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Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

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Related Party Transactions Detailed Analysis with examples Under The Companies Act, 2013 and Clause 49 of Listing Agreement and Accounting Standard -18 [email protected]
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Page 1: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

Detailed Analysis with examples

Under

The Companies Act, 2013 and

Clause 49 of Listing Agreement and Accounting Standard -18

[email protected]

Page 2: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions under Companies Act , 2013

Disclosures of interest by Directors be shown to the Board

Section Responsibility Kind of disclosure Time when to be disclosed

184 (1) Every

director

1. Disclose his concern or interest in

any company(ies) or bodies corporate, firms, or other association of individuals

2. Change in the concern and interest

3. First meeting of

Board after appointment

4. First meeting in

every financial year 5. First meeting after

change of interest

184 (2) Every

director

Disclosure of direct or

indirect, concern or

interest in a contract or arrangement or

proposed contract or

arrangement entered by the company

1. With body corporate in

which he or

along with

other directors

holds more than

2%

shareholding. 2. Or promoter ,

manager or

CEO of that

body corporate

3. Firm or other entity in which

he is member,

owner or

partner

First meeting at which the contract etc is being

discussed and will not participate in the contract.

184(5) Nothing in this section—

(a) shall be taken to prejudice the operation of any rule of law restricting a

director of a company from having any concern or interest in any contract or arrangement with the company;

(b) shall apply to any contract or arrangement entered into or to be entered into between two companies where any of the directors of the one company or two or more of them

together holds or hold not more than two per cent. of the paid-up share capital in the other company.

Page 3: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

A. Approval, Board and Shareholders for contracts with related parties ( provided in Table A ) in respect of the following transactions is required as per company law :

Contracts for which approval is required with related party

188 (1) (a) sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials;

(b) selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind;

(c) leasing of property of any kind;

(d) availing or rendering of any services;

(e) appointment of any agent for purchase or sale of goods, materials, services

or property;

(f) such related party's appointment to any office or place of profit in the

company, its subsidiary company or associate company; and

(g) underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof, of

the company:

Condition Provided further that no member of the company shall vote on such special resolution, to

approve any contract or arrangement which may be entered into by the company, if such

member is a related party:

Exemption Provided also that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any transactions entered into by the

company in its ordinary course of business other than transactions which are not on an

arm’s length basis.

Page 4: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

A. In respect of a company XYZ Ltd the following will be treated as related party 2(76)as per the

provisions of Companies Act 2013;

S.no Particulars Details of related parties

Remarks

1. Directors of the company or of its holding company and their relatives ( spouse , father , mother, son and daughter and their spouses , brother and sister , members of HUF) Relative defined 2(77)

Directors Mr A

Mr B Mr C

and his relatives

2. Key managerial personnel of the company or its holding company and their relatives ( in addition of whole time directors –CFO and Company Secretary )

KMP

and their relatives

3. Any firm in which any of our directors or his relative is a partner

ABC CDE

Persumed a firm ABC in which Mr A is a partner Persumed a firm CDE in which brother of Mr A is a partner

4. Any private company in which any of our directors is a director or member of that company

A Pvt Ltd B Pvt Ltd

Persumed a private company in which Mr A is a director Persumed a private company in which Mr A is a member only

5. Any public limited company in which director is a director and holding along with his relatives more than two percent of holding .

( fifth order of removing of difficulties has

substituted or with and )

C Ltd In which Mr A is a director and holding 2.1% shareholding along with his relatives .

6. Any body corporate whose board or MD is accustomed to act on the direction of any director .

D Ltd Suppose in D Ltd any director holds more than 50% that is 50.1% holding .

