-engineering buildings (adobe and masonry structures), which were the major type of structure in the Zarand region, was presented in terms of intensity and peak ground acceleration.
THE MIXTURE MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE TIMES
ERİŞOĞLU M.-1, SERVİ T.-1, ÇALIŞ N.-1, ERİŞOĞLU Ü.-1, SAKALLIOĞLU S.-1, EROL H.-1
1-Department of Statistics Science and Literature Faculty Cukurova University Turkey
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT In this paper, a mixture of distributions is proposed to modeling of earthquake recurrence times. We represent the time interval data between two successive earthquakes ( 5≥M ) which were occurred in the area coordinated 39.000 – 42.000 North latitudes and 30.000- 40.000 East longitudes in North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) between 1900-2006 years with mixture of distributions such as Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull. To show the effectiveness of mixture of distributions, firstly the earthquake recurrence times are modeled with pure probability distributions such as Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull. Then the earthquake recurrence times are modeled with mixture of distributions such as Exponential, Gamma, Lognormal and Weibull. According to comparison, mixture of distributions is more suitable to represent the earthquake recurrence times than pure probability distributions. Under and over probability estimation problems in pure models for earthquake recurrence times are eliminated with using mixture distribution models. Mixture of which distribution is not important for modeling of earthquake recurrence times. On the other mixture of exponential distributions can be offered because parameter estimations can be obtained more easily than other mixture of distributions.
POSTER / POSTER 283
ARCHITECTURE
MİMARLIK
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 283
INCORRECT SETTLEMENT POLICIES IN EARTHQUAKE RISKY CITIES: A CASE THROUGH İZMİR-KADİFEKALE LANDSLIDE REGION
İZMİR KADİFEKALE HEYELAN BÖLGESİ ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN DEPREM RİSKLİ KENTLERDEKİ HATALI YERLEŞİM POLİTİKALARI
KUTLUCA A.K.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Anitpark Campus, 41300, İzmit-KOCAELI
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ABSTRACT Many academicals and practical study for 1999 Earthquake known in literature as “17 August Earthquake” has been made in Turkey, but reflections on the application of those studies couldn’t go beyond a method of wound wrapping on the main editing for earthquake.
For this reason, neither policies including landslide, flood, and avalanche fall etc. separated from earthquake could be made, nor could comprehensive training on pre disaster, during disaster and after disaster be developed. Even though earthquake is at the centre of disaster prevention in Turkey, other possibilities in regards to geographical and climatic differences (avalanche possibilities in Eastern regions) or other inter activated disaster types (landslides after earthquake etc) are also a reality in Turkey.
Within the scope of this study, the İzmir City disaster-risk magnitude were revealed through the risk areas identification for Izmir and earthquake, landslide, rock fall and flood types of natural disasters in the landslide phenomenon were focused on. Konak-Kadifekale is of great importance for İzmir in the historical, social, cultural and geographical sense and Kadifekale is a sample of the city for the process of historical development within the urban erroneous policies that are questioned today, Kadifekale landslide area came to the last point of the concept of urban transformation is examined in this context.
ÖZET Literatüre 17 Ağustos depremi olarak ta geçen 1999 depreminden sonra ülke genelinde deprem konusuna yönelik akademik ve pratik alanda pek çok çalışma yapılmış, fakat yapılan çalışmaların uygulamaya yansımaları deprem ana kurgusu üzerinden yara sarma yönteminden pek öteye gidememiştir.
Bu sebeple ne deprem dışında kalan heyelan, sel, çığ düşmesi vb. afet türlerini de içinde barındıracak şekilde genel bir doğal afet kurgusuna yönelik politikalar oluşturulabilmiş, ne de afet olgusuna afet öncesi, afet esnasında ve afet sonrası süreçleri detayında kapsamlı çalışmalar yoluna gidilmiştir. Oysaki ülkemizde afet konusunun merkezinde deprem gerçeği bulunmasına rağmen coğrafi ve iklimsel özellikleri sebebiyle farklı bölgelerde öne çıkan afet türleri (Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde özellikle kış aylarında görülen çığ düşmesi afeti vb.) veya birbirini tetikleyen afet türleri (depremin tetiklediği heyelan ve/veya kaya düşmesi afet türü vb.) bağlamında da bir gerçeklik bulunmaktadır.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, İzmir Kenti afet riskli alanların tespiti üzerinden riskin büyüklüğü gözler önüne serilmiş ve İzmir için risk oluşturan deprem, heyelan, kaya düşmesi ve sel doğal afet türleri içerisinde yer alan heyelan olgusu üzerinde durulmuştur. İzmir için tarihi, sosyal, kültürel ve coğrafi anlamda büyük önem taşıyan Konak- Kadifekale bölgesi örneği üzerinden kentin tarihsel gelişim süreci içerisinde hatalı kentsel yerleşim politikaları sorgulanmış ve günümüzde Kadifekale Heyelan Bölgesi alanında gelinen son nokta kentsel dönüşüm kavramı bağlamında incelenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 284
POST DISASTER RESETTLEMENTS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT
KIRSAL KALKINMADA BİR FIRSAT OLARAK AFET SONRASI YENİDEN YERLEŞTİRME UYGULAMALARI
TERCAN B.-1
1-Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi,
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT Today it is clearly obvious in Turkey that, we have not taken lessons from the previously encountered events of natural or human based disasters and future events and we were caught unprepared to most of the disasters.
Especially in rural areas, materials used in buildings, construction techniques, architectural design of buildings, disorganization of settlements are showing the complexity of possibility of preparedness before disasters.
Post disaster resettlement process and reconstruction practices which served as a solution for accomodation problems of the victims of disaster turned to a problem. This problem caused from lack of applicable national disaster policies, disperced organisational structure and legal structure in Turkey.
Thus, except the losses, disasters must be seen as an opportunity for the rural resettlements of turkey. These resettlement projects must be designed as a local development projects. By this way, the negative effects of disasters on the victim of the disasters can be diminished. They can be reproductive in the society again. For this purpose, an applicable post disaster resettlement policy must be developed.
Purpose of this study is, to evaluate the results of post disaster resettlements with reference to some rural resettlement projects (central village, farm village and village town) implemented in Turkey.
ÖZET Bugün, ülkemizde daha önce karşılaştığımız doğal veya insan kaynaklı afet olaylarından ders almadığımız, birçoğuna hazırlıksız yakalandığımız ve gelecekteki olaylara da etkin hazırlanmadığımız açıkça ortadadır.
Özellikle kırsal yerleşmelerdeki yapılarda kullanılan malzemeler, yapım teknikleri, konutların mimarisi, yerleşim birimlerinin dağınıklığı ile ülkemizdeki muhtemel afet riskleri dikkate alındığında, afet öncesi hazırlık yapma olanaklarımızın ne kadar sınırlı olduğu daha da kolay anlaşılmaktadır.
Başta doğal afetler olmak üzere ülkemizdeki tüm afet olayları karşısında uygulanabilir politikaların üretilememesi ve yapısal sorunların ortadan kaldırılmasına ve örgütlenmelerdeki dağınıklığın giderilmemesine yönelik düzenlemeler yapılamaması nedeniyle, afetzedelerin barınma gereksinimlerine çözüm olarak sunulan afet sonrası yerleşme süreci ile yeniden yapılaşma uygulamaları birer soruna dönüşmektedir.
Dolayısıyla, afetlerin bir fırsat olarak görülüp, afet sonrası yeniden yerleşim uygulamalarının bir toplumsal kalkınma projesi gibi ele alınması, toplumsal amaçları ağır basan afet sonrası yeniden yerleşim uygulamalarının, kişiler ve ekonomi üzerindeki negatif etkisini asgariye indiren, afetzedelerin yeniden üretken ve kendilerine yetecek şekilde organize olmalarını sağlayan bir afet sonrası yerleşme politikasının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışmada amaç, geçmişte yaşanmış afetlerin sonuçlarını ve ortaya çıkan zararları inceleyerek gidermeye yönelik afet sonrası yeniden yerleştirme süreçlerinde, planlamanın diğer disiplinlerle olan ilişkileri ve rolüne yönelik eleştirel bir değerlendirmede bulunmak ve dağınık bir yapıya sahip olan kırsal yerleşme düzenimizin yeniden örgütlenmesi çabalarının (Köykent, Merkez köy, Tarım kent...) afet sonrası yeniden yerleşme sürecinde uygulanabilirliğini tartışmaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 285
INVESTIGATION ON EVOLUTION OF TURKISH HOME FURNITURE DESIGN, WHICH HAS BEEN SHAPED UP BY SECTORAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS SINCE PRE-REPUBLICAN PERIOD, IN TERMS OF ENDURANCE TO EARTHQUAKE
SEKTÖREL VE KÜLTÜREL FAKTÖRLERİN ETKİSİNDE BİÇİMLENEN KONUT MOBİLYAMIZIN CUMHURİYET ÖNCESİNDEN GÜNÜMÜZE DEĞİN GÖSTERDİĞİ TASARIMA DAİR GELİŞİMİN DEPREM YÜKLERİNİ KARŞILAMASI AÇISINDAN İRDELENMESİ
ERTEN BİLGİÇ D.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakütesi İç Mimarlık Bölümü Anıtpark Yerleşkesi İzmit- Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkish furniture culture changed direction and developed in terms of design throughout history, under influence of many factors such as social, economical and political events and climate, materials, production methods developing in parallel to materials, religion and traditions. Furniture, which is a reflection of the culture, continues to be structured under influence of the technological facilities of the geographical region it is produced in.
In the Ottoman Empire, when speciality furniture production started in the 14th century, the Edirnekari type furniture (furniture produced in the Edirne region) like chests, reading desks, cupboard doors and ceilings etc. had changed character with the Europeanization trend following the Tanzimat (Reformation) Period and this change had its reflections in the Turkish home interior design as well. Mechanization that started with the Industrial Revolution in Europe affected furniture production and hence design. Factories established in a variety of sectors led to formation of new settlement centers (cities) and the migration from rural areas to cities created a large housing gap, which in turn invited in a new urban interior space understanding, along with compatible furniture.
Industrialization of furniture sector in Turkey dates back to 1970s. Rapidly developing industrial systems since 1970s resulted in furniture production plants of different sizes in parallel to advances in technology. Hand made furniture were replaced by mass produced furniture made of materials of demand. Industrial mass production brought in industrial design as well. The products produced during this transition have been reflecting the global lines, while local effects tended to deteriorate.
Home furniture that has transformed in terms of form and means of production can create trouble to their users or save their lives in case of earthquakes which repeat over irregular periods.
In this study, cultural transformation of the Turkish home room understanding and influence of furniture sector on design will be evaluated over historical time periods, and reaction of design changes against earthquake effects will be dealt with.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 286
ÖZET Mobilya kültürümüz tarih boyunca yaşadığımız sosyal, ekonomik, psikolojik, siyasal olaylar, iklim, malzeme, malzemeye bağlı gelişen üretim biçimleri, din, gelenekler gibi pek çok özellikli durumun etkisi ile tasarımında yön değiştirmiş ve gelişmiştir. Kültürün bir yansıması olan mobilya, üretildiği coğrafyanın sahip olduğu teknolojik olanakların etkisinde biçimlenmeye devam etmektedir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde özellikli mobilya üretiminin başladığı 14. yy’da Edirnekari (Edirne işi mobilya) denen sandık, rahle, yüklük kapakları, tavanları vb. diye anılan mobilyalar, Tanzimat Dönemi’nde Avrupa’ya yöneliş ile biçim değiştirmeye başlamış ve bu değişim Türk Evi oda kurgusuna yansımıştır. Avrupa’da Sanayi Devrimi ile başlayan makineleşme mobilya üretimine ve dolayısıyla tasarımına da etki etmiştir. Sanayileşme hareketleri çerçevesinde kurulan farklı sektörlerdeki fabrikalar, yeni yerleşim alanlarını (kentleri) oluşturmuş ve köyden kente yönelen göç, büyük bir konut açığı ile yeni kentli konut mekân anlayışını mobilyasıyla beraber getirmiştir.
Ülkemizde mobilya sektörünün endüstrileşmesi 1970’li yıllara dayanmaktadır. 1970’li yıllardan günümüze hızla gelişen endüstri sistemleri, ilerleyen teknolojiye de paralel olarak farklı ölçeklerde mobilya üretim tesislerinin kurulmasına sebep olmuştur. Atölyelerde el emeği ile üretilen mobilyaların yerini zaman içerisinde günün geçeri yeni malzemelerle yapılan seri üretimler almıştır. Bu süreçte çıkan ürünler global çizgilere bürünürken yerel kimliklerin izleri silinmeye başlamıştır.
Tüm bu gelişmelerin ışığında, biçimsel ve üretim yöntemleri açısından değişikliğe uğrayan konut mobilyası, belirsiz aralıklarla tekrarlanan depremlerde kullanıcısına zor anlar yaşatabilirken hayat kurtarır konuma da gelebilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada; Türk Evi oda anlayışının ve mobilyasının geçirdiği kültürel değişim ile mobilya sektörünün tasarıma olan etkisi dönemler halinde saptanacak ve mobilya tasarımındaki değişikliklerin deprem etkileri karşısındaki davranışları irdelenecektir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 287
ASSESSMENT ON “SOFT” AND “HARD” STRATEGIES FOR FLEXIBLE HOUSING DESIGN: EARTHQUAKE AS AN OUTER FACTOR
ALBOSTAN D.-1, ALBOSTAN
1-Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Bölümü, Beytepe, Ankara
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Flexibility is an important concern for housing design in order to make users to be able to adapt and adjust their units according to their changing needs and demands over time. The methods and strategies for creating flexible housing can be assessed under two aspects: the structural system and the architectural layout. The former one is the permanent component of the building; whereas, the latter one is the variable part that is adjustable according to the structural design of the building. There are two strategies according to the works of Schneider and Till (2005, 2007): “soft” and “hard”. The main difference between these two strategies can be stated as; while in “soft” systems, the main scope is to use permanent components (structural elements) in a limited way, in “hard” systems, there is not such a restriction.
The inquiry is based on the degree of stability for flexible housing buildings under any destructive level of earthquake. In that respect, this study focuses on the correlation between structural system of flexible housing and earthquake as an outer factor. The methodology of the study is based on an analysis of the most prominent selected two cases, Kallebäck Experimental Housing by Erik Friberger, 1960 in Sweden as “soft” and Alexandra Road Urban Block by Neave Brown For GL, 1969-78 in Britain as “hard”, in the structural analysis program (SAP). The aim is to make a comparative reading on two strategies in flexible housing design, “soft” and “hard” in the light of earthquake through two prominent selected cases from Europe.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 288
A STUDY ABOUT AN EVALUATION OF THE PERMANENT EARTHQUAKE HOUSING IN TERMS OF ADVISOR AND RESIDENT – AN EXAMPLE OF KOCAELI, GUNDOGDU
KALICI DEPREM KONUTLARININ YAPIMCI VE KULLANICI GÖRÜŞLERİ AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: KOCAELİ-GÜNDOĞDU ÖRNEĞİ
TAŞ N.-1, TAŞ M.-1, COŞGUN N.-2
1-Uludağ Üniversity, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of Architecture, 16059 Görükle, Bursa
2-Gebze Institute of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT One of the biggest investments and projects in Turkey in recent years are the permanent housing applications. The state of emergency experienced after 17 August 1999 Marmara Earthquake brought the question of permanent housing foreground, and a total of 43,093 housings were built in certain settlement areas in various cities within the meaning of Disaster Act. Housings were built with donations from the World Bank, Council of Europe Development Bank, private sector, and foreign aids. After the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, the biggest number of permanent housings was built in Kocaeli.
It is necessary to manage the project in the best manner possible in both design and construction phases, to consider arising demands and to take restrictions into consideration. Interruptions arising after a project has been constructed are either cannot be fixed or the adjustment requires an extra cost. In order to be able to form a qualitative environment, production process gains importance in such complicated structures whose effect will be long lasting.
This study aims to examine the permanent housing production in Turkey after the Marmara Earthquake in 1999 in terms of (planning, design, construction) and usage and to determine the problems faced. The aim is to determine the outcomes that could function as data for the solution of possible problems that might arise in production of permanent housings after a possible earthquake.
ÖZET Türkiye’de son yıllarda yapılan en büyük yatırımlardan ve projelerden birisi kalıcı konut uygulamaları olmuştur. 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra yaşanılan olağanüstü durum kalıcı konut ihtiyacını ön plana çıkarmış, Afet Kanunu kapsamında çeşitli illerde belirlenen yerleşim alanlarında toplamda 43.093 adet konut yapılmıştır. Konutlar, Dünya Bankası, Avrupa Konseyi Kalkınma Bankası, özel sektör ve dış yardım kaynaklı hibeler ile inşa edilmiştir. 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra en çok kalıcı konut uygulaması ise Kocaeli ili’nde inşa edilmiştir.
Bir yapı projesi yapıldıktan sonra oluşan aksaklıklar ya artık düzeltilememekte ya da düzeltilmeleri için bir ek maliyete gereksinim olmaktadır. Nitelikli bir yapılı çevrenin oluşturulabilmesi için de böylesine karmaşık ve etkileri uzun süre kalacak olan yapılar için üretim süreci önem kazanmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 1999 Marmara Depremi’nden sonra gerçekleştirilen Kocaeli Gündoğdu kalıcı konutlarının üretim (planlama, tasarım, yapım) ve kullanım aşamaları irdelenerek, karşılaşılan problemlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Olası bir deprem sonrasında inşa edilecek kalıcı konutların üretimine yönelik ortaya çıkabilecek sorunların çözümü konusunda veri olabilecek sonuçların belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 289
APPROACH OF ARHITECTURE HISTORY TO EARTHQUAKE: “OBJECTIVITY OF EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON IN DESIGN AND CONSTITUTION OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY”
MİMARLIK TARİHİ’NİN DEPREM KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMI: “TASARIMDA DEPREM OLGUSUNUN NESNELLEŞMESİ VE KOLLEKTİF BELLEĞİN OLUŞUMU”
ŞENYURT O.-1
1-Kocaeli University Architecture and Design Faculty Department of Architecture, Architecture History Subdivision Anıtpark Yerleşkesi 41300 İzmit/Kocaeli
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The question, how should “earthquake” phenomenon be included in reciting about the History of Architecture, was oriented to 40 students of 2nd Class, Architecture Department of the Faculty of Architecture and Design of Kocaeli University and requested to express their opinion in written with 1-2 pages. Although the approaches of the students were various, reciting of the Earthquake issue in the lessons of History of Architecture was requested by the majority of the students. At the same time, except for 1 student, remaining students agreed that earthquake theme should be included in the content of the History of Architecture lesson.
