acetaldehyde _ C2H4O - PubChem

17/3/2015 acetaldehyde|C2H4OPubChem

http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetaldehyde#section=ChemicalandPhysicalProperties 1/114

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acetaldehyde

fromMeSH[10]

Alsoknownas:ethanal,aceticaldehyde,ethylaldehyde,aldehyde,Acetaldehyd,75070MolecularFormula:C H O

MolecularWeight:44.05256g/mol

InChIKey:IKHGUXGNUITLKFUHFFFAOYSAN

FDAUNII:GO1N1ZPR3B

Acolorless,flammableliquidusedinthemanufactureofaceticacid,perfumes,andflavors.Itisalsoanintermediateinthemetabolismofalcohol.Ithasageneralnarcoticactionandalso

causesirritationofmucousmembranes.Largedosesmaycausedeathfromrespiratoryparalysis.

2 4



Contents1 2DStructure

2 3DConformer

3 Identification

4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties

5 RelatedRecords

6 ChemicalVendors

7 PharmacologyandBiochemistry

8 UseandManufacturing

9 SafetyandHazards

10 Toxicity

11 Literature

12 Patents

13 BiomolecularInteractionsandPathways

14 BiologicalTestResults

15 Classification

16 InformationSources



fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

1 2DStructure

Search Download GetImage




2 3DConformer

ShowHydrogens ShowAtoms Animate

Search Download GetImage



3 Identification

3.1 ComputedDescriptors

fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.govacetaldehyde

3.1.1 IUPACName

fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.govInChI=1S/C2H4O/c123/h2H,1H3

3.1.2 InChI

fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.govIKHGUXGNUITLKFUHFFFAOYSAN

3.1.3 InChIKey

fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCC=O

3.1.4 CanonicalSMILES

3.2 OtherIdentifiers

fromEPAChemicalDataReport[2]http://www.epa.gov/cdr/

fromNIOSHPocketGuide[4]http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0001.html

fromOSHAOccupationalChemicalDB[5]http://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?RecNo=570

75070

75070

75070

3.2.1 CAS

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009

fromECHA[6]http://echa.europa.eu/

2008368

2008368

3.2.2 ECNumber


3.2.3 ICSCNumber

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009AB1925000

3.2.4 RTECSNumber



fromNIOSHPocketGuide[4]http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0001.htmlAB1925000



1089

1089

3.2.5 UNNumber

fromFDA/SPLIndexingdata[8]http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/DataStandards/StructuredProductLabeling/ucm377913.htm

GO1N1ZPR3B

3.2.6 UNII

fromWiki[7]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AcetaldehydeAcetaldehyde

3.2.7 Wikipedia

3.3 Synonyms

fromMeSH[10]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68000079

1. Acetaldehyde2. Ethanal

3.3.1 MeSHSynonyms


1. acetaldehyde2. ethanal3. aceticaldehyde4. ethylaldehyde5. aldehyde6. Acetaldehyd7. 750708. Acetylaldehyde9. ethanone

10. Azetaldehyd

11. Aceticethanol12. acetaldehydes13. ethaldehyde14. Acetaldehyde(natural)15. Aldeideacetica16. Octowyaldehyd17. Aldehydeacetique18. RCRAwastenumberU00119. CCRIS139620. HSDB230

21. Acetaldehyd[German]22. ACETYLGROUP23. CHEBI:1534324. Acetaldehydepolymerized25. NCIC5632626. NSC759427. Octowyaldehyd[Polish]28. UNIIGO1N1ZPR3B29. UN108930. Aldeideacetica[Italian]

31. RCRAwasteno.U00132. Aldehydeacetique[French]33. 1oxapropylene34. AI33116735. FEMANo.200336. Acetaldehyded437. EINECS200836838. Acetaldehydesolution39. acetoaldehyde40. Acetaldeyde

3.3.2 DepositorSuppliedSynonyms

fromPubChem[9]http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov20040916

3.4 CreateDate



4 ChemicalandPhysicalProperties


MolecularWeight 44.05256g/mol

MolecularFormula C H O

XLogP3 0.3

HydrogenBondDonorCount 0

HydrogenBondAcceptorCount 1

RotatableBondCount 0

ExactMass 44.026215g/mol

MonoisotopicMass 44.026215g/mol

TopologicalPolarSurfaceArea 17.1A^2

HeavyAtomCount 3

FormalCharge 0

Complexity 10.3

IsotopeAtomCount 0

DefinedAtomStereocenterCount 0

UndefinedAtomStereocenterCount 0

DefinedBondStereocenterCount 0

UndefinedBondStereocenterCount 0

CovalentlyBondedUnitCount 1

4.1 ComputedProperties

2 4

4.2 ExperimentalProperties

fromEPAChemicalDataReport[2]http://www.epa.gov/cdr/




LiquidGasVapor

GASORCOLOURLESSLIQUIDWITHPUNGENTODOUR.

Colorlessliquidorgas(above69F)withapungent,fruityodor.

Colorlessliquidorgas(above69F)withapungent,fruityodor.

4.2.1 PhysicalDescription

4.2.2 Color



fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+75070


VolatileliquidorgasLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

Colorlessliquidorgas(above69degreesF)NIOSH.NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards&OtherDatabasesCDROM.DepartmentofHealth&HumanServices,CentersforDiseasePrevention&Control.NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafety&Health.DHHS(NIOSH)PublicationNo.2005151(2005)


Pungent,fruityodorLewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary15thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2007.,p.5

4.2.3 Odor





20.1degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

20.2C

69F

69F

4.2.4 BoilingPoint





123.37degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

123C

190F

190F

4.2.5 MeltingPoint



38.89degC(Closedcup)40degC(Opencup)AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.DocumentationoftheTLV'sandBEI'swithOtherWorldWideOccupationalExposureValues.CDROMCincinnati,OH4524016342007.

38C

4.2.6 FlashPoint





36F

36F






Misciblewithethanol,ether,benzeneslightlysolubleinchloroformLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

Misciblewithgasoline,solventnaphtha,toluene,xylene,turpentine,andacetoneRiddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:JohnWileyandSons.,1985.,p.327

Misciblewithwater/1X10+6mg/Lat25degC/Riddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:JohnWileyandSons.,1985.,p.327

Solubilityinwater:miscible

Miscible

4.2.7 Solubility





0.7834g/cucmat18degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

Relativedensity(water=1):0.78

0.79

0.79

4.2.8 Density



1.52(Air=1)Gerhartz,W.(execed.).Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.5thed.VolA1:DeerfieldBeach,FL:VCHPublishers,1985toPresent.,p.VA1:32(1985)

Relativevapourdensity(air=1):1.5

4.2.9 VaporDensity

902mmHgat25degCBoublik,T.,Fried,V.,andHala,E.,TheVapourPressuresofPureSubstances.SecondRevisedEdition.Amsterdam:

4.2.10 VaporPressure







Elsevier,1984.,p.125

Vapourpressure,kPaat20C:101

740mmHg

740mmHg



logKow=0.34TSCATS.ToxicSubstancesControlActTestSubmissionsDatabase.Manufacturersubmissions(4,8d,8e,FYI)totheUSEPA.

0.63

4.2.11 LogP



347degF175degCFireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.13ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,2002.,p.3259

185C

4.2.12 AutoIgnition



Decomposesabove400degCtoform...methane&carbonmonoxide.IARC.MonographsontheEvaluationoftheCarcinogenicRiskofChemicalstoMan.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,1972PRESENT.(Multivolumework).Availableat:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php,p.V36102(1985)

Whenheatedtodecompositionitemitsacridsmokeandfumes.Lewis,R.J.Sr.(ed)Sax'sDangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials.11thEdition.WileyInterscience,Wiley&Sons,Inc.Hoboken,NJ.2004.,p.5

4.2.13 Decomposition


0.2456mPa.secat15degC(1.0mPa.sec=1.0cP)Riddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:JohnWileyandSons.,1985.,p.327

4.2.14 Viscosity

1166.37kJ/molat25degC(liquid)Riddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:John

4.2.15 HeatofCombustion



fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+75070WileyandSons.,1985.,p.327


26.11kJ/molat25degCRiddick,J.A.,W.B.Bunger,SakanoT.K.TechniquesofChemistry4thed.,VolumeII.OrganicSolvents.NewYork,NY:JohnWileyandSons.,1985.,p.327

4.2.16 HeatofVaporization


21.2mN/mat20degC(1.0mN/m=1.0dyn/cm)KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.4thed.Volumes1:NewYork,NY.JohnWileyandSons,1991Present.,p.V1:95(1991)

4.2.17 SurfaceTension



10.22eV

10.22eV

4.2.18 Ionicity




Polymerizationmayoccurinpresenceofacidtracescausingexothermicreaction,increasedvesselpressure,fire,&explosion.

InternationalLabourOffice.EncyclopediaofOccupationalHealthandSafety.VolumesIandII.NewYork:McGrawHillBookCo.,1971.,p.23

Impurematerialwillpolymerizereadilyinpresenceoftracemetals(iron)oracids...Acetaldenydeispolymerizedviolentlybyconc.sulfuricacid.

