ACADs (08-006) Covered
KeywordsDirect radiation levels, gross beta activity, Cs-137, primary pathways, critical pathways, operating report, dose patterns, weather patterns, population distribution, land use.
Description
Supporting MaterialRadiological Environmental Monitoring Program Instructor Handout
1.1.8.3.2 1.2.1.9 3.1.1.7 3.1.1.14 3.2.4.1 3.2.4.4 3.3.10.8 3.3.15.1
3.3.15.2 3.3.15.5 4.2.7.26
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 2 of 52
TP-2TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Enabling Objectives
• Objectives of REMP• REMP Requirements Document• Two Primary Pathways• Parameters of Critical Pathway Analysis• Importance of Preoperational Monitoring• Direct Radiation Measurements• Local, Perimeter, & Remote Stations
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 3 of 52
TP-3TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Enabling Objectives
• Categories of Food Products• Water Sampling Technique• Categories of Fish• Quality Control Samples• Purpose of Land Use Survey• Predominant Fission/Activation Product• Results Report
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 4 of 52
TP-4TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
REMP Objectives
• Determine Plant Effects on People• Determine Trends of Radioactivity in the
Environment• Provide Assurance to the Public• Meet Regulatory Requirements• Provide for Monitoring during Emergencies
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 5 of 52
TP-5TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
REMP Bases
• 10 CFR 50, Appendix A, General Design Criterion 64 - Monitor Plant Environs for Radioactivity.
• 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, Appropriate Monitoring to Evaluate Doses.
• NRC Generic Letter 89-01 – Programmatic Controls in Tech Specs & ODCM
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 6 of 52
TP-6TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
REMP Descriptions
• FSAR – General Monitoring Program• Plant Technical Specifications – Administrative
Controls.• Plant Offsite Dose Calculation Manual
(ODCM) – Specific Requirements for the Monitoring Programs
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 7 of 52
TP-7TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Critical Pathways
• Airborne Pathways
• Waterborne Pathways
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 8 of 52
TP-8TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Airborne Pathways
• Direct (Air)1. Direct Radiation2. Inhalation
• Indirect (Ground or Terrestrial)1. Materials Deposited on Ground2. Materials Deposited on Plants and Ingested.
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 9 of 52
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Waterborne Pathway
• Ingestion of Water
• Ingestion of Fish or other Aquatic Animals or Plants
• Direct Exposure at the Shoreline
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 10 of 52
TP-10TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Pathways for Exposure
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 11 of 52
TP-11TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Parameters for aCritical Pathway Analysis
• Dose Projections
• Weather Patterns
• Population Distribution
• Land Use
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 12 of 52
TP-12TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Air-Related PathwaysDose Conc. LLDmRem/yr
1. Air pCi/m3 pCi/m3 I-131 0.05 0.0024 0.0100Noble Gas 0.43
2. Milk pCi/L pCi/LI-131 0.09 0.05 0.50
3. Vegetables pCi/Kg pCi/KgI-131 0.62 0.21 1-8Sr-90 1.00 0.11 8Sr-89 0.70 1.00 40
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 13 of 52
TP-13TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
RankingAir-Related Pathways
Based on Calculated Annual Dose (mRem/yr)
Sr Iodine Noble Gases
1. Vegetation(1.7) Milk (>1)(1.0 Sr-90) (Conservative(0.7 Sr-89) Assumptions)
2. Vegetation (0.62) Direct (0.43)3. Inhalation (0.05)
Milk (0.09) (Actual Location)
4.
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 14 of 52
TP-14TVAN Technical Training
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Dose Distribution – SQN% of Total Monitors
Rank Dose Sector 1-10 Miles >10 Miles 1 19.1 SSW LM, PM 2 15.4 NNE LM, PM RM 3 13.9 NE LM 4 9.0 N LM, PM 5 9.0 SW PM RM 6 6.6 S 7 5.0 SSE 8 4.7 ENE 9 3.4 SE 10 3.0 NNW 11 2.5 WSW PM 12 2.3 E 13 2.2 ESE RM 14 1.5 W PM 15 1.4 NW 16 0.9 WNW RM
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 15 of 52
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Dose DistributionTimes Population - SQN
% of TotalRank Dose Sector Monitors, 1-10 Miles 1 19 SSW LM, PM 2 15 WSW PM 3 12 SW PM 4 9 NW 5 9 W PM 6 6 WNW 7 5 S 8 3 NNW 9 3 SSE 10 2 N LM 11 2 NNE LM 12 2 SE 13 1 ESE 14 1 NE LM 15 1 ENE 16 1 E
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 16 of 52
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Water-Related Pathways
Annual DosemRem/yr Concentration LLD
1. Water pCi/L pCi/LMF&AP 0.0023 0.0920 5-10I-131 0.0051 0.0036 1-8H-3 0.0001 2.0000 330Sr-90 0.0022 0.0004 2
2. Fish pCi/g pCi/gMF&AP 0.3800 2.0000 0.01-0.10I-131 0.0210 0.0020 0.02Sr-90 0.0055 0.0001 0.10
MF&AP = Mixed Fission & Activated Products
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 17 of 52
TP-17TVAN Technical Training
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RankingWater-Related Pathways
Based on Calculated Annual Dose (mRem/yr)
Iodine Sr MF&AP1. 2. Fish
(0.38)3. Fish
Ingestion (0.021)4. Water Water Water
Ingestion (0.0051) Ingestion (0.0022) Ingestion
Fish (0.0055) (0.0023)
MF&AP = Mixed Fission & Activated Products
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 18 of 52
TP-18TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
PreoperationalMonitoring Program
• Establish Background Radiation Levels
• Identify Fluctuations in Background Data
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 19 of 52
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Background Fluctuations
• Seasonal
• Annual
• Random
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 20 of 52
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Gross Beta in Air
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 21 of 52
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ThermoluminescentDosimeter
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 22 of 52
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Direct RadiationMonitoring
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 23 of 52
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Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Atmospheric MonitoringStations
