ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURKMENISTAN “PROBLEMS OF USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKMENISTAN” Ashgabat, February 24-25, 2010 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA ALBANIA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AND THEIR MANAGEMENT FRASHËRI Alfred, BUSHATI Salvatore, PANO FRASHËRI Alfred, BUSHATI Salvatore, PANO Niko Niko Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, ALBANIA ALBANIA Tirana, January 2010
Transcript
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURKMENISTAN“PROBLEMS OF USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCES IN TURKMENISTAN”Ashgabat, February 24-25, 2010
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES IN ALBANIA RESOURCES IN ALBANIA
Academy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, ALBANIAAcademy of Sciences of Albania, Tirana, ALBANIA
Tirana, January 2010
INTRODUCTION
In the paper are presented:In the paper are presented:
Geothermal regime of the Albanides andGeothermal regime of the Albanides and Platform for integrated and cascade management Platform for integrated and cascade management
of geothermal energy of low enthalpy in Albaniaof geothermal energy of low enthalpy in Albania
Ninety years have been geothermal studies period in Ninety years have been geothermal studies period in Albania. These studies and modeling are part of Albania. These studies and modeling are part of geothermal studies in the framework of:geothermal studies in the framework of:
Geothermal Atlas of the Albania, Geothermal Atlas of the Albania, Geothermal Atlas of Europe, Geothermal Atlas of Europe, Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe, andAtlas of Geothermal Resources in Europe, and Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Albania.Atlas of Geothermal Resources in Albania.
The studies of the geothermal field in Albania The studies of the geothermal field in Albania were performed on the basis of temperature logs in were performed on the basis of temperature logs in the 137 deep oil and gas wells and in 50 shallow the 137 deep oil and gas wells and in 50 shallow boreholes. boreholes.
Have been compiled different maps:Have been compiled different maps:
The Temperature Maps at 100, 500, 1000, 2000, The Temperature Maps at 100, 500, 1000, 2000,
3000 meters depths, 3000 meters depths, Average Geothermal Gradient Map, Average Geothermal Gradient Map, Heat Flow Density Map, Heat Flow Density Map, Geothermal Resources Thematic Map, andGeothermal Resources Thematic Map, and Geothermal profilesGeothermal profiles
Thermal water springs and deep wells have Thermal water springs and deep wells have been investigated, and geothermal potential of the been investigated, and geothermal potential of the reservoirs has been evaluatedreservoirs has been evaluated..
GEOTHERMAL REGIME
TemperatureTemperature
The geothermal field is characterized by a The geothermal field is characterized by a relatively low value of temperature. relatively low value of temperature.
At 6000 meters depth, the temperature is 105.8At 6000 meters depth, the temperature is 105.8ooC, C,
in the central part of the Peri-Adriatic Depression. in the central part of the Peri-Adriatic Depression.
The lowest temperature values have been The lowest temperature values have been measured in mountain regions. In these areas, there is measured in mountain regions. In these areas, there is intensive circulation of cold underground water, of 5-6intensive circulation of cold underground water, of 5-6ooC C temperature. temperature.
Generally, the isotherms run fit well to the strike of Generally, the isotherms run fit well to the strike of
structures of the Albanides. structures of the Albanides.
The temperature at The temperature at 100 meters depth 100 meters depth varies from 8 to 20varies from 8 to 20ooCC
The highest temperatureat 3000 m is 68 oC
GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
Geothermal Geothermal Gradient Gradient
changes from western to changes from western to the eastern part of the the eastern part of the
Albania, and in the depth. Albania, and in the depth.
External AlbanidesExternal Albanides are are characterized by low characterized by low geothermal gradient from geothermal gradient from 15 to 21.3 mK/m. 15 to 21.3 mK/m.
Deeper than 20 km Deeper than 20 km is observed decreasing of is observed decreasing of the gradient. This change the gradient. This change of the gradient is of the gradient is coincided with the top of coincided with the top of the crystal basementthe crystal basement. .
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Internal AlbanidesInternal Albanides: :
Are observed that the temperatures in Are observed that the temperatures in ophiolitic belt are higher than in the ophiolitic belt are higher than in the sedimentary basin, at the same depth. sedimentary basin, at the same depth.
The geothermal gradient has a value up The geothermal gradient has a value up to 36 mK/m at northeaster and southeastern to 36 mK/m at northeaster and southeastern part of the Albania. part of the Albania.
Decreasing of the gradient are observed Decreasing of the gradient are observed deeper than 12 000 meters in this side of deeper than 12 000 meters in this side of Albania, at the top of the Triassic salts Albania, at the top of the Triassic salts deposits. deposits.
In the External Albanides In the External Albanides isis maximal value of maximal value of the heat flow is equalthe heat flow is equal to 42 mW/mto 42 mW/m22..