Bretherick,L.HandbookofReactiveChemicalHazards.4thed.Boston,MA:ButterworthHeinemannLtd.,1990,p.271

Hazardouspolymerizationmayoccur.FireProtectionGuidetoHazardousMaterials.12ed.Quincy,MA:NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1997.,p.498

4.2.19 Polymerization


Recognitioninair=2.1x101ppm(chemicallypure)Fazzalari,F.A.(ed.).CompilationofOdorandTasteThresholdValuesData.ASTMDataSeriesDS48A(CommitteeE18).Philadelphia,PA:AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,1978.,p.59

Odorlow:0.0002mg/cumOdorhigh:4.14mg/cumRuthJHAmIndHygAssocJ47:A14251(1986)

4.2.20 OdorThreshold






Ka=0.7X1014at0degCGerhartz,W.(execed.).Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.5thed.VolA1:DeerfieldBeach,FL:VCHPublishers,1985toPresent.,p.VA1:32(1985)

pKa=13.57at25degCSerjeant,E.P.,DempseyB.IonisationConstantsofOrganicAcidsinAqueousSolution.InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC).IUPACChemicalDataSeriesNo.23,1979.NewYork,NewYork:PergamonPress,Inc.,p.989

4.2.21 DissociationConstants





Coefficientofexpansion,0.00169/degC(0to30degC)latentheatoffusion,3.24kJ/molheatofsolutioninwater,6.82kJ/molat25degCdipolemoment,8.97X103degC.m

KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.4thed.Volumes1:NewYork,NY.JohnWileyandSons,1991Present.,p.V1:95(1991)

Heatcapacityofliquid:1.38J/gdegKat20degCheatcapacityofvapor:1.24J/gdegKat25degC,101.3kPaGerhartz,W.(execed.).Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.5thed.VolA1:DeerfieldBeach,FL:VCHPublishers,1985toPresent.,p.VA1:32(1985)

Henry'sLawconstant=6.67X105atmcum/molat25degC GaffneyJSetalEnvironSciTechnol21:51923(1987)

Hydroxylradicalreactionrateconstant=1.58X1011cucm/molecsecat25degCAtkinsonRJPhysChemRefData.MonographNo1(1989)

4.2.22 OtherExperimentalProperties




MAXABSORPTION(GAS):178NM(LOGE=3.48)181NM(LOGE=3.60)181.5NM(LOGE=4.05)Weast,R.C.(ed.).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics.60thed.BocaRaton,Florida:CRCPressInc.,1979.,p.C81

MAXABSORPTION(CYCLOHEXANE):290NM(LOGE=1.23)Weast,R.C.(ed.).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics.60thed.BocaRaton,Florida:CRCPressInc.,1979.,p.C81

SADTLERREFERENCENUMBER:5824(IR,PRISM)Weast,R.C.(ed.).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics.60thed.BocaRaton,Florida:CRCPressInc.,1979.,p.C81

Indexofrefraction=1.3316at20degCLide,D.R.CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics88THEdition20072008.CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,BocaRaton,FL2007,p.34

4.3 SpectralProperties









IR:5645(CoblentzSocietySpectralCollection)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V17

UV:54(OrganicElectronicSpectralData,Phillipsetal,JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V17

NMR:6(VarianAssociatesNMRSpectraCatalogue)Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V17

MASS:62124(NIST/EPA/MCDCMassSpectralDatabase1990Version)97(AtlasofMassSpectralData,JohnWileyandSons,NY)

Lide,D.R.,G.W.A.Milne(eds.).HandbookofDataonOrganicCompounds.VolumeI.3rded.CRCPress,Inc.BocaRaton,FL.1994.,p.V17

RASUVNo.12511NISTChemistryWebBook.NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyStandardReferenceDatabaseNumber69March2003Release,Availablefromthequerypageathttp://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry



5 RelatedRecords


Medications(4) Literature(34) 3DStructure(20) Bioactivities(24) Patents(325)

5.1 RelatedCompoundswithAnnotation

DimethylSulfoxide Ethanol Formaldehyde PolyvinylAlcohol









SameTautomer(18)

SameConnectivity(15)

SameParent,Tautomer(246)

SameParent,Connectivity(202)

SameParent,Exact(184)

Mixtures,Components,andNeutralizedForms(1663)

SimilarCompounds(40)

SimilarConformers(462)

5.2 RelatedCompounds




All(2664)

Same(378)

Mixture(2286)

5.3 RelatedSubstances



PubMed(4456)

ProteinStructures(34)

5.4 EntrezCrosslinks

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Taxonomy(8)

OMIM(9)

Gene(256)



Vendor/Supplier PurchasableChemical PubChemSID

AngeneInternationalAGG99107 124381093

AGH16453 126514756

ChemMol

49416633 126677984

99138606 241129502

99153476 241144372

SigmaAldrich

00070_FLUKA 24844966

00071_FLUKA 24844967

36611_FLUKA 57649580

36611_RIEDEL 24862614

402788_SIAL 24865119

506788_SUPELCO 24873391

63990_FLUKA 24883066

PS2030_SUPELCO 24899137

W200298_ALDRICH 24900782

W200301_ALDRICH 24900783

W200328_ALDRICH 24900784

W200336_ALDRICH 24900785

W200344_ALDRICH 24900786

W200352_ALDRICH 24900787

W200360_ALDRICH 24900788

W200379_ALDRICH 24900789

W200387_ALDRICH 24900790

ABIChemAC1L18NF 104294072

AC1Q2CBI 117397293

AngeneChemical

AGC84733 136383227

AGNPC0091P0 172690616

AGNPC0O8WMG 222456106

VitasMLaboratory STL264249 152166719

AKosConsulting&Solutions AKOS000120180 104668603

MolPort MolPort001783184 88826168

6 ChemicalVendors

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TractusRTR024198 204380833

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Mcule MCULE6800925955 165252995

RennoTechCo.,Ltd. RL04862 174530348

ANPharmaTech AN23835 223680558

FinetechIndustryLimited

FT0621719 164805855

FT0621749 164805885

FT0668352 164841410

KingScientific KSC377C9B 163806447

Chembase.cn 105715 162093851

ChemFrog 888845907 125357177

MPBiomedicals

193827 85083188

193828 85083189

204617 51071761

521259 85083190

ISChemicalTechnology

I14113209 152137299

I1457914 144104538

I146219 92252168

TCI(TokyoChemicalIndustry) A1640 87563068

ChemExperChemicalDirectory QMHAIX@ 3135181

3B_SCI 3B40691 184608436

Ambinter LTBB001460 118980492

Achemica ACMC20alvc 162305666

AmadisChemical A838317 131325508



7 PharmacologyandBiochemistry






Penetrationofacetaldehydeintocerebrospinalfluidwasstudiedinhumanvolunteersduringcalciumcarbimideethanolinteraction.Resultsindicatethatacetaldehydepenetrateshumanbloodcerebrospinalfluidbarrier.

HILLBOMMEETALTOXICOLLETT9(2):1139(1981)

Intravenousinfusionof0.5to5%solutionsofacetaldehydetorabbitsresultedinrapideliminationofacetaldehyde,atrateof710mg/min.

IARC.MonographsontheEvaluationoftheCarcinogenicRiskofChemicalstoMan.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,1972PRESENT.(Multivolumework).Availableat:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php,p.V36116(1985)

HepaticandbloodacetaldehydeconcentrationsduringethanoloxidationweredeterminedinC57andDBAmice.Liveracetaldehydewasdeterminedwiththeperchloricacidthioureamethod(noartifactualacetaldehydeformation).Levelsrangingfrom5to118nmole/gwereobserved.Atethanolconcentrationsbelow5060umole/g,liveracetaldehydeconcentrationswerehigherinDBAcomparedwithC57mice.Apositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweentheethanolandacetaldehydeconcentration,whenethanolconcentrationwasbelow25(DBA)or70umole/g(C57).Athigherethanolconcentrationsthecorrelationstendedtobecomenegative.Hemolysiscausesartifactualformationofacetaldehydewhenbloodacetaldehydeisdeterminedusingthioureaorsemicarbazidemethods.Themagnitudeoftheartifactuallyformedacetaldehydewasofsuchorderthatnoconclusionsregardingtheexistenceoftrueinvivobloodacetaldehydeconcentrationscouldbedrawn.

ErikssonPJetalBiochemPharmacol33(14):22136(1984)

Theeffectofethanolontissuedistributionofacetaldehydefollowingexposuretoacetaldehydewasstudiedinrats.MaleSpragueDawleyratswereexposedto20mMacetaldehydevaporfor1hr.Theywerealsoadministered0or3g/kgethanolintragastrically.Bloodsamplesweretakenatselectedtimesafteracetaldehydeexposurewasdiscontinuedandanalyzedforacetaldehyde.Otheranimalswerekilledimmediatelyafteracetaldehydeexposureor3hrafterethanolandtheliver,blood,kidney,spleen,heartmuscle,andskeletalweretakenforacetaldehydeanalysis.Acetaldehydedisappearedrapidlyfromthebloodwithahalflifeof3.1min.Afteracetaldehydeinhalation,peripheralbloodhadthehighestacetaldehydecontentothertissueconcnweresimilarexceptfortheliverwhichhadamuchloweracetaldehydecontent.Acetaldehydeconcnafterethanoladminwerehigherintheliverandbloodthaninothertissues....Bloodacetaldehydeisnottakenupbyhepatocytestoanyappreciableextentorhepaticacetaldehydemetabolismisveryrapid....Inhalationexposureisaviablemodelforstudyingacetaldehydetoxicity.

