ACCIDENT CAUSATION

Presented by :

Iliyas Najeem 820351Nabila Ahmad Nasir 816558Shaliza Samsudin 816231Samer Jibrail 818636

Introduction

Accidents have been broadly defined as:

An accident is an undesirable incidental and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.

Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity (Robertson, 2015).

Accident Causation ModelsAccident causation models vary from simplistic linear models to complex non-linear models. The history of accident models to date can be traced from the 1920s through three distinct phases:

Simple linear models

Complex linear models

Complex non-linear models.

 

Simple sequential linear accident models:

Simple sequential accident models represent the notion that accidents are the culmination of a series of events which occur in a specific and recognisable order

Bird and Germain’s Loss Causation model

Heinrich’s Domino Theory

Domino Theory

1932 First Scientific Approach to Accident/Prevention - H.W. Heinrich

“Industrial Accident Prevention”

Social Environmentand Ancestry

Fault of the Person

(Carelessness)Unsafe Act

or Condition

Accident Injury

MISTAKES OF PEOPLE

created by social environment or acquired by ancestry.

careless perso

ns or p

oorly

designed or im

properly

maintained equipment.

INJURY

UNSAFE ACTS CONDITIONS

ACCIDENTScaused by

caused by an unsafe actinjured person or an unsafe condition

FAULT OF PERSONS

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

where and how a person was raised and educated.

Human Factors Theory

Overload•Environmental Factors (noise, distractions•Internal Factors (personal problems, emotional stress)•Situational Factors (unclear instructions, risk level)

Inappropriate Response

•Detecting a hazard but not correcting it•Removing safeguards from machines and equipment•Ignoring safety

Inappropriate Activities

•Performing tasks without the requisite training•Misjudging the degree of risk involved with a given task

Petersen’s Accident/IncidentTheory

Epidemiological Theory

Predisposition Characteristics

•Susceptibility of people•Perceptions•Environmental factors

Situational Characteristics

•Risk assessment by individuals•Peer pressure•Priorities of the supervisor•Attitude

Can cause or prevent accident conditions

Systems Theory Model

Machine Person

Environment

Interaction

Collect information

Weigh risksMake decision

Task to be performed

Combination Theory

• For some accidents, a given model may be very accurate, for others less so

• Often the cause of an accident cannot be adequately explained by just one model/theory

• Actual cause may combine parts of several different models

Behavioral Theory

• Often referred to as behavior-based safety (BBS)• 7 basic principles of BBS

– Intervention– Identification of internal factors– Motivation to behave in the desired manner– Focus on the positive consequences of

appropriate behavior– Application of the scientific method– Integration of information– Planned interventions

WHY DO ACCIDENT HAPPEN?In the workplace accidents can generally traced back to:

• Lack of training

• Failure to follow procedures

• Faulty equipment

• Workers mistake

• Mislabeled equipment

• Unsafe conditions

COST OF ACCIDENTMany managers believe that the broker will pick up the

costs of an misfortune, and that's why they pay their

insurance. Though the costs of an accident can be

cracked down into the direct cost and indirect (uninsured)

costs.

Direct costs of an accident

• Direct costs are those costs that are increased directly from the accident. They are quite

easy to analyze, and include the medical costs incurred and the reward payments made to

the injured workers. Direct costs are usually insurable by companies.

Indirect costs of an accident

• Indirect costs are the less clear costs of an accident that can be costed. Although the

indirect costs created by accidents are unseen, they too must be paid from incomes from

the sale of products. They are more difficult to estimate and tend not to be protected.

Indirect costs include:

• Time away from the work not covered by employees' compensation insurance.

• Payment of other staffs who are not damaged, for example those who stopped work to

look after or help the injured worker and those who require output from the injured in

order to complete their responsibilities.

• The cost of injury to materials or equipment involved in the accident;

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND THEIR ROLE IN SAFETY

MANAGEMENT

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Is a process of systematic collection and analysis of information relating to a accident that led to the loss of property, time or health of individuals or even the loss

of lives.

WHY CONDUCT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION???

• To determine How and Why these accident occurred• To reduce risks for employees• To respond to the management needs• To identify violations of company procedures• To comply with workers’ compensation rules

INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 1. Report the accident occurrence to a designated

person within the organization.2. Provide first aid and medical care to injured person to

prevent further injuries or damage3. Investigate the accident4. Identify the causes5. Report the findings6. Develop a plan for corrective action7. Implement the plan8. Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action.9. Make changes for continuous improvement

ROLES IN SAFETY MANAGEMENT

1. Supervisor2. Line Manager3. Safety officer4. Staff Managers5. Committee Investigations

Workers’ CompensationRemedies available to the injured employees under

Employees’ Social Security Act 1969

SOCSO (Social Security Organizaition) or PERKESO ( Pertubuhan Keselamatan Social) under Ministry of HR, establish January 1971 to administer and enforce Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 and Employee Social Security General Rules 1971.

Provide free medical treatment, facility for physical or vocational rehabilitation and financial assistance to employees if they have lost

abilities due to accidents or diseases that have reduced their abilities to work or rendered.

Benefits : Medical benefits, temporary and permanent disablement benefit, constant

attendance allowance, dependant’s benefits, funeral benefit, rehabilitation benefit, education, survivors’ pension, invalidity grant.

The General Principles of Employees’ Social Security

• Solidarity Fund• Replacement of Income• Equality

Employment Injury Scheme• Coverage & protection for employees

suffer from employment injury. • Example : Accident & Occupational

Disease• Benefits : Medical Treatment,

Disablement Benefit (temporary & permanent), constant-attendance allowance, rehabilitation, dependant’s benefits, funeral benefit and education benefit

Invalidity Pension Scheme• Suffer from invalidity by reason of specific

morbid condition of permanent nature either incurable or is not likely to be cured and no longer capable of earning, by work corresponding to his strength and physical ability.

• Benefits : Invalidity pension & grant, constant-attendance allowance, survivors’ pension, funeral benefit, rehabilitation, educational loan & Return to Work Programme

Medical Benefits

The Benefits under Insurance Schemes

Temporary Disablement Benefit

Permanent Disablement Benefit Constance-Attendance Allowance

Facilities for Physical or Vacational Rehabilitation

Return to Work Programme

Dependants’ Benefit Funeral Benefits

CONCLUSION• Accident can be triggered through several factor and mostly it has

been supported with theories.

• By identifying the direct cost and indirect cost, company can be more aware of their financial budget in order to avoid company loss.

• Accident investigation can be effective when it is written in a standard and clear guidelines and having a clear assigned of responsibilities in conducting the investigation.

• Payment of benefits made to eligible employees or dependants under the Employees’ Social Security Act 1969 and Employees’ Social Security (General) Regulations 1971. This is to ensure that fairness and equality to all employees are achieved to those that have contributed to the solidarity fund.