NASA Technical Memorandum 84549
ACEE PROGRAM RATIONALE AND IMPLEMENTATION
NASA-TM-84549 19850002600
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WILLIAM S. AIKEN) JR,) AND RICHARD H. PETERSEN
AUGUST 1982
NI\S/\National Aeronautics andSpace Administration
Langley Research centerHampton. Virginia 23665
LIBRARY COpyOCT D 1982
.LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTEFtLIBRARY, NASA .
Jit..11etOtlL VIRGflll;S
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850002600 2019-02-15T19:58:56+00:00Z
1
INTRODUCTION
NASA'sAircraftEnergyEfficiency(ACEE)Programwas
begunin 1076followingayearofplanning.Thispaper
verybrieflyreviewstherationalefor this intensiveNASA
effort,butlooksattheissuesbehindtheACEEProgram,
aswellasits implementation,fromtheperspective
availablein 1981.
2
A principalreasonforconcernforair transportfuelefficiency,ofcourse,is everybody'scriticaldependencetodayonair transportation.
In the UnitedStates,our dependenceonair travelincreasedsubstantiallyoverthe pastfiveyearsandair transportnowaccountsforten timesasmanydomesticpassengermilesasits nearestpublictransportationrival--thebussystem.
Butin 1980airlinepassengermilesdeclinedsharply.
2
WE HAVE BECOMEDEPENDENT ON AIR TRAVEL
81822/82
BUS", RAIL"-
- -------------------------------------::::~~~-=.-=-'7-=:--.:.:.: -----------.-0_. _,, ._.__ ----_._-_.---._ .. _._._-- ._----
240
220
200
180
160
DOMESTIC 140
PASSENGER120MILES
( BILLIONS) 100
80
60
40
YEAR
Thereasonbehindthisdeclinewasthe largeincreaseinairlines'operatingcostsandticketpricesthataccompaniedtherisein fuelcoststothedollar-per-gallonleveltheyearbefore.Thecurrentdominantinfluenceof fuelcostondirectoperatingcostisclearlyillustratedbythisfigure.Fuelis nowabout60_oofthetotalandstillclimbing.
3
B3A12181
• ELEMENTSOF AIRLINE DIRECTOPERATING COST
2.00- FUELn
1.80-m
1.60-
1.40-IJ.l._I
"_ 1.20-
_u__1.00-_u_O.80m-- ,,,/_//.,,.._.7z - ,CREWIJ.l
0.60- MAINTENANCE- (Directand
0.40- Indirect)
- /_,,,,OTHER0.20-
0 I I I I i I I I I I I I1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980
CALENDARYEAR
Another, perhapsevenmorecritical, issueis our airtransport industry's increasinglyimportantimpactonthe balanceof U.S. trade, It has longbeenthe leadingindustrial contributorof positivetradebalancestopartiallyoffsetour importof autos,oil andother productsand, in 1980,produceda 6-billion-dollarsurplus.
5
Until1977our industryconsistentlycapturedabout95percentoftheworldmarket.Butthecompetitionfromabroadis nowcomingonstrong. Ontheaverage,overthethreeandone-halfyearsendingin mid-1981,Airbus Industriescapturedover20percentoftotaltrans-portsalesandfirmlytookoversecondplacebehindBoeing.Thesegainsreflectenlightenedandsub-stantialhelpfromtheEuropeangovernmentsinvolved.
5
BIBll9181
THEAIRBUSHASIMPACTEDU.S.SALESIO0
,... 0 BOEING,DOUGLAS,LOCKHEED .....G AIRBUS
I
I
I
75 --II
PERCENTOFTOTALSALES
UNITS 50ORDERED
29
, 2.5 20
•_. • II 13• .._.:.,2,;..
.'.':'-.'2."
.to'." .'.°
1971-1977 1978 1979 1980 1981(TO7111
Andtheworstnewsofall istheoutlookfor futurefuel costs.Theseareforecasts,compiledbytheAirTransportAssociation,thatprojectthree-dollar-per-gallonfuelbythe endofthis decade.Clearly,if wewanttobothkeepour airlineshealthyandkeepadominantshareoftheair transportmarket,wemustproducefuel-efficienttransportaircraft.