HobaraNetalBullEnvironContamToxicol35(3):3936(1985)

CD1miceweretreatediponday10ofgestationwith4,6,or7g/kgethanol.Maternalandembryonictissueswereanalysedforethanolandacetaldehydelevels5minto24hraftertreatment....Acetaldehydewasdetectableinmaternalbloodfollowingalltreatmentsandinmaternalliverandembryosfollowingtreatmentwith7g/kgethanol.

BlakleyPM,ScottWJToxicolApplPharmacol72(2):36471(1984)

Theeffectofshorttermmaternalethanoladministrationonthedispositionofethanolintheovinematernalfetalunitwasdetermined.Neartermpregnantewes(between125and134daysofgestationterm,147days)received1hrivinfusionof1gofethanol/kgofmaternalbodyweightonceperdayforsixdays(N=6ewes)oranequivalentvolumeofsalineforsixdays(N=6ewes).Ontheseventhday,theethanolandsalinepretreatedanimalswereadministerd1gofethanol/kgofmaternalbodyweightonceperday.Concentrationsweredeterminedinmaternalblood,fetalblood,andamnioticfluidsamplesobtainedatselectedtimesduringthe14hrstudy.Shorttermmaternaladministrationofoncedailymoderatedoseethanoldidnotproducemajorchangesinthedispositionof

7.1 Absorption,DistributionandExcretion











ethanolanditsproximatemetabolite,acetaldehyde,inthematernal,fetal,andamnioticfluidcompartmentsduringneartermovinepregnancy.

ClarkDWetalDrugMetabDispos16(3):4648(1988)

Thedispositionkineticsofethanolandacetaldehydewereinvestigatedin10healthysubjectswhofastedovernight,tookanoraldoseofcalciumcarbimide50mgand,2hrlater,ingested0.25g/kgethanol.Pharmacokineticparametersestimatedforethanolshowedstatisticallysignificant,butclinicallyunremarkable,changesfollowingcalciumcarbimideingestion.Acetaldehydedispositionwasmarkedlydifferent,withpeakbloodconcentrationsof40242umol/lcomparedwith1.76.5umol/lafterplaceboandsignificantincreasesinapparenteliminationhalflifeandareaundertheconcentrationtimecurve.Theinteractionofethanolandcalciumcarbimidecausedintensefacialflushinginallsubjectstestedbeginning2030minafterdrinking.Resultsdonotsupportasignificantroleofacetaldehydeinregulatinginvivooxidationofethanolinhumans.[JonesAWetalBrJClinPharmacol25:21321(1988)]Fulltext:PMC1386476

...Studiesutilizingtheperfusedhumanplacentalcotyledonshowthatthehumanplacentaoxidizesethanoltoacetaldehydereleasingitintothefetalperfusate.Moreoverwhenacetaldehydeispresentinthematernalperfusateitistransferredtothefetalsidereachingapproximately50%ofthematernallevel.

KarlPIetalScience242(4876):2735(1988)

Acetaldehydeisrapidlyabsorbedandcompletelymetabolizedinbodytissue,mostlyinmammalianlivertissue....Lessthan5%oftheabsorbedcompoundiseliminatedastheparentinexpiredair,andnoexcretionintheurinehasbeenfound.

AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.DocumentationoftheTLV'sandBEI'swithOtherWorldWideOccupationalExposureValues.CDROMCincinnati,OH4524016342007.

Sixdogswereeachgivenasingle600mg/kgbodyweightdoseofacetaldehydebystomachtube.Intwodogs,themaximumplasmaconcentrationwasreachedafter15minutes,whileintheothersplasmaacetaldehydewaseitherclosetothelimitofdetection(2ug/ul)orwasnotdetectable.Urinaryrecoveryofacetaldehydewas








Followinginhalationbyrats,acetaldehydeisdistributedtotheblood,liver,kidney,spleen,heart,andothermuscletissues.Lowlevelsweredetectedinembryosaftermaternalintraperitoneal(ip)injectionofacetaldehyde(mouse)andfollowingmaternalexposuretoethanol(mouseandrat).Potentialproductionofacetaldehydehasalsobeenobservedinratfetusesandinthehumanplacenta,invitro....Acetaldehydeistakenupbyredbloodcellsand,followingethanolconsumptioninhumansandinbaboons,invivo,intracellularlevelscanbe10timeshigherthanplasmalevels.

WHOEnvironmentalHealthCriteriaDocumentNo.167:Acetaldehyde(75070).Availablefrom,asofJanuary12,2009:http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc167.htm

...thepatternofacetaldehydeappearanceinmaternalandfetalblood/wasstudied/,maternalandfetalliverandplacentaafteroralethanoladministrationorintravenousacetaldehydeadministration(10mg/kg)topregnantWistarrats.Thestudydemonstratedthatacetaldehydewasabletocrosstheplacentalbarrierathighconcentrations(fetalbloodconcentrationswereonlydetectablewhenmaternalbloodconcentrationsweregreaterthan80uM).

U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency'sIntegratedRiskInformationSystem(IRIS)onAcetaldehyde(75070).Availablefrom:http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm?fuseaction=iris.showSubstanceListonQuerypageasofJanuary12,2009.

Retentionofacetaldehydeinhumansunder"physiologicconditions"ofbreathingrateandtidalvolumehasbeenshowntobeapproximately60%between100and200mg/cu.mforafewminutes,andretentionwasshowntodecreaseslightlyathigherconcentrations.Breathingrateandvolumeandexposureconcentrationwereshowntoinfluenceretention.RetentionhasnotbeendeterminedatlowerconcentrationscomparablewiththeHECestimatesderivedhere,however.Retentionofacetaldehydefromcigarettesmokewasshowntobe99%(Dalhamnetal.,1968).Acetaldehydehasbeenshowntobeabsorbedviainhalationathighconcentrations(900010,000)for1hour.Bindingandmetabolisminbloodandratnasalmucosahavebeendemonstrated.Ratsexposedto700ppmfor2hoursdemonstratedonly0.7mMincirculatingblood5minutesafterexposuretermination,suggestingthatbindingintherespiratorytractandrapidmetabolismsignificantlyreducessystemiccirculationatsteadystate.


...Acetaldehydewasaddedtotendifferenthumanplacentalhomogenatesandsubjectedtoequilibriumdialysis.Homogenatesofplacentaeobtainedfromguineapigschronicallyexposedtoethanolthroughoutgestationwerealsodialysedinthepresenceofacetaldehydetolookforalterationsinbindingafterchronicalcoholexposure.Nonlinearleastsquaresregressionanalysiswasusedtocharacterizethebindingsysteminvolved....Itwasfoundthattheamountofacetaldehydeboundtohumanplacentaevariedbyasmuchas3foldamongplacentae.Thebindingprofileofacetaldehydewascharacterizedasatwositebindingsystem(Ka(1)=9.8x10+5+/0.7x10+5L/mol,N(1)=1.1x108+/0.7x108mol/gtissueKa(2)=1.6x10+4+/0.9x10+4L/mol,N(2)=1.7x107+/0.4x107mol/gtissue).Chronicalcoholexposurehadnoeffectonthedegreeofacetaldehydebinding....

HardMLetalPlacenta24(23)14954(2003)

Distributionofacetaldehydetobraininterstitialfluid,butnottobraincells,hasbeendemonstratedfollowingintraperitonealinjectionofethanol

IPCSHealthandsafetyguideNo.90onAcetaldehyde(1995).Availablefrom,asofMarch9,2009:http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg90_e.htm


...Theeffectsofethylalcoholareindicativeofeffectsofacetaldehyde,becauseitisthemajormetaboliteofethylalcohol./Acetaldehydeis/...theprincipalmetabolicbuildupproductofdisulfiramtherapy.

NationalResearchCouncil.DrinkingWater&HealthVolume1.Washington,DC:NationalAcademyPress,1977.,p.687

/Intheoxidationofalcoholinliver/theprimarystepisoxidationofalcoholtoacetaldehydebyalcohol

7.2 Metabolism/Metabolites








dehydrogenase...theacetaldehydeisconvertedtoacetylcoenzymeA,whichisthenoxidizedthroughthecitricacidcycleorutilizedinvariousanabolicreactionsinvolvedinsynthesisofcholesterol,fattyacids&othertissueconstituents.