Page 5: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

7. any person on whose advice, directions or instructions a director or manager is accustomed to act:

Mr D Suppose Mr D is holding more than 51% shareholding in XYZ td

8. Any company which is holding , subsidiary or associate of company ( holding at least 20% of voting power of that company 2(6))

C Ltd D Ltd E Ltd ( F Ltd comes under this clause )

In case C Ltd is holding more than 50% say 50.1% shareholding in XYZ LTd In case XYZ Ltd is holding more than 50% say 50.1 % shareholding in D Ltd E Ltd is holding more than 20% say 20.1 % holding in XYZ Ltd

In addition above , as per clause 49 of Listing Agreement , all Related Party Transaction covering transfer of resources, services or obligations between a company and with following related party relationships as defined under accounting standards AS -18 ( clause 3),

regardless, of whether a price is charged, the approval of the Audit Committee is also required:

S.no Particulars Details of

related parties

Remarks

9. a. enterprises that

b. directly, or

indirectly through one or more

intermediaries,

control, or

are controlled by, or

are under common control with,

the reporting enterprise

(this includes holding companies, subsidiaries and

fellow subsidiaries);

F Ltd G Ltd H Ltd I Ltd J Ltd K Ltd L Ltd M Ltd

In case F Ltd is holding 50.1% shareholding in XYZ LTd In case these all three are mentioned as promoters of XYZ Limited . Promoters jointly considered controlling the company IN case J ltd in holding just even 1% and K Ltd holding other 50 %, but J Ltd holding more than 50% say 50.1% in K Ltd In which XYZ is holding 50.1% holding then it becomes its subsidiary . In which is F Ltd holding 50.1% holding in XYZ Ltd also holding more than 50% say 50.1% in M Ltd , then XYZ Ltd and M ltd will be considered under common control of F Ltd . Then M Ltd will be considered as fellow subsidiary of F Ltd

10. (b) associates and

joint ventures

of the reporting enterprise and

E Ltd G Ltd H Ltd I Ltd

E Ltd is holding more than say 20.1% holding in XYZ ltd being associate. All promoters will be considered as joint ventures of XYZ Ltd

Page 6: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

the investing party or

venturer

in respect of which the reporting enterprise is

an associate or

a joint venture;

J Ltd K Ltd

In which XYZ ltd is holding more than 20% say 20.1% in J Ltd In case K Ltd and XYZ ltd has jointly incorporated an entity

11. (c) individuals owning,

directly or

indirectly,

an interest in the voting power of the reporting

enterprise that gives them

control or

significant influence over the enterprise ,

and

relatives of any such individual;

Mr D Mr E Relatives of Mr D and Mr E

Suppose Mr D is is holding more than 51% shareholding in XYZ Ltd Suppose Mr E holding more than 20% say more than 20.1% shareholding in XYZ Ltd will be treated as related party presuming have significant influence in the company .

12. (d) key management personnel and relatives of

such personnel; and

KMP

and their relatives

13. (e) enterprises over which any person described in

(c) or (d) is

able to exercise significant influence .

This includes enterprises owned by directors or

major shareholders of the reporting enterprise

and

enterprises that have a member of key management

in common with the reporting enterprise.

D Ltd N Ltd O Ltd

All enterprises in which Mr D or Mr E or KMP or their relatives are holding more than 20% that is 20.1% holding in that company . In case D Ltd is owned by directors . or In which Mr D while holding more than 50% say 50.1% shareholding also holds more than 50% say 50.1% then that company will under this clause . O ltd in which any KMP of XYZ ltd is a KMP or he is only a director ,even then he will be considered as KMP in case he is able to decide the decisions in the Board of Directors of that company .

Page 7: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

3. This accounting standard AS -18 deals only with related party relationships described in

(a) to (e) below:

(a) enterprises that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control, or are

controlled by, or are under common control with, the reporting enterprise (this includes holding

companies, subsidiaries and fellow subsidiaries);

(b) associates and joint ventures of the reporting enterprise and the investing party or

venturer in respect of which the reporting enterprise is an associate or a joint venture;

(c) individuals owning, directly or indirectly, an interest in the voting power of the reporting enterprise

that gives them control or significant influence over the enterprise, and relatives of any such

individual;

(d) key management personnel and relatives of such personnel; and

(e) enterprises over which any person described in (c) or (d) is able to exercise significant influence.