J |p i
6
........... - ...... FUEL PRICE FORECAST............B3.......5/81
• l* CURRENTJFORECASTS
¢00 • P&WA--BOEING (SPREAD)
3.50 a IWA
z , McDONNELLDOUGLAS /AVERAGE....,°'3.00 * LOCKHEED
"_o_2.50 _yu-,2.00
ACTUAL ..-o 1.50 /r'_ //e_tt//
1.00INTERNATIONAL[_./,
0.50,,_---_-------.____,__, _._j j . j "DOMESTICu" ' . i , , , l l58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
YEAR
7
Thus,whenonelooksbacksix yearsto theformulationof theACEEProgrambya NASATaskForceanda numberofsupportinggroups,the Program'srationale,as it wasstatedinthis early1976viewgraph,still appearsvalid.
7
B1A.EVOLUTIONOF THE AIRCRAFT ENERGYEFFICIENCY 2/76
(ACEE) PROGRAM
MOSS/GOLDWATERREQUESTFORAIRCRAFTFUELCONSERVATION NASATASKTECHNOLOGYPLAN(JAN.1975) (WITHFAA,DOD)
PRELIMINARYAFCTPLANS. REVIEWSBY GOVT./INDUSTRY
GROUPS, JSENATECOMMITTEEHEARING
NASAFORMULATIONTO: PRESERVEU.S. INDUSTRY'S
OFACEEPROGRAM COMPETITIVEADVANTAGEIN WORLDTRANSPORTAIRCRAFTMARKETSTHROUGHTECHNOLOGYFORFUELEFFICIENCY
8
Thecontentandtiming of the initially approvedACEEProgramis shownhere. Thereweresixseparateeffortsstartedandall but onewereplannedwith future phasesthat wereto bedependenton theoutcomeofthe earlier efforts.Thus, the programplanwasinherently dynamicandchangeswereindeedmadeasthe precedingeffortandexternaleventsdictated.
ACEEINITIALLY APPROVED PROGRAM
804022J82
ENGINECOMPONENT
IMPROVEMENT
ENERGYEFFICIENT
ENGINE
ADVANCEDTURBOPROPS
ENERGYEFFICIENT
TRANSPORT
LAMINARFLOW
CONTROL
COMPOSITEPRIMARYAIRCRAFT
STRUCTURES
BIll AERO. ACTIVE CONTROL.
_CONCEPTS [VAL. FLIGHT CONTROL •
• CONCEPTS EVALUATIONS.
IIYSTEM DESIGN. TEST.
• VALIDATOR A1c MODIFICATION. FLiGHTTEST_
9
Theactualtiming andfundingofall ofthe six separateprogramsnowcomprisingthe ACEEeffort is shownhere. Thedollartotalson the rightincludebudgetsfor the nextfour yearsin termsof FY-81dollars. Theprogramtotal is almosta half-billion dollarsevenwithout majoradd-ons.
Thetopthree programsaretheengineprogramsbeingimplementedbyNASA'sLewisResearchCenter. TheEngineComponentImprovementprogramis essentiallycomplete,havingdevelopedselectedimprovedcomponentsin current enginedesignsand,with diagnostictesting,identifiedcausesofshort andlongterm engineperformancedeterior-ation. TheEnergyEfficientEngineProgramis alsonearingcompletionwith just onefundingyear left. Here,twonewdesignsarebeingtakento groundtestsofprototypeengines. TheAdvancedTurbopropProgramis just beginningits secondphasewhich includesgroundtestof largescaleprop-fanstructures.
Thefirst of threeACEEairframeprogramsis the EnergyEfficiencyTransport(EEl)Programthat embodiesselectedadvancesin activecontrolsandaerodynamicsandis nearlycomplete.Thesecondairframeeffort is the CompositePrimaryAircraft Structures (CPAS)Program,wheresecondarystructuresdevelopmentandwingstudiesarecomplete,mediumprimarystructuresdevelopmentis nearlycomplete,anda"largestructureskeytechnologyeffort" is just beginning. Andthefinal ACEEeffort,well into its subsystem- developmentphase,isdemonstrationof the commercialviability of LaminarFlowControl.
AIRCRAFT ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM
904019181
1976 7T 19n 1978
ASCAL YEAR
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
BUDGETTOTALS(FY 81$)
ENERGYEFFICIENT
ENGINE$2lIIM
TURBOPROPS $4OM
ENERGYEFACIENT
TRANSPORT
$78M
LAMINARFLOW
CONTROLS47M
10
Someof the selectedadvancesin activecontrolsandwingaerodynamicsthatarepartof theEnergyEfficientTransportprogramareindicatedhere.Earlyeffortsin this programledto introductionoverayearagoof anactivesystemformaneuverandgust-loadcontrolon the L-I011-500topermitag-footwingspanextension.In operation,this combinationhasso-farconsistentlyproducedmorethanthe expectedthreepercentfuel savings.ThemoreFecentEETactivecontrolseffortshavebeendirectedtowardrelaxedstaticstability.Th.eEEl"aerodynamicseffortshavefilledcriticalgapsin NASAwindtunnel researchonhigh-aspect-ratiosuper-criticalwingconfigurationsandtakenwingletdevelopmentbeyondthewindtunnel.