Gilman,A.G.,L.S.Goodman,andA.Gilman.(eds.).GoodmanandGilman'sThePharmacologicalBasisofTherapeutics.7thed.NewYork:MacmillanPublishingCo.,Inc.,1985.,p.379

Aculturemodelisdescribedforthestudyofacetaldehydemetabolismbyexplantedpostimplantationratandmouseconceptuses.Theabilityof12dayratand10daymouseembryostometabolizeacetaldehydewasdemonstrated.Theeliminationrateforthe12dayratconceptususinganinitialacetaldehydeconcentrationof1mMinthemediumwasfoundtobe1.8nmol/mgpermin.Whentheconceptuswasdividedintoembryonicandextraembryonictissue,therateswere1.6and2.2nmol/mgpermin,respectively.Whentheacetaldehydeconcnwasreducedto50microMtheratewas0.095nmol/mgpermin.Theresultsprovidefurtherevidenceforafunctionalbarrierthatpreventsacetaldehydeentrytotheembryo.AcomparativeexperimentusingCBA/beigemouseconceptusshowedthatacetaldehydeeliminationcharacteristicsmaybequalitativelysimilartothoseinratembryos,butthattheestimatedeliminationrateof0.8nmol/mgperminutewaslessthanhalfthatoftherat.Thusthemetabolicbarriermaybelessefficientinthemouse.Thismaybeimportantinviewofthegreatersensitivityofthemousetoethanolembryotoxicity.

PriscottPK,FordJRBiochemPharmacol34(4):52932(1985)

HomogenatesofrespiratoryandolfactorytissuefromtheratnasalcavitywereexaminedfortheircapacitytocatalyzetheNAD(+)dependantoxidationofformaldehyde(inthepresenceandabsenceofglutathione)andofacetaldehyde.Bothaldehydeswereoxidizedefficientlybynasalmucosalhomogenates,andformaldehydedehydrogenaseandaldehydedehydrogenaseweretentativelyidentifiedinbothtissuesamples.AtleasttwoisoenzymesofaldehydedehydrogenasedifferingeitherwithrespecttotheirapparentKmandmaxvalueswithacetaldehydeassubstrate,werefoundinthenasalmucosa,oneofwhichmaycatalyzetheoxidationofbothformaldehydeandacetaldehyde....Repeatedexposuresofratstoformaldehyde(15ppm,6hr/day,10days)ortoacetaldehyde(1500ppm,6hr/day,5days)didnotsubstantiallyaffectthespecificactivitiesofformaldehydedehydrogenaseandaldehydedehydrogenaseinnasalmucosalhomogenates.Glutathioneisacofactorforformaldehydedehydrogenasetheconcentrationofnonproteinsulfhydrylsinrespiratorymucosalhomogenateswasapproximately2.8umoles/gandwasnotchangedsignificantlybyrepeatedexposurestoformaldehyde(15ppm,6hr/day,9days).Thesedataindicatethattheratnasalmucosa,whichisthemajortargetsiteforbothaldehydesininhalationtoxicitystudies,canmetabolizebothformaldehydeandacetaldehyde,andthatthespecificactivitiesofformaldehydeandaldehydedehydrogenaseinhomogenatesofthenasalmucosaareessentiallyunchangedfollowingrepeatedexposurestotoxicconcentrationsofeithercompound.

CasanovaSchmitzMetalBiochemPharmacol33(7):113742(1984)

Acetaldehydeisatoxicmetaboliteformedinthemammalianliverduringtheoxidationofethanol.IARC.MonographsontheEvaluationoftheCarcinogenicRiskofChemicalstoMan.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,1972PRESENT.(Multivolumework).Availableat:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php,p.V36116(1984)

Concurrentadminofacetaldehyde,Lcysteine&nitritetoratsyieldednnitroso2methylthiazolidine4carboxylicacid(cis&transisomers),>90%ofwhichwasexcretedintheurine.


Themetabolismcurvesforbothethanolandacetaldehydeafteranacuteintragastricorivadministrationtothemother,havebeenstudied.Metabolismofethanolfollowedaverysimilarpatterninboththepregnantandtheircontrolvirginrats,whereasthelevelsofacetaldehydederivedfromthemetabolismoftheadministeredethanolweresignificantlyhigherinthepregnantanimals,thisfactimplyingthat,inlategestation,thereisadecreaseinthemother'scapacityforacetaldehydemetabolism.Atthefetalsideoftheplacenta,150minaftertheadministration,theconcentrationofethanolwassimilartothatfoundinthemother'scirculation,thusprovingafluidtransitofthismetabolitethroughtheplacenta.Theconcentrationofacetaldehydeinthefetuswasrelativelyhigh,aftertheintragastricadministrationoftheethanoldose....








EspinetC,ArgilesJMArchIntPhysiolBiochim93(5):33944(1984)

Theactivityofalcoholdehydrogenasewasdeterminedintheneartermpregnantewe.Therewaslittlealcoholdehydrogenaseactivityinfetalliver(4.4%)andplacenta(0.2%)comparedwithmaternalliver.LowKm(uMacetaldehyde)acetaldehydedehydrogenaseactivitywassimilarinthethreetissues.HighKm(mMacetaldehyde)aldehydedehydrogenaseactivitywaslessinfetalliver(57%)andplacenta(16%)comparedwithmaternalliver.Thesedataandthepharmacokineticsofethanolanditsproximatemetabolite,acetaldehyde,intheneartermpregnanteweindicatethatethanoleliminationfromthematernalfetalunitisregulatedprimarilybymaternalhepaticalcoholdehydrogenasecatalyzedbiotransformationofethanol,andlowKmaldehydedehydrogenaseactivityinthefetalliverandplacentaprotectsthefetusfromexposuretoethanolderivedacetaldehyde,whichisproducedprimarilyinthematernalcompartment.

ClarkeDWetalDevPharmacolTher12(1):3541(1989)

Bloodconcentrationsofethanolandacetaldehydeweredeterminedinsucklingratsafterasingleoralethanolgavage.Afterintragastricadministrationof3g/kgbodyweightofethanol,ethanolconcentrationsweremuchhigherinsucklingratsthaninadultanimals,expeciallyat90,120,and180minafteritsadministration.Inaddition,acetaldehydeconcentrationswereundetectableinsucklingratsasopposedtoadultrats,inwhommicromolarconcentrationsweredetected.Thus5to30dayoldratsseemtohavealimitedcapacityforinvivoethanolmetabolism.Theanalysisofhepaticalcoholdehydrogenaseactivityrevealedthatitwasverylowatbirthanditincreasedprogressivelywithtimeattainingadultlevelsafter20daysoflife.ThealcoholdehydrogenaseactivitypresentintheliverofsucklingratspresentedsimilarKmvaluesandsensitivitytopyrazoleasadultratliver.Thus,thepatternofinvivoethanoleliminationduringthesucklingperiodisnotexplainedbyhepaticalcoholdehydrogenaseactivity.Atbirth,hepaticaldehydedehydrogenaseactivitywaslowanditincreasedreachingadultlevelsduringthesucklingperiod.AdultlevelsforthecomponentoflowKmwereattainedearlierthanforthecomponentofhighKm.Thelowaffinityhepaticaldehydedehydrogenasecomponentinthenewbornwasdifferentfromthatintheadultasassessedbykineticstudiesandbyitssensitivitytodisulfiram.

ZorzanoA,HerrraEAlcoholClinExpRes13(4):52732(1989)

Acetaldehyde,theprimaryhepaticoxidativemetaboliteofethanol,maycontributetofetalinjuryassociatedwithmaternalethanolingestion.Studiesutilizingtheperfusedhumanplacentalcotyledonshowthatthehumanplacentaoxidizedethanoltoacetaldehyde,releasingitintothefetalperfusate.Moreover,whenacetaldehydeispresentinthematernalperfusate,itistransferredtothefetalside,reachingapproximately50percentofthematernallevel.

KarlPIetalScience242(4876):2735(1988)

Theactivitiesofaldehydedehydrogenaseandalcoholdehydrogenaseweremeasuredintermplacentasof13alcoholicwomenand16matchedcontrols.Withacetaldehyde8mmol/1assubstrate,thealdehydedehydrogenaseactivitywas29.1+or12.2and34.4+or15.3u/gofwetweight(mean+orSDp>0.4)foralcoholicsandcontrols,respectively.With50umolofacetaldehyde,aldehydedehydrogenaseactivitywasundetectableinbothgroups.Noalcoholdehydrogenaseactivitycouldbedetectedintheplacentas.Theweightsofplacentasandnewbornsweresignificantlylowerinthealcoholicgroup(placentas:526+or116vs653+or77g,p










TakaseSetalAlcohol24(6):54754(1989)

...Enzymecapableofconvertingethanoltoacetaldehydeiscatalase,whichbyvirtueofitsperoxidativeactivityuseshydrogenperoxidetoperformtheoxidation.However,normallythereisverylittleperoxideavailabletosupportthereactioninhepatocytes,anditsunlikelythatcatalasecanaccountformorethan10%ofethanolmetabolism.Thislevelcouldchangeifperoxidelevelsinhepatocyteswereelevated....Clofibrate,whichstimulatesperoxisomalfattyacidoxidation,increasesperoxidelevelsandtherebyenchancesethanoloxidationbycatalase.

Amdur,M.O.,J.Doull,C.D.Klaasen(eds).CasarettandDoull'sToxicology.4thed.NewYork,NY:PergamonPress,1991.,p.698

Gaschromatographicanalysisofhumanwholebloodlymphocyteculturestreatedfor10secto20minwithvinylacetate(5.4mM)revealedarapiddegradationofvinylacetateandformationofacetaldehyde.Duringthe20minobservationperiod,nodegradationofvinylacetateorformationofacetaldehydewereobservedincompleteculturemediumwithoutblood,whichsuggestedthatthereactionwasenzymatic.Acetaldehydeinducedsisterchromatidexchangesinhumanwholebloodlymphocyteculturesatconcentrations(0.1252mM)comparabletothoseusedforvinylacetate.Theresultsindicatethatvinylacetateinduceschromosomedamageincellculturesthroughenzymemediatedhydrolysistoacetaldehyde.

NorppaHetalCancerRes45(10):481621(1985)

Inhumansexposedtoacetaldehydeinairatconcentrationsupto100ppm,acetaldehydeisrapidlyabsorbedandmetabolized.AcetaldehydeisapparentlymetabolizedtoNnitroso2methylthiazolidine4carboxylicacid.Thischemicalwasdetectedintheurineofhumansubjectsduringbothoral&nasalbreathing.AfractionofthismaybeformedasatwostepsynthesisinvivofromacetaldehydeandLcysteinetoyield2methylthiazolidine4carboxylicacid,whichiseasilynitrosated.


Theoxidativemetabolismofacetaldehydetoacetateoccursprimarilybyaldehydedehydrogenases,widelydistributedinbodytissues.Acetateentersthepoolofintermediarymetabolism.Itisusedincellularenergyproduction,eventuallyproducingcarbondioxideandwaterorthecarbonatomsareutilizedinsynthesisofcellconstituents.Afteroralorinhalationadministration,substantialfirstpassmetabolismintheliverorrespiratorytractoccurs,effectivelylimitingacetaldehydeaccesstothesystemiccirculation.


Althoughcatalaseandotheroxidasesmaycontributetometabolism..becauseofitshighaffinity,atleast90%ofacetaldehydeisoxidizedbymitochondrialALDH...reducingNAD+toNADHintheprocess.Thisstepcanbeblockedbydisulfiram.

WHOEnvironHealthCriteria167:Acetaldehydep.51(1995)

ALDHlocalizationintherespiratorytractofFischer344ratswasstudied....Histochemicalstudiesindicatedactivityprincipallyinthenasalrespiratoryepithelium,espinthesupranuclearcytoplasmofciliatedepithelialcells.ActivitywasalsohighintheClaracellsofthelowerbronchioles.ThetrachealepitheliapossessedonlylowlevelsofALDH.TheolfactoryepitheliumwasalmostdevoidofALDHactivity.


Inaninvitrostudy...studiedthemetabolismofacetaldehydeinisolateddog,rat,guineapig,andbaboonkidneycortextubules.Acetaldehydewasfoundtobemetabolizedbythetubulesathighratesandinadosedependentmannerinallfourspecies.Itwasnotedthat,atallacetaldehydeconcn,mostoftheacetaldehyderemovedwasrecoveredasacetateindog,guineapig,andbaboon,butnotinratkidneytubules.









HumanliverALDHconsistsofatleast4mainisoenzymes,whicharealsopresentinmanyothertissues....MitochondrialALDHisinactiveinatleast40%oftheOrientalpopulation.Thefrequentlyobservedintolerancetoalcohol(the"flushing"reaction)islinkedtothisdeficiency,whichisproducedbyaninheritedpositivemutationinthecorrespondinggene....Subjectswithphenotypicdeficiencyhavealwaysshownthepresenceofatleastonemutantgene(heterozygousorhomozygous)....


Invitro,acetaldehyde(0.040.88g/l)wasmetabolizedathighratesandinadosedependentmannerinisolatedhumankidneycortextubules....


Thefetaloxidationcapacityinliverandplacentawasshowntobelowerthanthatofthematernalliver.Athresholdabovewhichtheremovalcapacityofacetaldehydemetabolismbythefetoplacentalunitwouldbesurpassedwasestimatedtobe80uM(maternalbloodconcentration)inthe21daypregnantratandpossiblyloweratearlypregnancywhenaldehydedehydrogenaseisabsentfromfetalliver.


Acetaldehyeisproducedatanintermediatelevelofsugarmetabolism,althoughnospecificdataonlevelsinanimalscouldbefoundintheliterature.

KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.3rded.,Volumes126.NewYork,NY:JohnWileyandSons,19781984.,p.1:97(1978)


/Acetylaldehyde/hasahalflifeoflessthan15minutesinthecirculation.AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists.DocumentationoftheTLV'sandBEI'swithOtherWorldWideOccupationalExposureValues.CDROMCincinnati,OH4524016342007.

7.3 BiologicalHalfLife


...TheeffectofethanolonFanconianemia(FANC)D2mRNAlevelswasmeasuredbyquantitativerealtimePCRusingmousebrainandhumanneuronalcells.FANCD2proteinlevelsandubiquitinationweremeasuredbyWesternblottingandimmunocytochemistry.DNAdamageinductionbyethanol/acetaldehydewasmeasuredusingtheCometassayandgammaH2AXimmunocytochemistry.LevelsofDNAandRNAsynthesisweremeasuredincellstrainsusing(3)Hthymidineor(3)Huridineuptake....ChronicexposuretoethanolinducedFANCD2inmousemidbraininvivoandinthenucleusofhumanneuronalcellsinculture.However,therewasnoconcomitantincreaseintheamountofubiquitinatedFANCD2.AcetaldehydealsoinducednonubiquitinatedFANCD2protein,and...theabilityofacetaldehydetogenerateDNAdoublestrandbreaks,lesionswhichnormallyinduceubiquitinationofFANCD2/wasdemonstrated/.EthanolalsoinhibitedbothRNAandDNAsynthesisinproliferatingcellsconsistentwitheffectsontranscriptionandreplication....IncontrasttootherDNAdamagingagents,ethanol/acetaldehydegeneratedDNAstrandbreakswithoutinducingubiquitinationofFANCD2,despiteincreasingproteinlevelsinthenucleus.ThesedataareconsistentwithrecentreportsthatsuggesttheFanconianemiapathwayplaysanimportantroleintheadultbraininresponsetoDNAdamage...

RultenSLetalAlcoholism,ClinExplRes32(7):118696(2008)

Thisstudyexaminestheeffectsoftheethanolmetabolite,acetaldehyde,ontheclinicallyrelevantdrugtransporter,

7.4 MechanismofAction






PEPT1.ThemetabolismofethanolandthefollowingacetaldehydeformationisthoughttomodulatetheuptakecapacityofPEPT1withinthegastrointestinaltractforavarietyofclinicallyimportantpeptidomimeticdrugcompounds....Glycylsarcosine([(3)H]GlySar),anonhydrolysablePEPT1specificsubstratewasused....InvitrouptakestudieswereperformedintheCaco2andChinesehamsterovary(CHO)hPEPT1cellmodels,measuringcellularuptakeoflabeledcompoundagainstincreasinglevelsofunlabeledcompoundinthepresenceofacetaldehyde.Invivoabsorptionof[(3)H]GlySarwasmeasuredinmaleSpragueDawleyratsthatweretreatedwithoraldoseofethanol/disulfiram(5g/kg/100mg/kg)for6days.Theseresultswerecomparedtocontrolratstreatedwithsaline,ethanolaloneordisulfiramalone....Invitrouptakeof[(3)H]GlySarinCHOhPEPT1cellstreatedwith1mMacetaldehydewassignificantlydecreased(p






AcCHOonPPARgammaactivityandinparallelabrogatedtheinductionofcollagengeneexpressionbyAcCHO.TheeffectofAcCHOonPPARgammaactivityandphosphorylationwasblockedbyextracellularsignalregulatedkinase(ERK)1/2andproteinkinaseC(PKC)deltainhibitorsaswellasbycatalase,suggestingthathydrogenperoxideisinvolvedinthemolecularcascaderesponsibleforPPARgammaphosphorylationviaactivationofthePKCdelta/ERKpathway.Furthermore,inhibitionofcAblcompletelyabrogatedtheeffectofAcCHOoneitherPPARgammafunctionorcollagensynthesisinaddition,expressionofthePPARgammaSer84AlamutantpreventedtheprofibrogenicsignalsmediatedbycAblactivation./Itwasconcluded/thattheinductionofcollagenexpressionbyAcCHOinstellatecellsisdependentonPPARgammaphosphorylationinducedbyahydrogenperoxidemediatedactivationoftheprofibrogeniccAblsignalingpathway.

