Achieving Sustainable Design with Automated Parking

Don MonahanVice President

Walker Parking Consultants

Presentation Outline

• Case study illustrating construction cost comparison for automated parking vs. a ramp-access, underground parking structure.

• LEED credits for an automated parking structure vs. a ramp-access parking structure.

• Building code issues with automated parking facilities.

Site Plan

Ramp-Access Design Isometric

Ramp-Access Design Level B1

Ramp-Access Design Level B2 & B3

Ramp-Access Design Level B4

Ramp-Access DesignCar & Floor Area Tabulation

LEVEL

STALLS

AREA(SQ. FT.)

EFFICIENCY

(SF/STALL)

B1 75 34,150 455

B2 96 37,150 387

B3 96 37,150 387

B4 79 30,318 384

TOTAL

346 138,768

401

Automated Parking – Level B1

90 High Bay Spaces

Retrieval Lane

Retrieval Lane

Entry & ExitRamp

Waiting Area

Stairs & Elevators

L1 L2 L3 L4

L5 L6 L7 L8 L9

Automated Parking Option - Level B2/B3

168 Spaces Per Level

Retrieval Lane

Retrieval Lane

These spaces may need to be

sacrificed depending on

how the elevators and stairs can be

supported above.

Automated ParkingCar & Floor Area Tabulation

LEVEL

STALLS

AREA(SQ. FT.)

EFFICIENCY

(SF/STALL)

B1 90 34,150 379

B2 168 37,150 221

B3 88 19,448 221

TOTAL

346 90,748 262

Comments:• Added 80 stalls compared to ramp-access design (23% increase).• Eliminated an entire basement level (30,318 sf less floor area or 22% decrease).• Parking efficiency improved 36%.

Automated Parking Section

System Height

Required above lifts

Required in retrieval aisle

1’ 6”

Note: Depth below grade reduced by 13’-2”

Automated Parking Option

Automated Parking Capacity and Height

SystemLevel

StructureDepth

VehicleClearance

TotalHeight

ParkingSpaces

1 3’ 0” 7’ 0” 10’ 0” 90

2 9” 6’ 8” 7’ 5” 168

3 9” 5’ 6” 6’ 3” 168

Total 4’ 6” 19’ 2” 23’ 8” 426

Construction Cost Comparison

• Delete lowest basement level– 48,020 sf X $125 per sf = $6,002,500

• Automated Parking System Cost– $19,500 per space X 426 sp = $8,307,000

• Net Additional Cost = $2,304,500

Volume Comparison

Level

Area SF

Height FT

Volume CF

B1 34,150 10 341,500

B2 37,150 10 371,500

B3 37,150 10 371,500

B4 30,318 10 303,180

Total

1,387,680

Level

Area SF

Height FT

Volume CF

B1 34,150

10’ 0” 341,500

B2 37,150

7’ 5” 275,529

B3 19,448

6’ 3” 121,550

B4 0 0 0

Total

738,579(53%)

Ramp-Access Garage Automated Garage

Task Low HighAverag

e

Loading .0169 .0169 .0169

Storage .1228 .4408 .2818

Retrieval .1228 .4408 .2818

Total .2625 .8984 .5804

Cost Per Car Parked @ ¢.11 cents/kWh

¢.028 ¢.098 ¢.064

Automated Parking Energy Use

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO2

Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association,

Parking magazine, March 2009

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – NO2

Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Vehicle Emissions Comparison – CO

Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

–

Vehicle Emissions Comparison - VOC

Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

Energy Consumption

Source: “The Garage of the Future must be Green” by Samuel I. Schwartz, National Parking Association, Parking magazine, March 2009

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Sustainable SiteItem Description Point

s Avail.

