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Chapter 1-1
Managerial Accounting BasicsCompare managerial and financial
accounting,
Management functions, Organizational structure,
and Business ethics
Managerial Cost ConceptsManufacturing costs
Product vs. period costs
Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsIncome Statement and Balance Sheet
Cost concepts – A review
Managerial Accounting TodayService industry trends
Managerial accounting practices
Preview of ChapterPreview of ChapterPreview of ChapterPreview of Chapter
Chapter 1-2
Managerial AccountingManagerial AccountingManagerial AccountingManagerial Accounting
Managerial Managerial
AccountingAccounting
BasicsBasics
Managerial Managerial
AccountingAccounting
BasicsBasics
Managerial Managerial
Cost Cost
ConceptsConcepts
Managerial Managerial
Cost Cost
ConceptsConcepts
Managerial Managerial
Accounting Accounting
TodayToday
Managerial Managerial
Accounting Accounting
TodayToday
Comparing Comparing managerial and managerial and financial financial accountingaccounting
Management Management functionsfunctions
Organizational Organizational structurestructure
Business ethics Business ethics
Manufacturing Manufacturing costscosts
Product vs. Product vs. period costsperiod costs
Service- Service- industry industry trendstrends
Managerial Managerial accounting accounting practicespractices
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Costs in Costs in
Financial Financial
StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Costs in Costs in
Financial Financial
StatementsStatements
Income Income statementstatement
Balance sheetBalance sheet
Cost concepts – Cost concepts – A review A review
Chapter 1-3
Managerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting Basics
Applies to all types of business -Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing
Applies to all forms of business organizations –Proprietorships, Partnerships, and Corporations
Applies to not-for-profit as well as profit-oriented companies
Distinguishing Features
LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
Chapter 1-4
Managerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting Basics
Changed role in collecting and reporting costs to management as a result of increasingly automated business environment
Now more responsible for strategic cost management – assisting in evaluating how well resources are employed by the company.
Teams with people from production, marketing, engineering, etc.
Aid in making critical strategic decisions
Distinguishing Features: Continued
LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
Chapter 1-5
Comparing Managerial and Financial Comparing Managerial and Financial AccountingAccounting
Comparing Managerial and Financial Comparing Managerial and Financial AccountingAccounting
Both managerial and financial accounting deal with economic events of a business –
Thus, interests overlap
Both require that economic events be quantified and communicated tointerested parties –
Determining unit cost is part of managerial accounting,
Reporting cost of goods manufactured is a part of financial accounting
Similarities
LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
Chapter 1-6
Comparing Managerial and Financial Comparing Managerial and Financial AccountingAccounting
Comparing Managerial and Financial Comparing Managerial and Financial AccountingAccountingDifferences
LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accountingLO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting ..
Chapter 1-7
Managerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting BasicsManagerial Accounting Basics
Management’s activities and responsibilities Management’s activities and responsibilities can be classified into the following three can be classified into the following three
broad functions:broad functions:
PlanningPlanning DirectingDirecting
ControllingControlling
Management Functions
LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.
Chapter 1-8
Management FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement Functions
Look ahead and establish objectives such as –
Maximize short-term profit and market share
Commit to environmental protectionand social programs
Key Objective: Add value to the businessValue measured by trading price of stock and by
potential selling price of the company
Planning
LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.
Chapter 1-9
Management FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement Functions
Coordinate diverse activities and human resources
Implement planned objectives
Provide incentives to motivate employees
Hire and train employees including executives, managers, and supervisors
Produce smooth-running operation
Directing
LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.
Chapter 1-10
Management FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement Functions
Process of keeping activities on track
Determine whether goals are met
Decide changes needed to get back on track
May use an informal or formal system of evaluations
Decision making is not a separate management function, but the outcome of the exercise of good judgment in planning, directing, and
controlling.
Controlling
LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.
Chapter 1-11
Within a company, organization charts show:
The interrelationships of activities andThe delegation of authority and
responsibility
Organizational StructureOrganizational StructureOrganizational StructureOrganizational Structure
Chapter 1-12
Business Ethics
All employees are expected to act ethically
An increasing number of organizations have codes of business ethics
Despite organizational efforts:Business scandals have caused massive
investment losses and employee layoffs.
Corporate fraud has increased 13% in last 5 years.
Employee fraud – 60% of all fraudIntentional misstatement of financial
reports Aka financial reporting fraud is most
costly
Good Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good Business
Chapter 1-13
Creating Proper Incentives
Companies like Motorola, IBM, and Nike expend substantial resources to monitor and evaluate the actions of employees & managers.
Monitoring can have the negative result of producing incentives for unethical actions.
Employees may feel that they must succeed no matter what.
Ineffective and unrealistic controls may also result in declining product quality.
Good Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good Business
Chapter 1-14
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Clarifies management’s responsibilities
Certifications by CEO and CFO -fairness of financial statements and
adequacy of internal control
Selection criteria for Board of Directors and Audit Committee
Substantially increased penalties for misconduct
IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practices
Good Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good BusinessGood Ethics – Good Business
Code of Ethical Standards
Chapter 1-15
The management of an organization performs The management of an organization performs several broad functions. They are:several broad functions. They are:
a.a. Planning, directing, and sellingPlanning, directing, and selling.
b. Directing, manufacturing, and controlling.
c. Planning, manufacturing, and controlling.
d. Planning, directing, and controlling.
