Acid Gas: When to Inject and

Acid Gas: When to Inject and

QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.QUESTOR TECHNOLOGY INC.

When to Inject and When to Incinerate

International Acid Gas Injection Symposium

Calgary,Calgary, 20092009Audrey Mascarenhas, P.Eng, M.Eng.Audrey Mascarenhas, P.Eng, M.Eng.

When to Inject and When to Incinerate

International Acid Gas Injection Symposium

Calgary,Calgary, 20092009Audrey Mascarenhas, P.Eng, M.Eng.Audrey Mascarenhas, P.Eng, M.Eng.

Safety is top priority in design

Regulatory requirements dictates when continuous combustion is permissible

Combustion is subject to SO2 dispersion compliance

Acid Gas Injection and Incineration

compliance Stack top temperature monitoring may be

required Field SO2 monitoring may be required

Part of Emergency Response Plan

Emergency Combustion As per Regulatory, A.G. processing/injection required

for continuous operation i.e. In Alberta sulphur to plant inlet > 1 t/d requires sulphur

recovery and/or A.G. injection

Proper combustion for emergency/temporary

Acid Gas Combustion

Proper combustion for emergency/temporary situations is required

Combustion parameters will fall within the permit to operate the facility

Other factors such as combustion duration and volume shall be part of the permit

Continuous Combustion Limits set by regulations

i.e. if Sulphur to plant inlet < 1 t/d, A.G. may be continuously combusted

Dispersion of SO2 must be modeled and be compliant with regulatory requirements or objectives

Acid Gas Combustion

Monitoring of stack top temperature i.e. maintain > 538C

Economics of combustion vs A.G. injection for lower flows and/or H2S content

SO2 monitoring may be required and dictated by modeling results

Safety Protection of public and personnel highest priority

Combustion of H2S must result in maximum conversion to SO2 99.99% combustion efficiency ensure measurable performance Efficiency assumptions not acceptable

Performance and Fuel Efficiency

Why Incinerate?

Performance and Fuel Efficiency Refractory and heat retention, high temperature and plume rise Minimal fuel reduces operating costs

Environment Shorter incinerator yields same plume height as significantly taller

flare stack

Smaller physical footprint with shorter stack less piping and forestry clearing

Difficult to measure efficiency and it varies significantly

Crosswinds decreases efficiency significantly and allows gases to escape unburned

Any combustion/mixing occurs outside stack

Flaring Concerns

Difficulty burning rich gases, entrained droplets

Poor for low heat content gases

Visible flame and poor air quality

Unknown and inconsistent performance

Based on ARC and U of A Research

Opportunities to ImproveOpportunities to ImproveAcid GasAcid Gas Sour Facility

Sour WellTesting

Combustion of Acid GasCombustion of Acid Gas

CH4 + 2 O2 = heat + CO2 + 2 H2O CH4 + 2 O2 = heat + CO2 + 2 H2O

99.99% efficiency requires the precise mixture of fuel and air

H2S + 3/2 O2 = heat + SO2 + H2O

Inefficient combustion results in uncontrolled emissions of: H2S CH4, CO, particulates Over 250 compounds Volatile organic hydrocarbons or VOCs - benzene Sulfur compounds - H2S, carbon disulfides, mercaptans

Negative impact on safety, air quality and human health

Incineration Measured independently and consistently at 99.99%

Auditable for compliance

Closed chamber unaffected by winds

High temperatures efficiently burn rich gas

Incineration Measured independently and consistently at 99.99%

Auditable for compliance

Closed chamber unaffected by winds

High temperatures efficiently burn rich gas High temperatures efficiently burn rich gas

Liquid droplets vapourized

Air pre-mixed

No smoke or odour

No visible flame

Reliable

High temperatures efficiently burn rich gas

Liquid droplets vapourized

Air pre-mixed

No smoke or odour

No visible flame

Reliable

TYPICAL APPLICATIONSTYPICAL APPLICATIONSTYPICAL APPLICATIONSTYPICAL APPLICATIONS

Each System is Custom-Engineered

Each System is Custom-Engineered

How It WorksHow It WorksHow It WorksHow It Works Proprietary gas burner

control creates a high velocity vortex

Air is naturally drawn in and pre-mixed with fuel

Proprietary gas burner control creates a high velocity vortex

Air is naturally drawn in and pre-mixed with fuel

No moving components and optimal air intake and mixing result in high reliability

Refractory lined chamber

Optimal SO2 dispersion with high velocity, temperature, and effective height

No moving components and optimal air intake and mixing result in high reliability

Refractory lined chamber

Optimal SO2 dispersion with high velocity, temperature, and effective height

Acid Gas and H2S ExperienceAcid Gas and H2S Experience

Both emergency and continuous A.G. experience

Extensive H2S combustion

Extensive well testing; domestic and global

Complex terrain

Both emergency and continuous A.G. experience

Extensive H2S combustion

Extensive well testing; domestic and global

Complex terrain Complex terrain

Close proximity to public

Custom solutions based on thorough understanding and experience

Safe, reliable, consistent, compliant, auditable, high performing and efficient

Public confidence, acceptance and support

Complex terrain

Close proximity to public

Custom solutions based on thorough understanding and experience

Safe, reliable, consistent, compliant, auditable, high performing and efficient

Public confidence, acceptance and support

SafetySafety Low heat radiation ideal for

forested and permafrost areas

99.99% combustion efficiency

H2S and other waste stream constituents are combusted

Low heat radiation ideal for forested and permafrost areas

99.99% combustion efficiency

H2S and other waste stream constituents are combusted constituents are combusted and or converted to safe emissions

Reliable, continuous operation

Simple to operate

constituents are combusted and or converted to safe emissions

Reliable, continuous operation

Simple to operate

Public Support

A.G.I. Emergency Incineration Dominion West StoddartA.G.I. Emergency Incineration Dominion West Stoddart 75% H2S, 25% CO2 Multi-stakeholder project Major highway and public

camp in emergency zone

Safe A.G. combustion

75% H2S, 25% CO2 Multi-stakeholder project Major highway and public

camp in emergency zone

Safe A.G. combustion Safe A.G. combustion

Solution customized and integrated into facility PLC

Small footprint

Successful operation with no H2S or SO2 detection

Safe A.G. combustion

Solution customized and integrated into facility PLC

Small footprint

Successful operation with no H2S or SO2 detection

Continuous IncinerationContinuous IncinerationCompton Clayhurst Compton Clayhurst Continuous IncinerationContinuous IncinerationCompton Clayhurst Compton Clayhurst

20% H2S and 60% CO2 Regulatory approval

538C stack temperature 20 MJ/m3 heating value continuous SO2 monitoring

Incinerator performance resulted in

20% H2S and 60% CO2 Regulatory approval

538C stack temperature 20 MJ/m3 heating value continuous SO2 monitoring

Incinerator performance resulted in Incinerator performance resulted in regulatory agency eliminating heating value clause

Reduced fuel usage by 80%

Four month payout

No issues with air quality

Incineration earned public support after initial objection to flaring

Incinerator performance resulted in regulatory agency eliminating heating value clause

Reduced fuel usage by 80%

Four month payout

No issues with air quality

Incineration earned public support after initial objection to flaring

Continuous IncinerationGrimes EnergyContinuous IncinerationGrimes Energy

65% H2S80 ft Incinerator

InnovativeInnovativeSolutionsSolutionsDehydration Benzene/H2SDestruction

Meet regulations Integrated package Reduced footprint WEST VIRGINIA US Reduced footprint Smaller lease size Reduced piping 80% less fuel used Heat recovery

WEST VIRGINIA USNatco/QTI

Fuel gas reduced from 1.3 to 0.5 MMscf/d

$2 MM cost saving

6 month payout

Sour Gas Plant Tail Gas Destruction

6 month payout

SO2 GL conc. 383 g/m3

CO2e emissions reduced by 73,000 tonnes

$1.1 MM carbon credits

Well TestsNexenIn Calgary34 % H2S

Well TestsNexenIn Calgary34 % H2S

PORTABLE INCINERATIONPORTABLE INCINERATION

Well TestExxon

18% H2S

Well TestExxon

18% H2S

WELL TESTINGPuguang Field, China18% H2S and 10% CO2

WELL TESTINGPuguang Field, China18% H2S and 10% CO2

ConclusionsConclusions Incineration provides a safe, competitive, technically

sound and reliable backup for AGI and continuous AG combustion

Performance must be measurable and reliable

Proper design will retain heat, maximize plume rise and

Incineration provides a safe, competitive, technically sound and reliable backup for AGI and continuous AG combustion

Performance must be measurable and reliable

Proper design will retain heat, maximize plume rise and Proper design will retain heat, maximize plume rise and minimize fuel utilization

Extensive experience with varied terrains and modeling

Custom solutions for specific situations driven by experience

Proper design will retain heat, maximize plume rise and minimize fuel utilization

Extensive experience with varied terrains and modeling

Custom solutions for specific situations driven by experience

COST REDUCTION FOR CLIENTS

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