Access to Learning Materials:Access to Learning Materials:a University Librarian’s perspectivea University Librarian’s perspective

Denise NicholsonDenise Nicholson

ACA2K Policy & Dissemination Advisor ACA2K Policy & Dissemination Advisor

Nicholson.denise@gmail.com

ACA2K Research ResultsACA2K Research Results

South African Dissemination SeminarSouth African Dissemination Seminar

University of Cape TownUniversity of Cape Town

12 November 200912 November 2009

• Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - Access to information/knowledge – a basic human right - essential for human survival and development. essential for human survival and development.

• “Freedom, prosperity and the development of society depend on education, as well as on unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, unrestricted access to knowledge, thought, culture and information.” culture and information.” (IFLA/FAIFE)(IFLA/FAIFE)

• ““Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is Knowledge is not a commodity, and can never be one. Knowledge is the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound the distillation of human endeavour, and it is the most profound collective good that there is". collective good that there is". (A. Erwin, (A. Erwin, former Minister of Trade & Industry, former Minister of Trade & Industry, South Africa)South Africa)

• ““Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. the world”. (Nelson Mandela) (Nelson Mandela)

International copyright trendsInternational copyright trends

Create new rights

Strengthen protection and enforcement

Shrink the public domain

Restrict access to knowledge

Erode information-users’ rights

Promoting balance & access Promoting balance & access

International Copyright Treaties

Adelphi Charter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi_Charter

Gower’s Report on IP - www.ipo.gov.uk/policy/policy.../policy-issues-gowers.htm

CopySouth Dossier – www.copysouth.org

WSIS Declaration of Principles - http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html

UK Commission on IPR - www.iprcommission.org

http://www.africaguide.com/afmap.htm

A

F

R

I

C

A

Copyright in AfricaCopyright in Africa

Copyright vs. collective ownershipCopyright vs. collective ownership

Few African countries have adopted L & E’sFew African countries have adopted L & E’s

African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project – African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project –

www.aca2K.org

The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance!The stricter the copyright law, the more non-compliance!

Lack of resources & unaffordability of learning materialLack of resources & unaffordability of learning material

InfringingInfringing activities activities are facilitating A2K – are facilitating A2K – not copyright!not copyright!

Copyright – Copyright – a barrier to educationa barrier to education

Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)

ResearchersResearchers

Medical staffMedical staff

Rural schoolsRural schools

Literacy facilitatorLiteracy facilitator

Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)Copyright – a barrier (cont’d)

• Historical ArchiveHistorical Archive

• LibrariesLibraries

• Berlin Wall CommemorationBerlin Wall Commemoration

Access to knowledge and cultural treasuresAccess to knowledge and cultural treasures

Restricted!Restricted!

Is the Current Copyright Is the Current Copyright system working in Africa? system working in Africa?

Main beneficiaries not authors, nor Africans Main beneficiaries not authors, nor Africans

Scholarly authors have to assign copyrightScholarly authors have to assign copyright

Educational institutions pay over and overEducational institutions pay over and over

Bulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-ownersBulk of royalties paid to foreign rights-owners

Africans have to buy back their research at high cost!Africans have to buy back their research at high cost!

Research outputs are negatively affected Research outputs are negatively affected

International pressure International pressure on African countrieson African countries

Strict copyright rules and regulations Strict copyright rules and regulations

Developed countries ‘kicking away the ladder’Developed countries ‘kicking away the ladder’

African countries need time & space to developAfrican countries need time & space to develop

Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral Pressure to sign International IP agreements and Bilateral

Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs Trade Agreements, e.g. FTAs, EPAs

Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North-Copyright regimes should be tailored to address North-

South differencesSouth differences

WIPO Development AgendaWIPO Development Agenda

WIPO’s obligations re: Millennium Declaration WIPO’s obligations re: Millennium Declaration

45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - 45 Recommendations adopted for Development Agenda - http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html

Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant Recommendations 16,19,20, 21 & 22 especially relevant to Access to Knowledge (A2K)to Access to Knowledge (A2K)

Appropriate Limitations & exceptions Appropriate Limitations & exceptions vitalvital for A2K and for A2K and development.development.