In the ophiolitic belt at eastern part of Albania, In the ophiolitic belt at eastern part of Albania, the heat flow density values are up to 60 the heat flow density values are up to 60 mW/mmW/m22..
. .
HEAT FLOW DENSITY
Radiogene heat generation of the ophiolites is Radiogene heat generation of the ophiolites is very low. Increasing of the heat flow in the ophiolitic very low. Increasing of the heat flow in the ophiolitic belt, are linked with heat flow from the depth. belt, are linked with heat flow from the depth. According to the Alb-1 line, the granites of the crystal According to the Alb-1 line, the granites of the crystal basement, which have the possibilities for the great basement, which have the possibilities for the great radiogenic heat generation represents the heat radiogenic heat generation represents the heat source. In ophiolitic belt, is observed decreasing of source. In ophiolitic belt, is observed decreasing of the MOHO discontinuity depth.the MOHO discontinuity depth.
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Heat flow anomalies are conditioned Heat flow anomalies are conditioned by intensive heat transmitting through by intensive heat transmitting through deep fractures. deep fractures. These fractures are These fractures are conditioned location of the geothermal conditioned location of the geothermal energy sourcesenergy sources..
According to the calculation of According to the calculation of different geo-thermometers, the different geo-thermometers, the aquifer aquifer estimated temperaturesestimated temperatures are are 144144 up to up to 270270ooCC. Based on the geothermal modeling, . Based on the geothermal modeling, one can suppose that thermal waters rises one can suppose that thermal waters rises from 8-12 km deep, where temperature from 8-12 km deep, where temperature attains to 220attains to 220ooC.C.
GEOTHERMAL SPRINGSAND WELLS MAP OF
ALBANIA
Thermal wells
Thermal springs
GEOTHERMAL AREAS MAP
Postenani steam springs
KRUJAGEOTHERMAL AREA
ARDENICAGEOTHERMAL AREA
DIRECTIONS FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY OF LOW ENTHALPY IN
ALBANIA
The geothermal situation of low The geothermal situation of low enthalpy in Albania offers three enthalpy in Albania offers three directions for the direct use of directions for the direct use of geothermal energy, which is unused geothermal energy, which is unused until now. until now.
This exploitation will realized by:This exploitation will realized by: integrated scheme of geothermal integrated scheme of geothermal
energy, heat pumps and solar energy, energy, heat pumps and solar energy, andand
cascade use of thermal waters energycascade use of thermal waters energy
…Firstly, space-heating system, to
use ground heat using shallow borehole heat exchanger (BHE)-
Geothermal Heat
Pump system.
These systems, actually are presented the most popular and technologically advanced.
HEAT PUMP
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Compilation of Geothermal heat production (before the heat pumps) by BHE systems in Switzerland.
Number of installed heat pumps units is some European countries
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0
100
200
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400
500
600
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800
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1000
1100
1200
1300
1400Ngarkesa e ngrohjes: (1375 GWhose 23.8% e totalit)
Ngarkesa mesatare pa ngrohje:(4400 GWh ose 76.2% e totalit)
Heating Power, 1375 GWh, 23.8% of the total Average Power without heating, 4400 GWh
MW
Hours
23.8%
23.8%
Actually, the electric energy consummation for heating is 1 375 GWh/year, or 23.8 % of the total electric energy production in Albania (National Agency of Energy, Tirana, 2003).
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Two types of shallow heat sources exist:Two types of shallow heat sources exist:
In the Tirana field, the temperature is 15.5 oC, up to logging depth 31 m, in the Quaternary deposits.
The layers at the depth from 0-8-10 m have a temperature, which is conditioned by solar
radiation energy. During the winter, the temperature is lower than during the summer.
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Temperature in subsurface ground at western Temperature in subsurface ground at western plane-hilly area:plane-hilly area:
Minimal temperature is 17.15 Minimal temperature is 17.15 °°CC
Maximal Temperature is 18.41 Maximal Temperature is 18.41 °°CC
Average Temperature is 18.0 Average Temperature is 18.0 °°CC
Temperature in subsurface ground at hilly-Temperature in subsurface ground at hilly-mountains regions:mountains regions:
Minimal temperature is 6.70 Minimal temperature is 6.70 °°CC
Maximal temperature is 18.60 Maximal temperature is 18.60 °°CC
Average temperature is 14.75 Average temperature is 14.75 °°CC
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Water of the Quaternary gravel layer is Water of the Quaternary gravel layer is 14-15 14-15 ooC, C,
Water of the Quaternary sandstone Water of the Quaternary sandstone layers is 15-16layers is 15-16ooCC
Consequently, concluded that water of Consequently, concluded that water of the Tirana underground basin can be the Tirana underground basin can be a heat source for the geothermal a heat source for the geothermal pumps.pumps.
