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Accuracy of Tinnitus Frequency Matching Using a WebBased Protocol ABSTRACT The accuracy of a webbased protocol for tinnitus frequency matching in compare to audiometry was investigated. Twenty subjects had tinnitus frequency matching using an audiometer in an anechoic chamber using. The subjects then matched their tinnitus at a desktop computer in an exam room using webbased software with a multiplechoice protocol and a slider. Octave challenge testing was performed. Median tinnitus frequency was 6000Hz (range, 200012000Hz) using the audiometer and selfdirected multiplechoice protocol. Using the slider, the median frequency was 5925Hz (range, 185016000Hz). The patients with tinnitus frequency of over 12000Hz experienced a higher level of satisfaction when using the computerbased slider system. A webbased protocol for tinnitus frequency matching is as accurate as a standard audiometric protocol. An octave challenge test is necessary for a patientdirected tinnitus frequency matching. INTRODUCTION Subjective tinnitus is perception of a phantom sound in one or both ears. Of several introduced treatments, sound therapies are the most widely used option 1 . Since tinnitus is a subjective sensation, its quantification is mainly dependent on patientdirected answers. One of the standard measurements in the evaluation process is quantifying the tinnitus frequency. This helps to classify patients into low, mid or high frequency tinnitus and is the basis for some customized sound therapies. The standard method to quantify tinnitus frequency is to use an audiometer to present pure tones or narrowband noises and ask the patient if their tinnitus has a higher or lower pitch 2 . With advancements in the treatments of tinnitus, the need for a simple patientdirected automated tinnitus assessment is urging 2, 3 . In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a novel webbased protocol for tinnitus frequency matching compared to standard audiometry. METHODS Audiometry: • Using a GSI 16 audiometer and insert earphones in a doublewalled soundproof room, tones were presented at 10–20 dB Sensation Level (SL). Starting with 1000 Hz, participants were asked if the pitch of their tinnitus was higher or lower than the pitch of the tone. The test was continued in this manner to narrow down the tinnitus frequency to within an octave. Interoctave frequencies were then presented the same way to determine a pitch match to the closest half octave. Octave challenge testing was performed by presenting tones an octave higher and an octave lower to identify the final frequency match. Webbased: • Using a desktop computer in an exam room with AirDrives Interactive Stereo Earphones (Figure1 ) subjects were first asked whether their tinnitus is a ringing/tonal or buzzing/ hissing sound. Then a multiple choice and a slider protocol were given (available at www.beyondtinnitus.com). Multiplechoice protocol: participants were given a series of choices of different sound frequencies (250 Hz to 12000 Hz in 5 octave steps). Pure tones were used for tonal/ringing tinnitus and narrow band noise for hissing/buzzing tinnitus. After selecting the closest sound, octave challenge testing was performed (Figure 2). Slider protocol: participants used a scrolling slider to select the closest match. The slider frequency range was from 20 to 20000 Hz (Figure 3). • After completing all steps, participants were asked to indicate the preferred methodology (audiometry vs. multiple choices vs. slider), and the method that resulted in the closest pitch match. Nonparametric tests were used to evaluate the results. RESULTS As Shown in Table 1, the female to male ratio was 7/13. The age ranged between 30 and 77 years with median of 53.5. Median tinnitus frequency was 6000Hz (range, 200012000Hz) using the audiometer and multiplechoice selfdirected protocol. Using the multiplechoice protocol, five participants (25%) experienced octave confusion at the first step (matched to a frequency one octave below or above) that accurately matched their tinnitus frequency after the octave challenge step. With the multiple choice protocol, all participants had the same tinnitus frequency as with audiometry (r s =1.00, p<0.001). Using the slider, the median frequency was 5925Hz (range, 185016000Hz). There was a strong, positive correlation between slider and audiometry tinnitus frequencies (r s =0.97, p<0.001). There was a high level of internal consistency of the responses to all tests (Cronbach's alpha=0.98). Eight participants (40%) preferred the webbased tests to audiometry and the rest had no preference. Forty