While the results of this survey and the view point of the students were underlining that earthquake issue had not been taken into consideration properly, this can force any Architecture Historian regarding that how this issue should be handled. It is very exciting that, earthquake phenomenon has not been considered commonly and even any information has not been given regarding the earthquakes of Turkey chronologically during the undergraduate education of architecture. While reciting about the modifications of the buildings that have important historical references such as Hagia Sophia and Grand Bazaar, adopting of an ordinary expression style for the executed modifications because of earthquake as if they had been performed as normal modification, consists another interesting dimension of the issue. “Earthquake” phenomenon that could not establish a common point for “architecture” and “history”, which are the main two components of Architecture History lesson should be discussed in the declaration, regarding that why could not it determine a history interval in the History of Turkish Architecture and why was not it included in the subjects of the Architecture History. On the other hand, eras or structures have been included in the area of information because of establishing the subject of the Architecture History and being primarily products of the design, and determining of the historical time interval as being the first or single. In order to handle earthquake issue in History of Architecture as a time interval, both public and private structures should be the products of design after an earthquake and should have value rather than to “save the time” or “heal the wounds”. In accordance with the concerns of the students about having inadequate information regarding structure (tectonic) issue at the practical information of architecture, it is attracted attention to emerge threat about the unidirectional perceptions about the demands that History of Architecture aims to cover the deficit in this area. When earthquake phenomenon was included in the issue, architecture (architectonic) has not been taken into consideration by the students as spatial, associative/lexical product of design, and this fact was assessed. A part from discussions regarding the structure should be “earthquake-resistant”, how a structure should have take place in collective memory and to train the individuals, who ready for earthquake phenomenon and the success to place this issue in the memories, in other words importance of spatial, associative/lexical direction at the architectural dimension was struggled to be explained. Within this approach, it has been emphasized that explaining of the earthquake phenomenon to the next generations or against the struggle not to
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 290
cause forget this fact, positive role of the objective expression of architecture against the resistance of the public in order to forget this bad event, should be included in the information area of History of Architecture.
It has been known that, the role that will be played by the history of the architecture in order to constitute collective memory is more important than the reciting about the modifications of the structures in the past because of earthquake. While establishing collective memory about the earthquake phenomenon, contribution of the Architecture History is another important point. It has connection with the contributions of the designers upon the public or private housings after earthquake. In order to prepare the people against earthquake, a better way should be considered rather than threat the people by media without distressing and damaging joy of life of the people in our era and suggestions have been developing in the declaration for a public area, where “collective memory” can be established.
ÖZET Kocaeli Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi Mimarlık Bölümü II. Sınıf öğrencilerinden 40 kişiye Mimarlık Tarihi ders anlatımında “deprem” konusunun nasıl yer alması gerektiği? sorusu yöneltilerek düşüncelerini 1-2 sayfalık bir yazılı anlatımla ifade etmeleri istenmiştir. Soruya öğrencilerin yaklaşımı farklı olmakla birlikte, Mimarlık Tarihi derslerinde deprem konusunun tarihi yapılar ve strüktürler üzerinden anlatılması çoğunluğun talebidir. Aynı zamanda, 1 öğrenci dışında, geri kalan öğrenciler Mimarlık Tarihi ders anlatımında deprem temasının yer alması konusunda hemfikir kalmışlardır.
Bu anketin sonuçları ve öğrencilerin bakış açısı, Mimarlık Tarihi ders anlatımında deprem olgusunun hakkıyla ele alınmadığının altını çizerken, ele alınırsa ne şekilde ele alınması gerektiği konusunda da herhangi bir Mimarlık Tarihçi’sini düşünmeye zorlayabilir. Mimarlık lisans eğitiminde deprem olgusuna fazlaca değinilmemesi ve en azından kronolojik olarak dahi Türkiye’deki depremlere dair bilgi verilmemesi dikkat çeker. Ayasofya veya Kapalıçarşı gibi önemli tarihi referanslara sahip yapıların depreme ait tadilatlarını anlatırken zamanın eskitmesi sebebiyle yapılan tadilatlar kadar olağan bir anlatım biçimi benimsenmesi de konunun bir başka boyutunu oluşturur.
Bildiride, Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bilgi alanının başlıca bileşenlerini “mimarlık” ve “tarih”in oluşturduğu bu dersin bu iki bileşenin ortak noktasını oluşturamayan “deprem” olgusunun Türk Mimarlık Tarihi anlatısında neden bir tarih aralığı belirleyemediği ve neden Mimarlık Tarihi’nin konularının içinde yer almadığı? tartışılacaktır.
Diğer taraftan, Mimarlık Tarihi’nin konusunu oluşturan dönemler ya da yapılar öncelikli olarak tasarım ürünleri olmaları, tarih aralığı belirlemeleri ve ilk ya da tek olmaları nedeniyle bu bilgi alanına dahildirler. Mimarlık Tarihi’nde deprem konusunun bir dönem aralığı olarak ele alınması için deprem sonrası gerek kamusal, gerekse özel yapıların tasarım ürünleri olmaları ve sadece “zamanı kurtarmak” ya da “yaraları sarmaktan” daha öte bir değer taşımaları gerekmektedir. Bildiride, öğrencilerin mimarlığın pratik bilgi alanındaki strüktür ve yapıya (tektonik) ait eksik bilgilendirilme kaygıları doğrultusunda Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bu açığı kapaması yönündeki istemlerinin mimarlığı tek yönlü algılamalarındaki tehlikeyi ortaya çıkardığına dikkat çekilmektedir. Tasarım ürünü olarak ortaya çıkan mekansal, çağrışımsal/anlamsal olarak mimarinin (arkitektonik), deprem olgusu işin içine girince öğrenciler tarafından gözardı edilmesi değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır. Burada yapının depreme “dayanıklı” olması konusundaki tartışmaların ötesinde yapının “kollektif bellek”te nasıl bir yer edineceği ve sonrasında deprem olgusuna hazırlıklı bireyleri yetiştirmek ve bu olguyu hafızalara yerleştirmekteki başarısının, diğer bir deyişle yapının mimari boyutundaki çağrışımsal/anlamsal yönün, yapının strüktürü kadar önemli olduğu anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu yaklaşım tarihin deprem olgusunu gelecek kuşaklara hatırlatması ya da unutturmaması mücadelesine karşılık, kamunun bu kötü olayı hatırlamak istememe direnci arasında mimarinin nesnel anlatımının oynayacağı olumlu yönün Mimarlık Tarihi’nin bilgi alanına dahil edilebileceği vurgulanmaktadır.
Mimarlık Tarihi dersinin kollektif belleği oluşturmada oynayacağı rolün geçmişe ait yapıların deprem sebebiyle gördükleri tadilatların anlatımından daha önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Deprem olgusuna ait kollektif belleği oluşturmada, Mimarlık Tarihi dersinin katkısının, tasarımcıların deprem sonrası inşa edilen kamusal ya da özel mekanlara katkısıyla bağlantılı olduğu önemle üstünde durulması gereken bir başka noktadır. Medyanın korku salarak halkı depreme hazırlamasından daha iyi bir yolun, mimarlığın nesnel anlatısıyla günümüz insanına ve gelecek kuşaklara üzmeden ve yaşam sevincini kırmadan depremi hatırlatma olduğu düşünülmekte ve mekanın kendisinin “kollektif bellek” oluşturabileceği kamusal bir alan için bildiride öneriler geliştirilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 291
EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (PLANNING-DESIGN-PRODUCTION) AFTER 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
1999 MARMARA DEPREMİNDEN SONRA YAPI ÜRETİM (PLANLAMA -TASARIM-YAPIM) SÜRECİNDE YAŞANAN DEĞİŞİKLİKLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, ÖZTEKİN K.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Anitpark Campus, 41300, İzmit-KOCAELI
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On August 17 and November 12, 1999 two major earthquakes took place in Eastern Marmara Region effecting Kocaeli, Duzce and Istanbul and caused a great loss life and possessions.
This was the first time a that big earthquake effecting a that wide area happened in our country and losses were mainly caused by buildings partially or totally damaged. This fact resulted in various researches and legal arrangements about the phases of building construction i.e. enterprise/planning, design, construction and usage.
However, the process of building construction involves various disciplines and policy makers and that rises the need for assessing the studies and precautions as a whole.
In this paper, revisions in laws and legislations effecting the process of building construction after the earthquake, reflections of the subject on architectural education, studies of professional chambers and various researchers will be assessed and their effect on construction process as a whole will be stated.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos ve 12 Kasım 1999 tarihlerinde Doğu Marmara Bölgesinde, Kocaeli, Düzce ve İstanbul’u etkileyen, çok büyük can ve mal kayıplarına yol açan iki deprem meydana gelmiştir.
Ülkemizde ilk kez bu büyüklükte ve geniş bir kentsel alanda yaşanan söz konusu depremler sonucu oluşan kayıpların, yapıların kısmen ya da tamamen hasar görmesinden kaynaklandığı gerçeği, yapı üretim sürecinin çeşitli evrelerine (girişim/planlama, tasarım, yapım, kullanım gibi) yönelik olarak çok sayıda araştırmaların yapılmasına ve yasal düzenlemeler yapılmasına yol açmıştır.
Ancak; yapı üretim sürecinin özellikleri, çok sayıda disiplini, karar vericiyi içermesi; bunlar arasındaki karmaşık ilişkilerin varlığı, yapılan çalışmaların ve alınan önlemlerin bütünsellik içerisinde ele alınmasını gerekli ve kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır.
Bu bildiride; yapı üretim sürecini ilgilendiren yasa ve yönetmeliklerde deprem sonrası yapılan değişiklikler, konunun mimarlık eğitimine olan yansımaları, meslek odalarıyla ve çeşitli araştırmacılarla yapılan çalışmalar irdelenecek ve bunların tüm üretim süreci açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 292
A REVIEW OF AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE'S EFFECTS ON HOUSING PRODUCTION AND DESIGN
17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN KONUT ÜRETİMİ VE TASARIMINDAKİ ETKİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, ÖZTEKİN K.-1
1-Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Anitpark Campus, 41300, İzmit-KOCAELI
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Two major earthquakes took place in Kocaeli and Duzce in 1999 causing a great loss life and possessions and these earthquakes effected not only the region socially, economically and culturally but the whole country. Besides the people that experienced the earthquake physically, the people effected psychologically by the media spread from the region started to approach the subject more aware compared to the times before the earthquake and watch the changes in building scale and city scale with more attention. The housing investments which have ceased, got started again in 2003 and gained acceleration compared to the era before the earthquakes. The supply and demand in urban housing differentiated not only in Istanbul and Kocaeli, but in the whole country.
In this paper differentiations in production, supply and demand of housing industry and changes in architectural design are reviewed with Istanbul, as the most important economical focus point, and Kocaeli as the city most effected from the earthquake, regarded as center. The houses built after the earthquake are assessed from the angle of design both in single building scale and urban scale and proposals are suggested
ÖZET 1999 yılında Kocaeli ve Düzce’de arka arkaya gerçekleşen iki büyük depremin yol açtığı büyük can ve mal kaybı, başta bölge halkı olmak üzere tüm ülkemizi sosyal, ekomomik ve kültürel olarak çok etkilemiştir. Depremi bizzat yaşayanlar yanında, ortaya çıkan görüntülerden psikolojik olarak etkilenen insanlarımız, yaşadıklarının ve deprem korkusunun da etkisiyle; konuya deprem öncesine nazaran biraz daha bilinçli olarak yaklaşmaya ve özellikle yapı ve kentsel mekanlarla ilgili değişiklikleri daha çok araştırmaya, izlemeye başlamışlardır. Deprem sonrası ciddi bir kesintiye uğrayan konut yatırımları, özellikle 2003 yılında yeniden başlamış ve deprem öncesine göre hızlı bir ivmeyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. İstanbul ve Kocaeli başta olmak üzere tüm yurtta kentsel konut talebi ve arzında önemli bir farklılaşma ve değişiklik gözlenmiştir.
Bu çalışmada en büyük ekonomik odak olan İstanbul ve depremden en fazla etkilenen yerleşim merkezi olan Kocaeli ağırlıklı olmak üzere konut sektöründeki üretim, talep ve arz farklılaşmaları ile depremin konut mimari tasarımlarındaki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu bildiride, deprem sonrasında gerçekleştirilen konutların tasarım özelliklerinin hem tek yapı ölçeğinde, hem de kentsel mekan ölçeğindeki yansımaları incelenerek mimari anlamda değerlendirilmesi yapılmış ve buradan elde edilen çıkarımlarla konut üretimine ve tasarımına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 293
OPINIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES LEADING TO DESTRUCTION IN IZMIT, THE OTTOMAN CITY ON THE PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
OSMANLI KENTİ İZMİT’TE YIKIMA YOL AÇAN DEPREMLERİN DİNİ YAPILAR BAĞLAMINDA FİZİKİ YAPIYA ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE DÜŞÜNCELER
KAYA Ş.-1
1-Vezneciler Cad, 11, 34134- İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Izmit had been exposed to earthquakes, most of which had had destructive intensity, as from the dates which it had been constructed with the name Nikomedia in year 264 before Christ and had been reconstructed again after these earthquakes. These activities performed for the purpose of removing the effects of earthquake in the city, had had an impact on the historical development of the city as well as its physical appearance.
Izmit was also exposed destructive earthquakes after Ottomans had ruled over the city. The destructions caused by the earthquakes in question in the city and the reconstruction activities after them took place in various sources. In this paper, the effects of destructions generated by the earthquakes occurred in Ottoman Period on the physical appearance of the city are intended to be examined by means of published sources, old visual data and documents relating to the city. The determinations regarding the subject discussed will be attempted to be defined over religious constructions which can be perceived more easily in the physical construction. In this sense, yet another point to be emphasized particularly as well is that in the city where the wooden inner dome is observed in the religious constructions, whether the fact of earthquake plays a part in being trended to this design or not.
Thus, the design of the religious constructions in the city and the historical development of the city will be approached with a different point of view.
ÖZET MÖ 264 yılında Nikomedia adıyla kurulduğu tarihlerden itibaren İzmit, çoğu yıkıcı şiddette olan deprem felaketlerine maruz kalmış ve bu depremlerden sonra yeniden imar edilmiştir. Kentte depremin etkilerini ortadan kaldırmaya yönelik yapılan bu çalışmalar, kentin tarihi gelişimine olduğu kadar fiziki görünümüne de etki etmiştir.
İzmit, Osmanlı idaresine girdikten sonra da yıkıcı depremlerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Söz konusu depremlerin kente yol açtığı yıkımlar ve sonrasındaki imar faaliyetleri çeşitli kaynaklarda yer almıştır. Bu bildiride, Osmanlı döneminde meydana gelen depremlerin yarattığı yıkımların kentin fiziki görünümü olan etkilerinin, çeşitli kaynaklar ve kente ait eski görsel veriler yanında, tarihi belgeler yardımıyla irdelenmesi düşünülmektedir. Özellikle konuyla ilgili saptamalar, fiziki yapıda daha kolay algılanabilen dini yapılar üzerinden belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda üzerinde durulacak bir diğer nokta da dini yapılarda ahşap iç kubbenin yaygın kullanımı gözlenen kentte, bu tasarıma yönelinmesinde deprem gerçeğinin rolu olup olmadığıdır.
Böylelikle kentteki dini yapıların tasarımına ve kenti tarihi gelişimine farklı bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşılmış olunacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 294
PRIORITIES AND PREFERENCES OF SOCIETY IN EARTHQUAKE RISK REDUCTION: A SOCIAL RESEARCH IN BAKIRKÖY
TOPLUMUN DEPREM RİSKLERİNİN AZALTILMASINDAKİ ÖNCELİK VE TERCİHLERİ: BAKIRKÖY’DE SOSYAL BİR ARAŞTIRMA
BALYEMEZ S.-1, BERKÖZ L.-1
1-İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlaması Bl. (34437) Taşkışla, Taksim / İstanbul
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT When the reorganization of the urban space is the subject, interaction of the three components – natural, built, and social environments – which forms the space must be considered. In case of negligence of at least one of these components during the reorganization process may result in breakdown of spatial relations and interactions and it would be impossible to build a stable and systematic structure.
Urban renewal and rehabilitation works intended for disaster risk reduction should not be considered just as an overall sum of construction projects. Stability in interrelations between those three components and degradation in conflicts gain a particular importance in disaster- focused projects which require some reorganization in urban space. A new approach beyond the physical planning understanding comes into question for disaster risk reduction. This multi-componential and totalizer approach called mitigation planning is an executive system which combines all risk reduction actions and programs.
This study specifically focuses on earthquake risk and one of the major components of mitigation planning considering social issues. Every physical change in any site will cause the human fact which generates the space, to be affected directly and in a radical manner. An individuals or the society’s acceptance of the physical transformation of the site is related to what extent the new situation is assimilated, while the degree of assimilation depends on the consistency with the users’ self conditions and the characteristics of the factors figuring their preferences. Therefore, various internal and external factors like psychologic, demographic, economic, etc. acquire importance for a healthy analysis. The determinants underlying the individual’s acceptance of any hypothetical situation introduced must be analysed in a cause-consequence relation, and moreover within the entire complex interrelations network.
Within this scope, three quarters of Bakırköy which have been defined as high risk zones by various researches carried through since 1999 earthquakes have been subject to a social research called “Householder Approach About Earthquake Risk Reduction”. The building stock in the area is relatively old and it might be judged as an opportunity for renewal. As an overall evaluation, this study owns a character of a social research intended for a probable future implementation on urban renewal within the scope of earthquake risk reduction, with its generous database.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 295
ÖZET Kentsel mekânın yeniden organizasyonu söz konusu olduğunda, mekânı oluşturan üç bileşenin birbirleriyle etkileşimi gözetilmek zorundadır. Bu bileşenler Doğal Çevre, Yapılaşmış Çevre ve Sosyal Çevredir. Bunlardan en az birinin az ya da çok ihmal edilmesi, mekânsal ilişkilerin ve karşılıklı etkileşimlerin sağlıksızlaşmasına yol açacak, uyumlu işleyen dengeli bir sistem kurulamayacaktır.
Afet risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik kentsel yenileme ve iyileştirme çalışmaları, bu yüzden, salt yapılaşma projeleri toplamı olarak ele alınmamalıdır. Kent mekânında yeni bir takım düzenlemeler gerektiren afet odaklı çalışmalarda bu üç bileşen arasındaki ilişkiler dengesinin kurulması, çatışmaların asgari düzeylere indirgenerek uyumun sağlanması bilhassa önem kazanmaktadır. Afet risklerinin azaltılmasında fiziksel planlama anlayışının ötesinde bir yaklaşım gündeme gelmektedir. Sakınım planlaması olarak adlandırılan bu çok bileşenli ve bütüncül yaklaşım risk azaltma eylem ve programlarına ilişkin tüm kurgulamaları bünyesinde toplayan bir sistem, bir yönetim şemasıdır.