INSTALLATIONS IN ALBANIA:
Professional SchoolProfessional School
Professional School, Ersaka
PALACE OF CULTURE, TIRANA
Ph=500 kW, COP=4,06
TWIN TOWERS, TIRANA
Ph=1200 kW COP=3,5
High School “Peter MAHRINGER”, SHKODER
Ph=185 kW COP=4,1
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Secondly, thermal water sources of low enthalpy and of maximal temperature up to 80°C.
These are natural sources or wells in a wide territory of Albania, from the South near Albanian-Greek boundary to Northeast districts in Diber Region.
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Thermal waters of springs and wells in Albania may be used in several ways:
Modern SPA-WELLNESS with thermal pools for treatment of different diseases, recreation, relax
and development of eco-tourism.
Kozani 8 geothermal Llixha Elbasan deep well Water place
SPA “NOSI”
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The oldest and important is Elbasani Llixha SPA, which located in the Central part of Albania.
These thermal springs from about 2000 years ago are known. According to historic data, in Elbasani Llixha thermal springs there has been a center near of the old road “Via Egnatia" that has passed from Durresi to Constantinople.
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The geothermal situation of low enthalpy The geothermal situation of low enthalpy in Albania offers different directions for use of in Albania offers different directions for use of geothermal energy, which is unused until now. geothermal energy, which is unused until now.
This exploitation will realized by:This exploitation will realized by:- Integrated scheme Integrated scheme of geothermal energy, heat of geothermal energy, heat
pumps and solar energy, and pumps and solar energy, and
- cascade use cascade use of this energy of this energy
. Integrated and cascade use of thermal waters of Kozani-8 deep well:
1.Power-generation: Thermal water (80 oC) heated by solar panels up to 100 oC.
2. Direct use:SPA-WELLNESS
- Space heating- Sanitary water- Thermal pools- Thermal bath,
saunaAGRICULTURE
- Green housesACQUACULTURE
- Fish- Spirulina
DEGAZING, SALTS EXTRACTION.
…
From thermal mineral waters of some From thermal mineral waters of some spring and wells it is possible to extract spring and wells it is possible to extract very useful chemical microelements as very useful chemical microelements as iodine, bromine (Ardenica wells), chlorine iodine, bromine (Ardenica wells), chlorine etc. and other natural salts, so necessary etc. and other natural salts, so necessary for preparation of creams for the for preparation of creams for the treatment of many skin diseases as well treatment of many skin diseases as well as for beauty care products. as for beauty care products.
From these waters it is possible to extract From these waters it is possible to extract sulphidric and carbonic gas. It is possible sulphidric and carbonic gas. It is possible to built installations for processing of to built installations for processing of mineral waters. mineral waters.
Economic EVALUATION SPA-HOTELSPA-HOTEL Reconstruction of the SPA (25 bed Reconstruction of the SPA (25 bed
rooms) and construction of a new Hotel (25 rooms) and construction of a new Hotel (25 bed rooms) with: bed rooms) with:
· Outdoor-indoor thermal and swimming · Outdoor-indoor thermal and swimming poolspools
· Ball sports (tennis, volleyball, basketball)· Ball sports (tennis, volleyball, basketball)· Recreation (sauna, Turkish bath, solarium)· Recreation (sauna, Turkish bath, solarium)· Fitness center with aerobic· Fitness center with aerobic· Restaurant, bar· Restaurant, bar· Meeting room· Meeting room· Other (rent a car, coiffeur, boutiques)· Other (rent a car, coiffeur, boutiques)· Greenhouses S=3000 m· Greenhouses S=3000 m22
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Total cost 2 418 000 USDTotal cost 2 418 000 USD
Moderate credit of 1 300 000 USD for first Moderate credit of 1 300 000 USD for first phase (total 25 bed rooms)phase (total 25 bed rooms)
Payback 13 yearsPayback 13 years
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Complex and cascade use of geothermal energy, achieving a economical effectiveness. Such developments are useful also for the creation of new working places and improvement of the level of life for local communities near thermal sources.
…..SPACE HEATING AND COOLINGSPACE HEATING AND COOLING
Total surfaces of 3 floors 610 mTotal surfaces of 3 floors 610 m22, , 20 rooms, 3 halls,20 rooms, 3 halls, 7 restrooms.7 restrooms.