Automated Garage

Ramp Garage

Prereq 1 Construction Pollution Prevention 1 1 1

Credit 1 Avoid building on or near protected land 1 1 1

Credit 2 Two story development density 1 1 0

Credit 3 Remediate and build on Brownfield site 1 0 0

Credit 4.1

Public Transportation Access 1 1 1

Credit 4.2

Bicycle storage/changing rooms (5%) 1 1 1

Credit 4.3

Prefer. parking for fuel-efficient vehicles (5%) 1 1 1

Credit 4.4

Minimize capacity/preferential carpool parking 1 1 1

Credit 5.1

Protect or restore habitat 1 0 0

Credit 5.2

Maximize open space > garage footprint 1 0 0

Credit 6.1

Post stormwater ≤ Prior stormwater 1 1 1

Credit 6.2

Capture and treat stormwater 1 1 1

Credit 7.1

Cover 50% of parking spaces 1 1 1

Credit 7.2

Roofing Solar Reflectance Index ≥ 78 1 1 1

Credit 8 Light pollution reduction 1 1 1

SubTotal 14 12 11

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Water Efficiency

Item Description Points Avail.

Automated Garage

Ramp Garage

Credit 1.1 Reduce irrigation by 50% from baseline 1 1 1

Credit 1.2 No potable water use or no irrigation for landscape 1 1 1

Credit 2 Reduce building sewage effluent by 50% 1 0 0

Credit 3.1 Reduce water use by 20% from baseline 1 0 0

Credit 3.2 Reduce water use by 30% from baseline 1 0 0

SubTotal 5 2 2

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Energy & Atmosphere

Item Description Points Avail.

Automated Garage

Ramp Garage

Prereq 1 Performance verification of building energy systems 1 1 1

Prereq 2 Energy systems ≤ ASHRAE 90.1-2004 limits 1 1 1

Prereq 3 Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants 1 1 1

Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance <<< ASHRAE 90.1 10 10 6

Credit 2 On-site renewable energy (i.e. solar or wind) 3 3 3

Credit 3 Enhanced commissioning of energy systems 1 1 1

Credit 4 Minimize ozone depletion & global warming 1 1 1

Credit 5 Measurement/verification plan to evaluating energy system performance

1 1 1

Credit 6 Green Power (35% of electricity for 2 yrs) 1 1 1

SubTotal 20 20 16

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Materials & Resources

Item Description Points

Avail.

Automated Garage

Ramp Garag

e

Prereq 1 Storage & collection of recyclables 1 1 1

Credit 1.1 75% existing building structure re-use 1 0 0

Credit 1.2 100% of existing building structure re-use 1 0 0

Credit 1.3 Maintain 50% of interior Non-structural elements 1 0 0

Credit 2.1 Recycle or salvage 50% of demolition debris 1 1 1

Credit 2.2 Recycle or salvage 75% of demolition debris 1 1 1

Credit 3.1 Re-use 5% of material value with salvaged demolition debris

1 0 0

Credit 3.2 Re-use 10% of material value with salvaged demolition debris

1 0 0

Credit 4.1 Use recycled content ≥ 10% of material value 1 1 1

Credit 4.2 Use recycled content ≥ 20% of material value 1 0 0

Credit 5.1 Manufacture 10% of materials within 500 miles 1 1 1

Credit 5.2 Manufacture 20% of materials within 500 miles 1 1 1

Credit 6 Use 10% more materials than 5.1 extracted, recovered or harvested within 500 miles

1 0 0

Credit 7 Certified wood ≥ 2.5% of value of all materials 1 0 0

SubTotal 14 6 6

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Indoor EnvironmentItem Description Points

Avail.Automated Garage

Ramp Garage

Prereq 1 Meet ASHRAE 62.1-2004 indoor air ventilation reqmts 1 0 0

Prereq 2 Minimize environmental tobacco smoke exposure 1 1 1

Credit 1 Monitor ventilation system performance 1 1 0

Credit 2 Provide additional outdoor air ventilation 1 1 0

Credit 3.1 Implement indoor air quality plan during construction 1 1 0

Credit 3.2 Implement indoor air quality plan before occupancy 1 1 0

Credit 4.1 All adhesives and sealants shall comply with SCAQMD 1 1 1

Credit 4.2 Do not exceed VOC limits by SCAQMD for paint & coatinngs 1 1 1

Credit 4.3 All carpet should be Carpet & Rug Institutes green label 1 0 0

Credit 4.4 Wood products shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins 1 0 0