Ceni,EetalGastroenterology131(4):123552(2006)

Alcoholicbeverageconsumptionisclassifiedasaknownhumancarcinogen,causallyrelatedtoanincreasedriskofcanceroftheuppergastrointestinaltract.Theformationofacetaldehydefromethanolmetabolismseemstobethemajormechanismunderlyingthiseffect.Acetaldehydeiscarcinogenicinrodentsandcausessisterchromatidexchangesandchromosomalaberrationsinhumancells.ThebeststudiedDNAadductfromacetaldehydeisN(2)ethyl2'deoxyguanosine,whichisincreasedinliverDNAobtainedfromethanoltreatedrodentsandinwhitebloodcellsobtainedfromhumanalcoholabusers.However,thecarcinogenicrelevanceofthisadductisunclearinviewofthelackofevidencethatitismutagenicinmammaliancells.AdifferentDNAadduct,1,N(2)propano2'deoxyguanosine(PdG),canalsobeformedfromacetaldehydeinthepresenceofhistonesandotherbasicmolecules.PdGhasbeenshowntoberesponsibleforthegenotoxicandmutageniceffectsofcrotonaldehyde.ThePdGadductcanexistineitheroftwoforms:aringclosedformoraringopenedaldehydeform.Whereastheringclosedformismutagenic,thealdehydeformcanparticipateintheformationofsecondarylesions,includingDNAproteincrosslinksandDNAinterstrandcrosslinks.TheformationofthesetypesofcomplexsecondaryDNAlesionsresultingfromPdGmayexplainmanyoftheobservedgenotoxiceffectsofacetaldehydedescribedabove.RepairofPdGanditsassociatedadductsiscomplex,involvingmultiplepathways.InheritedvariationinthegenesencodingtheproteinsinvolvedintherepairofPdGanditssecondaryadductsmaycontributetosusceptibilitytoalcoholicbeveragerelatedcarcinogenesis.

BrooksPJ,TheruvathuJAAlcohol(Fayetteville,NY)35(3):187093(2005)

Alcoholicbeverageconsumptionisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofuppergastrointestinalcancer.Acetaldehyde(AA),thefirstmetaboliteofethanol,isasuspectedhumancarcinogen,butthemolecularmechanismsunderlyingAAcarcinogenicityareunclear....Thiswork...testedthehypothesisthatpolyaminescouldfacilitatetheformationofmutagenicalphamethylgammahydroxy1,N2propano2'deoxyguanosine(CrPdG)adductsfrombiologicallyrelevantAAconcentrations....CrPdGadductscouldbeformedbyreactingdeoxyguanosinewithmuMconcentrationsofAAinthepresenceofspermidine,butnotwitheitherAAorspermidinealone.TheidentitiesoftheCrPdGadductswereconfirmedbybothliquidandgaschromatographymassspectrometry....Inthepresenceof5mMspermidine,AAconcentrationsof100uMandaboveresultedintheformationofCrPdGingenomicDNA.TheseAAlevelsarewithintherangethatoccursinhumansalivaafteralcoholicbeverageconsumption....Spermidine/also/directlyreactswithAAtogeneratecrotonaldehyde(CrA),mostlikelyviaanenaminealdolcondensationmechanism./Itwasproposed/thatAAderivedfromethanolmetabolismisconvertedtoCrAbypolyaminesindividingcells,formingCrPdGadducts,whichmayberesponsibleforthecarcinogenicityofalcoholicbeverageconsumption.[Theruvathu,JAetalNucleicAcidsRes33(11):351320(2005)]Fulltext:PMC1156964

...Theaimofthisstudywastodeterminewhethercentralactionsthatareoftenattributedtoethanolmayactuallybemediatedbyacetaldehyde....Theeffectsofacetaldehyde(11000uM)weretestedbytwoelectrodevoltageclampelectrophysiologyinXenopuslaevisoocytesexpressing10differentligandgatedionchannelreceptors[alpha1glycinealpha1beta2gamma2Sgammaaminobutyricacid(GABA)Arho1GABAc5hydroxytryptamine3ANR1a/NR2ANMDAGluR1/GluR2AMPAGluR6/KA2kainateandalpha4beta2,alpha4beta4,andalpha2beta4nicotinicacetylcholine]andtheGproteincoupledinwardrectifyingpotassiumchannelGIRK2....Theeffectofacetaldehydeonthedopaminetransporter(DAT),/wasalsoevaluated/performingdopamineuptakeassaysinoocytesexpressingDAT....Acetaldehyde(1and10uM)significantlyenhancedalpha1glycinereceptormediatedcurrents.AcetaldehydedidnotaffectthefunctionofanyoftheotherreceptorstestedorthepotassiumcurrentsmeasuredinGIRK2channels.Moreover,acetaldehydedidnotaltertheDATmediateddopamineuptake./The/resultssuggestapotentialminorroleforacetaldehydeintheglycinereceptormediatedeffectsofethanol.Otherwise,acetaldehydedoesnotmodulatefunctionoftheneuronalreceptorstestedinthisstudy,inGIRKchannelsorDAT,whenexpressedrecombinantlyinXenopuslaevisoocytes.

MasciaMPetalAlcoholism,ClinExptlRes25(11):157075(2001)






Malondialdehydeandacetaldehydereacttogetherwithproteinsinasynergisticmannerandformhybridproteinadducts,designatedasMAAadducts.MAAproteinadductsarecomposedoftwomajorproductswhosestructuresandmechanismofformationhavebeenelucidated.MAAadductformation,especiallyintheliver,hasbeendemonstratedinvivoduringethanolconsumption.Theseproteinadductsarecapableofinducingapotentimmuneresponse,resultinginthegenerationofantibodiesagainstbothMAAepitopes,aswellasagainstepitopesonthecarrierprotein.ChronicethanoladministrationtoratsresultsinsignificantcirculatingantibodytitersagainstMAAadductedproteins,andhighantiMAAtitershavebeenassociatedwiththeseverityofliverdamageinhumanswithalcoholicliverdisease.InvitroexposureofliverendothelialorhepaticstellatecellstoMAAadductsinducesaproinflammatoryandprofibrogenicresponseinthesecells.Thus,duringexcessiveethanolconsumption,ethanoloxidationandethanolinducedoxidativestressresultintheformationofacetaldehydeandmalondialdehyde,respectively.ThesealdehydescanreacttogethersynergisticallywithproteinsandgenerateMAAadducts,whichareveryimmunogenicandpossessproinflammatoryandprofibrogenicproperties.Byvirtueofthesepotentiallytoxiceffects,MAAadductsmayplayanimportantroleinthepathogenesisofalcoholicliverinjury.

Tuma,DJetalFreeRadBiolMed32(4):3038(2002)

Acetaldehydeformsstableandunstableadductswithproteins.Thiscanimpairproteinfunctionasevidencedbyinhibitionofenzymeactivity,impairedhistoneDNAbinding,andinhibitionofpolymerizationoftubulin...Acetaldehydecanreactwithvariousmacromoleculesinthebody,preferentiallythosecontaininglysineresidues,whichcanleadtomarkedalterationsinthebiologicalfunctionofthesemolecules.

IPCSHealthandsafetyguideNo.90onAcetaldehyde(1995).Availablefrom,asofMarch9,2009:http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg90_e.htm



8 UseandManufacturing








Theeconomicsofvariousprocessesformanufactureofacetaldehydearestronglydependentonthepriceofthefeedstockused.Since1960,theliquidphaseoxidationofethylenehasbeentheprocessofchoice....Thereisstillcommercialproductionbythepartialoxidationofethylalcoholandhydrationofacetylene.Acetaldehydeisalsoformedasacoproductinthehightempoxidationofbutane.Arecentlydevelopedrhodiumcatalyzedprocessproducesacetaldehydefromsynthesisgasasacoproductwithethylalcoholandaceticacid.

KirkOthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.4thed.Volumes1:NewYork,NY.JohnWileyandSons,1991Present.,p.V1(1991)100

...Thecatalystisanaqueoussolutionofleadchloride(PbCl2)andcopperchloride(CuCl2)....TherearetwovariationsfortheproductionofacetaldehydebytheoxidationofethylenethetwostageprocessdevelopedbyWackerChemieandtheonestageprocessdevelopedbyFarbwerkeHoechst....


(1)Oxidationofethylene,(2)vaporphaseoxidationofethanol,(3)vaporphaseoxidationofpropaneandbutane,(4)catalyticreactionofacetyleneandwater(chieflyinGermany).

Lewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary15thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2007.,p.5

(1)ethylene(Wackeroxidationprocess)(2)ethanol(catalyticdehydrogenation)(3)ethanol+oxygen(oxidation)(4)acetylene+water(vinylation)(5)oxygenates,FischerTropsch,mixed(fractionationcoproducedwithmethanol/ethanol/isopropanol/nbutanol/isobutanol/amylalcohol,primary/acetone/methylethylketone)

Ashford,R.D.Ashford'sDictionaryofIndustrialChemicals.London,England:WavelengthPublicationsLtd.,1994.,p.10

ProducedbyoxidationofalcoholwithNa2Cr2O7andH2SO4usuallyfromacetylene,diluteH2SO4andmercuricoxideascatalystalsobypassingalcoholvaporoveraheatedmetalliccatalyst.