Bu çalışmada, spesifik olarak deprem riskine ve sakınım planlamasının önemli bir bileşeni olan sosyal bileşene odaklanılmıştır. Bir mekân için öngörülen fiziksel bir değişim, mekânı var eden insan unsurunun doğrudan ve radikal biçimde etkilenmesiyle son bulacaktır. Bireyin ve toplumun mekândaki fiziksel değişimleri en az zararla karşılayabilmesi, yeni durumu ne ölçüde kabullenebildiği/özümseyebildiği ile, bu ise öznel koşulları ile olan uyumluluk ve tercihlerini şekillendiren etmenlerin karakteristiği ile ilintilidir. Dolayısıyla psikolojik, demografik, ekonomik ve bu gibi birçok içsel ve dışsal faktör sağlıklı bir tahlil için önem kazanmaktadır. Bireyin geleceğe yönelik kendisine sunulan herhangi bir varsayımsal durumu kabul etme veya etmemesinin ardında yatan belirleyiciler bir sebep sonuç ilişkisi içerisinde; ve fakat bunun da ötesinde olası karmaşık ilişkiler ağı bütününde analiz edilmelidir.
Bu çerçevede, 1999 sonrası çalışmalarla Bakırköy ilçesinin deprem riski yüksek olduğu tespit edilen üç mahallesinde “Deprem Risklerinin Azaltılması Konusunda Hane Halkı Yaklaşım Belirleme Çalışması” adında sosyal bir araştırma hayata geçirilmiştir. Bölgedeki bina stokunun görece yaşlı olması yapılaşmış çevrenin yenilenmesine karşı olası direnci zayıflatabilecektir. Çalışma bu değerlendirmeler ışığında, gelecekte gündeme gelebilecek deprem risklerinin azaltılması odaklı bir kentsel yenileme projesine içerdiği zengin veritabanı ile altyapı oluşturan, uygulamaya yönelik sosyal bir araştırma niteliğindedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 296
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİNDE DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMININ ÖNEMİ
KOÇ Y.-1, HARMANKAYA Z.Y.-2, TUNA M.E.-2
1-Gazi Üniversitesi, Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi, Yapı Eğitimi Bölümü, Teknikokullar, Ankara,
2-Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü, Ankara,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Globally increasing prosperity brings about growing consequence o in recent years, by decreasing the effects of earthquake hazards, well organized teams against earthquakes and earthquake resistant building design sensitive on society. The most important step of earthquake resistant building design is settled on during architectural design. One of the most important phases of architectural design is to identify structural system of the building. The structural system of building is decided by architects. The earthquake fact should always be taken into consideration due to building design in countries located on active seismic zones. It is known that, many collapsed or damaged buildings are recognized by their unsuitable structural system created during the architectural design stage. Such design errors usually can not be fixed by engineering calculations. In countries located on high seismic zones similar to Turkey, earthquake codes and specifications should be improved continuously. In addition to these legal regulations about earthquake resistant building design and construction, special attentions should be cared on architectural and engineering education. Earthquake resistant building design concepts should be taught to students of architecture considering the fact that “Earthquake is a reality of Turkey” instead of common criteria and examples. Curriculum of several architectural schools in Europe and Turkey, do not include compulsory “Earthquake Resistant Building Design” courses. As well as Gazi University Department of Architecture, a few school of architecture offer earthquake resistant building design elective courses in their curriculum. By questioning present circumstances of architectural education, the statement that “What should be done to provide more conscious and equipped earthquake resistant building design education” should be discussed. Earthquake resistant building design courses should take place as compulsory courses in the curriculum of schools of architecture. These courses should be adjoined to design projects and various visual materials, physical models must support to increase the students’ perception of true structural behavior. Most of architectural students are visual learners, therefore teaching techniques including visual expression are the correct choice for architectural students. Graphical simulations of structural analysis software and simple physical models prepared by wood or metal pieces may be the best alternative for this teaching method. Consequently, architectural students appropriate to earthquake resistant building design theory will gain ability of the assessment and interpretation of the behavior of structural systems. In this study, the importance of earthquake resistant building design during the architectural education has been reminded. The weight of earthquake resistant building design concepts taken into
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 297
account in architectural schools of Turkey is explored. Innovative teaching tools are proposed which provides improved earthquake resistance building design concepts to architectural students.
ÖZET Refah düzeyinin küresel olarak artmasının bir sonucu olarak, depreme hazırlıklı olmak, deprem afetinin hasarlarını azaltmak ve depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı gibi kavramlar son yıllarda Türkiye’de de önem kazanmıştır. Depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımının en önemli adımı mimari tasarım sırasında atılır. Mimari tasarımın en önemli aşamalarından biri taşıyıcı sistemin belirlenmesidir. Yapıların taşıyıcı sistemi diğer bütün yapı unsurlarında olduğu gibi mimari tasarım sırasında mimarlar tarafından belirlenir. Türkiye gibi deprem riskinin yüksek olduğu yerlerde, yapıların taşıyıcı sistemi belirlenirken deprem olgusu mutlaka göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Daha önce yaşanan depremlerde yıkılan veya hasar gören yapıların bir çoğunun, deprem davranışına göre hatalı olarak hazırlanan mimari tasarımlardan kaynaklandığı bilinmektedir. Mimarlar tarafından doğru bir deprem davranışa uygun olarak tasarlanmayan yapının taşıyıcı sisteminin, mühendislik hesaplarıyla düzeltilmesi çoğu zaman mümkün değildir. Toprakların neredeyse tamamı yüksek bir deprem tehlikesi altındaki bir ülke olarak; deprem yönetmeliklerinin sürekli geliştirilmesi, depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı ve üretimi ile ilgili yasaların titizlikle uygulanması çabalarının yanı sıra, mimarlık ve mühendislik eğitiminde de aynı duyarlılıkla hareket edilmelidir. Mimarlık öğrencilerine “Depreme dayanıklılık” kavramı, sıradan kriterler ve örnekler yerine yapı tasarımında deprem olgusunun Türkiye’nin bir gerçeği olduğu ve titizlikle göz önüne alınması gerektiğini sürekli vurgulayarak, doğru mimari çözümler üretmek çabası içinde öğretilmelidir. Türkiye ve Avrupa’da mimarlık eğitimi veren okulların çoğunda depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı dersi zorunlu ders programları arasında yoktur. Türkiye’de Gazi Üniversitesi’nin de arasında yer aldığı birkaç üniversite dışında, mimarlık eğitiminde depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı içerikli dersler ancak seçmeli dersler arasında yer almaktadır. Mimar adaylarının mevcut eğitimi sorgulanarak, depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı eğitimi konusunda daha bilgili ve donanımlı olmalarını sağlamaya yönelik nelerin yapılması gerektiği tartışılmalıdır. Mimarlık okullarının öğretim programlarında depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı dersi zorunlu dersler arasında yer almalı ve bu dersler mühendislikten bölümlerinden farklı olarak; sadece teorik biçimde değil aynı zamanda uygulama projeleri ile ve görsel malzemeler kullanılarak aktarılmalıdır. Mimarlık öğrencilerinin büyük bir çoğunluğunun görsel malzeme ile öğrenmeye daha yatkın olduğu göz önünde bulundurularak, görsel anlatımı içeren öğretim teknikleri mimarlık öğrencileri için daha doğru bir seçimdir. Yapısal analiz bilgisayar programlarıyla üretilen grafikler, simülasyonlar, kullanımı basit maketlerle yapı davranışının görülmesi bu öğretim yöntemi için ideal olabilir. Depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımı ilkelerini benimseyen mimarlık öğrencileri, sahip oldukları teorik bilgilerin yanı sıra bu bilgileri değerlendirme ve yorumlama becerisi kazanacaklardır. Bu çalışmada mimarlık eğitiminde depreme dayanıklı tasarımının önemi bir kez daha hatırlatılarak, Türkiye’deki mimarlık okullarının öğretim programlarında bu konunun hangi ağırlıkta ele alındığı incelenmiştir. Mimarlık öğrencilerinin depreme dayanıklı yapı tasarımını daha iyi kavramalarını sağlayacak yeni öğretim yöntemleri önerilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 298
OPEN SPACES AND GREEN SPACES RISK ANYLSES AND MANAGEMENT ISTANBUL KUCUKCEKMECE DISTRICT MODEL
AÇIK ALANLAR VE YEŞİL ALANLAR RİSK ANALİZİ VE YÖNETİMİ İSTANBUL İLİ KÜÇÜKÇEKMECE İLÇESİ MODELİ
AKSOY Y.-1, ATALAY H.-2, ÇELİK TURAN A.-1
1-Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Peyzaj Planlama ve Tasarım Atölyesi
2-BİMTAŞ A.Ş İSTANBUL
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In emergency conditions, urban open spaces and green spaces are needed more than one reason. Areas which are conserved on housing such as active green areas (children’s playground areas, park areas, sport areas), passive green areas, car parks, squares, building gardens are supposed to be in sufficient size and proximity, especially to be unoccupied. Open spaces and Green spaces which have vital importance urban renewal and urban transformation projects and applications in case of emergency conditions are supposed to be provided sufficient proximity and size to residential areas, to be continuous and these areas must be planned as easy accessible and controllable. Risk level of spatial distribution of open spaces and green spaces which will be used in emergency cases is supposed to evaluate whether they are adequate from the point of proximity and widthwise to regions which has high risk level and will be needed more in emergency cases, and repairing inadequacies with planning is supposed to become compulsory. Open spaces and green spaces are needed areas to improve special risk evaluation and management methods because of having function of creating safe and accessible evacuation areas when earthquake and other possible disaster are discussed, open and green spaces safe and creating accessible evacuation areas besides physical functions, physiological functions, economic and ecologic functions, For this reason, available open and green areas at the level of Kucukcekmece district were elevated and determined adequateness and needs, depending on this, some suggestion made oriented providing needs and reducing the risks. Geographical information system is used to reduce the faults to the minimum level. Maps were created using Arc GIS 7.0 program.
ÖZET Acil durum koşullarında kentsel açık alanlara ve yeşil alanlara birden fazla sebeple ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Aktif yeşil alanlar, (çocuk oyun alanları, park alanları, spor alanları), pasif yeşil alanlar, otoparklar, meydanlar, bina bahçeleri gibi yapılaşmada korunmuş olan alanların yeterli yakınlık ve büyüklükte olmaları, özellikle boş tutulmaları gerekmektedir. Kentsel yenileme ve kentsel dönüşüm proje ve uygulamalarında acil durum koşullarında yaşamsal öneme sahip olan açık alan ve yeşil alanların ‘yerleşim’ alanlarına yeterli yakınlıkta ve genişlikte sağlanması, süreklilik içinde olmaları ve kolay erişilen ve denetlenebilen alanlar şeklinde planlanmaları gerekmektedir. Acil durum koşullarında kullanılacak açık alan ve yeşil alanların mekansal dağılımlarının, risk düzeyleri yüksek görülen ve acil durum ortamında daha fazla ihtiyaç gösterecek bölgelere yakınlık ve genişlik açılarından yeterli olup olmadıkları değerlendirmelerinin yapılması ve yetersizliklerin planlama yoluyla giderilmesi zorunlu hale gelmelidir. Açık alan ve yeşil alanlar fiziksel işlevleri, psikolojik işlevleri, ekonomik ve ekolojik işlevleri (fonksiyonları) yanı sıra deprem ve değer olası afetler söz konusu olduğunda güvenli ve erişilebilir tahliye alanları oluşturma fonksiyonlarına da sahip olmaları nedeniyle özel risk değerlendirme ve yönetim yöntemleri geliştirilmesi ihtiyacı duyulan alanlardır. Bu nedenle Küçükçekmece ilçesi düzeyinde mevcut olan açık alan ve yeşil alanlar değerlendirilip yeterlilik ve ihtiyaçlar belirlenmiş, buna bağlı olarak da ihtiyacın karşılanmasına ve risklerin azaltılmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Hataların en düşük düzeye düşürülmesi için coğrafi bilgi sistemi kullanılmıştır. Haritalar Arc GIS 7.0 programı kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır.
POSTER / POSTER 299
THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSES AND REINFORCEMENT STUDIES OF BURSA İNEBEY (EGNE BEG) MADRASAH
BAĞBANCI M.B.-1, KÖPRÜLÜ B.Ö.-1
1-Uludag University Engineering and Architectural Faculty of Architectural Department
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The İnebey Madrasah is dated to the end of the 14th century in the first capital Ottoman Empire. Bursa had many commercial, educational, public and religious buildings between 14th and 16th centuries. Madrasah was built in the period of Sultan Yıldırım Bayezid (1489-1402) by Subaşı Eyne Beg. But the exact construction date of the Madrasah is not known. It is used as a library of hand painted and old printed Works.
Mechanical and physical tests of the Madrasa are done in-situ and in laboratory by using Non Destructive Test Methods (NDT). The building was built with rubble stone, limestone, mortar, brick and timber in the masonry system. Upper part of the pointed arches are surrounded by 12 piers. The roof of the madrasah had several interventions by filling materials between and above the vaults which reaches over than 1 meter high. The filling materials are applied by seperate layers which consist of different materials such as clinker, brick pieces, concrete and reinforced concrete. This load was calculated as 1.75 ton/m² obove the vaults.
In this study the finite element model of the Madrasah is prepared and the mechanical and physical properties are given to the model. The current state of the Madrasah is determined by statical and eartquake analyses. According to the results of the analysis the reinforcement studies of the Madrasa are determined.
POSTER / POSTER 300
PROBLEMS CAUSED FROM THE CHANGES IN LANUSE PLANS OF 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE NEW RESIDENTIAL AREAS
1999 MARMARA DEPREMİ SONRASI AFETZEDE YERLEŞİM ALANLARINDA KARŞILAŞILAN İMAR PLANI DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ SORUNLARI
TERCAN B.-1
1-Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Marmara Earthquake Region new residential areas, were mostly planned with the fiction of Mevzii Plan (localized, limited in extent). After the construction of housing areas, most of the social activity areas were not developed and that places were used with different purposes. Nearly all of the extension of residential areas were used as high density mass housing areas.
Therefore, by the forceful changes in land use planning, the most stable areas of the plan through the amendment is made even more unstable, new distorted cities.
Purpose of this study is, to evaluate the results of post earthquake residential areas of Düzce and Bolu provinces with reference to the plan amendments.
ÖZET Marmara Bölgesi afetzede yerleşim alanlarında, çoğunlukla mevzii imar planı kurgusuyla hazırlanmış olan imar planları, en zorunlu ihtiyaç olarak görülen konutlar yapıldıktan sonra zaman içerisinde plan değişikliği yapılarak birçok sosyal donatı alanları farklı kullanımlara dönüştürülmektedir. Boş kalan konut alanları ise yoğunluk artışı yapılarak toplu konut alanlarına veya başka kullanımlara dönüştürülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla, mevzii imar planı mantığıyla alan kullanımı bakımından çoğunlukla dengeli olarak planlanan alanlar plan tadilatları yoluyla daha da dengesizleştirilerek yeni çarpık kentler oluşturulmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada amaç, Düzce ve Bolu Afetzede Yerleşim Alanları üzerinde durularak Marmara Deprem Bölgesindeki plan tadilatlarını ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmektir.
AN INVESTIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE EDUCATION ON ARCHITECTURE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
DEPREME DAYANIKLI YAPI TASARIMI İÇİN MİMARLIKTA DEPREM EĞİTİMİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
ÇAĞATAY İ.H.-1
1-Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The new earthquake regulation (DBYYHY-2007) is a contemporary regulation for earthquake resistant design of structures. To obtain the best design for earthquake-resistant design, civil engineers and architects must study together on the projects. The selection of the best structural frame and adequate security against earthquake is not only interest of civil engineers but also architects. Architects generally deal with functional using and aesthetic of structures rather than strength and stresses on the structure against loads on it as earthquake. Therefore, it is not fully expected a required knowledge of structural framing system from an architect. However, it is believed that an architect needs to learn the required standards, regulations, limits of the materials. To obtain earthquake resistant design of structures, and an economical solution, the architects should also know the earthquake code (DBYYHY-2007), particularly building and structure irregularities and its effect on the structure. In this study, the effect of shear wall, which were symmetric and non-symmetric in plan, on structure with and without symmetric plan, were investigated, and some suggestions were given.
ÖZET Yeni deprem yönetmeliği (TDY-2007) depreme karşı yapıların dayanıklı tasarımı için çağdaş bir yönetmeliktir. Depreme dayanıklı tasarımı aslında mimarlar ve inşaat mühendislerinin birlikte çalışmasını adeta zorunlu olmasını sağlamaktadır. Taşıyıcı sistemin seçimi ve depreme karşı yeterli güvenlikte olup olmaması mimarlar kadar inşaat mühendislerini de ilgilendirmektedir. Mimarlık eğitiminde genellikle inşaat mühendisliğinde olduğu gibi yapı tasarımına, hesaplamalara yeterince yer verilemediğinden, mimarın yeterli bir taşıyıcı sistem davranışına sahip olması çok beklenmemektedir. Mimari eğitim daha çok yapıların mimari tasarımı ile ilgili olduğundan mimarlık öğrencileri genellikle taşıyıcı sistem seçimi, deprem hesapları ve yönetmelik gibi konuları daha az çalışmaktadırlar. Yazar, mimarlık bölümüne de dersler verdiğinden bu konuda bazı saptamalara varmıştır. İyi bir mimarın en az inşaat mühendisi kadar yeterli hesap, yönetmelik ve malzeme bilgisine ihtiyacı vardır. Yapıların taşıyıcı sisteminin seçimi, depreme karşı dayanıklı olabilmesi, daha ekonomik yapıların yapılabilmesi için mimarların da yönetmeliği, özellikle yapı düzensizliklerini ve yapıya olan tesirlerini bilmesi gerektiği kanaati oluşmuştur. Bu çalışmada, simetrik ve simetrik olmayan yapılarda simetrik ve simetrik olmayan perde kullanımının yapı davranışına olan etkisi incelenmiş ve davranış yorumlanmış ayrıca mimarlar için bazı öneriler verilmiştir.
POSTER / POSTER 309
SOCIAL SCIENCES
SOSYAL BİLİMLER
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 302
RISKS RELATED NON STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AT THE MUSEUMS
MÜZELERDE YAPISAL OLMAYAN MALZEME KAYNAKLI RİSKLER
KUZUCUOĞLU A.H.-1,2
1-İBB-Deprem Risk Yönetimi ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkanlığı
2-İstanbul Üniversitesi- Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Taşınabilir Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma ve Onarım Bölümü
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Disasters which affect the development of countries are serious problems. The earthquake is the primary disaster which causes much more life and property loss and structural damage, if it is compared with other disasters. Potential eartquake risk which threats the whole world is located in 98% of Turkey. NAFZ (North Anatolian Fault Zone) and EAFZ (East Anatolian Fault Zone) have the activity of producing earthquake.