Credit 5 Minimize exposure to hazardous particulates & chemicals 1 1 0

Credit 6.1 Provide lighting system controllability by users 1 1 0

Credit 6.2 Provide thermal comfort controllability by users 1 1 0

Credit 7.1 HVAC systems & building envelope per ASHRAE 55-2004 1 1 0

Credit 7.2 Implement a thermal comfort survey within 6 to 18 months 1 1 0

Credit 8.1 Provide daylight & views to 75% of occupied areas 1 0 0

Credit 8.2 Provide daylight & views to 90% of occupied areas 1 0 0

SubTotal 15 12 3

LEED V2.2 Analysis – Design Innovation

Item Description Points

Avail.

Automated Garage

Ramp Garage

Credit 1.1

Low mercury lighting* 1 1 1

Credit 1.2

Management plan for car pooling/bus transit* 1 0 1

Credit 1.3

Hybrid Zipcar on site for employee use* 1 0 0

Credit 1.4

Use non-hydraulic, energy-efficient elevators* 1 1 1

Credit 1.x

Install snow melting system/eliminate de-icers* 1 0 0

Credit 2 Use LEED Accredited professional 1 1 1

SubTotal 6 3 4

Project Totals 69 55 42

* - Previously accepted Innovation in Design Credits

LEED Certification Levels• Certified 26-32 points

• Silver 33-38 points

• Gold 39-51 points

• Platinum 52-69 points

• Conventional Garage = LEED Gold

• Automated Garage = LEED Platinum

Note: Stand-alone parking garages cannot be LEED certified, however, they can contribute points toward any occupied space on the same site.

Building Code Issues for Automated Parking Facilities

• Use & Occupancy Classification

• Access

• Fire Protection

• Ventilation

Use & Occupancy Classification

• Group S-2 Occupancy Classification for low hazard (non-combustible) storage.

• Section 406.2 of International Building Code (IBC) applies to storage of motor vehicles. Doesn’t adequately address the special case of automated rack storage of automobiles in an unoccupied storage vault.

• Section 413 of IBC indicates high-piled stock or rack storage in any occupancy group shall comply with Chapter 23 of the International Fire Code (IFC).

• Storage of motor vehicles is classified as a Class I commodity.

Access

• Section 406.3.8 of IBC indicates “Where no persons other than parking attendants are permitted, there shall not be less than two 36-inch wide exit stairways”.

• Chapter 23 of IFC requires a minimum of one access door in each 100 lineal feet of the exterior wall that faces the fire department access road.

• 24-inch wide aisles required for fire department access (i.e. ladders and catwalks).

Fire Protection

• High piled storage area greater than 2500 sf requires automatic fire extinguishing system.

• Maximum pile dimension equals 100 feet (between aisles).

• Maximum storage height equals 40 feet.• Maximum pile volume equals 400,000 cubic feet.• Type of construction:

TABLE 503 (partial). ALLOWABLE HEIGHT AND BUILDING AREAS

GroupType of

ConstructionFire Rating

Type 1A-Three Hour

Type 1B-Two Hour

Type IIA-One Hour

Type IIB-Non-rated

S-2 Stories Unlimited 11 5 4

Allowable Area

Unlimited 79,000 39,000 26,000

Ventilation

• Smoke venting at ceiling required.

• No ventilation of vehicle emissions required.

• Ventilation rate of 0.05 cfm per sf of floor area required (1/15 of airflow required for dispersing vehicle emissions).

Summary

• Automated Parking Garages provide equivalent capacity to a conventional, ramp-access garage in approximately half the volume.

• Automated Parking Garages pollute far less than conventional, ramp-access garages.

• Automated Parking Garages provide more LEED certification points than conventional, ramp-access garages.

• Automated Parking Garages should be designed as high-piled, rack storage facilities in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of the IFC for Class I commodities.