EET
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FEATURES HIC
HIGH ASPECT RATIO LOW SWEEP, WINGLETS 1/80SUPERCRITICAL WING
it
/i
I
PROPULSION/AIR FRAM E //
INTEGRATION /'
f ./"-7. RELAXED: ' STATIC
STABILITY
DIGITAL AVIONICS i /
i '
"\
ADVANCED LONG DUCTDESIGN NACELLE MANEUVER/GUSTCONVENTIONAL , LOADS CONTROLDESIGN HIGH LIFT \
DEVICES
11
In fact, theEElprogramfundedflighttestsofwingletsontheAir Force'sKC-135indicatingpotentialfuelsavingsof70/o.
12
AndEETflight testsofwingletsonthe DouglasDC-IOshowadesirablefuel savingsbenefitpotentialon this aircraft, butalsothe needforsomedesignchanges.
13
TheACEECPASeffortonsecondarystructureshasinvolveddevelopmentof selectedcompositecontrolsurfaces--theupperaft rudderon Dou{jlasDC-10,inboardaileronsfor the LockheedL-1011,andelevatorsfor Boeing's727.Thesesecondarystruc-tureseffortsnowinvolveonlyflight servicefor maintenanceevaluationandhavealreadyspurredcommitmentof thecontrolsurfaceson twonewtransportsto,all-compositeconstruction.
TheCPASProgram'sdevelopmentof "mediumprimary"tail-surfacestructuresincludesdevelopmenLofcompositeverticalstabilizersfor theDouglasDC-10andLockheedL-1011andacompositehorizontalstabilizerfor Boeing's737.A numberofthesestructureshavebeenfabricatedandfull-scaletestsarewellunderway.Whilethiseffortappearstohavepreparedtheindustrytousecompositesin correspondingnew-airplanestructure,preparationforwingandfuselageapplicationshasbarelybegunwithsmallCPAScontractstocloseselectedkeydesign-technologygaps.TheCPASProgramplanincludesaproposedcomposite-wing-structuredevelopmentphase,
•beginningin 1983.
ACEE COMPOSITECOMPONENTS_ FI_6/78
SECONDARYSTRUCTURES PRIMARYSTRUCTURES! | i
DC-10RUDDER
L-1011
L-1011 VERT!CALFIN
HORIZONTALTAIL
727
DC-10VERTICALFIN
14
Finally,theACEELaminarFlowControl(LFC)Programnowinvolvesmajorwindtunnelandflight teststoevaluatepotentiallypracticalsystemsfor maintainingthe surface"boundarylayer"ofair overthewingsina smooth,laminarstatethroughsuction.Thisprogramincludesaplannedthird, integrated-systern-flight-testphasetodemonstratereadinessof this technologyfor industryexploitation.
14
WHATISLAMINARFLOWCONTROL? _,, 5/80
• .... NORMALSURFACELAYER ............ "
THICKANDTURBULENTWITH-HIGHDRAG
SUCTION-STABILIZEDSURFACELAYER
THINANDLAMINARWITHLOWDRAG
BENEFIT:MINIMUM20%FUELSAVINGOVERFUTURETURBULENTTRANSPORTS
15
Thecurrentoutlookforbenefitsandtechnologyreadinessof thethreeACEEEngineProgramsisshownhere.Enginecomponentimprovements,developedin theEClprogramarealreadybeingincorporatedinlDnewproductioncopiesofthreecurrentenginedesignsandtheprojected5%fuel-savingsbenefitwill apparentlybeachieved.EnergyEfficientEnginetechnologyreadinessfordevelopmentis projectedatabout1984with expectedfuel savingsin the15-20percentrange.AdvancedTurboproptechnologyreadinessis expect-edlatethisdecadewithprojectedfuel savingsovercurrenttransportsnowin the30'-40percentrange.Achievingthisis dependenton NASAimplementationof athirddemon-strationphaseof thisproject
i=
• j J i
15
E1A
ACEEPROPULSIONPROJECTS 1/8oPROJECTEDFUELSAVINGS& TECHNOLOGYREADINESSDATES
40m
•MEORANGEMISSION . ADVANCED• SAVINGSRELATIVE TURBOPROP
30-- TOCURRENT (ATP)ENGINES
FUEL
SAVINGS,20-- _ EI_ERGYEFFICIENTENGINE% _ (E_')
10n
(__ ENGINECOMPONENTIMPROVEMENT(EC])
o ' I I I1980 1985 1990 1995
TECHNOLOGYREADINESSDATE
16
Thecurrentoutlookfor benefitpotentialfromACEEairframetechnologiesis summarizedhere. TheEETandCPASprogramshavealreadyassuredapplicationsof activewing loadalleviationandcompositesecondarystructure for aboutfivepercentfuelsavingspotential.Bythe endof this decade,it appearstheindustrywill bereadywith advancedsupercriticalwings,winglets,activestabilityaugmentation,andcompositeprimarystructure, includingwingstructure if theCPASplanisimplemented,for totalsavingsin the20percentrange.Andbythe late1090's,LaminarFlowControlreadinesswill bringwith it fuel savingspotentialovercurrent aircraftof 40percentor more.