Istanbul which has had an important history for centruies and has a common heritage of all humanity possesses a great number of cultural property (movable/immovable). Reducing the potential risk in the museums which exhibit the artifacts in Istanbul must not be ignored. The museum studies in developing countries have been conducted to based on risk reducing technologies in recent years.
Museums are institutions which preserve, interpret and promote cultural heritage and carry it from past to future. Taking the cultural heritage under protection in the museums and minimizing the potential risks of disasters and mobilizing all the opportunities for these purposes are priority issues which need to be handled with responsibility. The museums should carry on operational activies even after a possible disaster.
Analysis focusing on disaster (earthquake, fire, flood,etc…) are required to be done before the construction of new museum buildings and in renovation and and risk practises which will be done in the current museums. At this study, non structural risks which have existed at the museum buildings are examined and conservational measure proposals are submitted.
ÖZET Afetler, ülkelerin kalkınmasını etkileyen ciddi bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Afetler içinde de yapısal hasar görebilirlik ile can ve mal kayıplarına en fazla neden olan birincil afet depremdir. Tüm dünyayı tehdit eden potansiyel deprem riski, Türkiye’nin de %98 inde bulunmaktadır. KAFZ (Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu) ve DAFZ (Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu) büyük deprem üretme aktivitesine sahiptir.
Yüzyıllardır önemli bir tarihi geçmişe sahip ve tüm insanlığın ortak mirası olan İstanbul, bünyesinde pek çok tarihi eseri (taşınır/ taşınmaz) barındırmaktadır. Bu eserlerin bulunduğu müzelerdeki olası risklerin azaltılması göz ardı edilmemesi gereken bir konudur. Son yıllarda gelişmiş ülkelerdeki müze yapılarında risk azaltıcı modern teknolojiler üzerinde yoğun çalışmalar yapılmaktadır.
Müzeler, tarihi eserleri geçmişten geleceğe taşıyan ve pek çok eseri bünyesinde barındıran kurumlardır. Müzelerde yer alan kültür mirasının koruma altına alınması ve olası afet risklerinin en aza indirilmesi, bu amaç için tüm imkanların seferber edilmesi sorumlulukla ele alınması gereken öncelikli bir konudur. Müzelerin olası bir afetin ardından da operasyonel faaliyetlerini kesintisiz devam ettirmesi sağlanmalıdır.
Yeni müzelerin inşasında ve halen faaliyetlerine devam eden mevcut müzelerde yapılacak olan yenileme ve risk azaltma çalışmalarında afet odaklı (deprem, yangın, sel vb.) analizlerinin yapılması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada müze binalarında taşıyıcı özellikte bulunmayan “yapısal olmayan malzemeler” e yönelik riskler incelenerek ve koruyucu tedbir önerileri sunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 303
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON LABOR CONTRACTS AS A EXTERNAL CAUSE
ZORLAYICI BİR NEDEN OLARAK DEPREMİN İŞ SÖZLEŞMELERİNE ETKİSİ
GÜLER B.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquake which is a natural disaster is accepted as a external cause with its unpredictable sudden, external effect. The external cause feature of earthquake gives the employee and employer the right to be able to terminate the labor contract immediately. When it is impossible to work in the work place because of the earthquake or when the emploee is unable to come to the work place as a result of the earthquake which accured araund his/her environment different termination conditions appear and this brings about legal results.
ÖZET Bir doğa olayı olan deprem öngörülemeyen, ani, dıştan gelen etkisi ile genel olarak zorlayıcı neden olarak kabul edilmektedir. Depremin zorlayıcı neden özelliği, iş sözleşmesinin işçi ve işveren taraflarına, sözleşmeyi haklı nedenle derhal feshedebilme yetkisi vermektedir. Deprem nedeniyle işyerinin çalışamaz hale gelmesi ya da depremin işçinin çevresinde meydana gelmesi sonucu işçinin işyerine gelememesi, farklı fesih koşulları oluşturmakta ve buna bağlı hukuki sonuçları da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Ancak deprem olayının her durumda zorlayıcı neden olarak kabul edilmesi birtakım sorunlara da yol açabilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 304
THE EFFECTS OF 17 AUGUST MARMARA EARTHQUAKE ON THE TURKISH ECONOMIC CRISIS OF 2000 NOVEMBER/2001 FEBRUARY
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 MARMARA DEPREMİNİN 2000 KASIM-2001 ŞUBAT KRİZİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
FIRAT E.-1
1-Aksaray Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Otogar Karşısı, AKSARAY
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ABSTRACT In the year of 1994, Turkey experienced a major economic crisis. Following this, after the 17 August 1999 Marmara earthquake which is one of the disasters having a lot of human and economical losses in the world, the economical structure of Turkey which was affected by 1994 economic crisis was damaged in large quantities. This huge natural disaster together with other economical and social problems of Turkey cause a sequential crises of 2000 November and 2001 February. Thus, Turkey struggled to remove of the effects of Marmara Earthquake in addition to decrease of effects of 2000 November and 2001 February crises for a long time.
In this study, it is analyzed that how the Marmara earthquake effect the country economic structure and what type role this disaster undertake on the crises in that years in which Turkey already have a great number of problems, and also some evaluations are carried out. Finally, the research summarized that the economic effects of Marmara earthquake on the Turkish economic crisis of 2000/2001 are staded as figures with the help of different tables, considering macro-economic indicators, such as inflation, growth, balance of payments and public spending. Besides, it is emphasized that crises creates different chances for improve of the economic structures.
ÖZET Türkiye 1994 yılında büyük bir kriz yaşamıştır. Arkasından, dünyada mal ve can kayıplarının en fazla olduğu doğal afetler arasında yer alan 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremi meydana gelmiş sonrasında 1994 krizinden etkilenmiş olan Türkiye’nin ekonomik yapısında büyük hasarlar oluşmuştur. Bu büyük doğal afet, Türkiye’nin diğer ekonomik ve sosyal problemleriyle birlikte 2000 Kasım ve 2001 Şubat krizlerinin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Türkiye 2000 ve 2001 krizlerinin etkilerini azaltmanın yanında, Marmara Depremi’nin zararlarını gidermek için de uzun yıllar mücadele etmek zorunda kalmıştır.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin ekonomik anlamda zor anlar yaşadığı o dönemlerde Marmara depreminin, ülke ekonomisini ne ölçüde olumsuz yönde etkilediği, 2000 ve 2001 krizlerinin meydana gelmesinde nasıl bir rol üstlendiği analiz edilmiş ve bir takım değerlendirmelerin sonucunda özet olarak 1999 Depreminin ekonomik etkileri, GSMH, enflasyon, büyüme, ödemeler dengesi ve kamu harcamaları gibi makro ekonomik göstergeler dikkate alınarak, tablolar yardımıyla rakamsal olarak ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca, krizlerin ekonomik yapıların gelişmesi için çeşitli fırsatlar yarattığı da bu çalışmada vurgulanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 305
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES
LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREM KONUSUNDAKİ BİLGİ VE DÜŞÜNCELERİ
BULUŞ KIRIKKAYA E.-1, BALİ G.-1, BOZKURT-1
1-Kocaeli University Education Faculty, Umuttepe Campus KOCAELİ
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Earthquakes in various sizes exist very year in specific regions of Turkey, because this country takes place in a very active area in terms of earthquakes in the world. Life and property losses have been seen as a result of some of these earthquakes which are drastic. In most researches, it is seen as a precondition to educate the public about earthquakes for increase awareness about earthquake and minimize earthquake damages. In our country earthquake education is discussed at primary school 8th grade in "Natural Processes" unit. In this study high school 1st grade students’ knowledge and ideas about earthquakes were examined in seven dimensions. Students’ knowledge and ideas which contains these dimensions has been tested if they would change according to experiencing earthquake, gender and the type of their school.
The universe of the study consists of all high schools’ 1st grade students in İzmit district of Kocaeli. The sample of the study is 555 students who were selected by cluster sampling method from Anatolian High Schools’, Public High Schools’ and Technical and Vocational High Schools’ 1st classes in 2008-2009 education year, in İzmit district of Kocaeli. In the study, it has been benefited from a previously developed measuring tool of earthquake knowledge for data collection tool. For doing the validity and reliability analysis again, while considering that implementing it with a different sampling and the elapsed time, a pilot study was carried out with 390 students except from the sample and some questions in the measuring tool has been removed according to the results of analysis. With remaining questions of the measuring tool, reliability was calculated as .83. SPSS 15 packet of data analysis program was used for data analysis in the study.
The findings revealed that the points which students got, varied according to experiencing earthquakes, gender and type of school variables, but the earthquake experience didn’t have an effect on the majority of knowledge. In the light of these findings it was observed that girl students more informed about beliefs related to earthquakes and about what they should do during and after earthquake than male students and finally Anatolian High Schools students usually have more accurate knowledge and ideas than Technical and Vocational High Schools students.
ÖZET Türkiye, dünyanın deprem açısından çok aktif bir bölgesinde yer aldığından ülkenin belirli bölgelerinde her yıl çeşitli büyüklüklerde depremler yaşanmaktadır. Bu depremlerden bazı şiddetli depremler sonucunda büyük can ve mal kayıplarının olduğu görülmektedir. Birçok araştırmada, deprem konusunda halkın eğitilmesi, deprem bilincinin arttırılmasında ve depremin zararlarını en aza indirmede bir ön koşul olarak görülmektedir. Ülkemizde deprem eğitimi ilköğretim okullarında 8. sınıfta “Doğal
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 306
Süreçler” ünitesinde işlenmektedir. Bu araştırmada ortaöğretim 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin deprem konusundaki bilgi ve düşünceleri yedi boyutta incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerin bu boyutları kapsayan bilgi ve düşüncelerinin, depremi yaşama, cinsiyet ve okul türüne göre değişip değişmediği araştırılmıştır.
Araştırmanın evrenini; Kocaeli ilinin İzmit ilçesinde bulunan tüm lise 1. sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise; İzmit ilçesinde bulunan Anadolu Liseleri, Genel Liseler ve Teknik ve Meslek Liselerinin 2008-2009 eğitim öğretim yılının 1. sınıfında okuyan öğrencilerinden küme örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 555 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak önceden geliştirilmiş bir deprem bilgisi ölçme aracından faydalanılmıştır. Ölçme aracının farklı bir örnekleme uygulanması ve aradan geçen zaman dikkate alınarak geçerlik ve güvenilirlik analizinin tekrar yapılabilmesi için örneklemin dışında 390 öğrenciyle bir pilot çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş ve yapılan analiz sonucunda bazı maddeler ölçme aracından çıkarılmıştır. Kalan maddelerle ölçme aracının güvenirliği .83 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada verilerin analizi için SPSS 15 paket veri analiz programı kullanılmıştır.
Elde edilen bulgular, öğrencilerin deprem konusundaki bilgi ve düşüncelerinin, cinsiyet ve okul türü değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterdiğini ancak depremi yaşamış olmanın bu bilgi ve düşünceleri çoğunlukla etkilemediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgular ışığında; kız öğrencilerin erkek öğrencilere göre depreme ilişkin inançlar, deprem esnası ve sonrasında yapılması gerekenler konusunda daha bilgili oldukları ve genellikle Anadolu Liselerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin Teknik ve Meslek Liselerindekilerden daha doğru bilgi ve düşüncelere sahip oldukları görülmüştür.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 307
EARTHQUAKE AS A SOCIAL RISK IN TERMS OF SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHT
SOSYAL GÜVENLİK HAKKI BAĞLAMINDA SOSYAL BİR RİSK OLARAK DEPREM
BALKIR G.-1, GÜLER B.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Social security means to guarantee the human life which comes up against the risks throughout life. Does the social security right which supplies guarantee for an honorable human future have to compensate the risk arising from earthquake? As a social risk earthquake with its demolishing feature causes material and moral damages in human life. Because of that reason earthquake is a complete social risk. Earthquake has to be accepted as a social risk with respect to the social government principle which is the basic principle of the Constitution of 1982 in effect. As a reflection of social government principle social security right has to be broodaned to compensate the social risks arising from earthquake.
ÖZET Sosyal güvenlik, yaşam boyunca karşılaşılan risklere karşı insan yaşamının güvenceye alınmasıdır. İnsan onuruna yakışan bir gelecek için güvence sağlayan sosyal güvenlik hakkı depremden doğan riskleri de karşılamalı mıdır? Sosyal bir risk olarak deprem her şeyi yok eden yapısıyla kitlesel bir yıkımla insan yaşamında maddi ve manevi yaralar açar. Bu biçimiyle deprem gerçekten sosyal bir risktir. Yürürlükteki 1982 tarihli Anayasanın temel ilkelerinden biri olan sosyal devlet ilkesi gereğince, deprem sosyal bir risk olarak kabul edilmek zorundadır. Sosyal devlet ilkesinin bir yansıması olarak sosyal güvenlik hakkı, depremden doğan sosyal riskleri de karşılayacak biçimde genişletilmelidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 308
UNEARNED INCOME UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCE; THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITY IS EARTHQUAKE EARTHQUAKES IN TURKEY AND AGAIN DISTRIBUTION OF THE URBAN LAND UNEARNED INCOME
HER KOŞULDA RANT; DEPREM EN BÜYÜK FIRSAT TÜRKİYE’DE DEPREMLER VE KENTSEL RANTIN YENIDEN DAĞITIMI
ŞENGÜL M.-1
1-İnönü Üniversitesi İİBF Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey as a periphery country, capitalist institutions and relations have performed but on the other hand relations of pre-capitalist production have subsisted. Unearned incomes based on urban lands have grown an important tool of accumulation in consequence of this relations have been transported to urban. Also the urban land unearned income one of tools are used by governments and municipal managements for come to power and stay in power. Consequently, even earthquakes in despite of their all devastating effects have built up new opportunities for production and sharing of unearned income.
ÖZET Bir perifer ülke olarak Türkiye’de bir yandan kapitalist kurumlar ve ilişkiler işlerken öte yandan da pre-kapitalist üretim ilişkileri varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu ilişkilerin kente taşınmasının sonucu olarak kentsel topraklardan kaynaklanan rant önemli bir birikim aracına dönüşmektedir. Ayrıca kentsel rant, hükümetlerin ve belediye yönetimlerinin iktidara gelmek ve iktidarda kalmak için kullandığı araçlardan biridir. Bu nedenle, bütün yıkıcı etkilerine karşın depremler bile, rant üretimi ve paylaşımı için yeni fırsatlar yaratmaktadır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 309
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF 1999 DÜZCE EARTHQUAKE ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
TUNA M.-1, TOPKARA C.-1
1-Muğla UniversityDepartment of Sociology, Muğla
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ABSTRACT This study is based upon a research that accomplished after 12, November 1999 Düzce Earthquake. The aim of research is an investigation of socio-psychological impact of Düzce Earthquake on Düzce High School Students. 1999 Düzce Earthquake had so many social, economical and psychological impacts on the area. Economically billions of dollars were lost, socially thousands of people were killed, injured or lost their close relatives. Many of them had lost their homes, workplaces and jobs. So many of them were under the impact of social and psychological trauma. In short, social, economical and psychological cost of Düzce Earthquake was enormous.
This study compares social and psychological impacts of Düzce Earthquake on the different five high school students groups. Total sample is 340. According to research results, different students group differently affected by the earthquake depending on their social and economical backgrounds.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 310
REMEDIATING MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY OF AN EARTHQUAKE THROUGH CONCEPTUAL CHANGE MATERIAL
DEPREMİN BÜYÜKLÜĞÜ VE ŞİDDETİ KONUSUNDAKİ YANILGILARIN KAVRAMSAL DEĞİŞİM MATERYALİ İLE GİDERİLMESİ
CİN M.-1, KARA H.-1, DEMİR A.-1
1-Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü 28000 GİRESUN
[email protected], [email protected]
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ABSTRACT Earthquake is described as tremors on the ground, which emerges from the energy released by the raptures or slip of the Earth’s curst. Living beings and non-living things are affected by these tremors. The response level depends on the power or dimension of an earthquake. An earthquake's power can be measured in two ways: by intensity and magnitude. Researches have shown that the concepts of intensity and magnitude are often misunderstood or misused. The aim of this study is to develop and test a teaching material for the purpose of increasing students’ understanding level and removing their misconceptions about these concepts. In order to achieve this goal, a web based teaching material, which includes photographs, graphs and animations was developed. In this material, particular importance was given to differential features of intensity and magnitude. The sample consisted of 48 students attending Giresun University Education Faculty Social Studies Teaching Programme. The research was designed as pretest- intervention- posttest. Students understanding level and their misconceptions about the concepts of magnitude and intensity were determined via structured interview in the pretest stage. In the intervention stage, a course related to the concepts of magnitude and intensity in sismology was given to the students using the teaching material. In the posttest stage, the same questions as used in the pretest were asked to the students again. The results showed that students’ understanding level has increased after the intervention and misconceptions the students previously possessed have widely been remedied. Taking these results into consideration, suggestions have been made to improve students’ understanding of an earthquake power.
