• Co-Author of ACC/AHA 2013 Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

• Co-Author of 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial Infarction

• Co-Author 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS)

• Adjunct Faculty, Jefferson College of Population Health

• Faculty, Rush Medical College

• Affiliate Faculty, University of Minnesota Institute for Health Informatics

• Past President, American College of Medical Quality (ACMQ)

Achieving Excellence in the Diagnosis of Acute Cardiovascular EventsMeasurement and Improvement Considerations for Diagnostic Accuracy

Don Casey, MD, MPH, MBA, FACP, FAHA, CPE, DFAAPL, DFACMQ

National Academy of Medicine Virtual Workshop, Friday, April 23rd, 2021

DISCLAIMER:Not designed by a human engineer

and/or a computer

Circulation. 2007;116:217–230https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.184043

“Time is Myocardium”

“Time is Myocardium”

“The American College of Cardiology(ACC), in collaboration with the American Heart Association (AHA), the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and other partners, has implemented a national quality-improvement campaign to decrease door-to-balloon time in primary PCI……

…….Matching patients with the most appropriate treatment and location will entail developing a level of coordination and collaboration among hospitals beyond what is currently available in the U.S. health care system but is achievable.”

n engl j med 357;16 www.nejm.org october 18, 2007

False activation of the cardiac catheterization laboratory: The price to pay for shorter treatment delay - George Degheim, Abeer Berry, Marcel Zughaib, 2019 (sagepub.com)

https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004019836365

2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes (NSTE-ACS)

ConclusionsThere are significant racial, ethnic, and sex differences in procedural utilization and clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI and CS.

Women are less likely to undergo invasive cardiac procedures, including revascularization and MCS.

Women as well as Black and Hispanic patients have a higher likelihood of death compared with White men.

Structure

Process

Outcome

Donabedian’s Framework for Quality Improvement

Desired Health State/Status

Evidence-based

Practice

Environmental & Organizational

Factors & Inputs

15

Class I

Benefit >>> Risk

Procedure/ Treatment SHOULD be performed/ administered

Class IIa

Benefit >> RiskAdditional studies with focused objectives needed

IT IS REASONABLE to perform procedure/administer treatment

Class IIb

Benefit ≥ RiskAdditional studies with broad objectives needed; Additional registry data would be helpful

Procedure/Treatment MAY BE CONSIDERED

Class III

Risk ≥ BenefitNo additional studies needed

Procedure/Treatment should NOT be performed/administeredSINCE IT IS NOT HELPFUL AND MAY BE HARMFUL

Level A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analysesMultiple populations evaluated

Level B: Data derived from a single randomized trial or nonrandomized studiesLimited populations evaluated

Level C: Only consensus of experts opinion, case studies, or standard of care Very limited populations evaluated

Applying Classification of Recommendations (COR) and Level of Evidence (LOE)

Level of Evidence:

16

Implementation of Practice Guidelines

NO CHANGE

Dissemination of guidelines without more intensive behavioral change efforts is not useful to facilitate implementation of practice guidelines.

Basic provider education alone is not useful to facilitate implementation of practice guidelines.

NO CHANGE

III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII

III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII

17© 2017 Medecision, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential

Sepsis Early Warning Assessment Model/Schematic

ED

Discharge

Admit(POA)

T0 T1 T2 T3Initial

Signs and Symptoms

Self Treatment/Interaction

With Health System

WorseningWith or Without

Treatment

Escalation of Care to

Acute Setting

Stratify Relevant Patient Population by Patient Demographics, Health System Access Points, Comorbidity, Immune Status, Infection Type and Source, Organ System(s), Available Biometrics (e.g. Vital Signs, Labs, etc.) and Pre-ED Treatment(s), ED & Hospital course, post ED/Hospital discharge follow up (30 days)

STEMI/Acute Coronary Syndrome Summary

1. This complex system of care is time dependent and an intricate composite of many “Structure/Process/Outcome” variables.

2. Multiple and sequential diagnostic steps inform the specific subsequent interventions.

3. A better understanding of the details of the evolution of antecedent events occurring before the activation of EMS/ACS Systems of care is necessary, especially patient factors.

4. This understanding may likely inform an “earlier” and more precise and effective Early Warning System of Care for STEMI/ACS.

“There’s a Pony in here somewhere!”