• Local Monitors (LM) – On or Adjacent to the Site Boundary
• Perimeter Monitors (PM) – 3-10 Miles from the Site
• Remote Monitors (RM) – > 10 Miles from the Site
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 24 of 52
TP-24TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Air Monitor Station
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 25 of 52
TP-25TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Original Air Filter
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 26 of 52
TP-26TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Air FlowMeasuring Equipment
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 27 of 52
TP-27TVAN Technical Training
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Present Air SampleCollector
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 28 of 52
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Air Filter Assembly
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 29 of 52
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Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Rainwater Collection Tray
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 30 of 52
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One Type ofSoil Sampler
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 31 of 52
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Typical Food Products - 1
• Fresh Leafy Vegetables1. Lettuce2. Cabbage3. Greens
• Other Vegetables1. Tomatoes2. Green Beans3. Corn
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 32 of 52
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Typical Food Products - 2
• Tubers1. Potatoes2. Turnips
• Fruits1. Apples2. Peaches
• Meat/Poultry1. Beef2. Chicken
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 33 of 52
TP-33TVAN Technical Training
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Water Sampling Station
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 34 of 52
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Fish Samples
• Commercial Species1. Catfish2. Smallmouth Buffalo
• Game Species1. Bass2. Crappie
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 35 of 52
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Electrofishing
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 36 of 52
TP-36TVAN Technical Training
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Sample Analyses
• Gross Beta – Low Background Counter• I-131 Specific – Chemical Separation & Beta-
Gamma Coincidence Counting• Sr-89,90 – Chemical Separation/Beta Ct.• Tritium – Liquid Scintillation Counting
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 37 of 52
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Liquid ScintillationCounting
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 38 of 52
TP-38TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Sample Analyses
• Gross Beta – Low Background Counter• I-131 Specific – Chemical Separation & Beta-Gamma
Coincidence Counting• Sr-89,90 – Chemical Separation/Beta Ct.• Tritium – Liquid Scintillation Counting• Gamma – Gamma Spectroscopy
1. Marinelli Beaker2. “Cottage Cheese” Type Container, Various
• Charcoal Cartridge – High Resolution Gamma
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 39 of 52
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Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Marinelli Beakers
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 40 of 52
TP-40TVAN Technical Training
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Counting Solid Samples
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 41 of 52
TP-41TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Quality Control Program
• Equipment Checks• Laboratory Cross Check Program with Outside
Laboratory• Split Samples with AL, TN, & EPA• Quality Control Samples• Supervisors Review Trends/Problems
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 42 of 52
TP-42TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Quality Control Samples
• Blank Samples• Duplicate Samples• Split Samples• Analytical Knowns• Blind Spikes• Internal Cross-Checks
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 43 of 52
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Land Use Survey
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 44 of 52
TP-44TVAN Technical Training
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HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 45 of 52
TP-45TVAN Technical Training
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HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 46 of 52
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Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Direct Radiation LevelsSequoyah Nuclear Plant
Four Quarter Moving Average
10
15
20
25
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Calendar Year
Ave
rag
e E
xpo
sure
/ m
R /
Qtr
On-Site
Off-Site
Initial SQNP operation in July, 1980
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 47 of 52
TP-47TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 48 of 52
TP-48TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Cs-137 in Soil
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 49 of 52
TP-49TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 50 of 52
TP-50TVAN Technical Training
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Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report
• Site/Plant Descriptions• Monitoring Program Description• Assessment/Evaluation of Plant Impacts• Monitoring Program Modifications• Missed Samples/Analyses
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 51 of 52
TP-51TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report
• Analytical Procedures• Nominal Lower Limits of Detection (LLD)• Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program• Land Use Survey Results• Data Tables
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 52 of 52
TP-52TVAN Technical Training
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Summary - Analysis
• Critical Pathway Analysis Includes Dose Projections
Based on:
1. Dose Projections
2. Weather Patterns
3. Population Distribution
4. Land Use
HPT001.037Rev. 0Page 53 of 52
TP-53TVAN Technical Training
Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program
Summary - REMP
• REMP Sampling1. Direct Radiation2. Atmospheric Media3. Terrestrial Media4. Waterborne Media
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control• Land Use Survey• Annual Report to NRC