WIPO Studies on WIPO Studies on

Limitations and Exceptions Limitations and Exceptions Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the Limitations & Exceptions of Copyright & Related Rights in the

Digital Environment Digital Environment http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805

Automated Rights Management Systems and Copyright Limitations and Exceptions http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=59952

Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - Limitations & Exceptions for the Visually-Impaired - http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=75696

Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Libraries & Archives http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192

Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report Copyright Limitations & Exceptions for Education – final report due before end of 2009due before end of 2009

15

WIPO MeetingsWIPO Meetings

African Arab Regional Seminar on Limitations and African Arab Regional Seminar on Limitations and Exceptions – Cairo, 2 November 2009Exceptions – Cairo, 2 November 2009

Stakeholders’ Platform – Alexandria, 3 November 2009Stakeholders’ Platform – Alexandria, 3 November 2009

SCCR Draft Agenda - 14-18 December 2009 SCCR Draft Agenda - 14-18 December 2009 http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_19_1.pdf

Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - Analytical Document on Limitations and Exceptions - www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_19_www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/copyright/en/sccr_19/sccr_19_3.doc3.doc

Libraries as Key StakeholdersLibraries as Key Stakeholders

Statement of Principles on “Statement of Principles on “Copyright Exceptions Copyright Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and Archivesand Limitations for Libraries and Archives” – ” – EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - EIFL/IFLA/LCA at WIPO SCCR May 2009 - www.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of-prwww.ifla.org/files/clm/statements/statement-of-principles-sccr20.pdfinciples-sccr20.pdf

eIFL Draft Law on Copyright with eIFL Draft Law on Copyright with Model Exceptions & LimitationsModel Exceptions & Limitations

SeeSee: : http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law

Free Uses: Free Uses: Reproduction for private purposes & research; Reproduction for private purposes & research; Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations;Temporary Reproduction; Quotation; Translations; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Educational Activities; Inter-Library Document Supply; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Communication to the public for educational & research purposes; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Archives, libraries, museums & galleries; Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information Reproduction, broadcasting & communication to the public for information

purposes; purposes; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Caricature, parody & pastiche; Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs;Reproduction & adaptation of computer programs; Display of works; Display of works; Persons with disabilities; Persons with disabilities; Public/official documents Public/official documents

RecommendationsRecommendations

Afford African countries time & space to developAfford African countries time & space to develop

TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa!TRIPS-Plus is NOT the answer for Africa! Review, liberalize and harmonize international and national IP Review, liberalize and harmonize international and national IP

laws to laws to facilitate, not restrict facilitate, not restrict accessaccess

Restore balance between rights-owners & usersRestore balance between rights-owners & users Support the proposed WIPO Support the proposed WIPO Treaty for Improved Access Treaty for Improved Access

for Blind, Visually Impaired & other Reading Disabled for Blind, Visually Impaired & other Reading Disabled Persons, as well as library community’s Persons, as well as library community’s recommendationsrecommendations

Promote Open Access publishing Promote Open Access publishing

SolutionSolution

A A BalancedBalanced International FrameworkInternational Framework

that that enshrines enshrines ALLALL Users’ Rights – Users’ Rights –

andand

AppropriateAppropriate National National Copyright lawsCopyright laws

Thank youThank you

Some Resources on L & EsSome Resources on L & Es Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions - Guideline Document on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions -

http://www.col.org/resources/knowServices/copyright/Pages/default.aspx/summary.htm

Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to Copyright Limitations & Exceptions – Why they are important for access to knowledge -knowledge - http://www.aca2k.org/index.php?option=com_idoblog&task=viewpost&id=79&Itemid=69

Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - Exceptions and Limitations in copyright vital in South countries - http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2008/twn.ipr.info.081102.htm

L & Es - L & Es - http://www.cptech.org/ip/copyright/le.html Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries - Copyright Limitations and Exceptions for Libraries -

http://www.aallnet.org/aallwash/LCAPosition110308.pdf Wits Copyright Portal -Wits Copyright Portal -

http://web.wits.ac.za/Library/ResearchResources/SubjectPortals/Copyright+and+Related+Issues.htm

Resources for African countriesResources for African countries

WIPO Development Agenda and related issuesWIPO Development Agenda and related issues Article 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human RightsArticle 27(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on ObjectivesArticle 7 of the TRIPS Agreement on Objectives The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001)The Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health (2001) UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002)UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights Report (2002) Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003)Geneva Declaration of Principles ( Paragraph 42) (2003) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003) ICTSD/UNCTAD Policy Discussion Paper on IP and Development (2003)

and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005)and its Resource Book on TRIPS and Development (2005) World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005)World Summit on the Information Society (2003 and 2005) Chile’s proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPO’s Standing Chile’s proposal on Exceptions and Limitations to WIPO’s Standing