"i
o
16ACEEAIRFRAMETECHNOLOGIES 2/82
PROJECTEDFUELSAVINGSTECHNOLOGYREADINESSDATE
LAMINARFLOWCONTROL40 - • SAVINGSRELATIVETO i
CURRENTAIRCRAR"
30-
FUELSAVINGS, SUPERCRITICALWING]WlNGLETS
% ACTIVESTABILITY
AUGMENTATION20- COMPOS_PRIMARYSTRUCTURE
10- _2__ .__ ACTIVEw_Nr,LOADALLEWAT_ONS COMPOSITESECONDARYSTRUCTURE
0 I I I I I1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
TECHNOLOGYREADINESSDATES
17
CONCLUDINGREMARKS
It mustbeemphasizedthatthebenefitpotentialsandtechnologyreadinessdatesprojeotedheredependoncompletionoftheongoingandplannedACEEeffortsonschedule.TherealizationoffuelsavingbenefitsfromACEEProgramtechnologiesdependsalsoontherateandmannerinwhichtheycanbeimplementedbytheairtransportindustryaftertechnologyreadinessisachieved.Theirimplementationwillclearlybeasrapidastheindustry'smarketopportunitiesandeconomicswillallow.Thebenefitfromtheircombinedimplementationona singlenewaircraftwouldnotbethesumofthebenefitpotentialscitedabovebutcouldeasilyexceedthe50%potentialthatwascitedwhentheACEEProgramwasinitiated.
•1. Report No. 2. GovernmentAccessionNo. 3. Recipient'sCatalogNo.
NASATM-84549"4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
ACEEPROGRAMRATIONALEANDIMPLEMENTATION August 19826. PerformingOrganizationCode
534-01-13-067. Author(s} 8. Performing Organization Report No.
• William S. Aiken, Jr., and Richard H. Petersen10. Work Unit No.
9. PerformingOrganizationName andAddress
NASA LangleyResearchCenter '11.Contract or Grant No.
Hampton,VA 2366513. Type of Report' and PeriodCovered
12. SponsoringAgency Name and Address Technical MemorandumNationalAeronauticsand SpaceAdministration 14.SponsoringAgency Code'Washington,DC 20546
15. SupplementaryNotes• Director, Aeronautical SystemsDivision, NASAOffice of Aeronautics and SpaceTechnol(gy• *Deputy Director, NASALangley ResearchCenterPresentedat theACEEProjectOral StatusReviews,DrydenFlightResearchCenter,Edwards_Cal!.fornia_September14_ 1981 ..
16. Abstract
It must be emphasizedthatthe benefitpotentialsand technologyreadinessdatesprojectedheredependon completionof theongoingand plannedACEEeffortsonschedule.The realizationof fuelsavingbenefitsfromACEE Programtechnologiesdependsalsoon the rateand mannerin whichtheycan be implementedby the airtransportindustryaftertechnologyreadinessis achieved.Theirimplementationw_ll clearlybeas rapidas the industry'smarketopportunitiesand economicswillallo_.The benefitfromtheircombinedimplementationon a singlenew aircraftwouldnotbe the sum of the benefitpotentialscitedabovebut couldeasilyexceedthe 50%potentialthatwas citedwhen the_ACEEProgramwas initiated.
i7. Key Words (Suggested by Authoris)) 18. Distribution Statement '
AircraftFuelEfficiency,Composites,Active Controls, Supercritical Wings, FC_DI__Winglets, Laminar Flow Control
Subject Category Ol
19. Security Qa=if. (of thisreport) 20. SecurityCla_if. (of this _ge) 21. No. of Pages 22. Dice
Unclassified Unclassified 34
Available:NASA'sIndustrialApplicationsCenters