Review Review QuestionQuestion
Management FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement FunctionsManagement Functions
LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.LO 2 Identify the 3 broad functions of management.
Chapter 1-16
Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing consists of activities and processes to convert raw materials into finished goods.
In contrast, a merchandising firm sells goods in the form in which they were purchased.
Manufacturing costs are typically classified as:
Managerial Cost ConceptsManagerial Cost ConceptsManagerial Cost ConceptsManagerial Cost Concepts
LO 3 – Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.LO 3 – Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Chapter 1-17
Manufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing Costs
Materials
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Raw MaterialsBasic materials and parts used
in manufacturing process
Direct Materials Raw materials that can be
physically and directly associated with the finished product during the manufacturing process
Materials
Chapter 1-18
Manufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing Costs
Materials
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Indirect Materials
Raw materials that cannot be easily associated with the finished product
Not physically part of the finished product or they are an insignificant part of finished product in terms of cost
Considered part of manufacturing overhead
Chapter 1-19
Manufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing Costs
Labor
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Direct LaborWork of factory employees
that can be physically and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods
Indirect Labor Work of factory employees that has no
physical association with the finished product or for which it is impractical to trace costs to the goods produced
Chapter 1-20
Manufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing CostsManufacturing Costs
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Manufacturing Overhead
Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing the finished product
Includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor
Allocation of overhead to products can present problems
Also called factory overhead, indirect manufacturing costs, or burden
Chapter 1-21
Product Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Product Costs
Components: direct material cost, direct labor cost, and manufacturing overhead
Costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the product
Recorded as inventory when incurred, thus may be called inventoriable costs
Not an expense until the finished goods inventory is sold then cost of goods sold
Chapter 1-22
Product Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Period Costs
Matched with revenue of a specific time period and charged to expense as incurred
Non-manufacturing costs
Deducted from revenues in period incurred to determine net income
Includes all selling and administrative expenses
Chapter 1-23
Product Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period CostsProduct Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product costs and LO 4 Distinguish between product costs and
period costsperiod costs..
Chapter 1-24
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement.statement.
Income Statement
The income statement for a manufacturer is similar to that of a merchandiser except
for the cost of goods sold section.
Chapter 1-25
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Cost of Goods Sold ComponentsMerchandiser versus Manufacturer
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement.statement.
Chapter 1-26
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Cost of Goods Sold Section of the Income Statement
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statementstatement..
Chapter 1-27
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Determining the Cost of Goods Manufactured
LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determinedLO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined ..
Work in Process – partially completed units of product
Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead; all incurred in the current period
Chapter 1-28
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determinedLO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined ..
Chapter 1-29
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Balance Sheet - Inventories
LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet.manufacturing balance sheet.
Merchandising Company
One category of inventory:Merchandise Inventory
Manufacturing CompanyMay have three inventories:
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Chapter 1-30
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Manufacturing Costs in Financial StatementsStatements
Balance Sheet - Inventories
LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheetmanufacturing balance sheet
Chapter 1-31
Managerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting Today
LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.
Managerial Accounting Practices
Value Chain
Refers to all activities associated with providing a product or service
For a manufacturing firm these include the following:
Chapter 1-32
Managerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting Today
LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.
Managerial Accounting Practices
Technological Change
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) – software programs designed to manage all major business processes
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) – manufacturing products with increased automation
Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory Methods
Inventory system in which goods are manufactured or purchased just in time for use
Chapter 1-33
Managerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting Today
LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.
Managerial Accounting Practices
Quality
Increased emphasis on product quality because goods are produced only as needed
Total Quality Management (TQM) - a philosophy of zero defects –
Activity-Based-Costing (ABC)
Allocates overhead based on use of activities
Results in more accurate product costing and scrutiny of all activities in the value chain
Chapter 1-34
Managerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting TodayManagerial Accounting Today
LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.LO 8 Identify trends in management accounting.
Managerial Accounting Practices
Theory of Constraints
Constraints (“bottlenecks” ) limit the company’s potential profitability
A specific approach to identify and manage these constraints in order to achieve company goals
Balanced Scorecard
Evaluates operations in an integrated fashion
Uses both financial and non-financial measures
Links performance measures to overall company objectives
Chapter 1-35
All About YouAll About YouAll About YouAll About You
Outsourcing and Jobs
To reduce costs and remain competitive many companies are turning to outsourcing
“Outsourcing means hiring an outside supplier to provide elements of a product rather than producing them internally”
While outsourcing can be to another provider within the U.S., many professional services as well as manufacturing jobs have become candidates for outsourcing to foreign providers
By 2015, it has been predicted that 3.3 million service jobs will have been outsourced offshore.
Chapter 1-36
All About YouAll About YouAll About YouAll About You
Outsourcing and Jobs – What do you think?
Do you think outsourcing really reduces costs?
If costs are reduced, do you think that it justifies the loss of jobs to U.S. workers?
What would you say to your employees whose jobs have been outsourced?
Do you think that outsourced professional services performed in a foreign country or parts manufactured offshore will have the same quality and standards as those performed/manufactured in the U.S.?