This includes enterprises owned by directors or major shareholders of the reporting enterprise and

enterprises that have a member of key management in common with the reporting enterprise.

10. For the purpose of this Standard, the following terms are used

with the meanings specified:

10.1 Related party - parties are considered to be related if at any time during the reporting period

one party has the ability to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other

party in making financial and/or operating decisions.

10.2 Related party transaction - a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties,

regardless of whether or not a price is charged.

10.3 Control – (a) ownership, directly or indirectly, of more than one half of the voting power of an

enterprise, or

(b) control of the composition of the board of directors in the case of a company or of the

composition of the corresponding governing body in case of any other enterprise, or

(c) a substantial interest in voting power and the power to direct, by statute or agreement, the

financial and/or operating policies of the enterprise.

10.4 Significant influence - participation in the financial and/or operating policy decisions of an

enterprise, but not control of those policies.

10.5 An Associate - an enterprise in which an investing reporting party has significant influence

and which is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture of that party.

Page 8: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

10.6 A Joint venture - a contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties undertake an

economic activity which is subject to joint control.

10.7 Joint control - the contractually agreed sharing of power to govern the financial and operating

policies of an economic activity so as to obtain benefits from it.

10.8 Key management personnel - those persons who have the authority and responsibility for

planning, directing and controlling the activities of the reporting enterprise.

10.9 Relative – in relation to an individual, means the spouse, son, daughter, brother, sister, father

and mother who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that individual in his/her dealings

with the reporting enterprise.

10.10 Holding company - a company having one or more subsidiaries.

10.11 Subsidiary - a company:

(a) in which another company (the holding company) holds,either by itself and/or through one or

more subsidiaries, more than one-half in nominal value of its equity share capital; or

(b) of which another company (the holding company) controls, either by itself and/or through one or

more subsidiaries, the composition of its board of directors.

10.12 Fellow subsidiary - a company is considered to be a fellow subsidiary of another company if

both are subsidiaries of the same holding company.

10.13 State-controlled enterprise - an enterprise which is under thecontrol of the Central Government

and/or any State Government(s).

12. An enterprise is considered to have a substantial interest in another enterprise if that enterprise

owns, directly or indirectly, 20 per cent or more interest in the voting power of the other

enterprise. Similarly, an individual is considered to have a substantial interest in an enterprise, if that

individual owns, directly or indirectly, 20 per cent or more interest in the voting power nof the

enterprise.

13. Significant influence may be exercised in several ways, for example, by representation on the board of directors, participation in the policy making process, material inter-company

transactions, interchange of managerial personnel, or dependence on technical information. Significant influence may be gained by share ownership, statute or agreement. As regards share ownership, if

an investing party holds, directly or indirectly through intermediaries, 20 per cent or more of the

voting power of the enterprise, it is presumed that the investing party does have significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. Conversely, if the investing party holds,

directly or indirectly through intermediaries, less than 20 per cent of the voting power of the enterprise, it is presumed that the investing party does not have significant influence, unless such

influence can be clearly demonstrated. A substantial or majority ownership by another investing party does not necessarily preclude an investing party from having significant influence.

Explanation

An intermediary means a subsidiary as defined in AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements.

As per AS 21, a subsidiary is an enterprise that is controlled by another enterprise (known as the parent).

Page 9: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

Section 184 and 188 of the Companies Act 2013 deals with the Disclosure of interest and

related party transactions which is reproduced below:

184. (1) Every director shall at the first meeting of the Board in which he participates as a

director and thereafter at the first meeting of the Board in every financial year or whenever there

is any change in the disclosures already made, then at the first Board meeting held after such

change, disclose his concern or interest in any company or companies or bodies corporate, firms, or

other association of individuals which shall include the shareholding, in such manner as may be

prescribed.