five percent (9/20) indicated that the multiplechoice protocol had the closest match to their tinnitus frequency. Other responses included slider 40% (8/20), audiometry 10% (2/20) and all equal 5% (1/20). Among those who did not select audiometry (18/20), 67% preferred the multiple choices and 33% the slider. Among participants with tinnitus frequency of 12000Hz by audiometry (4/20), three chose a higher frequency using the slider as 12100, 14100 and 16000 Hz and all indicated the slider protocol as the most accurate. DISCUSSION Our findings revealed that a webbased protocol for tinnitus frequency matching could be as accurate as standard audiometry protocol. Furthermore, some audiometers or computerassisted methods have a limitation of 12000 Hz to present and therefore, tinnitus frequency of patients with high pitch tinnitus might not be accurately assessed 4 . Patients with very high frequency tinnitus preferred a webbased slider. Patients may inaccurately identify their tinnitus frequency as one octave above or below, therefore, an octave challenge test is necessary for patientdirected tinnitus frequency matching 5 . We attempted to introduce a new, simple, costeffective and reliable method to quantify the tinnitus frequency. The validity of the matches could not be evaluated since there is now way to directly measure a phantom sensation. Future studies with larger sample sizes and repeated measures are required to evaluate the webbased protocols for tinnitus frequency matching further. CONCLUSION • A webbased tinnitus matching protocol is as effective as a standard protocol using an audiometer in identifying the patient's tinnitus frequency. • A sliderbased matching system is more effective for high frequency tinnitus than the standard protocol • An octavetest is a necessary element of a webbased tinnitus frequency matching. • Most patients preferred the webbased tinnitus matching because they felt more control over the testing and the rapidity of the protocol. Hossein Mahboubi, MD, MPH ; Kasra Ziaie, MD; Joseph Brunworth, MD; Sepehr Oliaei, MD; Hamid Djalilian, MD Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine Figure 2. Tinnitus frequency matching with webbased multiplechoice protocol (250 Hz to 12000 Hz in 5 octave steps). Figure 3. Tinnitus frequency matching with webbased slider protocol (20 to 20000 Hz). Figure 1. AirDrives Interactive Stereo earphones: the speaker sits outside of the ear and transmits sound via the tragal cartilage. No. Age Sex Audiometry (Hz) Slider (Hz) Multiple choice (Hz) Post octave confusion (Hz) Webbased vs Audiometry Preference Closest Match 1 30 m 8000 8550 8000 Equal Equal 2 66 m 6000 6500 3000 6000 Web Slider 3 35 m 12000 12100 12000 Equal Multiple Choice 4 62 f 6000 5600 6000 Equal Multiple Choice 5 64 f 4000 4800 2000 4000 Web Slider 6 43 f 4000 4200 8000 4000 Equal Slider 7 33 m 12000 14100 12000 Web Slider 8 36 m 12000 10000 12000 Equal Multiple Choice 9 77 f 4000 4200 4000 Equal Audiometer 10 34 m 12000 16000 12000 Equal Slider 11 63 m 2000 1850 4000 2000 Web Multiple Choice 12 59 m 3000 3400 3000 Equal Multiple Choice 13 51 m 4000 3800 4000 Equal Multiple Choice 14 50 f 4000 4050 4000 Web Multiple Choice 15 40 m 6000 6050 3000 6000 Web Slider 16 37 f 8000 9000 8000 Web Slider 17 76 m 6000 7000 6000 Web Audiometer 18 56 m 6000 5800 6000 Equal Multiple Choice 19 73 m 6000 5500 6000 Equal Slider 20 72 f 6000 6200 6000 Equal Multiple Choice Table 1. Participants’ demographics and detailed results of tinnitus frequency matching by different methods. REFERENCES [1] Pineda JA, Moore FR, Viirre E. Tinnitus treatment with customized sounds. Int Tinnitus J. 2008;14(1):1725. [2] Henry JA, Rheinsburg B, Ellingson RM. Computerautomated tinnitus assessment using patient control of stimulus parameters. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(6A):87188. [3] Henry JA, Rheinsburg B, Owens KK, Ellingson RM. New instrumentation for automated tinnitus psychoacoustic assessment. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2006;(556):348. [4] Henry JA, Fausti SA, Flick CL, Helt WJ, Ellingson RM. Computerautomated clinical technique for tinnitus quantification. Am J Audiol. 2000;9(1):3649. [5] Henry JA, Flick CL, Gilbert A, Ellingson RM, Fausti SA. Comparison of manual and computerautomated procedures for tinnitus pitchmatching. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(2):12138.
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Page 1: Accuracy of Tinnitus Frequency Matching Using a Web ......tinnitus frequency of patients with 4high pitch tinnitus might not be accurately assessed . Patients with very high frequency

