Achieving national and global climate objectives in Asia and the Pacific through investment in climate smart agriculture

Putting Our Goals Within Reach

Beau DamenFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Overview

1. Context – Our shared goals

2. Climate change and food security

3. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)

4. Leveraging investment in CSA

ContextSDGs - Our shared goals

Global Goals• In September 2015 heads of government

approved 17 Sustainable Development Goals

• Goals for food security and tackling climate change strongly connected

SDG2

• Indicators include:– Ending hunger and malnutrition

– Doubling agricultural productivity and enhancing resilience

– Increasing investment

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

SDG13Take Urgent action to combat climate

change and its impacts• Indicators include:

– Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity

– Implement commitment to mobilize US$100Bn annually by 2020 for climate action

• Unlike other SDGs, SDG13 is supported by legally binding decisions via UNFCCC

Climate Change & Food SecurityFAO Perspective for Asia and the Pacific

Climate change in APObserved temperature trend in Asia, 1901-2012 (Degrees Celsius over period)

Source: IPCC, 2014

Key Issues

• Warming trends

• Increased water scarcity

• Decline in food productivity

• Increase in extreme climate events

• Varied levels of capacity to adapt

Emissions from Agriculture

Emissions sources & sinks

Crops & Livestock

Net Forest Conversion

Forest Biomass Fires Degraded Peatlands

-700

-200

300

800

1,300

1,800

2,300

2,199

573

-18645

425

Sources of emissions from agriculture and land use in Asia, 2001-2011

Million tonnes C

O2, A

verage values over 2001-11 Source: FAOSTAT

Emissions from Agriculture

Shares of emissions from agriculture

35%

11%20%

19%

4%7%

4% Enteric Fermentation

Manure left on Pas-ture

Rice Cultivation

Synthetic Fertilizers

Manure applied to soils

Manure management

Crop residues

Shares of emissions from agriculture in Asia, 2001-2011 Average Values

Temperature rise

Change in precipitation

Frequency of extreme events

Sea level rise

CO2 fertilization effects

Climate change

variables

Food production assets

Infrastructure

Agriculturally-based livelihoods

Non-farm livelihoods assets

Food preparation assets

Changes in food system

assets

Producing food

Storing and processing of food

Distributing food

Consuming food

Changes in food system

activities

Food availability

Food accessibility

Food utilization

Food system stability

Impact on food security

Adaptive responses

Migration & conflict

Changes in consumption

patterns

CSA and food securityFAO Framework

Change in caloric sufficiency of diets

Change in nutritional value

Change in disease vectors/habitats

Emergence of new diseases

CSA and food securityFAO Framework Continued

Changes in consumption

patterns

Changes in human health

Shift in share of local food in diets

Increased consumption of new food items

Reduced consumption of wild foods

Reduced variety of food consumed

Nutritional status

Drivers of climate change

Demographic

Technological

Economic

Socio-Political

Cultural

Mitigating Drivers

Adapted from: FAO, 2008

Climate-Smart AgricultureOverview

Finding a “safe space” for food and climate systems

Source: Adapted from Commission on Sustainable Agriculture & Climate Change, 2012

Climate Smart AgricultureThree pillars of CSA:

1.Increase, in a sustainable manner, productivity and income growth in agriculture.

2.Support adaptation across the agricultural sectors to expected climatic changes and build resilience.

3.Reduce, where possible, the greenhouse gas emission intensity of production systems.

Climate Smart Agriculture Practices(options)

Index-based insurance schemes

Alternate Wetting & Drying

Aquasilviculture

Agroforestry

Conservation Agriculture

Climate tolerant crop and livestock varieties

Livestock waste management

Community seed and fodder banks

Leveraging Investment in CSAMaking the UNFCCC work for agriculture & food security

Information Source• Regional Workshop on

Making the UNFCCC work for Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific

• 19-20 November 2015

• 15 Countries

UNFCCC Framework

Agriculture Negotiations in 2015 & 2016

Conference of Parties (COP)

(To the Convention)

Subsidiary Body for Scientific and

Technological Advice(SBSTA)