O'Neil,M.J.(ed.).TheMerckIndexAnEncyclopediaofChemicals,Drugs,andBiologicals.WhitehouseStation,NJ:MerckandCo.,Inc.,2006.,p.8

Dehydrogenationofethanol....Ethanolvaporispassedat260290degCoveracatalystconsistingofcopperspongeorcopperactivatedwithchromiumoxideinatubularreactor.Aconversionof2550%perrunisobtained.Bywashingwithalcoholandwater,acetaldehydeandethanolareseparatedfromtheexhaustgas,whichismainlyhydrogen.Pureacetaldehydeisobtainedbydistillationtheethanolisseparatedfromwaterandhigherboilingproductsbydistillationandflowsbacktothereactor.Thefinalacetaldehydeyieldisabout90%.Byproductsincludebutyricacid,crotonaldehyde,andethylacetate.

Ullmann'sEncyclopediaofIndustrialChemistry.6thed.Vol1:FederalRepublicofGermany:WileyVCHVerlagGmbH&Co.2003toPresent,p.V1136(2003)

Oxidationofethanolistheoldestandthebestlaboratorymethodforpreparingacetaldehyde.Inthecommercialprocess,ethanolisoxidizedcatalyticallywithoxygen(orair)inthevaporphase.Copper,silver,andtheiroxidesoralloysarethemostfrequentlyusedcatalysts.


Directoxidationofethylene....AnaqueoussolutionofPdCl2andCuCl2isusedascatalyst.Acetaldehydeformationhadalreadybeenobservedinthereactionbetweenethyleneandaqueouspalladiumchloride....Inthe

8.1 MethodsofManufacturing





WackerHoechstprocess,metallicpalladiumisreoxidizedbyCuCl2,whichisthenregeneratedwithoxygen....OnlyaverysmallamountofPdCl2isrequiredfortheconversionofethylene.Thereactionofethylenewithpalladiumchlorideistheratedeterminingstep.Oneandtwostageversionsoftheprocessareonstream.Intheonestagemethod,anethyleneoxygenmixturereactswiththecatalystsolution.Duringthereactionastationarystateisestablishedinwhich"reaction"(formationofacetaldehydeandreductionofCuCl2)and"oxidation"(reoxidationofCuCl)proceedatthesamerate.Thisstationarystateisdeterminedbythedegreeofoxidationofthecatalyst....Inthetwostageprocessthereactioniscarriedoutwithethyleneandthenwithoxygenintwoseparatereactors.Thecatalystsolutionisalternatelyreducedandoxidized.Atthesametimethedegreeofoxidationofthecatalystchangesalternately.Airisusedinsteadofpureoxygenforthecatalystoxidation.


Acetaldehydeisalsoformedintheproductionofvinylacetatefromethyleneoracetylene.Itisseparatedbydistillationandisnormallyconvertedtoaceticacidforreuse.Inoneversionofthemethodstartingfromethylene,vinylacetateandacetaldehydeareobtainedinamolarratioof1:1.Thismakestheprocessnearlyselfsufficientinaceticacid.





GRADES:COMMERCIALLYAVAILAS50%AQSOLNOR99%CPINSMALLSTEELCYLINDERS.Fenaroli'sHandbookofFlavorIngredients.Volume2.Edited,translated,andrevisedbyT.E.FuriaandN.Bellanca.2nded.Cleveland:TheChemicalRubberCo.,1975.,p.3

AcetaldehydeisavailinUSAwithfollowingtypicalspecifications:purity,99.5%minacidity(asaceticacid),0.1%max...tomeettherequirementsoftheFoodChemicalCodex,acetaldehydemustpassaninfraredidentificationtest&meetthefollowingspecifications:purity,99.0%minacidity(asaceticacid)0.1%maxnonvolatileresidue,0.006%max....


Grade:Technical99%Lewis,R.J.Sr.Hawley'sCondensedChemicalDictionary15thEdition.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.NewYork,NY2007.,p.5

8.2 Formulations/Preparations



CHEMINTFORACETICACID,61%CHEMINTFORPYRIDINE&PYRIDINEBASES,9%CHEMINTFORPERACETICACID,8%CHEMINTFORPENTAERYTHRITOL,7%CHEMINTFOR1,3BUTYLENEGLYCOL,2%CHEMINTFORCHLORAL,1%OTHERUSES(INCLEXPORTS),12%(1982)

SRI

USAacetaldehydedemandin1978was1.30billionlb1979,1.35billionlb1983,1.58billionlb.ChemMarketReporterp.9(1983)

Aceticacid,50%exports,14%miscellaneousincludinglacticacidandcrotonaldehyde,13%pyridineandpyridinebases,8%pentaerythritol,7%peraceticacid,6%1,3butyleneglycol,2%(1986).

8.3 Consumption







CHEMICALPROFILE:Acetaldehyde,1986

AsurveyofUSAindustryontheuseoffoodadditivesreportedthat8.6thousandkgofacetaldehydewereusedin1976asanimportantcomponentofmanyflavorsaddedtofoods,suchasmilkproducts,bakedgoods,fruitjuices,candies,desserts&softdrinks,atusuallevels...upto0.047%(1976).


Acetaldehydeisoneofthedenaturantsapprovedforuse(atalevelof10lb/100gal(12g/l)ofalcohol)intheUSAinspeciallydenaturedalcoholFormulaNo29.AlthoughthevolumeofthisformulausedintheUSAeachyearispublished,noinformationisavailableontheamountmadewithacetaldehyde.


Syntheticpyridinederivatives,peraceticacid,acetateestersbytheTischenkoroute,andpentaerythritolaccountfor40%ofacetaldehydedemand.Allofthesematerialsmaybepreparedfromalternativeprocesses.







(1969)748kilotons(1970)726kilotons(1971)680kilotons(1972)644kilotons(1973)635kilotons(1974)649kilotons(1975)499kilotons(1976)612kilotons(1987)ca.330kilotons/Table/


(1985)2.86X10+12gCHEMICALPRODUCTSSYNOPSIS:Acetaldehyde,1985

AnnualproductioncapacityasofJan.1,1994:EastmanChemicalCompany250miilionpounds,HoechstCelaneseCorp.250millionpounds,Total500millionpounds.

SRI.1994DirectoryofChemicalProducersUnitedStatesofAmerica.MenloPark,CA:SRIInternational,1994.,p.435

443000tonnes/yearIARC.MonographsontheEvaluationoftheCarcinogenicRiskofChemicalstoMan.Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer,1972PRESENT.(Multivolumework).Availableat:http://monographs.iarc.fr/index.php,p.V71320(1987)

AcetaldehydeislistedasaHighProductionVolume(HPV)chemical(65FR81686).ChemicalslistedasHPVwereproducedinorimportedintotheU.S.in>1millionpoundsin1990and/or1994.TheHPVlistisbasedonthe1990InventoryUpdateRule.(IUR)(40CFRpart710subpartB51FR21438).

EPA/OfficeofPollutionPreventionandToxicsHighProductionVolume(HPV)ChallengeProgram.AvailablefromtheDatabaseQuerypageat:http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htmonAcetaldehyde(75070)asofFebruary5,2009

ProductionvolumesfornonconfidentialchemicalsreportedundertheInventoryUpdateRule.Year ProductionRange(pounds)

8.4 U.S.Production




1986 >500million1billion

1990 >500million1billion

1994 >100million500million



USEPANonconfidentialProductionVolumeInformationSubmittedbyCompaniesforChemicalsUnderthe19862002InventoryUpdateRule(IUR).Acetaldehyde(75070).Availablefrom,asofJanuary29,2009:http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/tools/data/2002vol.html


(1985)6.14X10+5gBUREAUOFTHECENSUSUSIMPORTSFORCONSUMPTIONANDGENERALIMPORTS1985p.1579

8.5 U.S.Imports


(1985)5.45X10+11gCHEMICALPRODUCTSSYNOPSIS:Acetaldehyde,1985

8.6 U.S.Exports


EPAOSWMethod0100.SamplingforFormaldehydeandOtherCarbonylCompoundsinIndoorAir.Thismethodprovidesproceduresforthesamplingofvariouscarbonylcompoundsinindoorairbyderivatizationwith2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH)inasilicagelcartridge.

USEPAEMMI.EPA'sEnvironmentalMonitoringMethodsIndex.Version1.1.PC#4082.Rockville,MD:GovernmentInstitutes(1997)

8.7 SamplingProcedures


Acetaldehydeisdetectedinindoor&outdoorairbygaschromatography/massspectrometrywithalimitofdetectionof0.9ug/cumfor2litersamples.inindustrialemissions(air)bygaschromatographyequippedwithflameionizationdetector&haslimitofdetectionof1.2mg/cumfor200litersamples.