Accuracy of Tinnitus Frequency Matching Using a Web‐Based Protocol

ABSTRACTThe accuracy of a web‐based protocol for tinnitus frequency matching  in compare to audiometry was  investigated. Twenty subjects had  tinnitus  frequency matching using an audiometer in an anechoic chamber using. The subjects then matched their tinnitus at a desktop computer  in an exam room using web‐based software with a multiple‐choice  protocol  and  a  slider.  Octave  challenge  testing  was  performed. Median  tinnitus  frequency  was  6000Hz  (range,  2000‐12000Hz)  using  the audiometer and self‐directed multiple‐choice protocol. Using the slider, the median frequency was 5925Hz (range, 1850‐16000Hz). The patients with tinnitus frequency of  over  12000Hz  experienced  a  higher  level  of  satisfaction  when  using  the computer‐based  slider  system.  A  web‐based  protocol  for  tinnitus  frequency matching  is  as  accurate  as  a  standard  audiometric protocol. An  octave  challenge test is necessary for a patient‐directed tinnitus frequency matching.

INTRODUCTIONSubjective tinnitus is perception of a phantom sound in one or both ears. Of several introduced  treatments,  sound  therapies are  the most widely used option  1.  Since tinnitus is a subjective sensation, its quantification is mainly dependent on patient‐directed answers. One of the standard measurements  in  the evaluation process  is quantifying  the  tinnitus  frequency. This helps  to  classify patients  into  low, mid or high frequency tinnitus and  is the basis for some customized sound therapies. The standard method to quantify tinnitus frequency is to use an audiometer to present pure tones or narrow‐band noises and ask the patient  if their tinnitus has a higher or  lower pitch  2. With advancements  in  the  treatments of  tinnitus,  the need  for a simple patient‐directed automated tinnitus assessment is urging 2, 3. 

In  the  current  study, we  aimed  to  evaluate  the  accuracy  of  a  novel web‐based protocol for tinnitus frequency matching compared to standard audiometry. 

METHODS•Audiometry:

• Using  a  GSI  16  audiometer  and  insert  earphones  in  a  double‐walled soundproof  room,  tones were  presented  at  10–20  dB  Sensation  Level  (SL). Starting with 1000 Hz, participants were asked if the pitch of their tinnitus was higher  or  lower  than  the  pitch  of  the  tone.  The  test was  continued  in  this manner  to  narrow  down  the  tinnitus  frequency  to  within  an  octave. Interoctave  frequencies were  then  presented  the  same way  to  determine  a pitch match to the closest half octave. Octave challenge testing was performed by presenting tones an octave higher and an octave lower to identify the final frequency match.

•Web‐based:• Using a desktop computer  in an exam room with AirDrives  Interactive Stereo Earphones  (Figure1  )  subjects  were  first  asked  whether  their  tinnitus  is  a ringing/tonal  or  buzzing/  hissing  sound.  Then  a multiple  choice  and  a  slider protocol were given (available at www.beyondtinnitus.com). •Multiple‐choice  protocol:  participants  were  given  a  series  of  choices  of different  sound  frequencies  (250 Hz  to 12000 Hz  in 5 octave  steps). Pure tones  were  used  for  tonal/ringing  tinnitus  and  narrow  band  noise for hissing/buzzing tinnitus. After selecting the closest sound, octave challenge testing was performed (Figure 2).

• Slider  protocol:  participants  used  a  scrolling  slider  to  select  the  closest match. The slider frequency range was from 20 to 20000 Hz (Figure 3).

• After  completing  all  steps,  participants  were  asked  to  indicate  the  preferred methodology  (audiometry  vs.  multiple  choices  vs.  slider),  and  the  method  that resulted in the closest pitch match. Non‐parametric tests were used to evaluate the results.

RESULTS• As Shown  in Table 1, the female to male ratio was 7/13. The age ranged between 30 and 77 years with median of 53.5. Median tinnitus frequency was 6000Hz (range, 2000‐12000Hz) using the audiometer and multiple‐choice self‐directed protocol. • Using  the  multiple‐choice  protocol,  five  participants  (25%)  experienced  octave confusion  at  the  first  step  (matched  to  a  frequency one  octave below or  above)  that accurately matched  their  tinnitus  frequency  after  the octave  challenge  step. With  the multiple  choice  protocol,  all  participants  had  the  same  tinnitus frequency  as  with audiometry (rs=1.00, p<0.001). • Using the slider, the median frequency was 5925Hz (range, 1850‐16000Hz). There was a  strong,  positive  correlation  between  slider  and  audiometry  tinnitus  frequencies (rs=0.97, p<0.001). There was a high level of internal consistency of the responses to all tests (Cronbach's alpha=0.98).• Eight participants (40%) preferred the web‐based tests to audiometry and the rest had no preference. Forty five percent (9/20) indicated that the multiple‐choice protocol had the  closest  match  to  their  tinnitus  frequency.  Other  responses  included  slider  40% (8/20), audiometry 10% (2/20) and all equal 5% (1/20). Among those who did not select audiometry (18/20), 67% preferred the multiple choices and 33% the slider.  • Among participants with  tinnitus  frequency of 12000Hz by audiometry  (4/20),  three chose a higher frequency using the slider as 12100, 14100 and 16000 Hz and all indicated the slider protocol as the most accurate.