ÖZET Yerkabuğundaki kırılmalar veya kaymalar sonucu ortaya çıkan enerjinin yeryüzünde sarsıntılar meydana getirmesine deprem denir. Yeryüzündeki canlı ve cansız varlıklar bu sarsıntılardan etkilenir. Etkilenme derecesi ise depremin gücüne veya boyutuna bağlı olarak değişir. Depremin gücü iki yolla ölçülür. Bunlardan birincisi depremin büyüklüğü, diğeri de depremin şiddetidir. Araştırmalar depremin şiddeti ve depremin büyüklüğü kavramlarının sık sık karıştırıldığını veya birbirlerinin yerine kullanıldığını göstermiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı da öğrencilerinin söz konusu kavramlar hakkındaki anlama düzeylerini artırmak ve yanılgılarını gidermeye yönelik bir öğretim materyali geliştirmek ve etkililiğini ölçmektir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için metin, fotoğraf, grafik ve animasyon unsurlarını içeren web tabanlı bir öğretim materyali geliştirilmiştir. Materyal “büyüklük” ve “şiddet” kavramlarının ayırt edici özelliklerini ön planda tutularak tasarlanmıştır. Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Sosyal Bilgiler Öğretmenliği Programına devam eden 48 öğrenci araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Araştırma ön test – öğretim ve son test şeklinde dizayn edilmiştir. Ön test aşamasında yapılandırılmış mülakat ile öğrencilerin depremin şiddeti ve depremin büyüklüğü hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri ve yanılgıları ölçülmüştür. Öğretim müdahalesi aşamasında, oluşturulan materyal kullanılarak sismolojideki büyüklük ve şiddet kavramları öğrencilere öğretilmeye çalışılmıştır. Son test aşamasında da ön test de kullanılan mülakat soruları öğrencilere tekrar sorulmuştur. Araştırmanın sonuçları, öğretimden sonra öğrencilerin anlam düzeylerinin arttığını ve daha önce sahip oldukları yanılgıların büyük ölçüde giderildiğini göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları dikkate alınarak öğrencilerin depremin gücü hakkındaki anlamalarını geliştirmeye yönelik tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 311
A STUDY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS EARTHQUAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF GIRESUN
ORTAÖĞRETİM ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN DEPREME KARŞI TUTUMLARI KONUSUNDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA: GİRESUN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
BAYRAM N.-1, TOMAR İ.H.-1, CİN M.-1
1-Giresun Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim BölümüSınıf Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalı
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Attitudes are described as “an individual’s positive or negative reaction towards a stimulus”. An individual at first gains knowledge about an attitude object; afterwards, expresses it as emotional reaction, and finally transforms it into a behavior. The aim of this study is to determine high school students’ attitudes towards earthquakes. The sample of the research consists of totally 340 students in Giresun, Bulancak and Keşap. At first, a Likert type scale with 60 items was developed by the researchers to measure high school students’ attitudes towards earthquakes. Validity and reliability of the scale was executed by the data obtained from the students. The students’ general attitudes towards earthquakes and whether there are significant differences in terms of gender variable were investigated. Explanatory factor analysis was used for structure validity of the scale. After the factor analysis, 36 items were extracted from the scale. As a result, an Attitude Scale towards Earthquakes (ASTE) came out, which is composed of 24 items. Analysis showed that the scale consisted of four factors. Factor I which comprises 7 items was named “like and enjoyment”. Factors II and III, each of which is composed of 6 items, was named “fear and anxiety” and “considering important” respectively. The last factor which consists of 5 items was named “interest”. Finally, the scale with 24 items and 4 sub factors accounted for 50,102 % of the total variance. Internal consistency (Cronbach Alfa) coefficient was found to be . 87 (α = .87). These values showed that this scale was valid and reliable. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the students have positive attitudes towards earthquakes and there are significant differences in favor of female students. Teachers, researchers and curriculum developers were offered various suggestions
ÖZET Tutum, “bireyin bir uyarıcı karşısında olumlu ya da olumsuz tepki göstermesi” olarak tanımlanır. Bireyler bir tutum objesi hakkında önce bir takım bilgiler edinirler, daha sonra bunu duygusal bir tepki olarak ifade ederler ve son olarak da davranışa dönüştürürler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin depreme yönelik tutumlarını belirlemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Giresun ili Merkez, Bulancak ve Keşap ilçelerinde öğrenim gören toplam 340 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Öncelikle öğrencilerin depreme karşı tutumlarını tespit etmede kullanılmak üzere araştırmacılar tarafından 60 maddeden oluşan Likert tipi bir deneme ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerle, öncelikle ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliği yapılmış, daha sonra öğrencilerin depreme karşı genel tutumlarını ve cinsiyet değişkenine göre tutumlarının farklılık gösterip göstermediğine bakılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda, 36 madde ölçekten çıkarılmış ve sonuç olarak 24 maddelik Depreme Karşı Tutum Ölçeği (DKTÖ) elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, ölçeğin dört faktörden oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Faktör I ’de yer alan 7 madde “sevme ve hoşlanma”, faktör II ’de yer alan toplam 6 madde “korku ve kaygı”, faktör III’de yer alan toplam 6 madde “önemseme” ve son faktörde yer alan toplam 5 madde “ilgi” olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçta 24 madde ve 4 alt faktörden oluşan bu ölçek, toplam varyansın % 50.102’sini açıklamaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı (α = .87) olarak bulunmuştur. Bulunan bu değerler ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Verilerin analizinde, tanımlayıcı istatistik ve bağımsız "t" testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, öğrencilerin depreme karşı olumlu tutum sergiledikleri görülmektedir. Cinsiyet değişkeni açısından, öğrencilerin depreme yönelik tutumlarında toplamda ve alt boyutlarda kızlar lehine anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Öğretmenlere, araştırmacılara ve program geliştirmecilere çeşitli tavsiyelerde bulunulmuştur.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 312
NATURAL DISASTERS AND SOCIAL MEMORY
DOĞAL AFETLER VE TOPLUMSAL HAFIZA
UGURLU O.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi İİBF Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü
______________________________________________________________
ABSSTRACT Marmara Earthquake, which was occured in an area of concentration of industry and population, did not remain only the devastation in urban areas, but also has brought together with ecological destruction due to collapse of industrial regions and infrastructural. This lived disaster had developed perception of society live with earthquakes, questioned public services, highlighted the importance of society's civil structure, has also strengthened interests in the legal changes and control requirements, particularly urban development and master planning. These positive developments, opened a new period within discussion about earthquake was augmented in the public opinion and the various disciplines itself. Unfortunately all efforts of scientific research and memory retention, these rising awareness and questioning tradition, has defeated people reflexes to forget the pain and the gruesome events.
In this study, after draw a picture of urban life and environmental destruction in the Marmara earthquake, will be given examples development in questioned perception and interrogation, and by given the data from written and visual media headlines presented how all legal regulations and control deviate from thier targets, how earthquake agenda has unforgotten in a time for ten years period.
ÖZET Sanayinin ve nüfusun yoğun olduğu bir bölgede yaşanan Marmara Depremi, kentsel alanlarda yarattığı yıkımla kalmamış, sanayi bölgelerinden ve alt yapının çökmesinden kaynaklı olarak ekolojik yıkımı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Yaşanan bu afet, toplumun depremle yaşama algısını geliştirmiş, kamu hizmetlerini sorgulatmış, toplumun sivil yapısının önemini öne çıkartmış, başta kent imarı ve planlaması olmak üzere yasal değişiklikleri ve denetimin artırılması gerekliliği görüşünü de pekiştirmiştir. Bu olumlu gelişmeler, kamuoyunda ve çeşitli disiplinlerin kendi içinde deprem tartışmalarının arttığı bir dönemi açmıştır. Ancak ne yazık ki tüm bilimsel araştırmalara ve hafızada tutma çabalarına karşın, bu yükselen bilinç ve sorgulama geleneği, insanların acı ve ürkütücü olayları unutma refleksine yenik düşmüştür.
Bu çalışmada, Marmara Depremi’ndeki yaşanan kentsel ve çevresel yıkımın bir resmi çizildikten sonra yaşanan algı ve sorgu gelişmesine örnekler verilecek ve zaman içinde çıkan tüm yasal düzenlemelerin ve denetlemelerin hedefinden sapmaları, bir dönem yazılı ve görsel basının manşetlerinde yer alan deprem gündeminin on yıllı süreç içinde nasıl unutulduğu veriler ile sunulacaktır
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 313
“NATURAL DISASTERS COURSE” PROPOSAL FOR HIGHER EDUCATION UNDERGRADUTE PROGRAMS
YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM LİSANS ÖĞRETİM PROGRAMLARINDA “DOĞAL AFETLER DERSİ” ÖNERİSİ
ÖZTÜRK G.-1, ULUSOY Y.-2
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Eğitim Bil. Böl. Umuttepe Yerleşkesi İZMİT
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This study was fulfilled towards the configuration of the Natural Disasters Course with the aim that the individuals in organizations aroused after the earthquake will gain skills towards the earthquake besides the professional training education in higher education programs and attain volunteerism spirit.
Disasters, with the broadest definition, are the technological or human structure based events result in physiological, economical and social losses for people, and affect communities by stopping or interrupting the normal life and human facilities. (Ergünay,1996)
Natural disaster program`s objectives are;
To develop social skills to survive in extraordinary conditions through learning and teaching activities foreseen in undergraduate program,
To evaluate volunteerism spirit of the higher education youth in updating and continuing Turkey`s emergency administration,
To systematize the collaboration of volunteer organizations and educated administrators that enforce the redevelopment process rapidly after the disaster,
To provide unity of idea and application in the society through the individuals resisting the disaster and having the conscious of emergency by maintaining the security culture.
According to these objectives, education and teaching processes were determined by specifying anticipated behaviors for students` gain, units and topics, and a Natural Disaster Course Draft was devised.
Consequently, it is highly suggested that this study with the configuration of Natural Disaster Course in Higher Education Undergraduate Programs should aim urgent cases that requires individual intermeddling as well as the cases requires mass intermeddling by broadening and developing the study for further research.
ÖZET Bu çalışma; deprem felaketi ile oluşan organizasyonlar içinde yer alacak bireylerin, yükseköğretim programları içinde mesleki formasyonları yanı sıra depreme yönelik becerilerin de kazandırılması ve gönüllülük ruhunun oluşturulması amacıyla Doğal Afetler Dersi’nin yapılandırılmasına yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 314
Afet, en genel tanımla insanlar için fiziksel, ekonomik ve sosyal kayıplar doğuran, normal yaşamı ve insan faaliyetlerini durdurarak veya kesintiye uğratarak toplulukları etkileyen doğal, teknolojik veya insan yapısı kökenli olaylara denilmektedir. (Ergünay,1996)
Doğal afet programının amaçları incelendiğinde;
Lisans öğretim programında öngörülen eğitim - öğretim etkinlikleri aracılığı ile olağan dışı koşullarda hayatta kalmayı sağlayacak sosyal becerileri geliştirmek,
Türkiye'nin acil durum yönetiminin güncellenmesi ve sürdürülmesinde yükseköğretim gençliğinin gönüllülük ruhunu değerlendirmek,
Afet sonrası iyileştirme sürecini hızlı bir şekilde yürürlüğe koyacak eğitimli yöneticilerin ve gönüllü organizasyonların işbirliğini sistematize etmek,
Güvenlik kültürü oluşturarak; acil durum bilincine dayalı afete dirençli bireyler aracılığıyla toplumda fikir ve uygulama birliği sağlamaktır.
Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda öğrencilerin kazanması beklenen davranışlar, ünite ve konular belirlenerek, eğitim ve öğretim süreçleri belirlenmiş ve buna bağlı olarak bir Doğal Afetler Ders Taslağı hazırlanmıştır.
Sonuç olarak, Yükseköğretim Lisans Öğretim Programlarında Doğal Afetler Dersi önerisinin yapılandırıldığı bu çalışmanın genişletilerek ve geliştirilerek toplu müdahaleyi gerektiren acil durumların yanısıra bireysel müdahaleyi gerektiren acil durumları da hedef alması önerilmektedir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 315
AN INVESTIGATION OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE LEVEL FOLLOWING FORMAL DISASTER EDUCATION OF KOCAELİ UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
FORMAL AFET EĞİTİMLERİNİN FARKINDALIK ve TUTUM ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNDE ARAŞTIRILMASI
GERDAN S.-1, ÇAKIN O.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi Umuttepe / Kocaeli – Türkiye
[email protected] , [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Kocaeli University has made great strides in achieving to build a brand new campus using advanced earthquake proof building techniques after being completely destroyed in 1999 earthquake. It is therefore an example of a success story of founding a modern campus with fantastic facilities as well as a well planned infrastructure.
Dealing with natural disasters is not possible solely with the development of structural features. A united and integrated approach such as disaster management, capacity evaluation and development and its most efficient use is of great importance. The only way to do this is to carry out training and education of staff and students as well as raising public awareness regularly, especially in a city like Kocaeli.
With this in mind, efforts have not only been limited with building earthquake proof buildings and infrastructure but also in the form of a formal education for first and final year Geophysics engineering students as a separate disaster management module to train and raise awareness since 1999.
We have therefore carried out a research to find out what sort of attitude changes have taken place and the impact of this training with the following main points in mind:
Awareness and attitude level about natural disasters (particularly earthquake) for students,
The effect of study field on the level of awareness and attitude,
Comparison of the level of awareness and attitudes of 1st and 4th grade students,
The difference in awareness and attitude level between people who have experienced severe disasters before and those who have not,
The level of awareness and attitude according to age groups,
The effect of gender on awareness and attitude.
To find answers to these questions, we have carried out a detailed survey among 1st and 4th year students at Umuttepe Campus of Kocaeli University.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 316
The survey has been carried out using a web site specifically designed for this purpose. SPSS 10 statistical analysis software has been used to analyse the results. The analysis has been carried out using two different techniques; f-test (one-way Anova) and t-testing depending on the number of survey questions.
Survey results have been striking in terms positive impact on awareness and attitudes of formal education to deal with natural disasters.
ÖZET 1999 depremleri sonrası büyük hasara uğrayan Kocaeli Üniversitesi, yeni yerleşkesinde gelişmiş yapı teknikleri ile donatılmış yapılarıyla eğitim ve öğretimine daha güçlü devam etme çabaları içerisine girmiştir.
Doğal afetlerle mücadele, sadece yapısal özelliklerin geliştirilmesi ile mümkün değildir. Bütünleşik afet yönetimi anlayışı ve afetlerle mücadele kapasitelerinin geliştirilmesinde formal eğitimlerin katkısı kaçınılmazdır. Konumu itibariyle teknolojik ve doğal afetlere açık bir şehir olan Kocaeli için afetlerle mücadele konusunda farkındalık ve tutum büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bilinçle, Kocaeli Üniversitesinde 1999 depremleri sonrası çabalar, sadece yapısal özelliklerin geliştirilmesi ile sınırlı kalmamış, formal afet eğitimleri Mühendislik Fakültesinde (Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü 4. sınıf) verilmeye başlanmıştır.
Formal eğitimlerin öğrenciler üzerinde farkındalık ve tutum açısından olumlu değişimlere katkısının sağlanıp sağlanmadığının araştırılması başta olmak üzere;
Öğrencilerin doğal afetlerle (özellikle deprem) ilgili farkındalık ve tutum düzeyi,
Fakülte türünün farkındalık ve tutum üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığı,
1. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin farkındalık ve tutum düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması,
Daha önce yıkıcı bir afet yaşamış öğrencilerle yaşamamışlar arasındaki farkındalık düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması,
Yaş gruplarına göre farkındalık ve tutum düzeyi,
Cinsiyetin farkındalık ve tutum üzerindeki etkisi,
sorulara yanıt aramak amacı ile Kocaeli Üniversitesi Umuttepe Yerleşkesi 1. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerine yönelik bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anket çalışması, anket geliştirme sürecine uygun olarak elektronik ortamda (web ara yüzü ile) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket analizleri SPSS 10 programı kullanılarak ve anket maddelerinin seçenekleri ile ilişkili olarak iki farklı uygulama ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu uygulamalar, istatistik yöntemlerinde t-testi ve f-testi (tek yön Anova) olarak bilinen uygulamalardır.
Anket sonuçları ülkemiz şartları ile afetle mücadeleye bakış açısını ortaya koyması ve formal eğitimlerin farkındalık ve tutum üzerine olumlu etkileri vurgulanması açısından dikkat çekicidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 317
A DEVELOPMENTAL GUIDANCE APPLICATION SAMPLE TOWARDS 6-16 AGE GROUP İN 17 AUGUST 1999 KOCAELİ EARTHQUAKE
17 AĞUSTOS 1999 KOCAELİ DEPREMİNDE 6-16 YAŞ GRUBUNA YÖNELİK GELİŞİMSEL REHBERLİK UYGULAMASI ÖRNEĞİ
ULUSOY Y.-1, ÖZTÜRK G.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Fak. Eğitim Bil. Böl. Umuttepe Yerleşkesi İZMİT
[email protected], [email protected]
_______________________________________________________________
ASBTRACT In the following months of 17 August 1999 Marmara Eartquake, international related psycho-social projects towards children and adolescents have been carried out by the volunteer teaching staff of Kocaeli University Educational Sciences Department at Kocaeli İzmit Merkez Cephanelik Çadırkent. In the scope of these projects;
A data collection study on determination of 6-16 age group children, adolescents, and developmental features aroused by trauma was done. With the help of these data psycho-social support programs based on developmental guidance was improved and applied. International support and collaboration were provided in applications. In these studies, our target audiences’ skills of coping up with the sense of mourning and loss; communication with parents and guardian, adaptation to new family, daily life, work and school, keeping on academic success and skill of planning career were aimed to develop.
Even after the following years of the earthquake studies, especially on children with loss of mother and/or father in the earthquake were carried out in accordance with Japan Ashinaga protocol.
This study, considering that Turkey is in earthquake line, is crucial in terms of solution based formations against earthquake and disaster environment caused by earthquake as it provides a model and information source to more systematic and permanent organizations.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara depremini izleyen aylarda Kocaeli İzmit merkez Cephanelik Çadırkent’inde Kocaeli Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü gönüllü öğretim üye ve elemanlarının çocuk ve ergenlere yönelik uluslararası bağlantılı olarak yürütülen psiko- sosyal projeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu projeler kapsamında;
Çadırkente gelen 6-16 yaş grubu çocukların ve ergenlerin tespiti ile travmaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan gelişimsel özellikleri hakkında veri toplama çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu verilerle gelişimsel rehberlik anlayışına dayanarak psiko sosyal destek programları geliştirilmiş ve uygulanmıştır. Uygulamalarda uluslararası destek ve işbirliği sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda hedef kitlemiz olan çocuk ve ergenlerimizin yas ve kayıp duygularıyla baş edebilme becerisi;ebeveyn ve vasi ile iletişimi, yeni ailesine ve günlük hayata uyumu, işe ve okula uyumu, akademik başarılarının devamı ile kariyer planlarını yapabilme becerilerinde gelişme sağlanması hedeflenmiştir.
Depremi izleyen yıllarda da özellikle depremde anne ve/veya babasını kaybeden çocuklara yönelik çalışmalar Japonya Ashınaga işbirliği protokolü ile yürütülmüştür.
Bu çalışma;Ülkemizin deprem kuşağında oluşu dikkate alınarak; depreme ve depremin doğurduğu afet-kriz ortamına yönelik çözüm odaklı oluşumların giderek sistematik ve kalıcı örgütlenmelere model ve bilgi kaynağı olması yönünden önemlidir.
POSTER / POSTER 318
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL SOCIOLOGICAL PERCEPTIONS OF EARTHQUAKE
DEPREM OLGUSUNUN SOSYOLOJİK ALGILANMA BİÇİMLERİNİN FARKLILIĞI ÜZERİNE
OLGUN G.-1
1-İstiklal cd. No: 37/4 Merve Apt. Kaynarca Pendik / İstanbul
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The factor that separates each community experiencing natural disasters such as earthquakes is not how is an earthquake zone but their attitude styles against earthquake and ways to meet of the results created by the earthquake. It is not enough to be accepted earthquake as a natural disaster and to analyze around the physical factors it. It is also important the communities exposed to earthquake how to detect earthquakes and explain what and what to take precautions in this direction. On the one hand earthquake phenomenon in Turkey society is widely discussed around the disciplines such as geology, architecture and city planning on the other hand sociological structure of communities experiencing earthquake and awareness threshold against it has not been discussed enough. To take sociological perspectives concerning earthquake in Turkey important conclusions can be reached through certain variables such as urbanization, migration, religion and traditional values. Devastating results of earthquake in Turkey is not only related with geological fault lines cracks but also related with sociological fault lines cracks. The nature of fault lines cracks mentioned above is understood in a wide range from geological descriptions to sociological analysis. In this study earthquake in Turkey is discussed how to be a link to urbanization, belief system, science and to reveal the relationship between earthquake and social perception and social structure.