Acetaldehydeisdetectedinautomobileexhaustbyhighperformanceliquidchromatographyequippedwithultravioletdetection&haslimitofdetectionof18ug/cumfor20litersamplesinfluegasesfromwoodfurnaces&stovesbygaschromatographywithflameionizationdetector(limitofdetectionisnotgiven)


8.8 AnalyticLaboratoryMethods











Acetaldehydeisdetectedinvolatileemissionsfromwastewaterbygaschromatographywithflameionizationdetection(limitofdetectionisnotgiven)inaqueoussolutions/industrialeffluentsbygaschromatography/massspectrometrywithlimitofdetectionof200ug/linplants(cotton)bygaschromatography/massspectrometry(limitofdetectionisnotgiven).


Acetaldehydeisdetectedinwine&beerbyHPLC.Limitofdetectioninwineis0.01uglimitofdetectioninbeerisnotgiven.


AhighperformanceliquidchromatographicmethodforthesimultaneousdeterminationofC1toC2aldehydesandorganicacidsinaqueoussampleshasbeendeveloped.Aldehydesandorganicacidsareseparatedafterderivatizationofthealdehydesby2,4dinitrophenylhydrazineandbygradientelutiononreversedphasematerial(Spherisorb,RP18).MeasurementisbyUVandconductivity,respectively.Derivatizationofaldehydesstabilizessamplesforupto5daysinthefield.Thedetectionlimitis10ug/lforacetaldehyde.

KeukenMP,SchoonebeekCAMIntJEnvironAnalChem35(4):22739(1989)

EPAMethod554.DeterminationofCarbonylCompoundsinDrinkingWaterbyDinitrophenylhydrazineDerivatizationandHighPerformanceLiquidChromatography.Thismethodisusedforthedeterminationofselectedcarbonylcompoundsinfinisheddrinkingwaterorrawsourcewater.Detectionlimit=69ug/l.


OSWMethod8315.DeterminationofCarbonylCompoundsbyHighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC).Thismethodisapplicabletovariousmatricesbyderivatizationwith2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH).Detectionlimit=44ug/l.


OSWMethod8315ALLE.DeterminationofCarbonylCompoundsbyHighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC)UsingLiquidLiquidExtraction.Thismethodisapplicabletothedeterminationoffreecarbonylcompoundsinvariousmatricesbyderivatizationwith2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH).Detectionlimit=110ug/l.


OSWMethod8315ALSE.DeterminationofCarbonylCompoundsbyHighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC)usingLiquidSolidExtraction.Thismethodisapplicabletothedeterminationoffreecarbonylcompoundsinvariousmatricesbyderivatizationwith2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH).Detectionlimit=44ug/l.


AREALMethodIP6A.DeterminationofFormaldehydeandOtherAldehydesinIndoorAirUsingaSolidAdsorbentCartridge.Thismethodisapplicableforthedeterminationofformaldehyde,butwithmodification,andfourteenotheraldehydesthatcanbedetectedinindoorair.Detectionlimit=0.01ppb.














AREALMethodIP6B.DeterminationofFormaldehydeandOtherAldehydesinIndoorAirUsingaContinuousColorimetricAnalyzer.Thismethodisapplicabletothesamplingandanalysisofformaldehydeinindoorairusingtheautomatedwetchemicalcolorimetricanalyzerwithacontinuoussignaloutput.Detectionlimit=0.03ppb.


AREALMethodIP6C.DeterminationofFormaldehydeandOtherAldehydesinIndoorAirUsingPassiveSamplingDevice.Thismethodisapplicablepassivesamplingofformaldehyde(CH2O)andotheraldehydesinindoorair.Detectionlimitunspecified.


AREALMethodTO11.DeterminationofFormaldehydeinAmbientAirusingAdsorbentCartridgeFollowedbyHighPerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC).Thismethodisapplicablefordeterminationofformaldehydeinambientair.Detectionlimit=0.01ppb.


Method:EPATSC/NERL556Procedure:gaschromatographywithelectroncapturedetectorAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:finisheddrinkingwaterandrawsourcewaterDetectionLimit:0.21ug/L.

NationalEnvironmentalMethodsIndexAnalytical,TestandSamplingMethods.Availablefromhttp://www.nemi.govonAcetaldehyde(75070)asofFebruary10,2009

Method:EPAOGWDW/TSC556.1Procedure:fastgaschromatographysystemequippedwithanelectroncapturedetectorAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:finisheddrinkingwaterandrawsourcewaterDetectionLimit:0.18ug/L.

NationalEnvironmentalMethodsIndexAnalytical,TestandSamplingMethods.Availablefromhttp://www.nemi.govonAcetaldehyde(75070)asofFebruary10,2009

Method:NIOSH2018Procedure:highperformanceliquidchromatographywithultravioletdetectionAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:airDetectionLimit:0.2ug/sample.

CDCNIOSHManualofAnalyticalMethods,4thed.Acealdehyde(75070).Availablefrom,asofFebruary11,2009:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003154/

Method:NIOSH2538Procedure:gaschromatographywithflameionizationdetectorAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:airDetectionLimit:2ug/sample.


Method:NIOSH2539Procedure:gaschromatography,flameionizationdetectorandgaschromatography/massspectrometryAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:airDetectionLimit:2ug/sample.


Method:NIOSH3507Procedure:highperformanceliquidchromatographywithultravioletdetectionAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:airDetectionLimit:0.1mg/sample.






Method:OSHA68Procedure:gaschromatographyusinganitrogenselectivedetectorAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:airDetectionLimit:3.14ugpersample(580ppbor1050ug/cum).

U.S.DepartmentofLabor/OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration'sIndexofSamplingandAnalyticalMethods.Availablefrom:http://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.htmlonAcetaldehyde(75070)asofFebruary11,2009

Method:AOAC956.06Procedure:titrimetricmethodAnalyte:acetaldehydeMatrix:frozenvegetablesDetectionLimit:notprovided.

OfficialMethodsofAnalysisofAOACInternational,18thEditionOnline.Acetaldehyde(75070).Availablefrom,asofFebruary12,2009:http://www.aoac.org







GASLIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHICDETERMINATIONOFETHANOL&ACETALDEHYDEINBLOOD. BRIENETALCLINCHIMACTA87(1):175(1978)

ACETALDEHYDECONCNINBLOODFROM15NORMALPTWASAPPROX60UMOL/LASDETERMINEDBYHIGHPRESSURELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHY.ACETALDEHYDEWASPROBABLYBOUNDTONONDIALYZABLEBLOODELEMENTS.

THOMASMETALLANCET2(8245):5301(1981)

ANEWTECHNIQUEISDESCRIBEDFORMEASURINGACETALDEHYDEINTHEBREATH,BYFREEZINGOUTTHEVOLATILECOMPONENTSOFBREATHINLIQNITROGEN,THENASSAYINGTHISCONCENTRATEDSPECIMENBYGASCHROMATOGRAPHY.

DANNECKERJRETALANALBIOCHEM114(1):17(1981)

ACETALDEHYDEINHUMANBLOODISDETERMINEDBYGASCHROMATOGRAPHY.METHODUTILIZESSODIUMNITRITESULFOSALICYLICACIDASANINHIBITOROFETHANOLOXIDIZINGSYSTEMSBYMEANSOFWHICHINTERFERENCEOFETHANOLISREDUCED.

CHRISTENSENJMETALCLINCHEMACTA116(3):38995(1981)

Acetaldehydeisdetectedinbiologicalfluidsbygaschromatographyequippedwithflameionizationdetector&haslimitofdetectionof0.5to32mg/l(rangeofdetection)inmother'smilkbygaschromatography/massspectrometry(limitofdetectionisnotgiven).


HepaticandbloodacetaldehydeconcentrationsduringethanoloxidationweredeterminedinC57andDBAmice.Liveracetaldehydewasdeterminedwiththeperchloricacidthioureamethod(noartifactualacetaldehydeformation).Levelsrangingfrom5to118nmole/gwereobserved.Atethanolconcentrationsbelow5060umole/g,liveracetaldehydeconcentrationswerehigherinDBAcomparedwithC57mice.Apositivecorrelationwasfoundbetweentheethanolandacetaldehydeconcentration,whenethanolconcentrationwasbelow25(DBA)or70umole/g(C57).Athigherethanolconcentrationsthecorrelationstendedtobecomenegative.Hemolysiscausesartifactualformationofacetaldehydewhenbloodacetaldehydeisdeterminedusingthioureaorsemicarbazidemethods.Themagnitudeoftheartifactuallyformedacetaldehydewasofsuchorderthatnoconclusionsregardingtheexistenceoftrueinvivobloodacetaldehydeconcentrationscouldbedrawn.

ErikssonPJetalBiochemPharmacol33(14):22136(1984)

8.9 ClinicalLaboratoryMethods



9 SafetyandHazards

9.1 HazardsIdentification

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Extremelyflammable.

9.1.1 FireHazard

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Vapour/airmixturesareexplosive.

9.1.2 ExplosionHazard

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Redness.Pain.

9.1.3 SkinHazard

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Cough.

9.1.4 InhalationHazard

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Redness.Pain.

9.1.5 EyeHazard

fromILOICSC[3]http://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0009Diarrhoea.Dizziness.Nausea.Vomiting.

9.1.6 IngestionHazard



fromHSDB[1]http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgibin/sis/search/r?

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