DISCUSSIONOur findings revealed that a web‐based protocol for tinnitus  frequency matching could be  as  accurate  as  standard  audiometry  protocol.  Furthermore,  some  audiometers  or computer‐assisted methods  have  a  limitation  of  12000  Hz  to  present  and  therefore, tinnitus frequency of patients with high pitch tinnitus might not be accurately assessed 4. Patients with  very high  frequency  tinnitus preferred  a web‐based  slider. Patients may inaccurately  identify  their  tinnitus  frequency as one octave above or below,  therefore, an octave challenge test is necessary for patient‐directed tinnitus frequency matching 5.We attempted to introduce a new, simple, cost‐effective and reliable method to quantify the tinnitus frequency. The validity of the matches could not be evaluated since there is now way  to directly measure  a phantom  sensation. Future  studies with  larger  sample sizes  and  repeated  measures  are  required  to  evaluate  the  web‐based  protocols  for tinnitus frequency matching further.

CONCLUSION• A web‐based tinnitus matching protocol is as effective as a standard protocol using an audiometer in identifying the patient's tinnitus frequency.• A slider‐based matching system is more effective for high frequency tinnitus than the standard protocol• An octave‐test is a necessary element of a web‐based tinnitus frequency matching.• Most  patients  preferred  the  web‐based  tinnitus matching  because  they  felt more control over the testing and the rapidity of the protocol.

Hossein Mahboubi, MD, MPH ; Kasra Ziaie, MD; Joseph Brunworth, MD; Sepehr Oliaei, MD; Hamid Djalilian, MDDepartment of Otolaryngology ‐ Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine

Figure 2. Tinnitus frequency matching with web‐based multiple‐choice protocol (250 Hz to 12000 Hz in 5 octave steps).

Figure 3. Tinnitus frequency matching with web‐based slider protocol (20 to 20000 Hz).

Figure 1. AirDrives Interactive Stereo earphones: the speaker sits outside of the ear and transmits sound via the tragal cartilage.

No. Age Sex Audiometry (Hz) Slider (Hz) Multiple 

choice (Hz)

Post octave 

confusion (Hz)

Web‐based vsAudiometry Preference

Closest Match

1 30 m 8000 8550 8000 Equal Equal

2 66 m 6000 6500 3000 6000 Web Slider

3 35 m 12000 12100 12000 Equal Multiple Choice

4 62 f 6000 5600 6000 Equal Multiple Choice

5 64 f 4000 4800 2000 4000 Web Slider

6 43 f 4000 4200 8000 4000 Equal Slider

7 33 m 12000 14100 12000 Web Slider

8 36 m 12000 10000 12000 Equal Multiple Choice

9 77 f 4000 4200 4000 Equal Audiometer

10 34 m 12000 16000 12000 Equal Slider

11 63 m 2000 1850 4000 2000 Web Multiple Choice

12 59 m 3000 3400 3000 Equal Multiple Choice

13 51 m 4000 3800 4000 Equal Multiple Choice

14 50 f 4000 4050 4000 Web Multiple Choice

15 40 m 6000 6050 3000 6000 Web Slider

16 37 f 8000 9000 8000 Web Slider

17 76 m 6000 7000 6000 Web Audiometer

18 56 m 6000 5800 6000 Equal Multiple Choice

19 73 m 6000 5500 6000 Equal Slider

20 72 f 6000 6200 6000 Equal Multiple Choice

Table 1. Participants’ demographics and detailed results of tinnitus frequency matching by different methods.

REFERENCES[1] Pineda JA, Moore FR, Viirre E. Tinnitus treatment with customized sounds. Int Tinnitus J. 2008;14(1):17‐25.[2] Henry JA, Rheinsburg B, Ellingson RM. Computer‐automated tinnitus assessment using patient control of stimulus parameters. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(6A):871‐88.[3] Henry JA, Rheinsburg B, Owens KK, Ellingson RM. New instrumentation for automated tinnitus psychoacoustic assessment. Acta OtolaryngolSuppl. 2006;(556):34‐8.[4] Henry JA, Fausti SA, Flick CL, Helt WJ, Ellingson RM. Computer‐automated clinical technique for tinnitus quantification. Am J Audiol. 2000;9(1):36‐49.[5] Henry JA, Flick CL, Gilbert A, Ellingson RM, Fausti SA. Comparison of manual and computer‐automated procedures for tinnitus pitch‐matching. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41(2):121‐38.

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