ÖZET Deprem gibi doğal afetleri yaşayan toplumları birbirinden ayıran unsur, nasıl bir deprem kuşağında oldukları değil deprem karşısında konumlanma tarzları ve depremin yarattığı sonuçları karşılama şekilleridir. Depremi sadece bir doğal afet kabul edip fiziksel etkenler etrafında analiz etmek tek başına yeterli değildir. Depremin meydana geldiği toplumun depremi nasıl algıladığı, ne ile açıkladığı, bu yönde ne gibi önlemler aldığı da bir o kadar önemlidir. Deprem olgusu, Türkiye toplumunda jeoloji, mimari, şehir planlama gibi disiplinler etrafında tartışılma zemini bulurken, depremin meydana geldiği toplumun sosyolojik yapısı ve deprem karşısındaki farkındalık eşiği yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Türkiye’de deprem olgusuna sosyolojik perspektifle yaklaşıldığında, kentleşme, göç, din, geleneksel değerler gibi değişkenler devreye sokularak önemli sonuçlara ulaşılabilmektedir. Depremin Türkiye’de ortaya çıkardığı yıkıcı sonuçlar, jeolojik fay hattı kırılmalarına olduğu kadar sosyolojik fay hattı kırılmalarına da bağlı olabilmektedir. Söz konusu fay hattı kırıklarının mahiyeti, jeolojik açıklamalardan sosyolojik çözümlemelere uzanan geniş bir yelpazede anlam zemini bulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada depremin Türkiye’de kentleşme, inanç sistemi, bilim gibi olgularla nasıl bir bağ içinde olduğu ele alınacak depremle toplumsal algı ve sosyal yapının sosyolojik ilişkisi ortaya konacaktır.
POSTER / POSTER 319
RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF SUFFER’S RELOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRASITION AFTER DISASTER FROM CASE STUDIES OF RECOVERY PROJECTS WITH RELOCATIN AFTER THE MARMARA EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY -
ISHIKAWA-1, ISTEK, ONER, FUKUTOME, MINAI, YOSHIKAWA, NAKABAYASHI
1-Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution 1-5-2 Kaigan-dori, Wakinohama, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyoko-ken, JAPAN 651-0078
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In Turkey, the policy of housing recovery is supply of permanent houses by National Government for owner-occupier. Those houses are constructed in suburbs apart from the damaged built-up area. Since twenty months after earthquake, many people moved to the new permanent houses. However, a few houses were rebuilt in the damaged areas because of height regulation for rebuilding an difficult negotiation of condominium owners.
In this study, we questioned sufferers who live in built-up area in degirmendere, and permanent apartments in Yuvacik. And we clarify the sufferer’s behavior for individual recovery effect on housing relocation, and their adaptation of the changed environment, based on the concept of the environmental psychology of ‘environmental transactionalism’. And we studied too, how residents had moved by the recovery project and considered how the city which it kept urbanizing had grown up.
The main results are shown as follows. 1) The residents are very various generation in the permanent houses, because many owners want to lend for families who has young child. And most of residents are satisfied now. 2) But there are a lot of problems in developed area. After the earthquake, the buildings in the built-up area which had completely destroyed were hardly rebuilt by people who had lived in the building before, because of both height regulation for rebuilding. Ten years pass after the earthquake, many buildings has constructed by real estate development companies, and in the buildings people who newly move in the region and who reside near the building mix and live. Near fault area, in some buildings are seen the restoration insufficient, only senior citizen's who own unit in apartment have lived and other family has moved.
LAW
HUKUK
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 320
THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON INCOME TAXES: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
HUKUKSAL AÇIDAN DEPREMLERİN GELİR VERGİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
TAŞDELEN A.-1
1-Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT An earthquake is a phenomenon which shows that Earth maintains its vitality. At the same time, this natural phenomenon is an event with social consequences under certain circumstances. Law regulates some social events according to their importances. One of the branches of law which contains arrangements related to earthquake is tax law.
There are general rules which regulate earthquake events as well as there are specific laws depending on the size and nature of the earthquakes. There are both general and specific rules established in distinction of formal tax law and material tax law. These rules aim to remove negative financial effects of earthquake on taxpayers. Taxes are collected to finance fiscal expenditures and imposed according to individuals’ financial resources. Indications of financial resources are individual’s income, wealth and consumption expenditures. Earthquakes damage taxpayer’s financial resources. In other words, they reduce these resources. In such situations, it is necessary to remove or reduce taxpayers’ obligations to tax administration due to economic and social reasons. On the other hand, taxpayers who are not affected by earthquakes could face higher tax burden due to the increase in fiscal expenditures. In this study, normative effects of earthquakes on income taxes are aimed to be examined in Turkey.
ÖZET Deprem, Dünya’nın fiziki olarak canlılığını sürdürdüğünü gösteren bir doğa olayıdır. Bu doğa olayı aynı zamanda, belli durumlarda, toplumsal sonuçları olan bir olaydır. Hukuk, bazı sosyal olayları önemine dayalı olarak düzenlemektedir. Depremle ilgili düzenlemeleri içeren hukuk dallarından biri de vergi hukukudur.
Deprem olayını genel nitelikte düzenleyen vergi hukuku kuralları olduğu gibi, depremin ağırlığına bağlı olarak, bu durumu özel kanunlarla da düzenleyebilmektedir. Şeklî vergi hukuku ve maddî vergi hukuku ayrımı içerisinde depremler ilgili hem genel hem de özel kurallar konulduğu gözlenmektedir ki, bu kurallarla depremlerin yükümlüler üzerindeki olumsuz malî etkilerinin kaldırılmasının amaçlandığı açıktır. Vergiler, kamu harcamalarını karşılamak üzere kişilerin mali güçlerine göre alınmaktadır. Mali gücün göstergeleri, kişinin geliri, serveti ve tüketim harcamalarıdır. Depremler yükümlülerin mali güçlerine zarar vermekte, diğer bir ifadeyle bu güçleri azaltmaktadır. Depremin zarar verdiği durumlarda, yükümlünün vergi idaresine olan ödevlerinin kaldırılması veya azaltılması, ekonomik veya sosyal nedenlerle zorunlu olmaktadır. Diğer yandan, depremden etkilenmeyen yükümlülerin kamu harcamalarının artması nedeniyle vergi yükü artırılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada depremlerin Türkiye’de gelir vergileri bakımından normatif etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 321
IN THE WORKING LIFE AUGUST 17 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION
17 AĞUSTOS DEPREMİNİN ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA CİNSİYET AYRIMCILIĞINA ETKİLERİ
ALBAYRAK C.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, KOCAELİ
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT August 17 earthquake was the most damaged women who are no doubt. Active role in working life are not enough women in the earthquake affected the labor market participation rate has fallen further and this has lead to the widespread poverty. Many employers, make to gender discrimination in the selection to work and male workers are preferred. One of the major reasons that women play an active role in the life of the home will be considered, such as the pregnancy is the assumption can not be of sufficient yield. Forms of discrimination against women in working life on the basis of socio-cultural factors into lies. Decisions regarding gender discrimination and the ILO for the principle of equality in our Constitution, despite equality before the law, in practice, inequalities between genders unfortunately unable to resolve. Gender-based division of labor also leads to the victimization of women. Therefore, the women gathered in the field of social security in danger of falling, and that the fundamental rights of women to say that a reduction in quality of life will be over.
In this study, women are affected the most from the August 17 earthquake in the state of working life, projects to increase women's employment and gender discrimination has not been applied for reasons of legal regulations were examined.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos depreminden en çok zarar görenler hiç kuşkusuz kadınlar olmuştur. Çalışma yaşamında zaten yeterince aktif rolü olmayan kadınların depremin de etkisiyle işgücü piyasasına katılma oranları daha da düşmüş ve bu durum yoksulluğun yaygınlaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Birçok işveren, işçi seçiminde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı yapmakta ve erkek işçileri tercih etmektedir. Bunun başlıca nedenlerinden biri, kadının ev hayatında aktif rol oynayacağının düşünülmesi, hamilelik gibi nedenlerle de yeterli verimin alınamayacağı varsayımıdır. Çalışma yaşamında kadına karşı ayrımcılık oluşturan hallerin temelinde sosyo-kültürel nedenler yatmaktadır. ILO’nun cinsiyet ayrımcılığına ilişkin kararlarına ve Anayasamızdaki eşitlik ilkesine rağmen kanun önünde eşitlik, uygulamada cinsiyetler arasındaki eşitsizlikleri ne yazık ki çözememektedir. Cinsiyete dayalı işbölümü de kadınların mağduriyetine yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, kadınların sosyal güvenliği alanında elde edilen temel hakların tehlikeye düştüğünü ve kadınların yaşam kalitesinin azaldığını söylemek yerinde olacaktır.
Çalışmamızda 17 Ağustos depreminden en çok etkilenen kadınların çalışma yaşamındaki durumu, kadın istihdamını artıracak projeler ve cinsiyet ayrımcılığına ilişkin yasal düzenlemelerin neden uygulanmadığı konuları incelenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 322
THE ISSUE OF THE PERIOD OF LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE CRIMINAL OFFENCES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH EARTHQUAKES
TÜRK HUKUKUNDA DEPREM SONUCU OLUŞAN SUÇLARDA ZAMANAŞIMI SÜRESİNİN BAŞLAMASIYLA İLGİLİ YARGITAY KARARLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
KARAASLAN E.-1
1-Körfez Adalet Sarayı Körfez/Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT After the great earthquakes on 17th August and 12th November in 1999, the project planners and architects were sued because the collapsed buildings had not been constructed earthquake-proof.
During these proceedings, the question was raised when the period of limitation regarding the criminal law is supposed to start. The courts of first instance were of the opinion that the period of limitation should begin when the construction of the buildings is finished. The court of cassation, however, took the view that the period of limitation should start at the time of the earthquake or of death.
In this paper, both the decisions of the courts and the opinions in the literature will be discussed.
ÖZET 17 Ağustos ve 12 kasım 1999 tarihinde, Marmara bölgesinde meydana gelen yıkıcı depremler sonucunda; mağdur ve müştekilerinin haklı olarak hak arama istemleri olmuştur.
Deprem sonucunda yıkılan binalarda ölüm, yaralanma ve diğer şekillerdeki mağduriyetlere neden olan binaların yüklenicileri (müteahhit) ve fenni sorumluları hakkında binaların inşasında gerekli dikkat ve özenin gösterilmemesi nedeniyle kamu davaları açılmıştır.
Türk Deprem hukukunda açılan bu davalarla ilgili olarak uygulama da birçoğunda zamanaşımı sorunuyla karşılaşılmış ve zamanaşımı konusunun; özellikle dava zamanaşımı ve zamanaşımı süresinin başlamasıyla ilgili olarak hukuk uygulamalarında ve yargı sürecinde büyük tartışmalar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Depremden doğan yıkıcı hasarlarda hangi sürenin dava zamanaşımının başlangıçı olacağı konusunda yerel mahkemelerle Yargıtay arasında ve doktrinde görüş ayrılıkları ortaya çıkmış; yerel mahkemeler zamanaşımı başlangıçını binaların yapımının tamamlanma anı veya binaların kullanıma açılma anından itibaren başlattıkları görülmüşse de yüksek mahkeme olarak Yargıtay; zamanaşımı süresinin, deprem anından veya ölümün meydana gelme anından itibaren başlanması gerektiğine karar vermiştir.
Halen, deprem sonucu oluşan suçlarda zamanaşımı süresinin başlamasıyla ilgili Türk Pozitif hukuku açısından yapılan düzenlemeler ve Yargıtay kararlarıyla sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılsa da; bu konuda tüm taraflar için, hukuka uygun ve adil sonuçlar yaratabilecek yasal düzenlemeler ve ilkeler ortaya konuluncaya kadar yıkılan binalarla ilgili zamanaşımı süresinin başlangıçı sorunları ve hukuki tartışmalar devam edecek gibi görünmektedir.
Çalışmamızda yerel mahkemeler ve Yargıtay kararları, öğretiyle birlikte incelenerek, uygulamada dava zamanaşımı ile ilgili görülmekte olan problemler ve uygulamalar tartışılacaktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 323
THE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES AND BUILDING COOPERATIVES
DEPREMİN TİCARET ŞİRKETLERİ VE YAPI KOOPERATİFLERİNİN FAALİYETLERİNE ETKİSİ
ÖZCAN F.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, Umuttepe Kampusü Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes effects of earthquake on commercial companies and in particular building cooperatives. The earthquake does not only affect real person’s health, life and activities, but it also affects legal entities in particular commercial companies and building cooperatives’ existence and activities. Law provides various consequences for impossibility. Impossibility can be categorized as follows: legal impossibility, material impossibility, objective and subjective impossibility. The effect of earthquake can be seen individually on every legal relation and also legal entities whole existence and activities.
The effect of earthquake on commercial companies and building cooperatives’ contracts can be seen in the following issues: the existence of contract, the effectiveness of contract, performance, termination and compensation. Furthermore, with respect to legal entities existence and activities, the effect on earthquake can be seen on the termination of legal entities and reason for liquidation.
ÖZET Bu çalışmada depremin hukuk düzeninin varlığına hukuki etki bağladığı bir olay olarak ticaret şirketleri ve özellikle yapı kooperatiflerine etkisi incelenecektir.
Deprem gerçek kişilerin sağlık, hayat ve faaliyetlerini etkilediği kadar tüzel kişilerin özellikle ticaret şirketlerinin ve kooperatiflerin de varlık ve faaliyetlerini etkilemektedir. Hukuk düzeni imkansızlığa çeşitli sonuçlar bağlamaktadır. İmkansızlık; hukuki, maddi, objektif ve subjektif imkansızlık olarak nitelendirilip sınıflandırılabilir. İmkansızlık doğuran olay olarak depremin etkisi, taraf olunan hukuki ilişkiler üzerinde tek tek görülebildiği gibi tüzel kişilerin bütün varlığı ve faaliyetleri üzerinde de olabilir.
Depremin ticaret şirketlerinin ve özellikle yapı kooperatiflerinin sözleşmelerine etkisi, sözleşmenin varlığı, işleyişi, ifa edilmesi ve sona ermesi ile tazmin edilmesi aşamalarında kendini gösterir. Bunun yanında tüzel kişilerin varlığı ve faaliyetleri söz konusu olduğunda tüzel kişiliğin amacına göre bir sona erme ve tasfiye sebebi olarak da önem taşır.
Sözleşmelere depremin etkisi imkansızlık sebebi olarak sözleşmenin akdedilmesinden önce objektif bir imkansızlık sebebi olarak varolması halinde butlana sebep olurken, sözleşmenin akdedilmesinden sonra fakat ifadan önce gerçekleşmesi halinde, kusursuz olarak ifanın imkansızlaşmasının varlığı aranır. İfanın imkansızlaşmasında kusurun varlığı halinde tazmin yükümlülüğü ortaya çıkar. Depremin etkisi ile edanın güçleşmesi imkansızlık anlamına gelmez ve hukuki sonuçları imkansızlıkla aynı değildir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 324
İmkansızlığın ticaret şirketlerinin varlığına etkisi incelendiğinde ise Adi ortaklıkta bir infisah sebebi olarak düzenlendiğini ve Kollektif ve Komandit ortaklıklarda açık şekilde atıf nedeni ile bir infisah sebebi olduğu, imkansızlığın ortaya çıkması anda gerçekleştiği ve tespit davası ile ileri sürülebildiği; Limited şirketlerde ise imkansızlığın doğrudan sona erme sebebi olarak düzenlenmese de objektif ve subjektif haklı sebebin varlığı halinde mahkemenin kararı ile LTD sona erdirilebileceği depreminde bir haklı sebep olarak değerlendirilebileceği, burada açılan dava diğer ortaklıklardan farklı olarak bir kurucu karar ile sona ereceği düzenlenmiştir. Mahkemenin kararı ileriye etkili bir karardır. Anonim ortaklıkta ise esas sözleşme ile öngörülen iştigal konusunun elde edilmesinin imkansızlaşması da AO yu infisah ettiren bir sebeptir. Sözkonusu infisah sebebinin varlığı halinde açılacak dava fesih davası olmayıp infisahın tespiti davasıdır.
Kooperatifler için ise kooperatiflerin dağılması başlığı altında m. 81/7 de kooperatiflerin amacına ulaşma imkanının bulunmadığının ilgili bakanlıkça tespiti halinde mahkemenin alacağı kararla dağılacağı düzenlenmiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 325
GRANTING A DELAY FOR PAYMENT AND DISCONTINUANCE OF EXECUTION PROCEEDINGS IN EXTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES SUCH AS EARTHQUAKE (ARTICLE 317-330 OF TURKISH ENFORCEMENT AND BANKRUPTCY LAW)
DEPREM ÖZELİNDE FEVKALADE HALLERDE BORÇLULARA SÜRE VERİLMESİ VE TAKİPLERİN DURMASI (İİK m.317-330)
AŞIK İ.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe/KOCAELİ
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes article 317-330 of Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law. Debtors should fulfill their obligations on time and according to contractual terms. However, debtors may not pay their debt in extraordinary circumstances. Therefore, in extraordinary circumstances such as earthquake time, debtors need legal protection. In fact, the Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law provides granting a delay for payment and discontinuance of execution proceedings in extraordinary circumstances.
ÖZET Borçluların borçlarını vadesinde ve kararlaştırılan şartlar çerçeve-sinde ödemesi asıldır. Ancak çeşitli sebeplerle borçlu borcunu ödemeyebilir veya ödeyemeyebilir. Borçlunun borcunu ödeyememesi kendisine bağlı olmayan sebeplerden ortaya çıkmış, özellikle de fevkalade haller sebebiyle borçlu bu duruma düşmüş ise, borçluya ödeme için süre verilmesi veya kendisine karşı yapılan takiplerin belirli bir süre durdurulması, borçlunun tekrar ekonomik hayata kazandırılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu ise, ülke ekonomisine de olumlu yansıyacaktır.
İcra ve İflas Kanunu’nun 15. Babında “Fevkalade Hallerde Mühlet ve Tatil” düzenlenmiştir. Bu kurumun amacı, fevkalade haller sebebiyle borçlarını ödeyemeyen borçlulara süre verilmesi veya takiplerin belirli bir süre durdurulmasıdır. Kanunumuzda iki kurum düzenlenmiştir:
1.Fevkalade hallerde mühlette, Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile fevkalade halden etkilenen bölgenin borçlularından isteyene altı ayı geçmemek üzere bir süre verilmesi düzenlenmiştir.