(2) Every director of a company who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, concerned or

interested in a contract or arrangement or proposed contract or arrangement entered into or to be

entered into—

(a) with a body corporate in which such director or such director in association with any other director,

holds more than two per cent. shareholding of that body corporate, or is a promoter, manager,

Chief Executive Officer of that body corporate; or

(b) with a firm or other entity in which, such director is a partner, owner or member, as the case

may be,

shall disclose the nature of his concern or interest at the meeting of the Board in which the

contract or arrangement is discussed and shall not participate in such meeting:

Provided that where any director who is not so concerned or interested at the time of entering into

such contract or arrangement, he shall, if he becomes concerned or interested after the contract or

arrangement is entered into, disclose his concern or interest forthwith when he becomes concerned or

interested or at the first meeting of the Board held after he

becomes so concerned or interested.

(3) A contract or arrangement entered into by the company without disclosure under sub-section (2)

or with participation by a director who is concerned or interested in any way, directly or indirectly, in

the contract or arrangement, shall be voidable at the option of the company.

Page 10: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

(4) If a director of the company contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) or subsection (2), such

director shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine

which shall not be less than fifty thousand rupees but which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with

both.

(5) Nothing in this section—

(a) shall be taken to prejudice the operation of any rule of law restricting a

director of a company from having any concern or interest in any contract or arrangement with the

company;

(b) shall apply to any contract or arrangement entered into or to be entered into between two

companies where any of the directors of the one company or two or more of them together holds or

hold not more than two per cent. of the paid-up share capital in the other company.

Provisions of section 188 of Companies Act , 2013, Rule 3 and 4 of Companies (Specification of definitions details) Rules, 2014 , Rule 15 Companies (Meetings of Board and its Powers) Rules, 2014

188. (1) Except with the consent of the Board of Directors given by a resolution at a meeting of

the Board and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, no company shall enter into any

contract or arrangement with a related party with respect to—

(a) sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials;

(b) selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind;

(c) leasing of property of any kind;

(d) availing or rendering of any services;

(e) appointment of any agent for purchase or sale of goods, materials, services or property;

(f) such related party's appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary

company or associate company; and

(g) underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof, of the company:

Provided that no contract or arrangement, in the case of a company having a paid-up share capital

of not less than such amount, or transactions not exceeding such sums, as may be prescribed,

shall be entered into except with the prior approval of the company by a special resolution:

Provided further that no member of the company shall vote on such special resolution, to approve

any contract or arrangement which may be entered into by the company, if such member is a

related party:

Page 11: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

Provided also that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any transactions entered into by the

company in its ordinary course of business other than transactions which are not on an arm’s

length basis.

Explanation.— In this sub-section,—

(a) the expression “office or place of profit” means any office or place—

(i) where such office or place is held by a director, if the director holding it receives from the company

anything by way of remuneration over and above the remuneration to which he is entitled as director,

by way of salary, fee,

commission, perquisites, any rent-free accommodation, or otherwise;

(ii) where such office or place is held by an individual other than a director or by any firm, private

company or other body corporate, if the individual, firm, private company or body corporate holding it

receives from the company anything by way of remuneration, salary, fee, commission, perquisites,

any rent-free accommodation, or otherwise;

(b) the expression “arm’s length transaction” means a transaction between two related parties that

is conducted as if they were unrelated, so that there is no conflict of interest.

(2) Every contract or arrangement entered into under sub-section (1) shall be referred to in the

Board’s report to the shareholders along with the justification for entering into such contract or

arrangement.

(3) Where any contract or arrangement is entered into by a director or any other employee,

without obtaining the consent of the Board or approval by a special resolution in the general meeting

under sub-section (1) and if it is not ratified by the Board or, as the case may be, by the

shareholders at a meeting within three months from the date on which such contract or arrangement

was entered into, such contract or arrangement shall be voidable at the option of the Board and if

the contract or arrangement is with a related party to any director, or is authorised by any other

director, the directors concerned shall indemnify the company against any loss incurred by it.

