Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships Exercise 5-1 1.The new income statement would be: Total Per Unit Sales (8,050 units)......... $209,300 $26.00 Variable expenses 144,900 18.00 Contribution margin......... 64,400 $ 8.00 Fixed expenses... 56,000 Net operating income......... $ 8,400 You can get the same net operating income using the following approach. Original net operating income................ $8,000 Change in contribution margin (50 units × $8.00 per unit)................. 40 0 New net operating income................ $8,400 2.The new income statement would be: Total Per Unit Sales (7,950 units). $206,70 0 $26.00 Variable expenses... 143,10 0 18.00 Contribution margin. 63,600 $ 8.00 Fixed expenses...... 56,00 0 Net operating income $ 7,60 0 You can get the same net operating income using the following approach. Original net operating income..................... $8,000 5-1
Transcript
Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-1
1. The new income statement would be:Total Per Unit
You can get the same net operating income using the following approach.
Original net operating income....... $8,000Change in contribution margin
(-50 units × $8.00 per unit)........ (400 )New net operating income............ $7,600
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-1 (continued)
3. The new income statement would be:
Total Per UnitSales (7,000 units).... $182,000 $26.00Variable expenses..... 126,000 18.00 Contribution margin. . 56,000 $ 8.00 Fixed expenses......... 56,000 Net operating
income.................... $ 0
Note: This is the company's break-even point.
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-2
1. The CVP graph can be plotted using the three steps outlined in the text. The graph appears on the next page.
Step 1. Draw a line parallel to the volume axis to represent the total fixed expense. For this company, the total fixed expense is $12,000.
Step 2. Choose some volume of sales and plot the point representing total expenses (fixed and variable) at the activity level you have selected. We’ll use the sales level of 2,000 units.
Fixed expenses.............................................. $12,000Variable expenses (2,000 units × $24 per
unit)............................................................ 48,000 Total expense................................................ $60,000
Step 3. Choose some volume of sales and plot the point representing total sales dollars at the activity level you have selected. We’ll use the sales level of 2,000 units again.
Total sales revenue (2,000 units × $36 per unit)............................................................ $72,000
2. The break-even point is the point where the total sales revenue and the total expense lines intersect. This occurs at sales of 1,000 units. This can be verified as follows:
To plot the graph, select two different levels of sales such as Q=0 and Q=4,000. The profit at these two levels of sales are -$12,000 (= $4 × 0 − $12,000) and $4,000 (= $4 × 4,000 − $12,000).
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-3 (continued)
2. Looking at the graph, the break-even point appears to be 3,000 units. This can be verified as follows:
Assuming that there are no other important factors to be considered, the increase in the advertising budget should not be approved because it would lead to a decrease in net operating income of $2,000.
Alternative Solution 1
Expected total contribution margin:$240,000 × 40% CM ratio............. $96,000
Present total contribution margin:$225,000 × 40% CM ratio............. 90,000
Incremental contribution margin..... 6,000Change in fixed expenses:
Less incremental advertising expense........................................ 8,000
Change in net operating income..... $(2,000)
Alternative Solution 2
Incremental contribution margin: $15,000 × 40% CM ratio.............. $6,000
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Less incremental advertising expense........................................ 8,000
Change in net operating income..... $(2,000)
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-5 (continued)
2. The $3 increase in variable expenses will cause the unit contribution margin to decrease from $30 to $27 with the following impact on net operating income:
Expected total contribution margin with the higher-quality components:3,450 units × $27 per unit........................ $93,150
Present total contribution margin:3,000 units × $30 per unit........................ 90,000
Change in total contribution margin............ $ 3,150
Assuming no change in fixed expenses and all other factors remain the same, the higher-quality components should be used.
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Exercise 5-8
1. To compute the margin of safety, we must first compute the break-even unit sales.
1. The company’s degree of operating leverage would be computed as follows:
Contribution margin..........$36,00
0
÷ Net operating income....$12,00
0Degree of operating
leverage.......................... 3.0
2. A 10% increase in sales should result in a 30% increase in net operating income, computed as follows:
Degree of operating leverage............................ 3.0× Percent increase in sales............................... 10 %Estimated percent increase in net operating
Net operating income reflecting change in sales..............................................................
$15,600
Original net operating income (a).................... 12,000 Change in net operating income (b)................ $ 3,600 Percent change in net operating income (b ÷
3. $45,000 increased sales × 60% CM ratio = $27,000 increase in contribution margin. Since fixed costs will not change, net operating income should also increase by $27,000.
4. a.
b. 6 × 15% = 90% increase in net operating income. In dollars, this increase would be 90% × $36,000 = $32,400.
* 28,000 units × 1.5 = 42,000 units** $15 per unit × 0.90 = $13.50 per unit
No, the changes should not be made.
6. Expected total contribution margin: 28,000 units × 200% × $7 per unit*........... $392,000
Present total contribution margin: 28,000 units × $9 per unit.......................... 252,000
Incremental contribution margin, and the amount by which advertising can be increased with net operating income remaining unchanged................................. $140,000
*$15 – ($6 + $2) = $7
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Problem 5-22
1. ProductSinks Mirrors Vanities Total
Percentage of total sales....................... 32% 40% 28% 100%
Although the company met its sales budget of $500,000 for the month, the mix of products sold changed substantially from that budgeted. This is the reason the budgeted net operating income was not met, and the reason the break-even sales were greater than budgeted. The company’s sales mix was planned at 48% Sinks, 20% Mirrors, and 32% Vanities. The actual sales mix was 32% Sinks, 40% Mirrors, and 28% Vanities.
As shown by these data, sales shifted away from Sinks, which provides our greatest contribution per dollar of sales, and shifted strongly toward Mirrors, which provides our least contribution per dollar of sales. Consequently, although the company met its budgeted level of sales, these sales provided considerably less contribution margin than we had planned, with a resulting decrease in net operating income. Notice from the attached statements that the company’s overall CM ratio was only 43%, as compared to a planned CM ratio of 52%. This also explains why the break-even point was higher than planned. With less average contribution margin per dollar of sales, a greater level of sales had to be achieved to provide sufficient contribution margin to cover fixed costs.
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Problem 5-27
1. The numbered components are as follows:
(1) Dollars of revenue and costs.(2) Volume of output, expressed in units, % of capacity,
sales, or some other measure of activity.(3) Total expense line.(4) Variable expense area.(5) Fixed expense area.(6) Break-even point.(7) Loss area.(8) Profit area.(9) Revenue line.
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Chapter 5 Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships
Problem 5-27 (continued)
2. a. Line 3: Remain unchanged.Line 9: Have a flatter slope.Break-even
point: Increase.
b. Line 3: Have a steeper slope.Line 9: Remain unchanged.Break-even
point: Increase.
c. Line 3: Shift downward.Line 9: Remain unchanged.Break-even
point: Decrease.
d. Line 3: Remain unchanged.Line 9: Remain unchanged.Break-even
point: Remain unchanged.
e. Line 3: Shift upward and have a flatter slope.Line 9: Remain unchanged.Break-even
point:Probably change, but the direction is
uncertain.
f. Line 3: Have a flatter slope.Line 9: Have a flatter slope.Break-even
point:Remain unchanged in terms of units;
decrease in terms of total dollars of sales.
g. Line 3: Shift upward.Line 9: Remain unchanged.Break-even