Committee on Copyright (2004)Committee on Copyright (2004) Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005)Commonwealth of Learning – Guidelines on copyright L & Es (2005) IFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPOIFLA & eIFL position papers and their statements made at WIPO Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University)Access to Knowledge (A2K) Movement (Yale University) Gowers’ Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006)Gowers’ Review of Intellectual Property (UK) (2006) International Right to Read Campaign (WBU)International Right to Read Campaign (WBU) Proposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPOProposed WBU Treaty for the Blind at WIPO

Useful Copyright HandbooksUseful Copyright Handbooks

eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues:eIFL Handbook on Copyright & Related Issues:

http://www.eifl.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/draft-law

““Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to Introducing Copyright – a plain language guide to copyright” (Commonwealth of Learning): copyright” (Commonwealth of Learning): http://www.col.org/resources/publications/monographs/Pages/Copyright.aspx

ACA2K ProjectACA2K Project

Research Findings & Resources Research Findings & Resources

See: See: www.aca2k.org

Tips for Developing CountriesTips for Developing Countries

See: www.aca2k.org (click on Blog)

International A2K initiativesInternational A2K initiatives

IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – IFLA – (1700 member organizations/150 countries) – www.ifla.org

eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in-eIFL.net - (member organizations in 50 developing/in-transition countries) - transition countries) - www.eifl.net

EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- EBLIDA (150 European library/archive associations, etc.)- www.eblida.org

Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- Commonwealth of Learning – (53 Commonwealth countries)- www.col.org

Consumers International – Consumers International – www.consumersinternational.org

International A2K initiatives International A2K initiatives (cont’d)(cont’d)

Transatlantic Consumers’ Dialogue (TACD) – Transatlantic Consumers’ Dialogue (TACD) – www.tacd.org

Knowledge Ecology International - Knowledge Ecology International - www.keionline.org Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) - Consumer Project on Technology (CPTech) -

www.cptech.org A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)- A2K Global Social Movement (Yale University, USA)-

http://research.yale.edu/isp/ Copy South (Kent Law School, UK – Copy South (Kent Law School, UK –

www.copysouth.org

Regional A2K initiativesRegional A2K initiatives African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project - African Copyright & Access to Knowledge (ACA2K) Project - www.aca2k.org Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project –Access to Learning Materials for Southern Africa Project – www.access.og.za

(2005) (website now closed)(2005) (website now closed) African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 - African Access to Knowledge Alliance – Ugandan Chapter, 2005 -

Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) Continental Organization, 2007 (currently in partnership with ACA2K) http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Copyright_Alliance_article.pdf

Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) – www.osisa.org African Digital Commons - African Digital Commons - www.commons-sense.org Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) – Southern African Regional Universities Association (SARUA) –

www.sarua.org Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) - Publishing and Alternative Licensing Model of Africa (PALM) -

http://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.htmlhttp://www.idrc.ca/acacia/ev-117012-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html SADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bwSADC-Centre for Distance Education - www.sardec.org.bw Bibliotheca Alexandrina - A2K Toolkit II Bibliotheca Alexandrina - A2K Toolkit II

http://www1.bibalex.org/a2k/attachments/references/reffileu24bkg55ykqwgc5http://www1.bibalex.org/a2k/attachments/references/reffileu24bkg55ykqwgc55zysxzq45.pdf5zysxzq45.pdf

South African A2K initiativesSouth African A2K initiatives

Creative Creative Commons/Commons/iCommonsiCommons (South Africa) - (South Africa) - icommons.orgicommons.org Wits Link Centre - Wits Link Centre - http://link.wits.ac.za/http://link.wits.ac.za/ Library Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.orgLibrary Association of SA (LIASA)/FAIFE – www.liasa.org Shuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.orgShuttleworth Foundation – www.shuttleworthfoundation.org African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) - African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources (AVOIR) -

http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/ Sivulile Open Access Project - Sivulile Open Access Project - http://www.sivulile.org/http://www.sivulile.org/ CSIR research Space - CSIR research Space -

http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/ Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) - Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa) -

http://www.hsrc.ac.zahttp://www.hsrc.ac.za OA institutional repositories in tertiary institutionsOA institutional repositories in tertiary institutions

SA National A2K initiativesSA National A2K initiatives

SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - SA Government – adopted Open Source policy - www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=94490id=94490

The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy The National Research Foundation (NRF) – advocacy role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations role re: OA National Electronic Theses & Dissertations Repository - www.nrf.ac.zaRepository - www.nrf.ac.za

Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Academy of Science of South Africa - SCIELO-South Africa OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.zaAfrica OA publishing project - www.assaf.co.za