(4) Without prejudice to anything contained in sub-section (3), it shall be open to the company to

proceed against a director or any other employee who had entered into such contract or arrangement

in contravention of the provisions of this section for recovery of any loss sustained by it as a result

of such contract or arrangement.

(5) Any director or any other employee of a company, who had entered into or authorized the

contract or arrangement in violation of the provisions of this section shall,—

Page 12: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

(i) in case of listed company, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one

year or with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five thousand rupees but which may

extend to five lakh rupees, or with both; and

(ii) in case of any other company, be punishable with fine which shall not be less than twenty-five

thousand rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees.

189. (1) Every company shall keep one or more registers giving separately the particulars of all

contracts or arrangements to which sub-section (2) of section 184 or section 188 applies, in

such manner and containing such particulars as may be prescribed and after entering the particulars,

such register or registers shall be placed before the next meeting of the Board and signed by all the

directors present at the meeting.

(2) Every director or key managerial personnel shall, within a period of thirty days of his

appointment, or relinquishment of his office, as the case may be, disclose to the company the

particulars specified in sub-section (1) of section 184 relating to his concern or interest in the

other associations which are required to be included in the register under that sub-section or such

other information relating to himself as may be prescribed.

(3) The register referred to in sub-section (1) shall be kept at the registered office of the

company and it shall be open for inspection at such office during business hours and extracts may be

taken therefrom, and copies thereof as may be required by any member of the company shall be

furnished by the company to such extent, in such manner, and on payment of such fees as may be

prescribed.

(4) The register to be kept under this section shall also be produced at the commencement of

every annual general meeting of the company and shall remain open and accessible during the

continuance of the meeting to any person having the right to attend the meeting.

(5) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to any contract or arrangement— (a) for the

sale, purchase or supply of any goods, materials or services if the value of such goods and materials

or the cost of such services does not exceed five lakh rupees in the aggregate in any year; or

(b) by a banking company for the collection of bills in the ordinary course of its business.

(6) Every director who fails to comply with the provisions of this section and the rules made

thereunder shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five thousand rupees.

Page 13: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

2(76) “related party”, with reference to a company, means—

(i) a director or his relative;

(ii) a key managerial personnel or his relative;

(iii) a firm, in which a director, manager or his relative is a partner;

(iv) a private company in which a director or manager is a member or director;

(v) a public company in which a director or manager is a director or holds along with his relatives,

more than two per cent. of its paid-up share capital;

(vi) any body corporate whose Board of Directors, managing director or manager is accustomed to

act in accordance with the advice, directions or instructions of a director or manager;

(vii) any person on whose advice, directions or instructions a director or manager is accustomed to

act:

Provided that nothing in sub-clauses (vi) and (vii) shall apply to the advice, directions or instructions

given in a professional capacity;

(viii) any company which is—

(A) a holding, subsidiary or an associate company of such company; or

(B) a subsidiary of a holding company to which it is also a subsidiary;

(ix) such other person as may be prescribed;

2(77) ‘‘relative’’, with reference to any person, means any one who is related to

another, if—

(i) they are members of a Hindu Undivided Family;

(ii) they are husband and wife; or

(iii) one person is related to the other in such manner as may be prescribed;

2(6) “associate company”, in relation to another company, means a company in which that other

company has a significant influence, but which is not a subsidiary company of the company having

such influence and includes a joint venture company.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, “significant influence” means control of at least twenty per cent. of total share capital, or of business decisions under an agreement;

Page 14: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

Rule 3 and 4 of Companies (Specification of definitions details) Rules, 2014 3. Related party.- For the purposes of sub-clause (ix) of clause (76) of section 2 of the Act, a

director or key managerial personnel of the holding company or his relative with reference to a

company, shall be deemed to be a related party.