HeatingHeating: by heat conveying-radiators: by heat conveying-radiators Heating CapacityHeating Capacity 68.5 KW68.5 KW Installation costInstallation cost Total,Total, Specific,Specific,
(in Euro)(in Euro) (in Euro/m(in Euro/m22))Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump 43.00043.000 71,6671,66Gas boilerGas boiler 21.00021.000 35,0035,00Air-Air conditioners, type “General”Air-Air conditioners, type “General”15.600 15.600 26,0026,00
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Yearly of the electrical energy or gas Yearly of the electrical energy or gas consumption and costs:consumption and costs:
Payback period for installation of the Payback period for installation of the “Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump” “Borehole-Geothermal Heat Pump” System investment:System investment:
2.2 years, only by yearly savings of the 2.2 years, only by yearly savings of the expenses for boiler gasexpenses for boiler gas
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According to this graphic results that geothermal heating and cooling system is more economic system.
Greenhouses
Greenhouse construction costs:Greenhouse construction costs:
Total costs for construction of the heating system, Total costs for construction of the heating system, excluded lines inside greenhouse excluded lines inside greenhouse
Heating System Thermal Capacity Cost Heating System Thermal Capacity Cost
Investment difference for geothermal cost of 59.100 Euro Investment difference for geothermal cost of 59.100 Euro will be covered in the short time period by expenses will be covered in the short time period by expenses savings for gasoil that consume boilersavings for gasoil that consume boiler. .
2. Expenses for the electric energy and gasoil for heating systems
Horary cost for consumed of electric energy and gasoil for Horary cost for consumed of electric energy and gasoil for heating systemsheating systems
for the boiler compared to heating pump for the boiler compared to heating pump 2.9062.906
Geothermal heating system savings 2.906,25 Geothermal heating system savings 2.906,25 lekë or 21,29 Euro (136,5 Lekë/Euro) for every hour of lekë or 21,29 Euro (136,5 Lekë/Euro) for every hour of the works compared to boiler system. the works compared to boiler system.
…Daily savings are 510,96 Euro. During a Daily savings are 510,96 Euro. During a
time period of 115 work’s days of the time period of 115 work’s days of the greenhouse heating will be covered 59.100 greenhouse heating will be covered 59.100 Euro, which necessary as supplement for Euro, which necessary as supplement for geothermal heating system construction. For the geothermal heating system construction. For the areas with different climate conditions, where the areas with different climate conditions, where the average daily temperature <10average daily temperature <10ooC during the year C during the year varies as following: Tirana 82 days, Elbasan 83 varies as following: Tirana 82 days, Elbasan 83 days, Shkodër 145 days, and Korçë 176 days, days, Shkodër 145 days, and Korçë 176 days, payback period of investment for the payback period of investment for the geothermal heating system is 1,4 years for geothermal heating system is 1,4 years for Albanian plain areas and 0,6 year for Albanian plain areas and 0,6 year for mountains regions with continental climate.mountains regions with continental climate.
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Thirdly, the use of deep doublet abandoned oil and gas wells and single wells for geothermal energy, in the form of a “Vertical Earth Heat Probe-Geothermal heat pumps+Solar Pannels”.
Temp. = 48 oC
at 2000 m depth
…In these single abandoned wells a
closed circuit water system can be installed. Near of these wells, can be build greenhouses.
…The platform for the use of geothermal
energy in Albania is prepared.
Based on the complex analysis for the best area selected, a Feasibility Study have been performed to analyze four components:
Energy supply, Market analysisFeasibility study & Financial evaluations, Environmental impact
to suggest the best scenarios for
the innovative geothermal energy technology applications.
…Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact
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Albania has the resources of geothermal energy for direct use as alternative energy:
1))Natural springs and deep wells with thermal water, of a temperature up to 65.5°C at the Earth surface.
2))Heat of subsurface ground, with an average temperature of 16.4oC and depth Earth Heat Flow.
CONCLUSIONS
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Direction of the applications:Direction of the applications:
a) Application of the space-heating a) Application of the space-heating system, using ground heat is the shallow system, using ground heat is the shallow borehole heat exchanger (BHE)-borehole heat exchanger (BHE)-Geothermal Heat Pump systems, present Geothermal Heat Pump systems, present the most important direction.the most important direction.
b) Deep doublet abandoned oil and gas b) Deep doublet abandoned oil and gas wells and single wells are possible to use wells and single wells are possible to use for geothermal energy exploitation, in the for geothermal energy exploitation, in the form of a “Vertical Earth Heat Probe” for form of a “Vertical Earth Heat Probe” for space heating, greenhouses etc.space heating, greenhouses etc.
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c. Integrate and cascade direct use of the c. Integrate and cascade direct use of the thermal waters of low enthalpy:thermal waters of low enthalpy:-SPA-WellnessSPA-Wellness-Heating & sanitary watersHeating & sanitary waters-Aquaculture and agriculture cultivationsAquaculture and agriculture cultivations- Natural salts extractionNatural salts extraction- Mineral water processingMineral water processing
d. Electricity generation from low enthalpy d. Electricity generation from low enthalpy waters, using binary systems.waters, using binary systems.
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