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Volatile Oils

Essential oils

volatilize and distilled in steam

chemically and physically different from fixed oils

not glyceryl esters of fatty acids

do not leaves permanent grease spot in paper

not saponified with alkali

not become rancid but on exposure to air and light

becomes oxidized and resinify

frequently associated with other substances likegums, resins

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Volatile Oils

generally mixtures of hydrocarbons and

oxygenated compounds derived from hydrocarbons

the odor and taste is mainly determined by the

oxygenated constituents which is immiscible in

water but more soluble in alcohol many of them are terpenoids in origin with some

containing aromatic derivatives

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Volatile Oils

volatile oils chemical constituents are divided

into 2 classes based on their biosyntheticorigin:

1. Terpenoid derivatives - acetate - mevalonic acidpathway

2. Aromatic compounds - shikimmic acid - phenylpropanoid pathway

many volatile oils are largely monoterpenoids andothers phenylterpenoids

constituents are responsible for their characteristicodor, taste, flavor and therapeutic properties

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Oil of TurpentineSynonym: spirit of turpentine, rectified oil of turpentine

Origin: rectified volatile oil distilled from the oleoresinofPinus palustris (Pinaceae)

Constituents: terpene ((+), (-),(-) pinene,camphene)

Use: externallycounterirritant, rubefacient- fragrance, flavor, vitamins, insecticide

Note: - rarely given internally

- for inhalationterebene is preferred (terebene is

prepared from oil of turpentine and cols sulfuric acid--- converts pinene to inactive diterpene (limonene)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Hydrocarbons

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Canada turpentine

Synonym: Canada balsam

Origin: oleoresin from the stem ofAbies

balsamea (Pinaceae)

Constituent: contains 2324% volatile oil

Use: use as microscopic mount

Note:

Oil occurs in schizogenous ducts and largecavities

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Pumilio Oil

Synonym: Dwarf Mountain Pine oil

Origin: oil obtained from the fresh leaves ofPinusmago var.pumilio (Pineaceae)

Constituents: terpenes and sesquiterpenes (L-camphene, pinene, dipentene, borneol,cadinene, monoterpene with bornyl acetate

Use:

- decongestant inhalant

- prep. of compound thymol glycerin- constituent of Zinc undecenoate dusting powder

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Oil of Cade

Origin: oil obtained from the destructive distillation ofthe woody portions ofJuniperus oxycedras(Cupressaceae)

Constituent: sesquiterpenecadinene- phenolic compoundsguaiacol, ethyl guaiacol

and cresol

Use: veterinary purposes (skin diseases)

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Cubeb NF X (1955)

Synonym: tailed pepper, java pepper, cubeba

Origin: dreid nearly fullgrown but unripe fruit ofPipercubeba (Piperaceae)

Constituents:

- 2028% volatile oil containing terpenes andsesquiterpenes

- cubebininodorous crystalline substance

- cubebic acidwhite amorphous substance

- Amorphous resinUse: stimulant, carminative, condiment

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Pepper NF V (1926)

Synonym: Black pepper, Malisa, Paminta

Origin: dried unripe fruits ofPiper nigrum(Piperaceae)

Constituents:

- terpenelimonene, sabinene, camphene,

bisabolene, caryophylene, pinene,thujone

- alkaloidspiperine and piperitine (pungency)

Use: once used in the treatment of gonorrhea andchronic bronchitis

- condiment

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Pepper

Note:- stimulate thermal receptors and increases secretionof saliva and gastric mucosa

- may ease the nicotine withdrawal syndrome during

smoking

white pepperremoval of the outer part of the pericarp

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Lupulin (Humulus NF VII 1942)Synonym: lupulinic Glands, Hop Strobile,

lupulin (drug), common hopsOrigin: glandular hairs separated from the

strobile ofHumulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae

Constituents:

- humuleneacids (phlorogluctinolderivative)

- lupulone - acid

- 2methyl3butene2 ol (sedativehypnotic property

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Lupulin

Use:

- bitter tonic, mild antibacterial (gm +)- sedative (treat neuralgia, insomnia, nervous tensionetc.)

- mild diuretic, appetite stimulant, digestive aid

- Preserve beer

Adverse Effect: CNSsedation; Resp.bronchial irritation; Skincontact dermatitis

Interactions: CNS depressantsadditive

Phenothiazinetype antipsychotic - additive

Ma Asuncion S Cobar:

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Peppermint NF18(1995)Synonym: Brandy Mint, Menta Inglesa

Origin: dried leaves ofMentha piperita (Lamiaceae)

Constituents:

- oil distilled with steam from the fresh leaves,partially or wholly dementholized

- menthol, menthone, acetaldehyde, deimethylsulfide, isovaleric aldehyde, pinene, limonene,terpinene, piperitone, pulegone, carvone

- 2acetyl4isopropenyl pyridine - odor

Use: Pharmaceutical aid(flavor), carminative,stimulant, counterirritant

- commercial importance, flavor forconfectionery(chewing gum)

Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar:

Alcohol

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Peppermint Antibacterial, antiviral

Enteric antispasmodic, antiflatulence

Interactions: Cal. Blockers - effect

Adverse:

gallstones, obstructed bile ducts, gall bladder inflammation,

severe liver damage

Face and nostrils of infants and children

Note:

Japanese Peppermint (Mentha canadensis var.

piperascens) contains 70-90% menthol

- higher in menthol yield but inferior in flavor

compared to peppermint oil

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Peppermint

Menthol

- used as topical antipruritic in burns and

sunburn preparations- counterirritant, antiseptic, stimulant

- internally, depressant effect to the heart

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Cardamon NF 14 (1985)

Synonym: Ceylon or Malabar cardamon

Origin: dried nearly ripe fruit ofElettaria

cardamomum var. minuscula (Zingiberaceae)

- dried ripe seeds recently removed from thecapsules ofElettaria cardamomum

(Zingiberaceae)

Constituents:

- volatile oillinalol and terpenes

- cineol , - terponyl acetate

Use:- flavoring agent in curries, cake, manufacture of

liqueurs

- form of Cpd. Tincture of Cardamon

- anti- viral

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Sage

Synonym: Garden sage Dalmatian sage, meadowsage

Origin: dried leaves ofSalvia officinalis (Lamiaceae)

Constituents: 50% thujone with cineole, borneol,diterpenes, camphor

Use: infusion: mouthwash, gargle (antiseptic andastringent)

- topicalitchinginsect bite, herpes lesions,shingles, psoriasis

- vaginal doucheyeast infection- Prevent hair loss and preserve hair color

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Sage

Has cholinergic activity treatment of

Alzheimers disease

Mild antioxidant property

Adverse: seizure

Interaction: disufiram

Those with epileptic history