4. List of relatives in terms of clause (77) of section 2.- A person shall be deemed to be the relative of another, if he or she is related to another in the following manner, namely:-

(1) Father: Provided that the term “Father” includes step-father.

(2) Mother: Provided that the term “Mother” includes the step-mother.

(3) Son: Provided that the term “Son” includes the step-son.

(4) Son’s wife.

(5) Daughter.

(6) Daughter’s husband.

(7) Brother: Provided that the term “Brother” includes the step-brother;

(8) Sister: Provided that the term “Sister” includes the step-sister.

Rules 15 of Companies (Meetings of Board and its Powers) Rules, 2014

15. Contract or arrangement with a related party.- A company shall enter into any contract or

arrangement with a related party subject to the following conditions, namely:-

(1) The agenda of the Board meeting at which the resolution is proposed to be moved shall

disclose-

(a) the name of the related party and nature of relationship;

(b) the nature, duration of the contract and particulars of the contract or arrangement;

(c) the material terms of the contract or arrangement including the value, if any;

(d) any advance paid or received for the contract or arrangement, if any;

(e) the manner of determining the pricing and other commercial terms, both included as part of

contract and not considered as part of the contract;

(f) whether all factors relevant to the contract have been considered, if not, the details of factors not

considered with the rationale for not considering those factors; and

Page 15: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

(g) any other information relevant or important for the Board to take a decision on the proposed

transaction.

(2) Where any director is interested in any contract or arrangement with a related party, such

director shall not be present at the meeting during discussions on the subject matter of the

resolution relating to such contract or arrangement-

(3) For the purposes of first proviso to sub-section (1) of section 188, except with the prior

approval of the company by a special resolution-

(i) a company having a paid-up share capital of ten crore rupees or more shall not enter into a

contract or arrangement with any related party; or

(ii) a company shall not enter into a transaction or transactions, where the transaction or transactions

to be entered into –

(a) as contracts or arrangements with respect to clauses (a) to (e) of sub-section (1) of section 188

with criteria, as mentioned below -

(i) sale, purchase or supply of any goods or materials directly or through appointment of agents

exceeding twenty five percent. of the annual turnover as mentioned in clause (a) and clause (e)

respectively of sub-section (1) of section 188;

(ii) selling or otherwise disposing of, or buying, property of any kind directly or through appointment

of agents exceeding ten percent. of net worth as mentioned in clause (b) and clause (e)

respectively of sub-section (1) of section 188;

(iii) leasing of property of any kind exceeding ten percent. of the net worth or exceeding ten

percent. of turnover as mentioned in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 188;

(iv) availing or rendering of any services directly or through appointment of agents exceeding ten

percent. of the net worth as mentioned in clause (d) and clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section

188;

(b) appointment to any office or place of profit in the company, its subsidiary company or associate

company at a monthly remuneration exceeding two and half lakh rupees as mentioned in clause

(f) of sub-section (1) of section 188; or

(c) remuneration for underwriting the subscription of any securities or derivatives thereof of the

company exceeding one percent. of the net worth as mentioned in clause (g) of sub-section (1) of

section 188.

Explanation.- (1) The Turnover or Net Worth referred in the above sub-rules shall be on the basis of

the Audited Financial Statement of the preceding Financial year.

(2) In case of wholly owned subsidiary, the special resolution passed by the holding company shall be

sufficient for the purpose of entering into the transactions between wholly owned subsidiary and

holding company.

Page 16: Accounting Standard- 18 - Related Party Transactions

(3) The explanatory statement to be annexed to the notice of a general meeting convened pursuant to

section 101 shall contain the following particulars namely:-

(a) name of the related party ;

(b) name of the director or key managerial personnel who is related, if any;

(c) nature of relationship;

(d) nature, material terms, monetary value and particulars of the contract or arrangement;


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