2.Fevkalade hallerde tatilde ise, Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile belirli bir bölgede veya belirli ekonomik zümre(ler) lehine, salgın hastalık, genel bir felaket veya savaş hali sebebiyle belirli bir süre için takiplerin durdurulabileceği düzenlenmiştir.
Belirtilen kurumlar özellikle borçlunun menfaatlerinin korunmasını amaçlamaktadır. Ancak makro ölçekte düşünüldüğünde fevkalade hal-den etkilenen borçlulara bir fırsat verilerek kendilerini toparlamalarına şans tanınması ülke ekonomisine de katkı sağlayacaktır.
Belirtilen iki kurum arasında iki farklılık vardır: Fevkalade mühlette, borçluya süre verilebilmesi için borçlunun taahhütlerini yerine getirememesinde kusurunun olmaması gerekir. Fevkalade hallerde takiplerin durdurulması için ise, borçlunun kusurlu olup olmamasının önemi yoktur. İkinci farklılık, fevkalade mühlet kurumundan yararlanmak isteyen borçluların bakanlar kurulu kararından sonra tek tek icra mahkemesine başvurması gerekir. Fevkalade hallerde tatilde ise, bakanlar kurulu kararıyla belirlenen bölgedeki veya belirlenen ekonomik zümreye dâhil olan borçlulara karşı yapılan takipler kendiliğinden durmaktadır.
1932 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren kanunumuzdaki bu hükümler yaşanan birçok doğal afete rağmen hiç uygulanmamıştır. Bu hükümler adeta terkedilmiş hükümler haline gelmiştir. 1939 tarihindeki Erzincan depreminde (32968 can kaybı, 116720 hasarlı bina), 17.08.1999 Gölcük (Kocaeli) depreminde (17480 can kaybı, 73342 hasarlı bina), 12.11.1999 Düzce depreminde (763 can kaybı, 35519 hasarlı bina) bu hükümler işletilmemiştir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 326
EARTHQUAKE CASES AND STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PROBLEMS
DEPREMDEN DOĞAN DAVALAR VE ZAMANAŞIMI SORUNLARI
DONER İ.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe yerleşkesi/İzmit
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT In the first clause of the 184th article of Turkish Criminal Code starting with the heading “causing zoning pollution”, it is stated that a person who “builds” and make somebody build without buying building licence will be sentenced for 5 years. Arranging such an action as a crime is for the first time in Turkish Criminal Code.
According to the first article, it was described as a crime to build in contrary with the procedures and provisions which are determined in “zoning” legislation.
The crime in the first clause emerges when building without buying building licence or when building in contrary with the licence. So, not only the contractor, the subcontractor and the craftsman or foreman but also the owner of the building will actively be charged with the crime. Moreover, technical staff will be also charged with the crime who serve in terms of controlling and auditing in such building activities.
In the second clause; it is described as a separate crime to make electricity, water and phone connections or to get benefit from these services in the construction sites which are established for the buildings that are started to build without building licence.
In the third clause, it is described as a separate crime to make electricity, water and phone connections or allow people to get benefit from these services in the buildings which don’t have certificate of occupancy whether or not it is built according to building licence.
According to the fourth article, it is a separate crime to allow any industrial or commercial activity in the buildings which don’t have certificate of occupancy.
In the fifth article, there is a restriction to the field of application of these clauses.
These clauses will be able to be applied only within the boundaries of municipality or in places subject to zoning system. For example; industrial zones have the quality of places subject to special zoning system. But, this restiriction aren’t accepted by the establishments in which industrial products are produced. In this regard, these clauses will be applied to the establishments which are built within the village boundaries and in which industrial products are produced.
ÖZET 5237 sayılı Türk Ceza Kanununun “İmar" kirliliğine neden olma” başlığını taşıyan 184. maddesinin birinci fıkrasında, “yapı” ruhsatı almadan “bina" yapan ve yaptıran kişiye bir yıldan beş yıla kadar hapis cezası verileceği hükme bağlanmıştır. Türk Ceza Kanununda bu nitelikteki fiilin, suç olarak düzenlenmesi, Türk hukukunda yenidir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 327
Madde metnine göre, imar “İmar" mevzuatında belirlenen usul ve koşullara aykırı olarak inşa faaliyetinde bulunmak suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Birinci fıkradaki suç, yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesi alınmadan veya ruhsata aykırı olarak bina “Bina" yapmak veya yaptırmakla oluşur. Böylece, sadece binayı inşa eden yüklenici, taşeron, usta veya kalfa değil; inşaatın sahibi de bu suçtan dolayı fail olarak sorumlu tutulacaktır. Ayrıca, bu tür inşa faaliyetlerine kontrol ve denetim hizmeti veren teknik kişiler de bu suçtan dolayı fail sıfatıyla cezalandırılacaktır.
İkinci fıkrada; yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesi olmadan başlatılan inşaatlar dolayısıyla kurulan şantiyelere elektrik, su veya telefon bağlantısı yapılması ya da bu hizmetlerden yararlanılmasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Üçüncü fıkrada ise, yapı “Yapı" ruhsatiyesine dayalı olarak yapılmış olsun veya olmasın, yapı kullanma izni “Yapı Kullanma İzni" alınmamış binalara elektrik, su, telefon veya gaz bağlantısı yapılması veya bu hizmetlerden yararlanılmasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir suç olarak tanımlanmıştır.
Dördüncü fıkraya göre, yapı “Yapı" kullanma izni “Yapı Kullanma İzni" alınmamış binalarda herhangi bir sınai veya ticari faaliyetin icrasına müsaade edilmesi, ayrı bir suç oluşturmaktadır.
Beşinci fıkrada bu madde hükümlerinin uygulanma alanı ile ilgili sınırlama getirilmiştir. Bu madde hükümleri ancak belediye sınırları içinde veya özel imar “İmar" rejimine tabi yerlerde uygulanabilecektir. Örneğin organize sanayi bölgeleri, özel imar rejimine tabi bölge niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak, sınai ürünlerin üretiminin yapıldığı tesisler açısından bu sınırlama kabul edilmemiştir. Bu bakımdan, köy sınırları içinde inşa edilen, sınai ürünlerin üretiminin yapıldığı tesisler açısından da bu madde hükümleri uygulanabilecektir.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 328
WHO ARE REQUIRED TO ARRANGE A COMPULSORY EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE IN TURKEY?
TÜRKİYE’ DE KİMLER ZORUNLU DEPREM SİGORTASI YAPTIRMAK ZORUNDADIR?
BARLAS N.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe/Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT According to the Turkish Law owner and beneficial owner must take out an insurance contract.
In this sense, pursuant to the Turkish Law regarding to earthquake, tenant and the apartment superintendent may arrange the compulsory earthquake insurance.
However, whether the time-share owners may take out a compulsory earthquake insurance policy or not is open to discussion.
ÖZET Türk mevzuatına göre mâlik, intifa hakkı sahibi sigorta sözleşmesi yaptırmakla yükümlüdür.
Bu bağlamda depreme ilişkin Türk Mevzuatı gereğince kiracı ve yöneticinin de zorunlu deprem sigortasını yaptırabileceği kabul edilmektedir.
Ancak devre mülk sahiplerinin zorunlu deprem sigortasını yaptırabilmesi tartışmaya açıktır.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 329
THE EARTHQUAKE SAFETY IN THE SWISS LAW SYSTEM
İSVİÇRE HUKUKUNDA DEPREM GÜVENLİĞİ
KARAASLAN V.-1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Umuttepe Kampüsü Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The earthquake safety is not directly regulated by the Swiss law. Only No. 260-267 of the Supporting Framework Standards of the SIA (Swiss Engineer and Architect’s Union) and No. 2018 of the Leaflet of the same union, which is called “Inspection of Existing Buildings with Regard to Earthquakes”, regulate this issue. The Federal Court of Switzerland has declared in some of its decisions the SIA-Standards as binding. Some of the canton laws also declare the rules of SIA explicitly as binding. Therefore, the rules of the SIA concerning earthquake safety must be followed when building. The responsibility of planners and building contractors in case of damages which occur due to earthquakes will be discussed in the presentation.
ÖZET İsviçre hukukunda deprem güvenliği konusu aslında yasalarda açıkça düzenlenmiş bir konu değildir. Sadece SIA (İsviçre Mühendis ve Mimarlar Birliği) Tüzüğünün 260 vd. maddeleri ile SIA’nın 2018 sayılı “ Mevcut Binaların Deprem Konusunda Denetlenmesi” konulu Yönergesinde bu konuya ilişkin düzenlemeler vardır. Öte yandan imar hukukuna ilişkin kanton yasaları binaların inşaat alanında genel kabul görmüş kurallara göre inşa edilmesi gerektiğini düzenlemekle beraber bu kuralların hangileri olduğu noktasını açık bırakmaktadır. İşte İsviçre’de bu konuda en çok tartışılan husus budur. İsviçre Federal Mahkemesi bazı kararlarında SIA tarafından kabul gören ve yayımlanan teknik normların imar alanında genel kabul görmüş normlar olarak görülmesi gerektiğine hükmetmiştir. Bazı kantonal düzenlemeler de açıkça SIA kurallarının bağlayıcılığına işaret etmektedir. Bu şekilde dolaylı olarak SIA’nın koyduğu kurallar imar esnasında uyulması gerekli kurallar haline gelmektedir. Belirtmek gerekir ki, mühendislik ve mimarlık alanında bilimsel olarak ortaya atılan teknik kurallar teorik olarak kabul görmüş, benimsenmiş ve pratikte de uygulayıcıların çoğu tarafından doğru olarak kabul ediliyor ise bu kurallar artık imar ve inşa alanında bağlayıcı kurallardır. Bu sunumda hedeflenen bir diğer nokta da yine İsviçre hukukunda bina yapanın deprem sonucu ortaya çıkacak zararlardan hangi şartlar altında sorumlu olacağı konusudur.
The earthquake safety is not directly regulated by the Swiss law. Only Art. 260 f. of the General Regulation of the SIA (Swiss Engineer and Architect’s Union) and No. 2018 of the Leaflet of the same union, which is called “Inspection of Existing Buildings with Regard to Earthquakes”, regulate this issue. The Federal Court of Switzerland has declared in some of its decisions the SIA-Regulations as binding. Some of the canton laws also declare the rules of SIA explicitly as binding. Therefore, the rules of the SIA concerning earthquake safety must be followed when building. The responsibility of planners and building contractors in case of damages which occur due to earthquakes will be discussed in the presentation.
ORAL / SÖZLÜ 330
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES TO REAL PROPERTY AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
TAŞINMAZLARDA DEPREMDEN DOĞAN ZARARLAR VE HUKUKI SORUMLULUKLAR
BALKIR G.–1
1-Kocaeli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The biggest destruction and damages arising from earthquake can take place to real properties. Archiects, civil engineers and builder and other contractors are held accountable from these damages in construction process. However, contractors who deemed responsible for demolished and damaged buildings resulted from earthquakes can be liable from unkown changes in usage process after the settlement. This situation brings about unfair result and main legal debates.
ÖZET Depremden doğan en büyük yıkım ve zararlar, taşınmazlarda meydana gelmektedir. Yapı üretim sürecinde mimar, inşaat mühendisleri ve müteahhit gibi yükleniciler bu zararlardan sorumlu tutulmaktadır. Deprem nedeniyle yıkılan ve hasar gören binalarda yapı üretim sürecinde yer alan yüklenicilerin, özellikle haberdar olmadıkları iskan sonrası kullanım süreçlerindeki değişikliklerden de sorumlu tutulmaları, adaletsiz sonuçlara yol açmaktadır ve büyük hukuki tartışmalar yaratmaktadır.
INVITED SPEAKER
DAVETLİ KONUŞMACILAR
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 331
TURKISH-GERMAN PROJECT ON EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNED
ZSCHAU J.-1, WOITH H.-1, MILKEREIT C.-1, LÜHR B.-1, WESTERHAUS M.-2, YILMAZ R.-3+, ERGÜNAY O.-3*, PEKDEGER A.-4
1-GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
2-University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
3-General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Eskisehir Yolu 10 km, Lodumlu, Ankara, Turkey (+ now at METU, Ankara; * now at Turk Kizilay, Ankara)
4 FU Berlin, Hydrogeology, Berlin, Germany
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The Turkish-German Project on Earthquake Research started in 1985. The area of investigation covered a 60 km long segment of the North-Anatolian Fault in NW Turkey. This region was prone by several disastrous earthquakes from which the before-last occurred in 1967. A recurrence period of 15 to 21 years had been suggested. The aim of the project was to achieve a better understanding of crustal processes prior to and after earthquakes. The activities were organized in a number of experiments including (1) neotectonic and paleo-seismological studies, (2) monitoring of seismicity, (3) an active seismic airgun experiment, (4) high precision tilt measurements, (5) ground water level and temperature recordings, (6) repeated measurements of the gravity field, (7) monitoring of the total magnetic field and broadband magnetotelluric signals, (8) radon emissions and hydrochemical parameters, and finally (9) recording of meteorological parameters. Furthermore, sociological studies were carried out. Many of the listed experiments were combined in 6 Multi-Parameter Observatories lined up along the fault to provide a high accuracy in time (in the pre-gps era), and to allow for a direct comparison of different parameters measured in the same area. The final project report had been submitted in 1997. On 17 August 1999 the “overdue” M=7.6 earthquake occurred with its epicentre near Izmit – about 50 km west of our monitoring area. The location of the expected event had been successfully predicted from spatio-temporal b-value variations. Time series of more than 11 years revealed (i) seasonal variations, (ii) secular drift changes, and (iii) transient events. They correlate with changes in micro-seismic activity. The key result is quickly summarised: practically all monitored parameters were significantly influenced by precipitation-induced pore-pressure variations in the crust. This apparently even holds for the micro-seismic activity at a depth of 10 km. This observation implies a deep penetration of pore-pressure disturbances through the crust, and a time-shifted triggering of micro-seismicity by pressure changes in the order of some mbar. We concluded that these rain-induced signals may mask potential earthquake precursor signals. On the other hand they offer a chance to calibrate stress-related changes of crustal properties.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 332
RISK MANAGEMENT AND P25 – RAPID SCORING TECHNIQUE
TEZCAN S.S.-1, KÖKSAL H., KAPTAN K.
1-Civil Engineering, Boğaziçi University
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT It is emphasized that Türkiye experiences frequent earthquakes, on the order of one damaging earthquake of magnitude 6.0 to 7.0 at almost every two years, causing extensive losses to economy, life and limb. Every strong earthquake leaves behind poverty and tens of thousands of homeless people. In order to mitigate the losses due to earthquakes, a number of issues are identified to be studied and managed properly on a national scale. Firstly, the importance of education and research about earthquakes and earthquake preparedness, from cradle to grave, is stressed. Secondly, for a successful solution of the risk mitigation problems, the legislative and financial structures as well as the social and technical organizations are presented.
Recommendations are given, concerning the disaster management, dealing with emergency matters during and after the earthquake, and also the risk management, dealing with preparations before the earthquake. Finally, the problems related to inventory of buildings, repair and retrofitting issues, earthquake insurance, supervision of design and construction of buildings are discussed. A reference is made to the project of ‘zero’ loss of life during future strong earthquakes which eliminates the necessity for large scale retrofitting of the existing building stock and saves lives. A rapid scoring technique called ‘P25- Assessment Method’ is also introduced for determining the collapse vulnerability of R/C buildings.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 333
JOINT HYPOCENTER DETERMINATION FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKES
HURUKAWA N.-1
1-International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (IISEE), Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Location of an earthquake is one of most fundamental information on the earthquake. In general, a hypocenter of an earthquake is obtained by comparing the observed travel time with calculated (theoretical) travel time assuming the initial hypocenter. The difference between these two travel times (travel-time residual, O-C) should be minimum by solving a differential equation on location and an origin time. This method is called the Geiger's method. However, since we assume 1-D velocity model for hypocenter determination in general, an accuracy of a hypocenter contains a large error caused by a horizontal heterogeneity of the earth.
Joint hypocenter determination (JHD) is a generalization of the Geiger's method to include station corrections for travel times as additional parameters to be determined from a group of earthquakes. Hypocenters of many earthquakes and station corrections are calculated simultaneously. Since station corrections can extract travel-time anomalies caused by a lateral heterogeneity of the earth, hypocenter locations are improved dramatically by using the JHD method.
However, when media is very heterogeneous and station coverage is not good, solutions by the conventional JHD method are unstable and unreliable because of the trade-off between station corrections and focal depths of earthquakes. Therefore, modifying the JHD method, Hurukawa and Imoto (1990, 1992) and Hurukawa (1995) developed a modified joint hypocenter determination (MJHD) method by using the following constraints: A station correction is independent of both the distance and the azimuth from the center of the studied region to the station. Although this sacrifices absolute hypocenters, this makes the JHD method stable.
Good location contributes to many fields of seismology. Such as, 1) identification of a fault plane of an earthquake from aftershock distribution, 2) relationship between hypocenter location and crust and upper-mantle structure, 3) relationship between hypocenter location and tectonic structure (active faults, plate boundaries, etc), temporal and spatial change of seismicity (migration, concentration, etc), etc.
Results by the MJHD method will be introduced in the presentation which includes determination of fault planes of large earthquakes in the world (http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/eqcat/Top_page_en.htm).
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 334
PUTTING THE BIG PICTURE TOGETHER: A REVIEW OF THE KOCAELI EARTHQUAKE OF 1999, COMPARISON WITH THE L'AQUILA EARTHQUAKE OF 2009, AND AN EXCITING OPPORTUNITY TO INTEGRATE AND DISSEMINATE THE LESSONS WE HAVE LEARNED SO FAR
EVANS R.-1, ADAMS B.-2, ROSSETTO T.-3, SARGEANT S.-1, ÜÇER S.B.-4
1-British Geological Survey, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK
2-Image Cat Inc.
3-University College London
4-Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI)
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT The British Geological Survey and Kandilli Observatory have co-operated in geophysical studies of the Marmara Sea and the Kocaeli region since 1975. In 1978, the segment of the North Anatolian Fault east of the city of Izmit was identified as the potential site of a major earthquake and a series of detailed experiments were conducted there in 1979, 1980 and 1984. These studies demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of shear-wave splitting in the Earth's crust. Since then, the techniques developed at Izmit have been used internationally not only in earthquake prediction studies but in oil and gas exploration. We will briefly review these three projects, their results, and the potential for deriving additional information from the substantial digital datasets generated.
Following the 1999 earthquake, EEFIT (the UK-based Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team) mounted a mission to examine its effects and determine the lessons that might be learned by the earthquake engineering community at large, as it does after many major earthquakes, including the recent l'Aquila (Italy) event. Although the Kocaeli event was of larger magnitude, many of the circumstances are comparable, with similar levels of ground shaking being observed in each of these regional urban centres. We will compare the effects of the two earthquakes and examine the extent to which the lessons from Kocaeli were disseminated and appreciated.