Subsidiary Body for Implementation

(SBI)

INDCs priority areas for adaptation and

mitigation

Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform

for Enhanced Action (ADP)

Mechanisms for leveraging financing in agriculture

Global Environment Facility

Special Climate Fund & Least Developed Countries Fund

Measures for implementing action

in agriculture

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

COP Programming Decisions

NAMA, NAP, REDD

Elements of particular relevance to Agriculture

INDC Priorities & CSAIntended Nationally Determined Contributions

• INDCs could be potential blueprints to channel climate financing to country priorities

• Mapping exercise reveals that most INDC Priorities for Asia-Pacific align with CSA pillars

INDC Priorities in APIntended Nationally Determined Contributions

• Conservation agriculture and measures to improve soil heath

• Climate resilient varieties of crops and livestock• Sustainable forest management• Agroforestry and integrated systems• Integrated water resource management

More ProductiveSample of options identified

INDC Priorities in APIntended Nationally Determined Contributions

• Vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning • Early warning systems and preparedness for extreme

climate phenomena• Climate resilient varieties of crops and livestock

Improved ResilienceSample of options identified

INDC Priorities in APIntended Nationally Determined Contributions

• Alternate wetting and drying in rice paddy• Improved land use planning• Reforestation and reduced deforestation• Promote zero growth of fertilizer and pesticide

utilization• Utilization of biomass waste for energy and fertilizer

Reduce EmissionsSample of options identified

Challenges for Scaling up• Sector involves many actors across a wide

range of landscapes

• FAO has found that there is low adoption rates of more sustainable agriculture production systems such as CSA amongst individual farmers and limited scaling up

• Transitioning to new, more sustainable systems involves upfront investment costs, producer risk and transactions costs

Great interest in climate finance

1,082

6,002

1,608

1,034

1,1171,3501,101

10,200

Germany's International Climate InitiativeUK's International Climate FundNorway's International Climate and Forest Initia-tiveAmazon FundPilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)GEF Trust Fund (GEF 5)GEF Trust Fund (GEF 6)Green Climate Fund

Source: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (HBF) and ODI

International climate financing sources over $US1 billion (US$ million)

But leveraging domestic investment will be key

Source: Falconer et al, 2015 based on data from FAO, 2012 & OECD, 2014

Estimated Annual Investment in Agriculture by Source (US$ billion)

168

38

3 514

Domestic Private In-vestmentDomestic Public In-vestmentFDIPublic R&DInternational ODA

Action• Stocktaking to identify entry points for CSA

and links with SDG and UNFCCC priorities

• Build and strengthen monitoring and reporting systems (evidence-base)

• Reduce risk by establishing safety nets

• Invest in linking research and good practices to farmers (extension)

ConclusionsPutting our goals within reach

Conclusions• Strong synergies between SDGs and

UNFCCC processes to end hunger and tackle climate change

• Climate-Smart Agriculture will be crucial way to put these shared goals within reach

• SDGs and UNFCCC processes provide a framework to prioritize and implement CSA

Conclusions• Countries in Asia and the Pacific have

prioritized agriculture actions as part of the UNFCCC INDC process– Many can be categorized as CSA

• INDCs represent an opportunity to drive a climate-smart transformation in agriculture and leverage investment

Conclusions• Climate finance, while a growing potential

source of support, can provide only a small proportion of the investment required for CSA

• Investment in CSA must: – Target and involve farmers

– Leverage existing government and private sector plans and investments

Thank You

Further ReadingFAO. 2015. Briefing Note - Regional Workshop on Making the UNFCCC work for Agriculture in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok.

FAO. 2012. State of Food and Agriculture: Investing in Agriculture for a Better Future. Rome.

FAO. 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome.

FAO. 2008. Climate Change and Food Security: A Framework Document. Rome.

Falconer et al. 2015. Three Tools to Unlock Finance for Land-Use Mitigation and Adaptation. CPI, Climate Focus and EU REDD Facility.

USAID LEAF. 2015. Financing emission reductions in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector.