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SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL
-The Physical Properties OF The Acidic Radical-: (1 )Solubility :- Soluble in H2O OR HCl " Dil ,Conc " OR H2SO4 " Dil , Conc"
OR HNO3 " Dil , Conc " OR Aqua Regia " 3 HCl : 1HNO3" (2 )Colour :- White OR Yellow
(3 )Shape :- Powder OR Sheets OR Crystal(4 )State :- Solid OR Liquid
- The Test For Dil HCl Group -:
(CO3-- , HCO3
- , S2O3-- , SO3
-- , S-- , NO2--)
- The Chemical Properties OF The Carbonate (CO 3-- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperimentCO2
MgCO3
Mg2)OH(2CO3
Ag2CO3 ----Δ---> Ag2O
BaCO3
-Effervescence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water )CaCO3(
-White ppt -Reddish Brown ppt
-White ppt Sol. in Ammonia and partly Decomposes By Boiling Giving Black ppt
-White ppt
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + MgSO4
-Soln + HgCl2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + BaCl2
- The Chemical Properties OF The Bi-Carbonate ( HCO 3- ) -:
�ِ inferenceobservationexperimentCO2
Mg)HCO3( MgCO3
Ag2CO3
BaCO3
-Effervesence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water
-White ppt After Boiling-Reddish Brown ppt After
Boiling -White ppt After Boling
-White ppt
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + MgSO4
-Soln + HgCl2
-Soln + AgNO3
Soln + BaCl2-
- جميع الكربونات ال تذوب في الماء ما عدا " الصوديوم و البوتاسيوم واألمونيوم "
1
.ء- جميع البيكربونات تذوب في الما- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphides (S -- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperimentH2S -----> PbS
-PbSAg2SNa4Fe)CN(5NOSCdS
-Gas Colourless By its Rotten Odour Blacking OF Filter paper with Lead Acetate Soln
-Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3
-Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3
-Violet Colour-Yellow ppt
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + Na2 Fe)CN(5 NO-Soln + CdSO4
- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphite (SO 3-- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperimentSO2
HIBaSO3
AgNO3
Cr2)SO4(3
PbSO3
-Gas With Suffocating Odour and Turns Acidic paper Moisted With K2Cr2O7 into Green
Decolourization- -White ppt
-White ppt OF Ag2SO3 Sol. in Dil HNO3 and in Excess OF AgNO3Turns To Black After Boiling
-Green Colour-White ppt
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + I2
-Soln + Na2SO3
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + K2Cr2O7
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
- The Chemical Properties OF The ThioSulphates (S 2O3-- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperiment
2
SO2 S
Ag2S2O3
NaIPbS2O3 --- Δ-----> PbS
NaFe)S2O3(2
Sod. FerryThioSulphate
-Evolution OF SO2 and Yellow ppt is Formed
-White ppt Change ToYellow To Brown To Black By Excess AgNO3
-Decolourization-White ppt Change Into
Blank After Boiling-Violet Colour Disappear
After Time Forming Na2S4O6
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + I2
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
Soln + FeCl3-
- The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrites (NO 2- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperimentNO , NO2
AgNO2
I2
NH3
FeNOSO4
-Nitric Oxide Which Combines With Oxygen Giving Brown Vapour NO2
-White ppt
-Brown Colour Duo To Seperation OF I2 Which Gives Blue Colour With Starch
-Evoluation OF Ammonia Gas
-Brown Ring
-Solid + Dil HCl
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + HCl + KI
-Soln+Zinc dust+NaOH+Δ
Black Ring Test -: -Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc
- The Test For Conc H 2SO4 Group-:
( Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3-)
- The Chemical Properties OF The Chlorides (Cl - ) -:
inferenceobservationexperiment
Cl-
MnCl2
AgCl
-Colourless Gas Forms White Cloud With Ammonia
-Yellowish Green Gas
-Solid + Conc H2SO4
-Solid+MnO2+ ConcH2SO4
-Soln + AgNO3
3
PbCl2
Hg2Cl2
-White ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3 But Sol. in Ammonia
-White ppt Sol. By Heat Return Back By Cooling
-White ppt
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
-Soln + Hg2)NO3(2
- The Chemical Properties OF The Bromides (Br - ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBr2 SO2
Br2
AgBr ----2NH3----> [Ag)NH3(2]BrPbBr2
-Orange Vapour OF Br2 And HBr
-Bromine Vapour Which Turn Starch paper To Yellow
-Pale Yellow ppt Soluble in Ammonia
-White ppt Sol. By Heating and Return Back After Cooling
-Solid + Conc H2SO4
-Solid + H2SO4 + MnO2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
- The Chemical Properties OF The Iodides (I - ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentSO2 & I2
HgI2 -------->[K2HgI4]
PbI2
AgI
I2 And CuI
-Violet Vapour Turn Starch paper To Blue
-Red ppt Sol. in Excess OF KI Giving Nessler's Soln
-Yellow ppt )PbI2( Sol. By Heating
-Yellow ppt inSol. in Ammonia
-Brown Colour OF I2 and White ppt OF CuI
-Solid + Conc H2SO4
-Soln + HgCl2
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + CuSO4
- The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrates (NO 3- ) -:
4
inferenceobservationexperimentNO2
CuSO4
NH3
FeSO4NO
-Reddish Brown Vapour
-Reddish Brown Vapour OF NO2 and The Soln Become Blue
-NH3 Evolved
-Form Brown Ring
-Solid + Conc H2SO4
-Solid +H2SO4 + Cu +Heat
- Ammonia Test -: -Soln + Zn + NaOH
- Black Ring Test -: -Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc
- The Test For Miscelleneous Group -:
( SO4-- , B4O7
-- , PO4---)
- The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphates (SO 4-- ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBaSO4
Ag2SO4
PbSO4
-White ppt inSol. in Acids OR Excess BaCl2
-White ppt-White ppt inSol. in Acids
and Sol. in NaOH
-Soln + BaCl2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + Pb)CH3COO(2
- The Chemical Properties OF The Borates (B 4O7-- ) -:
inferenceobservationexperimentBa)BO2(2
AgBO2 ----Δ---> Ag2OHg)BO2(2
-White ppt Sol. in Dil Acids and in Excess BaCl2
-White ppt --Δ--> Brown ppt -Red ppt Sol. in Dil Acids
-Soln + BaCl2
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + HgCl2
- The Chemical Properties OF The OrthoPhosphates (PO 4
--- ) -: inferenceobservationexperimentBaHPO4-White ppt Sol. in Ammonia-Soln + BaCl2
5
Ag3PO4
FeSO4
MgNH4PO4
(NH4)3PO4)MoO3(12
-Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3
-Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids
-White ppt
-Yellow ppt
-Soln + AgNO3
-Soln + FeCl3
"Magnesia Mixture " -Soln + MgCl2 + NH4Cl
-Soln + Ammonium
Molybdate + Drop HNO3
Conc + Heat
The Acidic Radical is "---------" SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL
- The Test For Dil HCl Group -: (CO3
-- , HCO3- , S2O3
-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2
--) General Reaction-:
-Solid +Dil HCL --------> Effervescence On Cold ( Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate)
>-------- Effervescence On Heat ( ThioSulphates, Sulphite, Nitrites, Sulphides)
To Differentiated Between )Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate(-:-Soln + MgSO4 ------> White ppt On Cold )Carbonate Is present(
>------ White ppt On Heat )Bi-Carbonate Is present(-Soln + HgCl2 ------> Reddish Brown ppt On Cold )Carbonate Is present(
>------ Reddish Brown ppt On Heat )Bi-Carbonate Is present( To Differentiated Between ) ThioSulphates , Sulphite , Nitrites , Sulphides (-:
-Solid +Dil HCl ---Δ---> -Yellow ppt )ThioSulphates May Be present (- Brown Vapour )Nitrites May Be present(
- Colourless Gas Turns paper Moistend with Lead Acetate Soln Into Black "Rotten Odour" )Sulphite May Be present(
- No Obs. Change K2Cr2O7 into Green Colour ( Sulphides May Be present )
- The Test For Conc H 2SO4 Group: - ( Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3-)
General Reaction-: -Solid + Conc H2SO4 ------- Δ >-----
- Evolution OF Colourless Gas Forming White Cloud With Ammonia( Chlorides May Be present)
- Evolution OF Orange Vapour,Turns Starch paper into Yellow and The Soln Become Red )Bromides May Be present(
- Evolution OF Violet Vapour, Turns Starch paper into Blue ( Iodides May Be present)
- Evolution OF Reddish Brown Vapour
6
( Nitrates May Be present)- The Test For Miscellaneous Group -:
( SO4-- , B4O7
-- , PO4---)
General Reaction-: ( SO4
--) White ppt insoluble in Dil Acids-Soln + BaCl2 White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids )PO4
---( White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids )B4O7
---(
White ppt not affected By Heat )SO4--(
-Soln + AgNO3 White ppt Turns into Black By Heat )B4O7--(
Yellow ppt )PO4---(
SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL
- Test For Ammonia. Salt (NH 4+ ) -:
inferenceobservationexperiment
Amm. Salt is present
Amm. Salt is present
-Ammonia Odour
-Yellowish Brown ppt
Grinding Test -: -Solid+Na2CO3"DropH2O"
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Nessler's Reagent
- Test For Group ( ΙΙ ) -:
)Cd2+ , Hg2+, Cu2+ , Bi3+ ( Group (ΙΙ-A):inferenceobservationexperimentNH4
+ is Absent
It May Be )Cd2+( and The ppt is CdS
The ppt is Cd)OH(2
The ppt is Cd)OH(2
The ppt is Cd[Fe)CN(6]
It May Be )Hg2+(
The ppt is HgI2
The ppt is HgO
-No Result
-Yellow ppt Sol. in Min. Acids
-White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acid and Excess OF NH4OH
-White ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent
-White ppt OF a Complex-No ppt
-Yellow ppt Change To Brown Then Black
-Red Crimson ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent
-Yellow ppt
-Test For Ammonia -Test For Group )ΙΙ((-1) Soln + Dil HCl +
H2SConfirm Test-:
-Soln + NaOH
-Soln + NH4OH
-Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6]-Soln + KI
(-2) Soln + Dil HCl + H2S
Confirm Test-:-Soln + 2kI
-Soln + 2NaOH
7
It May Be )Cu2+( and The ppt is CuS
The ppt is CuI2
The ppt is Cu)OH(2
The ppt is Cu)OH(2
The ppt is Cu2[Fe)CN(6]It May Be )Bi3+( and The ppt is Bi2S3
The ppt is BiI3
The ppt is Bi)OH(3
-Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3
-White ppt and I2 Liberate Turns Soln To Brown
-Blue ppt Turns Black on Boling
-Bluish Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH Yielding Deep Blue Soln
-Chocolate ppt-Blackish Brown ppt Sol. in
Hot HNO3
-Black ppt Sol. in Excess KI-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3
(-3) Soln + Dil HCl + H2S
Confirm Test-:-Soln + 4kI
-Soln + NaOH
-Soln + NH4OH
-Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6](-4) Soln + Dil HCl +
H2S
Confirm Test-:-Soln + 3kI
-Soln + NaOH
- Test For Group ( ΙΙΙ ) -:
)Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al3+(
inferenceobservationexperimentNH4
+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is Absent
It May Be )Fe3+( and The ppt is [Fe)OH(3]
The ppt is Fe4[Fe)CN(6]3
The ppt is Fe4[Fe)CN(6]3
The ppt is FePO4
The ppt is Fe)SCN(3
It May Be )Cr3+( and The ppt is Cr)OH(3
The ppt is Cr)OH(3
The ppt is CrPO4
The ppt is Cr2)CO3(3
It May Be )Al3+(and The ppt is Al)OH(3
-No Result-No Result
-Brown Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids and inSol. in Excess OF NH4OH
-Dark Blue ppt )Prussian Blue( inSol. in Dil HCl
-Brown ppt
-Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Min. Acid inSol. in Acetic Acid
-Blood Red Coloration
-Dirty Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH
-Green ppt Sol. in NaOH
-Test For )NH4+(
-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ((-1) Soln + NH4OH +
NH4Cl
Confirm Test -: -Soln + k4[Fe)CN(6]
-Soln + k3[Fe)CN(6]
-Soln + 2Na2HPO4
-Soln + 3NH4SCN
(-2) Soln +NH4OH + NH4Cl Confirm Test -:
-Soln + 3NaOH
8
The ppt is AlPO4
The ppt is Al)OH(3
-Yellow ppt Sol.in Min. Acid
-Grey ppt
-White Gelatinous ppt Sol. in NaOH
-Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Min. Acid
-White Gelatinous ppt
-Soln + 2Na2HPO4
-Soln + Na2CO3 + H2O
(-3) Soln +NH4OH + NH4Cl
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Na2HPO4
-Soln + Na2CO3
- Test For Group ( Ι V) -:
)Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2+(
inferenceobservationexperimentNH4
+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙΙ( is Absent
It May Be )Zn2+( and The ppt is ZnS
The ppt is Zn)OH(2
The ppt is Zn)OH(2
The ppt is ZnHPO4
The ppt is Zn2[Fe)CN(6]
It May Be )Mn2+( and The ppt is MnS
The ppt is Mn)OH(2
The ppt is Mn)OH(2
The ppt is MnHPO4
It May Be )Ni2+( OR )CO2+(
It May Be ) Ni2+(It May Be )CO2+(
-No Result-No Result-No Result
-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3
-White ppt Sol. in NaOH-White ppt Sol. in NH4OH
-White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3
-White ppt Sol. in NaOH and inSol. in Dil Acetic Acid
-Buff ppt Sol. in Dil Acid
-White ppt Turns To Pink in Air
-White ppt
-Buff ppt By Excess NH4OH
-Black ppt Sol. in Hot Conc HNO3 inSol. in Dil HCl
-Red ppt -Violet Blue Colour Change
To Rose By H2O
-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙV( (-1 )Soln + NH4OH +
NH4Cl + H2SConfirm Test -:
-Soln + NaOH-Soln + NH4OH
-Soln + Na2HPO4
-Soln + K4[Fe)CN(6]
(-2) Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S
Confirm Test -: -Soln + 2NaOH
-Soln + 2NH4OH
-Soln + Na2HPO4
(-3) Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl+ H2STo Differentiated-:
-Soln + DMG + NH4OH-Soln + NH4SCN
Confirm Test -:
9
The ppt is Ni)OH(ClThe ppt is Ni)OH(2
The ppt is CO)OH(Cl
The ppt is CO)OH(2
-Green ppt Sol. in NH4OH-Green ppt inSol. In NaOH
Turn To Blue Soln By NH4OH
-Blue ppt Sol. in NH4OH To Give Red Colour
-Blue ppt Sol. in NaOH
(1) IF Ni 2+ Formed-Soln + NH4OH
-Soln + NaOH
(2) IF CO 2+ Formed-Soln + NH4OH
-Soln + NaOH
- Test For Group (V) -:
)Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 +(
inferenceobservationexperimentNH4
+ is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group)ΙΙΙ(is AbsentThe Group)VΙ(is Absent
It May Be )Ba2+( and The ppt is BaCO3
BaSO4
BaSO4
BaCrO4
Ba2+
It May Be )Sr2+( and The ppt is SrCO3
SrSO4
SrSO4
SrCrO4
Sr2+
It May Be )Ca2+( and
-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result
-White ppt Sol. in Dil HCL and Acetic Acid
-Heavy White ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3
-White ppt-Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3
and inSol. in Acetic Acid-Apple Green Colour
-White ppt Sol. in Dil HCl
-White ppt inSol. in Ammonia Sulphate Soln.
-White ppt Slowly On Cold and Rapidly On Boiling
-Yellow ppt-A Crimson Red Colour
-White ppt Sol. in Acetic Acid
-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )VΙ(
-Test For Group )V((-1) Soln + NH4Cl +
NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3
Confirm Test : - -Soln + Dil H2SO4
-Soln + CaSO4
-Soln + K2CrO4
-Flame Test-:
(-2) Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Dil H2SO4
-Soln + CaSO4
-Soln + K2CrO4
-Flame Test-:
(-3) Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Dil H2SO4
-Soln + CaSO4
-Soln + K2CrO4
-Flame Test-:
10
The ppt is CaCO3
CaSO4
---------CaCrO4
Ca2+
and in Min. Acid
-White ppt Sol. in )NH4(2SO4
-No ppt-Form ppt By Conc Soln Only
which Sol. in Acetic Acid-A Reddish Brown Colour
- Test For Group (V Ι ) -:
)NH4+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2 + (
inferenceobservationexperimentNH4
+ is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group )ΙΙΙ( is AbsentThe Group )ΙV( is AbsentThe Group )V( is Absent
It May Be ) Na+(
It May Be )Na+(NaH2SbO4
It May Be ) K+(
Pot. Cobalt nitrite
Pot. hydrogen Tartarate
It May Be )Mg2+( And The ppt is Mg)NH4(PO4
Mg)OH(2
MgCO3
-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result-No Result
-A Golden Yellow Colour
-No ppt-White ppt
-A Violet Colour
-Yellow ppt inSol. in Acetic Acid
-White Crystalline ppt Easily Formed By Shaking
-White ppt
-White ppt Sol. in NaOH-White ppt
-Test For Amm .Salt-Test For Group )ΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙΙΙ(-Test For Group )ΙV(
-Test For Group )V(-Test For Group )VΙ(
(-1) Flame Test-:
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitrite
-Soln + Pot. Dihydrogen antimonite
(-2) Flame Test-:
Confirm Test -: -Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitrite
-Soln + Tartaric Acid
(-3) Soln +NH4Cl+NH4OH + Na2HPO4
Confirm Test -: -Soln + NaOH -Soln + Na2CO3
11
The Basic Radical is "--------"
SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL
- The Test For Ammonia .Salt -:
-Soln + NaOH --------------> NH3 Evolved )NH4+ is present(
- The Test For Group ( ΙΙ ) -:
)Cu2+, Hg2+ , Bi3+, Cd2+(
Yellow ppt )Cd2+(- Soln + Dil HCl +H2S White ppt Change To Yellow Then Black )Hg2+(
Black ppt )Bi3+ OR Cu2+(
To Differentiate Between The ) Cu2+ , Bi3+ , Hg2+(-:
Black ppt By one Drop OF KI ) Bi3+ ( - Soln + KI Brown ppt Disappear on Adding Na2S2O3 ) Cu2+ (
Red Crimson ppt Soluble in Excess KI ) Hg2+ (
- The Test For Group ( ΙΙΙ ) -:
)Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al 3+(
White Gelatinous ppt ) Al 3+ (-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH Grayish Green ppt ) Cr3+ ( Brown ppt ) Fe3+ (
- The Test For Group ( Ι V) -:
)Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2+(
White Gelatinous ppt ) Zn 2+ (
12
-Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S Buff ppt ) Mn2+ ( Black ppt ) CO2+ OR Ni2+(
To Differentiate Between The ) CO2+ , Ni2+ (-:
-Soln + NH4SCN "Solid" -----> Violet Colour ) CO2+ ( -Soln + DMG + NH4OH -----> Red ppt ) Ni2+ (
- The Test For Group (V) -:
)Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+(
-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + )NH4(2CO3 ------->White ppt )Ca2+ OR Sr2+ OR Ba2+(
To Differentiate Between The ) Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ (-:
No ppt ) Ca2+ ( - Soln + CaSO4 White ppt ) Sr2+ OR Ba2+ (
To Differentiate Between The ) Sr2+ , Ba2+ (-:
Yellow ppt ) Ba2+ (- Soln + K2Cr2O7 Dil
No ppt ) Sr2+ (
- Test For Group (V Ι ) -:
)Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , NH4+(
-Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 -------> White ppt )Mg2+ (
A Golden Yellow Colour ) Na+ (-Flame Test -: A Violet Colour ) K+ (
13