VDV, the Virtual Disaster Viewer (http://www.virtualdisasterviewer.com/) was developed using MS Virtual Earth for the devastating Sichuan Earthquake that struck China on May 12, 2008. It offers new ways to support response efforts in the aftermath of catastrophic events, as the first-of-its-kind 'social networking style' disaster monitoring tool. VDV proved invaluable in the aftermath of the l'Aquila earthquake, enabling the rapid communication of information and results amongst the various teams examining its consequences in terms of earthquake engineering, disaster response, and human impact. VDV is supported by an international consortium of influential organisations including EERI and MCEER (USA) as well as EEFIT and EPSRC (UK) and, of course, Microsoft, and is destined to become a primary international repository of information on earthquake effects, engineering, and disaster response.
The benefits of working with VDV are not restricted to current earthquakes. The platform can as easily be used to integrate and disseminate information and results from past events. The Kocaeli earthquake was amongst the first for which, with the wide availability of GPS, digital cameras, and digital mapping and survey tools, a huge volume of georeferenced data was acquired. This can be readily uploaded to VDV, along with the results of international and Turkish studies across a wide range of disciplines. A new page within the Viewer has already been established for the Kocaeli earthquake and we will demonstrate some of the capabilities of this system. The tenth anniversary of this disaster presents a very appropriate opportunity to gather together and share the results and conclusions of all relevant communities. VDV offers an excellent vehicle within which to undertake this integration.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 335
CULTURE AND DİSASTER: A PERSONAL EXPERİENCE FROM 1999 EAST-MARMARA EARTHQUAKE
DURAN N.-1 1-Villanova University, Core Humanities Program, USA _______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Disaster relief aid faces many of the same problems that any international aid must face-issues of cultural difference and economic disparity that make aid a difficult thing to do successfully. But in a disaster, aid organizations are without the time or local organizational structure to deal with those problems. My experience working with international aid organizations in and around Izmit after the earthquake in 1999 revealed to me some striking cultural and economic differences between the aid givers and the aid receivers. These differences became a serious barrier to the distribution of goods and the provision of real help in the midst of disaster. Western aid givers like myself often operated without real understanding of Turkish bureaucracy or hierarchy, and generally failed to understand or even to perceive the degree to which most people, whether or not they were affected by the earthquake, felt entitled to the goods being distributed.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 336
REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING THROUGH CARBON FIBER OVERLAYS
TRIANTAFILLOU T.C.-1
1-Structural Materials Laboratory, University of Patras, Greece
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INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 337
HIDDEN EARTHQUAKES IN THE GÖLCÜK-KAVAKLI, YENICE-GONEN AND TROY FAULTS, PALAEOSEISMOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOSEISMOLOGICAL APPROACH
PAVLIDES S.-1, TUTKUN S.Z.-2
1-Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
2-Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT This is a review paper concerning the results of the above mentioned Turkish-Greek teems cooperation of the last 10 years after the great Kocaeli earthquake, based mainly on neotectonic, palaeoseismological, archaeoseismological and morphotectonic research.
The first example of archaeoseismological investigation comes from the Greek-Turkish border close to Edirne, where a well preserved seismic fault under a tomb of a post Roman age studied. Taking into account the behavior of normal faults in the broader Aegean region during historical earthquakes, as well as in paleoseismological research, it is estimated that the earthquake that formed this fault is associated with a strong M6.5-7.0. The only known strong historical earthquake of this low seismicity region is the 1752 Edirne event.
In the epicentral area of 1999 Izmit (Kocaeli) strong earthquake the seismic ruptures (N80o-100o) did not follow any known or mapped fault traces, but the morphology and tectonostratigraphic evidence from trenches show typical and recognizable earthquake-related pre-existing features, such as elongated valleys, shutter ridges, high angle slopes, scarplets, stream and palaeosoil offset. In the Gölcuk Peninsula a characteristic extensional NW-SE trending oblige normal fault segment emerged on surface with a 1.5 - 2 m maximum vertical displacement and a 0.30 m right-lateral component. The co-seismic fault scarp was mapped in detail, while two trenches were excavated at Dëniz Evler site. The 1999 displacement, at the site is 1.50 m, while the penultimate event had displaced the same sediments is 0.70 m and a previous event is 0.20 m. Displacement is not characteristic, as the fault associated soft recent deltaic deposits and the fault itself are not typical co-seismic, but rather a secondary accommodation structure in geometrical consistency with the right-lateral main displacement zone. The data were combined and correlated with similar data and results from Aşāgi Yuvacik, Kular Yaylacik and Acisu sites between Izmit and Sapanca lake. The same fault segment seems to have been activated and produced surface ruptures during recent historical events such as the earthquakes of AD 1509, AD 989 and AD 554, plus two prehistoric events. That is, palaeseismological results clearly give evidence for repeat reactivation of the same fault during historical seismic events.
The Yenice–Gönen Fault (YGF) is one of the most important active tectonic structures in the Biga peninsula, which is considered to be a part of the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). On March 18, 1953, a destructive earthquake (Mw=7.2) occurred on the YGF. In this study, structural and palaeoseismological features have been investigated. Three trenches were excavated at Muratlar, Karaköy and Seyvan sites. According to the palaeoseismic interpretation and the results of 14C AMS dating, Seyvan trench shows that an earthquake of palaeoseismic age ca. 620 AD ruptured a different strand of the 1953 fault, producing rather significant surface rupture displacement, while there are indications that at least two older events occurred during
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 338
the past millennia. Another set of trenches excavated near Muratlar village revealed extensive liquefaction not only during the 1953 event, but also during a previous earthquake, dated at 1440 AD. Based on the trenching results, we estimate a recurrence interval of 660±160 years for large morphogenic earthquakes, creating linear surface ruptures. The maximum reported displacement during the 1953 earthquake was 4.2 m. Taking into account the palaeoseismologically determined earthquake recurrence interval and maximum displacement, slip-rate of the YGF has been calculated to be 6.3 mm/a, which is consistent with present-day velocities determined by GPS measurements. According to the geological investigations, cumulative displacement of the YGF is 2.3 km. This palaeoseismological study contributes to model the behaviour of large seismogenic faults in the Biga Peninsula.
The Troy fault is an E-W oriented normal – oblique slip fault located at the eastern part of Biga peninsula in northwestern Turkey. It extends for about 8 to 10 km with clear topographic expression affecting the Neogene-Quaternary sediments and extends possibly for 2-4 km westwards of the Hisarlik hill under the recent late Holocene deposits of the Troy plain. It is part of a large NE-SW trending zone that includes several other active faults. Although it is not associated with known historical or instrumental strong earthquake activity, taking into account known empirical relationships of fault length versus M and the length of segments, the seismic potential is of Mw = 5.5-6.1. However, taking the total length 9 km and the possible westward extension (~11Km) an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 - 6.5 is possible in case of reactivation of the entire length of Troy Fault. Open issues for Troy fault are remaining, such as when was Troy fault reactivated last? Are the archaeologically documented earthquake damages of Troy settlements (Troy III and VI) associated with Troy fault, or a distant one? How did Troy fault, as well as other active faults of the broader area (e.g. Edremit) affect the geomorphologic evolution of Skamander (Karamendere) and Simois (Dumrek) valleys? Is the observed rising of the area (documented in boreholes as well as geomorphologically) a widespread event or a local one caused by the activity of local active faults (Dardanelles? Offshore Aegean?).
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 339
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION: LESSONS FROM THE AUGUST 17, 1999 IZMIT EARTHQUAKE
ÇEMEN İ.-1
1-Dept. of Geol. Sciences, the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
_______________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT Turkey is located in a tectonically active region and contains two of the world’s most well-known active strike-slip fault zones, namely the North Anatolian (NAFZ) and East Anatolian Fault (EAFZ) zones. The NAFZ has a 24±4 mm/yr slip rate (Stein et al., 1997) and controls the northern margin of the westward escape (Şengör et al., 1985) or lateral extrusion (Çemen et al., 1999) of the Anatolian platelet due to the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in the southeastern Turkey. Between 1939-1999, there has been nine earthquakes of Ms>7.0 or more along the NAFZ. They are 1912 Şarköy-Mürefte, 1916 Tokat-Samsun, 1942 Erbaa-Niksar, 1943 Ladik-Tosya, 1944 Bolu-Gerede, 1953 Yenice-Gönen, 1957 Abant, 1967 Mudurnu, 1999 Gölcük-Arifiye and 1999 Düzce earthquakes. These earthquakes suggest that there is a westward migration of the earthquakes along the fault zone (Toksöz et al., 1979; Stein et al., 1997).
The last big earthquake along the NAFZ is the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake (Mw=7.4) which lasted 45 seconds, a relatively long time for an earthquake with a Mw=7.4. The earthquake claimed close to 20,000 human lives and about 100,000 people were left homeless. Ever since then the biggest question in Turkey is: where and when will the next big Turkish earthquake occur. Ten years later, this question can be rephrased as what did we learn from the August 17, 1999 İzmit earthquake to predict the future earthquakes? Geological and geophysical studies following the August 17 İzmit Earthquake produced large amount of important data and taught us many valuable lessons.
It is impossible to know the exact timing of the next big Turkish earthquake. The science of earthquake prediction and forecast is in its infancy. Geological and geophysical processes that lead to a big earthquake along large active fault zones such as the North Anatolian fault zone in Turkey are poorly understood. However, geoscientists will probably predict and forecast major earthquakes along the major active fault zones such as the San Andreas Fault zone in the USA with good precision before the start of the second half of the 21st Century.
The August 17 İzmit earthquake caused about 5 m displacements at two geographic locations that are about 80 km apart. The field observations together with a detailed inversion analysis of seismic data suggest that there were two earthquakes with 7-seconds apart; the first earthquake occurred in a hypocenter below the town of Arifiye and the second one occurred in a hypocenter below the town of Gölcũk (Çemen et al., 2000). The fracture zone that formed during the İzmit earthquake has released the stored elastic strain energy along the segment of NAFZ from Dũzce to Karamũrsel. It was very likely that stress accumulated along the eastern termination of this segment would be released as a matter of time (Varol et al., 2000). This stress was released by the 12 November 1999 Kaynaşlı (Mw= 7.1) earthquake. Ever since then, the question most frequently asked is: when, if ever, will the stress accumulated along the segment of the fault to the west of Yalova in the Sea of Marmara be released. It has been postulated by many geoscientists that, if this stress release happens, the next big earthquake is likely to occur in an area directly to the south of Istanbul.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 340
Within the last ten years, there has been many state-of-the-art marine geophysical studies conducted and large amount of very important data have been accumulated to better understand the crustal structure under the Sea of Marmara. However, it is still very difficult, with the available data to precisely locate a large the active fault zone under the Sea of Marmara that will be a major threat to Istanbul, although it may exist.
All geoscientists agree that there are other major fault zones in Turkey that are also capable of producing large earthquake. The east and southeast Anatolia contain many active faults. Western Turkey has experienced many devastating earthquakes within the last 2000 years. Many of the Ionian city states, including Ephesus and Troy, were destroyed by large historical earthquakes. Western Turkey has experienced several large earthquakes during the 20th century giving normal fault focal mechanism solutions. These earthquakes had caused substantial damage and loss of life in the region.
The next big earthquake Ms> 7.0 will probably happen along the North Anatolian fault zone. It is also important to note that there has not been a large earthquake along the East Anatolian fault zone during the 20th Century. Therefore, a big earthquake is also likely to occur along the East Anatolian fault zone. Earthquakes with magnitudes less than 7.0 are likely to occur along the major normal faults in western Anatolia.
In the USA, a recent major NSF supported project called EarthScope is designed to provide a better understanding of nature of crustal discontinuities especially in the western USA where large earthquakes are likely to happen along the San Andreas Fault zone.
In Turkey, there is an urgent need to design a similar project to provide a better understanding of nature of crustal discontinuities and physical mechanisms that are producing large earthquakes along the North and East Anatolian fault zones. With the present technological advances, it is possible to determine the geometry of large geological crustal discontinuities and active fault zones down to the upper mantle.
This project will provide us data:
1) To better determinate the depths and locations of all earthquakes along all the North and East Anatolian fault zones.
2) To determine the seismic zones along the active fault zones where stress is accumulating to produce large future earthquakes.
3) New insights and knowledge to better determine the seismic wave velocities and the physical factors that effect seismic wave propagation.
The data obtained from this and other similar projects will provide geoscientists to someday precisely predict and forecast major earthquakes in Turkey.
INVITED SPEAKER / DAVETLİ KONUŞMACI 341
DESIGN WORKSHOP FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STOCK
“MEVCUT YAPI STOĞUNDA DEPREM İÇİN TASARIM” ATÖLYE ÇALIŞMASI
ULUĞ M.-1, İLTER T.-2, ERTEN BİLGİÇ D.-3, KÖMÜRLÜ R.-1, KUTLUCA A.K.-1, ÖZTEKİN E.-3
1-KOU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture, Izmit/Kocaeli,
2-UCTEA, The Chamber of Architects of Kocaeli, Izmit/Kocaeli,
3-KOU, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Interior Arch., Izmit/Kocaeli
_______________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT On August 17 and November 12, 1999 two major earthquakes took place in Eastern Marmara Region effecting Kocaeli, Duzce and Istanbul and caused a great loss life and possessions.
This was the first time a that big earthquake effecting a that wide area happened in our country and losses were mainly caused by buildings partially or totally damaged. This fact resulted in various researches and legal arrangements about the phases of building construction i.e. enterprise/planning, design, construction and usage.
However, the process of building construction involves various disciplines and policy makers and that rises the need for assessing the studies and precautions as a whole.
In this paper, revisions in laws and legislations effecting the process of building construction after the earthquake, reflections of the subject on architectural education, studies of professional chambers and various researchers will be assessed and their effect on construction process as a whole will be stated.
ÖZET 17-19 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında düzenlenen “Uluslararası Deprem Sempozyumu Kocaeli 2009” kapsamında, 7-16 Ağustos 2009 tarihleri arasında “Kocaeli Üniversitesi Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi” yürütücülüğünde, “NURUS Ofis Mobilyaları San. ve Tic. A.Ş.” ve “TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Kocaeli Şubesi” ana sponsorluğunda “Mevcut Yapı Stoğunda Deprem (öncesi) İçin Tasarım” konulu bir yaz atölyesi çalışması yapılacaktır. Bu çalışma sonucu; Konut ve ofis- çalışma mekanlarında elde edilen verilerin irdelenmesi ile ortaya çıkan sonuçların açıklanacağı görsel ve eğitsel bir sunum yapılacaktır.
Atölye çalışmasının sonuçları “Uluslararası Deprem Sempozyumu Kocaeli 2009”da gerçekleştirilecek bir panelde tartışmaya açılacak ve farklı disiplinlerin değerlendirilmesine sunulacaktır. Ayrıca atölye çalışması sonucunda hazırlanan poster sunumlar sempozyum süresinde sergilenecektir.
PANEL
PANEL
PANEL / PANEL 342
IS TURKEY READY TO A FORTHCOMING DISASTER?
TÜRKİYE YARIN OLACAK BİR AFETE HAZIR MISIN?
Chairperson/Başkan: Prof. Dr. Sezer ŞENER KOMSUOĞLU, Rector of Kocaeli University/ Kocaeli Üniversitesi Rektörü
Panelists/Panelistler:
Hasan İPEK, Director of Disaster and Emergency Management Directorate of Turkey/ Türkiye Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanı
Mustafa TAYMAZ, Director of General Directorate of Disaster Affairs/ Afet İşleri Genel Müdürü
Tekin KÜÇÜKALİ, Chairman of Turkish Red Crescent / Türk Kızılayı Genel Başkanı
Mustafa KUMLU, Chairman of Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions/ TÜRK-İŞ Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı
Rifat HİSARCIKLIOĞLU, Chairman of The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey/ TOBB Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı
Oğuz GÜNDOĞDU, Chairman of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects/ TMMOB Başkanı
Dr. Feride Bilgehan AKSU, Vice Chairman of Turkish Medical Association/ TTB İkinci Başkanı
PANEL / PANEL 343
DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION STORAGE
MEVCUT YAPI STOĞUNDA DEPREM İÇİN TASARIM
Chairperson/Başkan: Tevfik İLTER, The Chamber of Architects of Kocaeli, Vice Chairman of Administrative Committee
Panelists/Panelistler:
Murat ULUĞ, Kocaeli University, Fac. of Arch. and Design, Dep. of Arch.
Erbil ÖZTEKİN, Civil Engineer/Technical Advisor
Günkut BARKA, Civil Engineer/Turkish Precast Concrete Association, Chairman of Technical Committee
Şevket ÖZDEN, Kocaeli University, Fac. Of Eng., Dep. of Civil Eng.
Renan GÖKYAY, NURUS Company, Vice Chairman of Administrative Committee
PANEL / PANEL 344
SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS
DOĞAL AFETLERİN TOPLUMSAL, EKONOMİK ve PSİKOLOJİK BOYUTU
Chairperson/Başkan: Z. Gönül BALKIR, Dean of Faculty of Law, Kocaeli University
Panelists/Panelistler:
İnci USER, Marmara University
Melek GÜNDOĞAN, Değirmendere Support Center for Women
Gürhan ERTÜR, Açık Radio
Veli DUYAN, Ankara University
Beril TUFAN, Hacettepe Üniversity
PANEL / PANEL 345
10 YEARS OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH IN TURKEY
TÜRKİYE’DE AFET RUH SAĞLIĞI ARAŞTIRMALARININ 10 YILI
Chairperson/Başkan: Tamer AKER, Kocaeli University, Centre for Psychological Trauma and Disaster Studies
Panelists/Panelistler:
Banu YILMAZ, Ankara University, Department of Psychology
Ilgın GÖKLER-DANIŞMAN, Maltepe University, Department of Psychology
PANEL / PANEL 346
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES OF iZMİR CITY
İZMİR İL SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ AFETLERE HAZIRLIK PROGRAMI
Chairperson/Başkan: Hasan ODABAŞIOĞLU, Chairman of Disaster Committee, Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey
Panelists/Panelistler:
Aslıhan YÜRÜKTÜMEN, Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey
Özge DUMAN ATİLLA, HAP
Emine BARIŞ, Disaster Medicine
PANEL / PANEL 347
WHAT DO WE EXPECT FROM HOSPITALS AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE?
DEPREMDE HASTANELERDEN NE BEKLİYORUZ?
Chairperson/Başkan: Rıdvan ATİLLA, Chairman, Emergency Medicine Association of Turkey
Panelists/Panelistler:
Murat ERSEL, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine
Turhan SOFUOĞLU, Chairman, Association of Emergency Ambulance Physicians
Süheyla SEZAN, Kandilli Observatoty and Earthquake Research Institute
Tuğrul PAŞAOĞLU, Chairmen of Associaton of Civil Coordination Against Disasters, Executive Board Member of MAG
